Professional Documents
Culture Documents
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Impervious Soil
h = hA - hB
pervious Soil
W.T.
hA = total head
Impervious Soil
Datum
91
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
2. Seepage
Laplaces Equation of Continuity
Continuity Equation for Solution of Simple Flow Problems
Flow Nets
Seepage Calculation
Seepage pressure and Uplift Pressure
Seepage through an Earth Dam
92
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Permeability
Overview of Underground Water Flow
Hydrologic Cycle
93
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Aspects of Hydrology
A relatively small amount of the earth's water (<1%) is contained
in the groundwater, but the effects of this water are out of proportion
to their amount
The permeability of soil affects the distribution of water both
between the surface and the ground mass and within the ground mass
itself
Ground Surface
Vadose Zone
(zone of aeration)
Capillary fringe
Water Table
(Phreatic Surface)
94
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Permeability
DefinitionThe property of soils
allows water to pass through them at some rate.
is a product of the granular nature of the soil, although it can
be affected by other factors (such as water bonding in clays)
Different soils have different permabilities, understanding of
which is critical to the use of the soil as a foundation or
structural element
Soil and rock are porous materials
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
95
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Macroscopic flow
Microscopic flow
96
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
97
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
98
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Pavement Drainage
99
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Theory
Bernoulli's Law
ht
p
w
v2
2g
zero
Where
hp
v2
Velocity head (pressure component)
hv
2g
Elevation head (Gravitational (potential) component) = Z=he
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
100
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Head Differential
W.T.
Impervious Soil
h = hA - hB
W.T.
Water In
hA
Impervious Soil
Datum
hB
v .A
kiA
h
L
B
L = Drainage Path
Datum
ZB
Total Head
Elevation Head
hB
Soil
Pressure Head
Water
ZA
A difference in
TOTAL HEAD
i = Hydraulic Gradient
(q)
Answer:
Elevation Head
hA
Pressure Head
Total Head
Head Loss or
Head Difference or
Energy Loss
h =hA - hB
101
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
hB
PA
ZA) (
PB
ZB )
h
L
102
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
In most soils, the flow of water through the void spaces can be
considered laminar and thus v i
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
103
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Darcys Law
In 1856, Darcy published a simple equation for discharge velocity
of water through saturated soils, which may expressed as
ki
Where
v = discharge velocity = quantity of water flowing in unit
time through a unit gross sectional area of soil at right
angles to the direction of flow
k = coefficient of permeability
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
104
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
(v) is based on the gross sectional area of the soil, however the
actual velocity of water (seepage velocity, vs )through the void
spaces is higher than v this can be derived as following:
105
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
vA
Av
q
Av .v s
As
v ( Av
As )
Av .v s
so
vs
v ( Av As )
Av
1
vs
Vv
Vs
Vv
Vs
v ( Av As ) L
Av L
1 e
e
v (Vv Vs )
Vv
Vs
v
n
vs
v
n
106
Horizontal flow
1.2
Air pressure
Length (m)
0.6
Datum
Elevation (m)
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
2.4
1.8
1.2
0.6
0
-0.6
-1.2
(cm/sec)
Velocity
2
1
0
107
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
In this case the air pressure will produce the required head for
horizontal flow. Thus
Total head loss
k .i
2.385
0.5
1.8
23.4
9.81
2.385 m
0.663
vs
.
v
n
0.663
0.33
2 cm / sec
108
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Downward Flow
Total head
Elevation head
Elevation (m)
3.6
3.0
2.4
1.8
1.2
Datum
0.6
-0.6
0.6
1.2
1.8
2.4
Head (m)
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
3.0
3.6
Velocity (cm/sec)
109
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
k .i
vs
0.5.
v
n
3.6
1 cm/sec at the entranceand the exit parts of the tube .
1.8
1
0.33
110
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Upward flow
The same tube was tested under upward flow as shown in the
figure below
Elevation (m)
Total head
Datum
0
0.6
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8 0
111
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
k .i
1.2
0.5.
