MATHS

Definite integrals
Newton-Leibnitz formula.
d
Let dx (F(x)) = f(x) x (a, b). Then

f (x) dx =

lim F(x) lim F(x).

x a

x b

Note : 1.

If a > b, then

f (x) dx =

lim F(x) lim F(x).

x a

x b

2.

If F(x) is continuous at a and b, then

f (x) dx = F(b) F(a)

a

Example # 1

Evaluate

Solution

1
1
1
=

( x 1)( x 2)
x 1
x2

dx
( x 1)( x 2)

dx
( x 1)( x 2) =

(by partial fractions)

n( x 1) n( x 2)12

9
= n3 n4 n2 + n3 = n
8

Self practice problems :

Evaluate the following
2

(1)

5x 2
x 2 4x 3

(2)

2 sec

dx

x x 3 2 dx

(3)

1 sec x

dx

Answers :

(1)

5 9 n 5 n 3

4
2
2

(2)

+
+2
1024
2

"manishkumarphysics.in"

MATHS

+ 2 n
3 3
18

(3)

Property (1)

f (t) dt

f ( x ) dx =

i.e.

Property (2)

definite integral is independent of variable of integration.

f (x ) dx = f (x ) dx
b

Property (3)

f ( x ) dx =

Example # 2

f ( x ) dx +

f (x ) dx, where c may lie inside or outside the interval [a, b].
c

x3 : x 3
If f(x) = 2
, then find
3 x 1 : x 3
5

Solution

f ( x ) dx =

f (x ) dx.
2

f ( x ) dx +

f (x ) dx
3

x2

= ( x 3 ) dx + (3 x 1) dx = 2 3 x + x 3 x

2
2
3
3

94
+ 3 (3 2) + 53 33 + 5 3
2

5
3

211
2

Example # 3

Evaluate | x 5 | dx.
2

Solution

| x 5 | dx =

( x 5) dx +

( x 5) dx

=9

(2x 1) dx = (2x 1) + (2x 1)

Example # 4

Show that

Solution

L.H.S. = x2 + x ]20 = 4 + 2 = 6
R.H.S. = 25 + 5 0 + (4 + 2) (25 + 5) = 6

L.H.S. = R.H.S

Self practice problems :

Evaluate the following
2

(4)

| x

2x 3 | dx.

"manishkumarphysics.in"

MATHS
3

(5)

[x] dx , where [x] is integral part of x.

0

t dt.
9

(6)

Answers :

(4)

Evaluate

e x ex

e x ex
1 ex

1
1

dx =

13

if f ( x ) f ( x ) i.e. f ( x ) is even
if f ( x ) f ( x ) i.e. f ( x ) is odd

dx

1 ex

Solution

(6)

Example # 5

a
2 f x dx ,
f ( x ) dx = ( f ( x ) f ( x )) dx = 0

0,
0
a

Property (4)

(5)

e x e x ex e x

1 ex
1 ex

e x e x e x (e x e x )

x
1 ex
dx =
e

dx

(e x e x ) dx = e 1 +

e2 1
(e 1 1)
=
e
1

Example # 6

Evaluate

cos x dx.

Solution

cos x dx = 2 cos x
1

Example # 7

Evaluate

log

Solution

i.e.

( cos x is even function)

2x
dx.
2 x

2x

Let f(x) = loge

2x
2x
2x
= log
= f(x)
f(x) = loge
e
2x
2x
f(x) is odd function
1

dx = 2

log

2x
dx = 0
2 x

Self practice problems :

Evaluate the following

"manishkumarphysics.in"

MATHS
1

(7)

| x | dx.

(8)

sin

(9)

x dx.

cos x

Answers :

Property (5)

Further

dx.

1 ex

(7)

Prove that

Let =

g (sin x )
dx =
g (sin x ) g (cos x )

g (cos x )
dx = .
4
g (sin x ) g (cos x )

g (sin x )
dx
g (sin x ) g (cos x )

g sin x

2
=

g sin x g cos x

(9)

f (x ) dx = f (a x) dx

Solution

f (x ) dx = f (a b x ) dx

Example # 8

(8)

g (cosx)

g (cosx) g (sinx)

dx

on adding, we obtain

2 =

g (sin x )

g (cos x )

g (sin x ) g (cos x ) g (cos x) g (sin x) dx

0

dx

Self practice problems:

Evaluate the following

(10)

1 sin x

dx.

