Globalization and Cultural Hybridization (Print This)

Globalization and Cultural Hybridization
GRADUATE SEMINAR
COM 370
GLOBALIZATION AND CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION
PREPARED BY
WAN NOORSHAFIKA BINTI WAN AB HAMID
2013167841
PREPARED FOR
PROF. DR MOKHTAR MUHAMMAD
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Introduction
According to George Ritzer, globalization provokes many controversies within the academy
opinion yet towards this era, it is really socially beneficial to everybody especially in terms of
interconnected to each other all over the world (Ritzer, 2007). Through this very expert and
advance technology, many changes have been made where people nowadays made world
become smaller and smaller particularly in terms of information transmission. It is somehow
creates new patterns of life especially in economic, political and social circumstances merely to
serve and transform the state powers (Held, Mcgrew, Goldblatt, & Parathon, 2009).
Globalization itself shows the elements of an unlimited perception and the system of connecting
to each other without any boundaries.
In this article, there will be a discussion merely about the globalization and cultural hybridization.
Globalization can be explained as a process which symbolizes a transformation, transactions,
interaction and generating transcontinental of social relations where actually has been affected
to the world (Held, Mcgrew, Goldblatt, & Parathon, 2009) particularly on the environment,
culture, political systems, economic and human attitudes as well. It means here, technology
really a core driver of globalization.
In fact, globalization been studied in many areas and almost in every sections of life, this is
because the rise of new technology which we call World Wide Web or easy to called Internet
has brought a new phenomenon called it as Global Village that been introduce by Marshall
McLuhan in year 1960s and 1970s. McLuhan (1964) described how the globe has been
contracted into a village by electric technology and the immediate movement of information. In
bringing all social and political functions together in a rapid implosion, electric speed keen
human awareness of responsibility to a powerful quantity. McLuhan (1962) also predicted the
Internet also can be considered as an extension of consciousness.
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In other words, globalization can be defined as a world shrinkage where distances become
shorter, things moving faster and closer. It affects to the increasing of way which somebody on
one side of the world can simply interact on the other side of the world merely to pertain mutual
benefit (Be, 2012). It is such a process that included the causes and consequences of
transnational and mixing of transcultural of human and non-human activities as well (Al-Rodhan
& Nayef, 2006)
Everybody is staying on a same planet and it is so called as earth. And this make people all the
over the world represent a global community where everybody has same potential of following
the same set of rules to live on. These rules should not be unbiased and fair-haired to everyone.
Torres (2015) asserted that globalization has reduced the sense of isolation experienced
especially in the developing world and has given many people all countries simply access to
knowledge or any need information that actually a century ago was not even available to the
richest people in the world but nowadays everything can be accessed at anytime and anywhere.
According to Arjun Appadurai (2001) globalization consists of five different scape there are
ethnoscape, technoscape, finanscape, mediascape and last one is ideoscape. In ethnoscape
scope, it can be defined as a group of people move around from one place to another globe
village place for instance like workers, immigrants, tourists or even refugees. For example
people from India move around to Dubai, from Haitians to Canada merely to find a better life.
Next is technoscape, it is more towards to technology advances, where people always find to
move and live at better and fast speeds of technology for instance people in Libya especially,
they started to involve with those advance country such as China, Japan and also Russia. Arjun
Appadurai (2001) also described that finanscape as a movement of people purposely to earn
global capital and finance according to currency markets. While for the mediascape, Arjun
Appadurai explained that nowadays the image of media has been twisted to become more
global particularly in production and the way of dissemination to become real look even though it
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is just fantasy-like such martial arts movies. The last one is ideoscape which related to some
movements such as states, political and religion as well.
Globalization can be referred as a concept where compression of the world and the
strengthening of awareness of the world as a whole are happening (Rantanen, 2005). To
understand more about the globalization concept, we can look the work of Scholte (2002);
asserted a few concepts of globalization that can be related and overlapping to each other, but
also has it differences. The first concept is Internationalization, from this perspective, global is
simply and adjective that describes economic relations between nation, and globalization refers,
in this sense, to the growth of international exchange and economic interdependence between
nations. In the same concept, (Hirst & Thompson, 2002) have identified globalization in terms of
large and growing flows of trade and capital investment between countries. As an evidence for
UNIQLO has open fifteen stores across the country since 2010 and H&M has opened eight
stores across our country (Beh, 2014), other than that everyone can see the rise of High-End
retail Stores in the city of Kuala Lumpur at Ground Level, Suria KLCC and second level at
Pavillion Mall, the brands such as Louis Vuitton, Gucci, Prada, MiuMiu, Channel and YSL. All
this international brands makes their name in the eyes of Malaysian citizens and also offering
the job opportunity in our country.