1.8
0.33
vs
v
n
0.33
0.33
1 cm/sec
112
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
113
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
K g
(12)
114
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
k (mm/sec)
Coarse gravel
10 to 103
10-2 to 10
10-4 to 10-2
10-5 to 10-4
10-8 to 10-5
115
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
k 20
kT
(
(
20 )( T )
T )( 20 )
Where
kT , k20 = coefficient of permeability at ToC and 20oC,
respectively
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
116
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
o
o
,
=
mass
density
of
the
fluid
at
T
C
and
20
C, respectively
T
20
o
o
,
=
coefficient
of
viscosity
at
T
C
and
20
C, respectively
T
20
Since the value of 20 / T is approximately 1, we can write
k 20
kT
T
20
Where
f (T ) 1.682 0.0433T
0.00046T 2
20
117
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
118
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Laboratory Tests
Constant head test
Distilled de aired
QL
hAt
Suitable for cohesionless soils with permeabilities
> 10 x10-4 cm/sec
Q qt
kiAt
Overflow
Collection of water in a
cylinder (Q at time t)
119
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
h1
h
h2
Soil sample with cross section
area = A
Overflow
120
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
h
A
L
dh
dt
dt
0
h2
h1
aL
Ak
dh
h
h1
aL
2.303 log
At
h2
121
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Field tests
There are many useful methods to determine the permeability
coefficient in field such as
1. pumping from wells
2. Bore hole test
3. Open end test
4. Packer test
5. Variable head tests by means of piezometer observation
well
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
122
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
R
r1
dr
dh
Test well
Observation wells
h
H1
h1
h2
H
2rw
Impermeable layer
123
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
q kiA
dh
k
2 hr
dr
q
r2
r1
dr
r
h2
2 k
hdh
q h
1
So
2.303q log
k
h22
r2
r1
h12
124
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
R
r1
dr
dh
Observation wells
Test well
h
H1
h1
h2
Hw
2rw
Impermeable layer
125
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
dh
kiA k 2 rT
dr
q
r2
r1
dr
r
h2
h
2 kT
dh
q
q log(r2 / r1)
2.727T (h2
h1 )
q log( R / rw )
2.727T ( H1 H w )
126
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Empirical Correlations
Several empirical equations for estimation of the permeability
coefficient have been proposed in the past.
127
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
k h1
k h2
k v3
Direction of flow
k h3
H
k vn
k hn
128
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
v .1 . H
v1.1.H 1
v 2 .1. H 2
v 3 .1 . H 3
........ v n .1.H n
k H ( eq ) .i eq
v1
k h1 .i 1
v1
k h 2 .i 2
v1
k h 3 .i 3
v1
k hn .i n
Since
ieq
i1
i2
i3
in
then
129
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
k H (eq )
1
k h1 H1 k h2 H 2
H
k h3 H 3
k hn H n
Or
n
k hi H i
k H (eq )
i 1
130
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Vertical direction
h
h
k v1
k h1
k v2
k h2
k v3
k h3
H
k vn
k hn
Direction of flow
131
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
v1
v2
v3
vn
h1 h2
h3
hn
and
h
h
H
kv1.i1
k v 2 .i2
k v 3 .i3
kvn .i n
again
h
H1.i1
H 2 .i2
H 3 .i3
H n .in
132
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
kv (eq )
H1
kv1
H2
kv 2
H
H3
kv 3
Hn
kvn
or
kv ( eq )
H
n H
i
i 1 k vi
133
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Examples
1.
With k = 4.8x10-3 cm/sec for the permeable layer, calculate the rate of seepage
through it in cm3/sec/cm length width. Given H = 3 m and
= 5o .
Ground surface
G.W.T (free surface)
H cos
Direction
of seepage
L /cos
H
Impervious layer
h = L tan
134
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Solution
From the above figure
i
headloss
length
kiA
L tan
L
cos
k sin
sin
H cos .1
4.8 x10
sin 5 . 3 cos 5.
12.5 x10
135
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
2. The following figure shows the layers of soil in a tube 100mmx100mm in cross
section. Water is supplied to maintain a constant head difference of 300 mm across the
sample. The permeability coefficient of the soils in the direction of flow through them
are as follows: Find the rate of supply.