"manishkumarphysics.in"

MATHS

(11)

sin x cos x

dx.

(12)

x sin x cos x

sin

(13)

dx
tan x

Answers :

(10)

(11)

loge 1 2

2 2

(12)

2
16

(13)

12

a
2 f x dx , if f (2a x) f (x)
= ( f ( x ) f (2a x )) dx =
0
0
0,
if f (2a x) f (x)

2a

Property (6)

dx.

x cos 4 x

f (x) dx

Example # 9

Evaluate

sin

x cos 3 x dx.

Solution

Let f(x) = sin3x cos3x

f( x) = f(x)

sin

x cos 3 x dx = 0

Example # 10 Evaluate

dx

1 2 sin

Solution

1 2 sin2 x
f( x) = f(x)

1 2 sin

sec 2 x dx
2

2
=

=2

sec 2 x dx
1 tan2 x 2 tan2 x

tan 3 tan x
1

2
0

is undefined, we take limit

2

1
1
Lt
tan
3
tan
x

tan
3
tan
0

3 x

2
=

dx

1 2 sin

=2

1 3 tan
0

tan

=2

dx

dx.

Let f(x) =

"manishkumarphysics.in"

MATHS

=
3
2

2
=

Alternatively :

dx

1 2 sin

cos ec 2 x

cos ec 2 x 2

dx =

cos ec 2 x dx
cot 2 x 3

Observe that we are not converting in terms of tan x as it is not continuous in (0, )

1 cot x
1
=
tan

3
3
3 0

1
=

cot x
1 cot x
Lt tan 1

Lt tan

x
3 x 0
3

2 2 =
3
3

1
=

n sin x

Example # 11 Prove that

dx =

n cos x dx = n (sin 2x) dx =

n 2 .
2

Solution

Let =

n sin x dx

..........(i)

dx

n sin 2 x

(by property P 5)

n (cos x ) dx

..........(ii)

Adding (i) and (ii)

sin 2x
dx
2

n (sin x . cos x ) dx = n

2=

n (sin 2x ) dx n 2 dx

2=

2 = 1

n 2
2

..........(iii)

where

n (sin 2x ) dx
0

put 2x = t

dx =

L.L:x=0

U.L:x=
2

t=0

t=

1
dt
2

1 =

n (sin t )
0

1
2
2

1
dt
2

n (sin t ) dt

(by using property P 6)

"manishkumarphysics.in"

MATHS

1 =

(iii) gives =

n 2
2

Self practice problems :

Evaluate the following

1
n x
x

1 x 2 dx.

(14)

(15)

sin 1 x
dx.
x

(16)

xn sin x

dx.

Answers :

Property (7)

n 2 (16)
2

n 2 (15)

(14)

2
n 2
2

If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then

T

nT

(i)

f (x ) dx, n z

f ( x ) dx = n

a nT

(ii)

f ( x ) dx = n

f (x ) dx, n z, a R
0

nT

(iii)

f ( x ) dx = (n m)

f (x ) dx, m, n z
0

mT

a nT

nT

b nT

a nT

f ( x ) dx = f (x ) dx, n z, a R

(iv)

(v)

f ( x ) dx = f (x ) dx, n z, a, b R
2

Example # 12 Evaluate

{x}

dx.

1 3

Solution

e { x } dx =

n v

Example # 13 Evaluate

| cos x | dx ,
0

e { x } dx = 3 e { x } dx = 3
0

{x}

dx = 3(e 1)

< v < and n z.

2

"manishkumarphysics.in"

MATHS
n v

Solution

| cos x | dx +

n v

| cos x | dx =

cos x

cos x

| cos x | dx

dx + n

/2

| cos x | dx

= (1 0) (sin v 1) + 2n

cos x

dx

= 2 sin v + 2n (1 0) = 2n + 2 sin v

Self practice problems :

Evaluate the following
2

(17)

{3 x }

dx.