Second concept that has been highlighted by Scholte (2002) is Liberalization where it is a
process of eliminating officially imposed restrictions principally on movements of resources
between countries with the purpose of open and borderless around the world. Malaysia has
adopted the liberalization concept when our country started to accept the international ideas
merely in terms food culture up until the term of Mcdonaldization been created. George Ritzer
defined it the process by which principles of fast food restaurants have come to dominate
almost in every aspect of society (Ritzer, 1993:1 quoted in Keel, 2014). That is how globalization
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taking place in this century, been globalized and been accepted by everybody all around the
world.
Another concept of globalization is westernization. According to Scholte (2002), globalization is
considered as a particular type of universalization, where the social structures of modernity such
as capitalism, industrialism, rationalism and urbanism are spreading out all over the world and
destroyed our previous cultures and local self-determination as well. Globalization is explained
as colonization and Americanization or called it as westoxification and an imperialism of
McDonalds and fashion style particularly. Westernization cause when a country, person, or
system been adopted and slightly influenced by the cultural, economic, or political systems
especially from Europe and North America (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015). As we all know, Malaysia
is not a type of four-season country, but because of the globalizations we can accept all types of
the fashion and food culture no matter what the seasons it come from.
The Impact of Globalization on Malaysian Culture
Globalization has drives us go everywhere without any boundaries and make us are
interconnecting to each other around world. Many years ago we are always having some
difficulties to travel from one country to another country, but these days, everything has changed
and now everyone can simply travel wherever they want to go. Not only that, we also can
migrate which city we want migrate to, to find and get better opportunity of life same goes to
other people living in other countries, they are most welcome to Malaysia.
In Malaysia, we are surrounded by people with different type of race, religious, culture and belief
for instance like Malay, Chinese, Indian with different religious like Muslim, Buddha, Hindus,
Christian and others. Globalization has made a huge change in every aspect of humans life and
one surely our traditional culture could be affected due to the existing globalization (Dentway,
2010). Without any doubt, culture will always related with how people eat, how people dress,
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their beliefs and their practices as well. The advance of technology has drive Malaysia to
receive several impact and of course it affects to the society.
According to Dentway (2010) because of globalization today, people would not problem in terms
of finding food from other countries. For example those days, if people craving eating at KFC,
Mcdonals and Buger King they have to go united stated because they owned a lot of fast food
restaurants, craving spaghetti and pizza we need to go to Italy, and sushi in Japan but only
those who are affordable can have it, and now globalization has changed everything, every of
us can easily have it without going abroad. Everything is served not even in Malaysia but all
around the world. It is good to expose with those variety of food yet, because of too obsess this
kind food somehow it creates partisan among us where a lot people nowadays tend to forget
our own food culture like nasi lemak, satay and roti canai, because the mass media has always
been drawn in as one of the important contributors to food choice (Totu, Igau, & Halik, 2013).
Television is one of the biggest contributors in influencing people to choose what they want to
eat.
Globalization also impacted on lifestyle and fashion in Malaysia. For example, back on the days,
Malay people in Malaysia, they are only been exposed with Baju Kurung and Baju Melayu, but
nowadays after everyone is getting advance with the use of technology, our own fashion culture
has been twisted away even the designer has made a new design a look-like Baju Kurung and
Baju Melayu become modernized especially in terms of cutting of the dress. The fashion has
been globalized due to the current world fashion. Teenagers are the most affected with global
fashion, they are too obsess with the high-end product and brand such as Gucci, Prada,
Versace, Tommy Hilfiger, Christian Dior, Channel, Burberry and etc, which drive them to be like
their idol or artist from the West and slightly lead them to be like what they have watched (The
Malaysian, 2007).
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Apart from that, globalization has impacted particularly on language and communication culture
in Malaysia. Some people said that globalization makes us closer to one another in other
countries and somewhat lead us to learn their culture also their language (Pagel, 2012). The
existence of media mainly television and internet have make everybody easy to learn and follow
the other language (Maryani, 2010) for example even in school and college, English language
must become first language followed by other language up until creates confusion among the
students as to which language they should give the priority first. Somehow it faces problem for
those who are not really expert in English language and they tend to mix up the language up to
create a term called it as Bahasa Rojak also due to our various race and ethnic group of
people in Malaysia (Edward, 2015). The phenomenon of Bahasa Rojak should be avoided to
ensure that we are always meeting our standard of language because it represents the true
culture of the nation itself.