Water
supply
Constant head difference =
300 mm
B
A
C
150 mm
150 mm
150 mm
136
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Soil
A
B
C
k (cm/sec)
1x10-2
3x10-3
5x10-4
Solution
For the soil layers B & C (the flow is parallel to the stratification)
k H ( eq )
1
kh1H1 k h 2 H 2
H
1
(3x10 3 (5) 5 x10 4 (5)) 1.75 x10
10
cm/sec
137
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
keq
keq
q
45
H
H1
k1
H2
k2
30
1x10
15
1.75 x10
3.8 x10
0.003888cm / sec
keqiA
300
0.003888
10
450
138
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
e12
e22
0.1
k2
0.55
0.7
2
2
k2
0.1 0.7
0.55
e 2 .So
0.16
ft/min at e = 0.7
139
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
k (cm/sec)
-7
1.1
0.302x10
0.9
0.12x10-7
140
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Solution
Samarasingh et.al. eq. k
k1
k2
03.02 x10 7
0.12 x10 7
en
C3
1 e
e1n
1 e1
e2n
1 e
1.1 n
1 1.1
0. 9 n
1 0.9
2.517
1.9 1.1
2.1 0.9
141
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
2.782 1.222 n
log 2.782 0.444
n
log 1.222 0.087
So
5. 1
5.1
e
C3
1 e
To find C3
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
142
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
0.302 x10
C3
1.1 5.1
1 1.1
0.39 x10
1.626
C3
2. 1
0.39 x10 7 cm / sec
e 5.1
1 e
0.39 x10
1.25.1
1 1.2
0.449 x10
cm /sec.
143
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Since
r1
r2
h12 h22
144
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
20
15
150
50
0.0267 ft / min
0.027 ft / min
145
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Seepage
Laplaces Equation of Continuity
Introduction
In many instances, the flow of water through soil is not in one
direction only, nor is it uniform over the entire area
perpendicular to the flow.
In such cases, calculation of ground water flow is generally
made by use of graphs referred to as flow nets.
146
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
147
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Sheet
H1
Outflow
vz
h
H2
vz
dz dxdy
z
vx
dy A
dx
Permeable layer
v x dzdy
vx
dx dzdy
x
vy
v z dxdy
Impermeable layer
vx
Inflow rates
Flow at element A
148
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Assumptions:
1.The row of sheet piles is impervious
2.The steady state flow of water from the upstream to the
downstream side through the permeable layer is a two
dimensional flow.
3.The water is incompressible
4.No volume change occurs in the soil mass. Thus, the total
rate of inflow should be equal to the total rate of outflow
149
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
vx
vx
dx dz.dy
x
vz
vz
dz dx.dy
z
v x .dz.dy v z .dx.dy
Or
vx
x
vz
z
(1)
vx
kxix
kx
h
vz
and
x
kz iz
kz
h
z ..(2)
150
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
h
h
k x 2 kz 2 0
x
z
If the soil is isotropic with respect to the permeability coefficients
that is, k x
2
h
x2
kz 0
151
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
h1
H1
Z
Datum
H2
Soil 1
k1
h2
Soil 2
k2
152
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
h
z2
Soil 1
@z=0
@ z = H1
h1
A2
h2
A1 H 1
h
A1 z
A2
h = h1
h = h2
h1
A1
( h1 h2 )
z h1
H1
( h1 h2 )
H1
for
H1
153
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Soil 2
@ z = H1
@ z = H1+H2
h2
A1 H 1
A1 ( H 1
h = h2
h=0
A2
H2 )
A2
A2
h2
z h2 (1
H2
A1
H1
)
H2
h2
A1 H 1
h2
H2
for
and
H1
A2
h2 (1
H1
H1
)
H2
H2
154
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
q1
q2
h1 h2
k1
A
H1
h2
H1
h1 (1
h1
h2 0
k2
A
H2
h1 k1
k1
k2
H1 H 2
k2 z
)
k1 H 2 k2 H 1
k1
k1 H 2
k2 H 1
( H1
for 0
H2
z)
for
H1
H1
z
H1
H2
155
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Flow Nets
The following methods are available for the determination of
flow nets:
1. Graphical solution by sketching
2. Mathematical or analytical methods
3. Numerical analysis
4. Models
5. Analogy methods
All the methods are based on Laplaces continuity equation.