2000

(18)

dx
1 e sin x

5
4

(19)

Answers :

Property (8)

dx.

sin 2x
sin x cos 4 x
4

(17)

3 (e 1)

If (x) f(x) (x)

(18)

for

dx.

( x ) dx

(19)

a x b, then

f ( x ) dx

1000

(x) dx
a

Property (9)

If m f(x) M for a x b, then m (b a)

f (x ) dx M (b a)
a

Further if f(x) is monotonically decreasing in (a, b), then f(b) (b a) <

f (x ) dx < f(a) (b a) and if f(x)

a

is monotonically increasing in (a, b), then f(a) (b a) <

f (x ) dx < f(b) (b a)
a

Property (10)

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx

"manishkumarphysics.in"

MATHS
b

Property (11) If f(x) 0 on [a, b], then

f (x) dx 0
a

Example # 14 For x (0, 1) arrange f1(x) =

1

order and hence prove that

<
6

Solution

4 x2

, f2(x) =

4x x
2

1
4 2x 2

1
and f3(x) =

4 x2 x3

in ascending

dx

0 < x3 < x2

2
4 2x < 4 x2 x3 < 4 x2

<

4 2

x2 < x2 + x3 < 2x2

2x2 < x2 x3 < x2

4 2x 2 < 4 x 2 x 3 < 4 x 2
f1(x) < f3(x) < f2(x)
for x (0, 1)
1

sin1

<
6

f1( x ) dx <

f3 ( x ) dx <

x

2

dx

<
0

4x x
2

Example # 15 Estimate the value of

<

f(x) =

<

sin1

2 0

dx

Let f(x) =

4 x2 x3

Solution

f (x) dx

4 2

sin x
dx.
x

sin x
x

x cos x sin x

(cos x )( x tan x )

<0
x
x2
f(x) is monotonically decreasing function.
f(0) is not defined, so we evaluate
2

Lt sin x = 1. Take f(0) = Lt f(x) = 1

f(x) = x 0
x 0
x

Lt

x 0

2
f =

2
. 0 <
2

1<

sin x
dx < 1 . 0
2

sin x
dx <
2
x

Example # 16 Estimate the value of

x2

dx using (i) rectangle, (ii) triangle.

Solution

(i)

By using rectangle

"manishkumarphysics.in"

MATHS
1

Area OAED <

x2

dx < Area OABC

1<

x2

dx < 1 . e

1<

e x dx < e

(ii) By using triangle

1

Area OAED <

x2

dx < Area OAED + Area of triangle DEB

x2

1
1 < e dx < 1 +
. 1. (e 1)
2
0

1<

Example # 17 Estimate the value of

x2

dx < e 1
2

x2

dx by using

e dx .
x

For x (0, 1), e x < ex

2

Solution

11<

e x dx <

e dx
x

1<

x2

dx < e 1

Self practice problems :

1

(20)

Prove the following :

e x cos 2 x dx <

Prove the following : 0 <

sin

n 1

x dx <

(22)

Prove the following : e

(21)

e x cos 2 x dx

1
4

sin

x dx , n > 1

<

x2 x

dx < 1

"manishkumarphysics.in"

10

MATHS
1

(23)

1
Prove the following :

x 3 cos x
2 x2

dx <

sin x dx <

(24)

Prove the following : 1 <

(25)

Prove the following : 0 <

x dx

16 x

<

1
2

1
6

h( x )

Leibnitz Theorem :

If F(x) =

f (t) dt , then

g( x )

dF( x )
= h(x) f(h(x)) g(x) f(g(x))
dx

Proof :

Let P(t) =

f (t) dt
h( x )

F(x) =

f (t) dt = P(h(x)) P(g(x))

g( x )

dF( x )
= P(h(x)) h(x) P(g(x)) g(x)
dx
= f(h(x)) h(x) f(g(x)) g(x)

x2

Example # 18 If F(x) =

sin t dt , then find F(x).