While in terms of communication culture, an emerging list of new-age abbreviations have
started to dominate the way social media users connect, interact and communicate to each
other (Mills & Cheer, 2014). This kind of phenomenon not only happens within Malaysian people
but to all entire worlds. The abbreviations been globalized due to have fast in text
communication and purposely to create confusion among the older Mills and Cheer (2014)
explained because the code using such LOL, OMG, ILY TTYL and etc. never exist in their
time.
Currently, we are always exposed to the selfie culture and it is part of globalization impact as
well where it actually happened not only in Malaysia but all over the world (Richford, 2014). It
shows everything nowadays has easily been globalized. According to Oxford Dictionaries selfie
can be defined as a photograph that one has taken of their own, normally taken with a smart
phone or webcam purposely to be uploaded to any social networking website such as facebook,
Instagram, Twitter and many more (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015). Usually it shows the person's
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arm holding out the camera in which case the person could pictured that this person does not
have any friends to take pictures of them. It can be said that globalization has promoted a
specific kind of life-style, product and identities to our Malaysian people for the most part, this
phenomenon has opened up our eyes to a wide option either be part of the globalization world,
wisely involves with it or just follow the global changes without any actions.
Cultural Hybridization
The process of blending and cultural mixing or hybridization is a part of model that also related
to the interactions between globalization and culture. According to the hybridization view, both
external and internal are keeping interacting merely to produce a unique cultural hybrid (Ritzer,
2010), cultural hybridization is mainly focused on mixing and cultural blending. Hybridization can
be part of a current trend particularly in cultural production and involved with this twp terms
which are globalization and localization of the culture industry (Wang & Yeh, 2005) also argued
that hybridization, however, is not simply the process of mixing, blending and synthesizing of
different basics that eventually forms an unknown culture, (Wang & Yeh, 2005). It is kind of
generating new forms culture in order to make new connections with one another over the
world.
According to Chan and Peverelli (2010), asserted that the model of cultural hybridization
somehow could improve the culture to become better in amalgamating culture in and should be
even more largely applicable up to an extensive range of issues especially in cultural
backgrounds meet. It shows that cultural hybridization is an eye opener to all community to see
the world becoming a mix-culture world. Cultural hybridization somehow can be seen in films
production, music industry and ceremony celebration.
Cultural hybridization can be clearly seen in movie Slumdog Millionaire The idea of the movie is
actually coming from American game show in America. The plot of the movie has been
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combined between the American game show with the integrated plot line that purely regarding
culture of Indian. Furthermore, the movie is an adapted version of the American Hollywood
which produced by Bollywood, a lot of great example of a hybridity happened in that movie
(Micheal, 2010). He further explained that the cross-culture shown, has speedily spread out
throughout the world and won several international awards as well as the academy award for
best picture, at that particular time, it is the first time ever a foreign film won the academy award
over a Hollywood produced film. David Edelstein (2008) asserted that the movie has been an
eye opening to some of the culture in India as well as in contributing some social values. Other
globally admired films that were adapted from other culture which is Chinese culture, Crouching
Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Mulan (cartoon), these two films illustrated the involvedness in
hybridization and the globalization of culture as well (Wang & Yeh, 2005).
Nowadays, it is quite easy to recognize the existence of cultural hybridization and it can be
found in music industry as well. If in 1980s, the Korean pop music scene had been conquered
by Korean ballads and ppongjjak itself where it is somehow characterized by smooth sounds
and passionate lyrics influenced mixed up by Western styles of music such as songs by Simon
and Garfunkel mainly to have easy listening theme and American folk music (Shim, 2006) but in
Malaysia particularly RAP music arrived within 1990 (Guang, 2010) and start come back right
after one of the RAP artiste W.A.R.I.S created a buzz in the music industry when he came up
with the song Rembau Most Wanted and become hits, where he started to rap in his dialect,
Negeri Sembilan (Aeria, 2013).