156
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
h
2
x
It represents two orthogonal families of curves that is, the flow lines and
the equipotential lines.
Flow line is a line along which a water particle will travel from upstream to
the downstream side in the permeable soil medium.
Equipotential line is a line along which the potential head at all points is the
same.
157
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
158
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
159
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
160
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
161
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Seepage Calculation
162
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
q1
q2
q3
h1
h2
l1
l1
h2
h3
l2
l2
h3
h4
l3
l3
So
h1 h2
h2 h3
h3 h4
H
Nd
163
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
H
k
Nd
Where
H = the difference of head between the upstream and
downstream sides
Nd = number of potential drops
164
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
k .H .
Where
Nf
Nd
k .H .
Nd
Nf
165
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
166
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
h1 h2
k
b1
l1
b1
l1
If
b2
l2
b3
l3
h2
h3
l2
b2
h3
h4
l3
b3
So
n
k .H .
Nd
167
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
k .H .
Nf
Nd
.n
k .H . .n
168
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
kx
k z , is
h
h
kz 2
2
z
x
0
169
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
h
(k z / k x ) x 2
kz
Substituting x
kz / k x .x
then
2
0
170
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
k z / k x . (vertical scale).
171
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
4.Draw the flow net for the permeable layer on the section
obtained from step 3, with flow lines intersecting equipotential
lines at right angles and the elements as approximate squares.
Depending on the problem geometry, we can also adopt
transformation in the z axis direction in the same manner
describe above by adopting horizontal scale and then vertical
scale will equal horizontal scale multiplying by
k x kz
172
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
h
x2
0 where z
k x k z .z
k e .H .
k x .k z .H .
Nf
Nd
Where
173
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
To prove that ke
174
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Transformed Scale
Natural Scale
h
b
Flow direction
l k x kz
ke .
h
b(1)
l
kx
h
l k x kz
ke
k x .k z
175
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Transformed Scale
Natural Scale
Flow direction
l kx kz
ke
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
h
l (1 )
b
kz
h
.l k x k z
b
ke
k x .k z
176
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
kmax and
kz
k min
177
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
vx
vz
k x .i x
k z .i z
h
x
kx.
h
z
kz .
k s .i s
ks .
to the x direction
h
s
Now
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
178
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
h
S
x
S
z
S
vs
ks
h x
.
x S
h z
.
z S
cos
sin
vx
cos
kx
vz
sin
kz
179
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Also
vx
v s cos
vz
v s sin
1
ks
cos2
kx
S2
ks
x2
kx
sin 2
kz
Or
z2
kz
180
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Z
S
kz
ks
X
kx
Permeability Ellipse
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
181
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Transfer Condition
In case of flow perpendicular to soil strata, the loss of head and
rate of flow are influenced primarily by the less pervious soil
whereas in the case of flow parallel to the strata, the rate of flow
is essential controlled by comparatively more pervious soil.
The following shows a flow channel (part of two dimensional
flow net) going from soil A to soil B with k A k B (two layers).
Based on the principle of continuity, i.e., the same rate of flow
exists in the flow channel in soil A as in soil B, we can derive the
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
182
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
183
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
qA
qB
qA
kA
qB
kB
kA
lA
bA
h
lA
lA
h
lB
bA
tan
kA
tan A
bA
bB
kB
A
h
lB
bB
and
kB
tan B
lB
bB
kA
kB
tan
tan
tan
B
A
B
184
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Example
A flow net for flow around single row of sheet piles in a
permeable soil layer is shown in the figure. Given k k k 5 x10
cm/sec. Determine:
1. How high (above the ground surface) the water will rise if
piezometers are placed at points a, b, c, and d.
2. The total rate of seepage through the permeable layer per
unit width.
3. The rate of seepage through the flow channel II per unit
width (perpendicular to the section shown)
3
185
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Sheet pile
H1 = 4.5 m
H2 = 1.5 m
0
I c
-4.5
II
III
Nf = 3
b
Datum
-9.0
Impermeable layer
186
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Point
Potential drop, m
1x 0.5 = 0.5
2 x 0.5 = 1.0
5 x 0.5 = 2.5
5 x 0.5 = 2.5
Solution
a. H = 4.5 1.5 = 3.0 m
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
187
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
3
So, head loss / drop = 6
b. q
k .H .
k.H .