Solution

F(x) = 2x .

e3 x

Example # 19 If F(x) =

e2 x

sin x 2 1 .

sin x

t
dt , then find first and second derivative of F(x) with respect to n x
log e t

at x = n 2.
Solution

2x

e3x
dF( x )
dx
dF( x )
3x
2x e
3
.
e
.

2
.
e

x = e6x e4x.
d n x = dx
d ( n x ) =
n e 3 x
n e 2x

d 2F( x )
d ( n x ) 2

d
d
1
= d (n x ) (e6x e4x) =
(e6x e4x)
= (6 e6x 4 e4x) x
dx
dnx / dx

First derivative of F(x) at x = n 2

Second derivative of F(x) at x = n 2

(i.e. ex = 2) is 26 24 = 48
(i.e. ex = 2) is (6 . 26 4 . 24) . n 2 = 5 . 26 . n 2.

"manishkumarphysics.in"

11

MATHS
x 2
e t dt

Example # 20 Evaluate xLt

2t 2

dt

x 2
e t dt

Lt 0

Solution

form

2t 2

dt

Applying L Hospital rule

x

2 . e t dt . e x

Lt

1 . e 2x

2 . e t dt

Lt

Example # 21 If f(x) =

log ex

ex

f(x) =

n x

2 . ex

2x . e x

=0

dt
x t , then find f(x).
x

Solution

Lt

x t 2

1
1
1
1

=
+

x n x ( x t ) n x 2x x x n x

dt + 1 . 1 1
2x
x

1
1
1
1
x n x +
x x n x
2x
2x

x 1
n x 1
1
x x n x = x x n x
x

dt
n ( x t )
Alternatively : f(x) =
(treating t as constant)
xt

n x
n x

f(x) = n 2x n (x + n x)
f(x) =

1
n x 1
1

1
x n x 1 = x x n x
x

x
1

Example # 22 Evaluate

xb 1
, b being parameter..
nx
1

Solution

Let (b) =

d (b )
=
db

xb 1
nx dx

x b nx
dx + 0 0
nx

"manishkumarphysics.in"

12

MATHS
(using modified Leibnitz Theorem)
1

x b 1

x dx =
b 1

=
0

1
b 1

(b) = n (b + 1) + c
b=0
(0) = 0
c=0
(b) = n (b+1)
1

tan 1(ax )

Example # 23 Evaluate

Let (a) =

Solution

tan 1(ax )
x 1 x2

dx
1

d (a)
=
da

dx , a being parameter..

x 1 x2

(1 a 2 x 2 ) x 1 x 2

dx =

Put x = sin t
L.L. : x = 0

dx = cos t dt
t=0

U.L. : x = 1

t=

d (a)
=
da

1 a

1
cos t dt =
cos
t
sin t
2

1 a2

(a) =

But (0) = 0

(a) =

(1 a x ) 1 x 2

1 a
0

) tan 2 t

1 a2

dt
2

sin 2 t

sec 2 t dt

1 (1 a

dx
2 2

1
2

tan

1 a 2 tan t 2

n a 1 a + c

c=0

n a 1 a

Self Practice Problems :

x3

(26)

If f(x) =

cos t dt, find f(x).

(27)

g(x)

If f(x) = e

and g(x) =

1 t

dt, then find the value of f(2).

(28)

If x =

dt
1 4t 2

and

d2 y
dx 2

= Ry, then find R

"manishkumarphysics.in"

13

MATHS
x2

(29)

If f(x) =

sin t dt , then find f(x).

(30)

If (x) = cos x

( x t ) (t) dt, then find the value of (x) + (x).

0

(n t )
x

(31)

Find the value of the function f(x) = 1 + x +

2n t dt, where f(x) vanishes.

x2

(32)

Evaluate xLt
0

cos t

dt

x sin x

(33)

Evaluate

n (1 b cos x) dx, b being parameter..