In fact, Rap and hip-hop music began thousands of years ago in particularly in Africa with the
griots, believed who were village story tellers; they started with playing a simple handmade
instrument and start to tell their story of life through the song (Wood, 2004). It is actually a way
of communication culture in that particular area and now, many countries includes Malaysia
used Rap and Hiphop music in their song for example like song Rembau Most Wanted, Ringgit
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Billers, Gadis Jolobu, Cintaku 100% and many more. It shows how cultural hybridization been
adapted in music industry, the mixture of two culture which are African and Malay culture in a
song.
Seems Malaysia owns a variety of race and ethnic group, everyone is like trying to adopt
western culture and mix it up with Malaysian culture especially in terms of baby shower
ceremony, wedding ceremony or even birthday ceremony. Baby shower for instance, the ritual
has been practiced in thousand years ago in the Roman and Egyptian empires (Random
History, 2008) and now the culture has been practiced not even in Malaysia but also all over the
world same to wedding ceremony and birthday ceremony. Malaysian tends to adopt the western
culture and mix up with our own culture. The phenomenon shows that we hybridized the
celebration being as one culture.
Cultural hybridization also known as the process by which cultures around the world adopt a
certain degree of homogenized global culture while clinging to aspects of their own traditional
culture.Cultural hybridization somehow created another term called global homogenization
where mainly impacted on production and use of consumer goods, social relationships and
modernity as well. First is magazine Homogenization, as we all know global media try to
homogenize local culture in strategizing for positioning and marketing their product worldwide
like ELLE, Cosmopolitan, Vogue and many more. While for the homogenizing media, we tend to
see the way how global and local forces involved in the production process of a magazine, the
way how they publish via licensing agreement with local companies and some sort of
collaboration technique. This ownership pattern has allowed local editions of international
magazine to be published in Malaysia. The last one is homogenization in print media, obviously
it is about something imposed on people by market force for instance Indonesia movie industry
have already adapted two movies from two nationwide best-seller novels which are Ayat-ayat
Cinta and Ketika Cinta Bertasbih
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Conclusion
Throughout the findings, we found out that, globalization has promoted a specific kind of lifestyle, product and identities to our Malaysian people, this open up our eyes to a wide selection
of fashion that exist in the world. According to Mishra (2008) globalization surrounds with a lot of
aspects that are related to the phenomenon of Americanization. Somehow this phenomenon
should be protecting merely to fight our national identity because cultures will never stay behind,
hold or static; it keeps changing and gives impact to society. Globalization and cultural
hybridization bring a lot of good side yet still need to be controlled. We cannot say that all that
comes these two terms bring negative factors to our people and our country because
globalization and cultural hybridization besides brings a lot of opportunity to us as Malaysian to
entering the international market as well as to strengthen the country to become more advanced
and able to stand with other developed countries all over the world.
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References
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http://www.redcarpet.net.my/2014/10/w-r-s-introducing-culture-song/
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Proposed Definition. GCSP , 5.
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http://www.scribd.com/doc/106579465/Story-of-Globalization
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http://www.theantdaily.com/Main/Fast-fashion-brands-go-head-to-head-in-retail-battle
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http://www.npr.org/2008/11/20/97254578/crossing-cultures-in-slumdog-millionaire
Edward, K. (2015). Four is better than one - bahasa rojak, a uniquely Malaysian treasure.
Retrieved March 21, 2015, from Omniglot Web Site:
http://www.omniglot.com/language/articles/bahasarojak.htm
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Held, D., Mcgrew, A., Goldblatt, D., & Parathon, J. (2009, March). Global Transformation .
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of the Nordic International Studies Associatio , 255-256.
Keel, R. (2014, February 28). The McDonaldization of Society. Introduction to Sociolgy , p. 1.
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McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding Media. New York : McGraw-Hill.
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Micheal. (2010, May 10). Gobal Experience. Retrieved March 21, 2015, from Gobal Experience
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Web Site: http://www.stateofnature.org/?p=6292
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http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/westernize
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Totu, A., Igau, O. A., & Halik, M. (2013). TV Commercials and Choice of Food among Children in
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Questions
Objective
1. What is the meaning of globalization?
a. Process which symbolizes a transformation, transactions, interaction and generating
transcontinental of social relations where actually has been affected to the world
b. Cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings,
hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe.
c. Belief that one's own culture is superior to that of other cultures. It is a form of
reductionism that reduces the "other way" of life to a distorted version of one's own.
d. The extension of a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment
of economic and political dominance over other nations.