Nf
Nd
= 0.5 m drop
3
6
7.5 x10
m3 / sec / m
length
c.
H
k
Nd
3
0.05 x10 .
6
3
2.5 x10
m3 /sec /m length
188
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
189
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
190
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
2
=
10
kN/m
w
191
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Point
he , m
ht , m
hp , m
a
b
27
18
0
9.0
14.7
11.325
113.25
11.7
13.425
134.25
9.0
14.25
142.5
11.7
9.675
96.75
14.7
5.7375
57.375
h
i
18.0
19.5
27.0
27.0
27 1x0.9375 =
26.0625
27 2x0.9375 =
25.125
27 4x0.9375 = 23.25
27 6x0.9375 =
21.375
27 7x0.9375 =
20.4375
27 8x0.9375 = 19.5
19.50
Water pressure
kN/m2
0
90
1.50
0
15.0
0
192
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
kH
4
5 x10 (7.5)
8
9
18.75 x10
m3 /sec / m. length
Exit gradient
i
h
l
1.25
3.45
0.362
193
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
for
each
potential
drop
is
194
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
6.3 m
1.8 m
9.0 m
Impermeable layer
195
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
The total head at the ground level in the upstream side = 6.3 + 1.8
= 8.1 m
Let w = 10 kN/m2
196
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Point
Total head, ht
Pressure
Uplift pressure, kN/m2
head, hp
U = hp x w
8 .1 1 x 0 . 9
7.2
7.2
72
8 .1 2 x 0 .9
6 .3
6.3
63
8.1 3 x 0.9
5.4
5.4
54
8.1 4 x 0.9
4 .5
4.5
45
8.1 5 x 0.9
3 .6
3.6
36
8.1 6 x 0 .9
2.7
2.7
27
197
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
iexit = 0.9 / L
High value of exit gradient will affect the stability of the structure
and a factor of safety will be applied. This will discussed later
198
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
199
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
200
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Assuming that the top flow line is determined, a typical flow net
for an earth dam with a rock toe, resting on an impervious
foundation is shown in Fig. 6.9:
hp = 0 thus ht = he
201
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
202
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
203
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Schaffernaks solution
,
dz
dx
sin
Considering cde
q
kiA
dz
dx
A (c e )(1)
L sin
so
q
k (tan )( L sin )
kL tan sin
(1)
204
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Again,
q
kiA
dz
k
( zx1)
dx
dz
kz
dx
( 2)
205
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
q1
q2
dz
kz
dx
kL tan sin
z H
x d
kzdz
z L sin
z L cos
.......
.......
L
d
cos
d2
cos 2
H2
......................( 3)
2
sin
206
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
207
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
L. Casagrande,sSolution
Casagrande show that when is more than 30o the deviation from
Dupuits
Assumption is more noticeable, he suggested that
i
dz
ds
kiA
sin
where ds
k sin ) L sin )
dx 2
dz 2
kL sin 2
again
q
kiA
dz
k
(1xz )
ds
208
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
L sin 2
kzdz
z L sin
2
H
L s
s2
sin 2
With an error about 4-5%, e can write
209
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Then
L
d2
H2
d2
H 2 cot 2
kL sin
210
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Example
The cross-section of an earth dam is shown in Figure. Calculate
the rate of seepage through the dam [q in m3/min m] by
1. Schaffernaks solution
2. L. Casagrandes method;
211
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
30 m
25 m
3x10-4 m/min
50m
60m
212
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Schaffernaks solution
L
d
cos
d2
cos 2
H2
.
2
sin
90
cos
90 2
cos 2 26.57
25 2
sin 2 26.57
16.95
d = 125 0.7x50=
90 m; = 26.57o
q kL tan sin
213
University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
L. Casagrandes method;
L
d2
H2
90 2
kL sin 2
25 2
d2
90 2
H 2 cot 2
25 2 cot 2 26.57
19m
11.4 x10
m 3 /( m . min)
214