0

Answers :

2
17

(26)

3x2

(29)

x2 (2x sin x2 sin x) + (cos x cos x2) 2x

(31)

1+

cos x 3

2
e

(27)

(32)

(28)

(33)

(30)

cos x

1 1 b2

n
2

Definite Integral as a limit of sum

Let f(x) be a continuous real valued function defined on the closed interval [a, b] which is divided into n parts
as shown in figure.

The point of division on x-axis are a, a + h, a + 2h ..........a + (n 1)h, a + nh, where

ba
= h.
n

Let Sn denotes the area of these n rectangles.

Then, Sn = hf(a) + hf(a + h) + hf(a + 2h) + ........+hf(a + (n 1)h)
Clearly, Sn is area very close to the area of the region bounded by curve y = f(x), xaxis and the ordinates

"manishkumarphysics.in"

14

MATHS
x = a, x = b.
b

Hence

f (x) dx =

Lt

Sn

n 1

n 1

h f (a rh) =

f ( x ) dx = Lt

r 0

Lt

ba
(b a ) r
a

n f
n

r0

Note :
1.
We can also write
n

Sn = hf(a + h) + hf (a + 2h) + .........+ hf(a + nh) and

f ( x ) dx = Lt

n 1

2.

If a = 0, b = 1,

f ( x ) dx = n Lt

ba
ba
a
r
n f
n

n r 1

1 r

n f n

r 0

Steps to express the limit of sum as definte integral :

Step 1. Replace

r
1
by
by x,
by dx and n Lt

n
n

r

Step 2. Evaluate n Lt
n by putting least and greatest values of r as lower and upper limits respectively..
pn

For example n Lt

r 1

1 r
f
n n =

f (x) dx
0

r
r


( n Lt
= 0, n Lt
= p)
n
n
r 1
r np

Example # 24 : Evaluate

Lt

1
1
1
1
1 n 2 n 3 n ......... 2n

Lt

1
1
1
1
1 n 2 n 3 n ......... 2n

Solution

n
n

= n Lt

r n
r 1
n

= n Lt

r 1

1
1
=
n r
1
n

dx
1
x 1 = n ( x 1)0 = n 2

n2
n3
3
n 1
2
2
.........
Example # 25 : Evaluate n Lt
.
2
2
2
2

5
n
n 2
n 3
n 1

"manishkumarphysics.in"

15

MATHS
2n

Lt

Solution

r 1

2n

nr
2

Lt
r2 = n

r 1

r
n
2
r
1
n
1

1
n

Lt

r
= 0, when r = 1, lower limit = 0
n

Lt

r
=
n

and

n
2

1 x

1 x

Lt

dx =

2n
= 2, when r = 2n, upper limit = 2
n

1 x

dx +

1
2

2x

1 x

dx

1
2
+ 2 log e (1 x )

= [ tan x ]

= tan1 2 +

1
n 5
2

Example # 26 : Evaluate
1

Lt

n! n
n .
n
1

Solution

n! n
Let y = n Lt
n
n

n!
1
n y = n Lt
n n

n
n
1 . 2 . 3 ........n
1

= n Lt
n

nn

1 n 1 n 2 n 3 ..... n n

= n Lt

n
n
n
n n

Lt

1
n

n n
r 1

nx dx x n x x

= (0 1) Lt x n x + 0

x 0

= 1 0 = 1

y=

1
e

Self Practice Problems :

Evaluate the following limits

"manishkumarphysics.in"

16

MATHS
Lt

1
1
1
1

....

2
2
2
2
n
n n
n 2n
n n2

Lt

1
1
1
1
1 n 2 n 3 n ....... 5n

Lt

2
3
n
1 3
sin
2 sin 3
3 sin 3
........ n sin3
2
4n
4n
4n
4n
n

(34)

(35)

(36)

n 1

Lt

(37)

1
n r2
2

r 0

n
n
n
n

......
1

n3
n6
n9
n 3(n 1)

3
n

Lt

(38)

Answers :

(34)

(37)

2 1

(35)

(38)

n 5

(36)

2
9 2

(52 15)

Reduction formulae in definite Integrals:

1.