2. Globalization will be affected to?
a. Culture and political systems
b. Environment, culture, political systems and human attitudes
c. Environment, culture, political systems, economic and human attitudes
d. Culture, political systems and human attitudes
3. How many Scape that Arjun Appadurai listed down?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
4. Which one is not Arjun Appadurais Scape?
a. Ethnoscape
b. Technoscape,
c. Filmscape
d. Ideoscape
5. What is the meaning of technoscape?

a. More on technology advances, where people always find to move and live at better
and fast speeds of technology
b. A movement of people purposely to earn global capital and finance according to
currency markets
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c. A group of people move around from one place to another globe village place for
instance like workers, immigrants, tourists or even refugees.
d. The image of media has been twisted to become more global particularly in
production and the way of dissemination to become real look even though it is just
fantasy-like such martial arts movies
6. Which one is not listed in the concept of globalization
a. Internationalization
b. Imperialism
c. Westernization
d. Liberalization
7. The Impact of Globalization on Malaysian Culture included?
a. Food culture and lifestyle Lifestyle And Fashion Culture
b. Food culture, lifestyle Lifestyle And Fashion Culture and Language And
Communication Culture
c. Food culture, lifestyle Lifestyle And Fashion Culture and Language, Communication
Culture and selfie culture
d. Lifestyle Lifestyle And Fashion Culture and Language, Communication Culture and
selfie culture
8. What is the meaning of cultural hybridization?
a. Process of blending and cultural mixing
b. Process of interactions between globalization and culture.
c. Process of making a new culture
d. Process of mixing and adapting the old culture
9. Cultural hybridization happens in
a. Films production and music industry
b. Films production and ceremony celebration.
c. Music industry, ceremony celebration and ritual celebration
d. Films production, music industry and ceremony celebration
10. Which empires practiced the baby shower ceremony?
a. Roman and Egyptian
b. Roman and yaman
c. Yaman and iran
d. Egiption and Yaman
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True and false

1. Globalization provokes many controversies within the academy opinion yet towards
this era, it is really socially beneficial to everybody especially in terms of
interconnected to each other all over the world (True/False)
2. Globalization creates new patterns of life especially in economic, political and social
circumstances merely to serve and transform the state powers (True/False)
3. Ritzer (1964) described how the globe has been contracted into a village by electric
technology and the immediate movement of information (True/False)
4. Globalization consists of five different scape there are ethnoscape, technoscape,
finanscape, filmscape and last one is ideoscape (True/False)
5. Ideoscape related to some movements such as states, political and religion as well
(True/False)
6. Cultural Hybridization is the process of blending and cultural mixing or hybridization
is a part of model that also related to the interactions between ethnic and religion
(True/False)
7. Chan and Peverelli (2010), asserted that the model of cultural hybridization
somehow could improve the culture to become better in amalgamating culture in and
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should be even more largely applicable up to an extensive range of issues especially
in cultural backgrounds meet (True/False)
8. Cultural hybridization can be clearly seen in all malay movies (True/False)
9. Two films illustrated the involvedness in hybridization and the globalization of culture
are Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Mulan (True/False)
10. Baby shower for instance, the ritual has been practiced in thousand years ago in the
Egyptian empires (True/False)
Fill in the blank

1. Globalization
can
be
explained
as
process
which
symbolizes
_______________________________ and generating transcontinental of social

relations where actually has been affected to the world
2. Arjun Appadurai (2001) globalization consists of five different scape there are
_______________________________________________________________
3. Liberalization where it is a process of ________________ officially imposed
restrictions principally on movements of resources between countries with the
purpose of open and borderless around the world.
4. The
Impact
of
Globalization
on
Malaysian
Culture
consists
of
________________________________________________________________
5. Malaysia faces problem for those who are not really expert in English language and
they tend to mix up the language up to create a term called it as _______________
6. The abbreviations been globalized due to have fast in text communication and
purposely to create confusion among the older Mills and Cheer (2014) explained
because the code using such __________________________________________
7. ______________________ is the process of blending and cultural mixing or
hybridization is a part of model that also related to the interactions between
globalization and culture
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8. Cultural hybridization can be clearly seen in movie ____________________ The
idea of the movie is actually coming from American game show in America
9. Nowadays, it is quite easy to recognize the existence of cultural hybridization and it
can be found in _____________________________________________________
10. According to Mishra (2008) globalization surrounds with a lot of aspects that are
related to the phenomenon of _______________________________________
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