If n =

sin
0

n 1

x dx , then show that n =
n n2

Proof : n =

sin

x dx

n = sinn1 x cos x

2
0

(n 1) sin

n 2

x . cos 2 x dx

= (n 1)

sin

n2

x . (1 sin 2 x ) dx

= (n 1)

sin

n2

x dx (n 1)

sin

x dx

n + (n 1) n = (n 1) n2
n 1

n =
n n2

"manishkumarphysics.in"

17

MATHS

sin

Note : 1.

x dx =

cos

x dx

n 1 n 3 n 5


..... or
n =
0
1
n n2 n4

2.

, =1
2 1

according as n is even or odd. 0 =

n 1 n 3 n 5
1

........ . , if n is even

2 2
n n 2 n 4
Hence n =
n 1 n 3 n 5
2

........ . 1 , if n is odd

n
n

2
n

2.

If n =

tan

x dx , then show that n + n2 =

n =

Solution

(tan x)

n2

1
n 1

. tan2x dx

(tan x)

n2

(sec2x 1) dx

(tan x)

n2

sec2x dx

(tan x)

n2

dx

(tan x )n 1 4
n2
=
n 1 0

n =

1
n2
n 1

n + n2 =

1
n 1

3.

If m,n =

sin
0

x . cosn x dx , then show that m,n =

m 1

m n m2, n

"manishkumarphysics.in"

18

MATHS

Solution

m,n =

sin

m 1

x (sin x cosn x ) dx

sinm 1 x . cosn 1 x 2
+
=
n 1

m 1

=
n 1

m 1

=
n 1

sin

m2

cos n 1 x
(m 1) sinm2 x cos x dx
n 1

x . cosn x . cos 2 x dx

sin

m2

x . cosn x sinm x . cos n x dx

m 1
m 1


=

m2,n
n

n 1 m,n
m 1
m 1
=

1
n 1 m,n n 1 m2,n

m 1

m,n =
m n m2,n

Note : 1.

m 1 m 3 m 5


........ or according as m is even or odd.
m,n =
0,n
1,n
mn mn2 mn 4

0,n =

cos

x dx and 1,n =

2.

sin x . cos

x dx =

1
n 1

Wallis Formula

m,n

(m 1) (m 3) (m 5 ) .........( n 1) (n 3) (n 5).......
when both m, n are even

(m n) (m n 2) (m n 4)........
2

(m 1) (m 3 ) (m 5) .........( n 1) (n 3) (n 5).......
otherwise

(m n) (m n 2) (m n 4)........

Example # 27 : Evaluate

sin

x cos 2 x(sin x cos x ) dx .

Solution

Given integral =

sin

x cos 2 x dx +

sin

x cos 3 x dx

"manishkumarphysics.in"

19

MATHS

=0+2

sin

x cos 3 x dx

( sin3x cos2x is odd and sin2x cos3x is even)

1. 2
4
= 2. 5 . 3 . 1 =
15

Example # 28 : Evaluate

x sin

x cos 6 x dx .

Let =

Solution

x sin

x cos 6 x dx

( x) sin ( x) cos
5

( x ) dx

sin

x sin

. cos x dx

x . cos 6 x dx

sin

2 = . 2

x . cos 6 x dx

4 . 2 . 5 . 3 .1
11 . 9 . 7 . 5 . 3 . 1

8
693
1

Example # 29 : Evaluate

(1 x )5 dx .

Solution
L.L
U.L.

Put x = sin2
:x=0

=0

:x=1

dx = 2 sin cos d

(1 x )5 dx =

sin

(cos 2 )5 2 . sin . cos d

=2.

sin

cos11 d

6 . 4 . 2 . 10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2
= 2 . 18 . 16 . 14 . 12 . 10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2

1
504

"manishkumarphysics.in"

20

MATHS
Self Practice Problems:
Evaluate the following

(39)

sin

x dx .

x cos 4 x dx .

(40)

sin
0

(41)

sin 1 x dx .

(42)

x a2 x 2

7
2

dx .

(43)

3/2

2 x dx.

Answers :

(39)

8
15

(43)

(40)

8
315

(41)

16

245
14

"manishkumarphysics.in"

(42)

a9
9

21