Soybean Quality Control Handbook

Soybeans, Soybean Meal and Fullfat Soya
QUALITY CONTROL HANDBOOK
R. H. Kohlmeier, Ph.D., D.V.M.

Consultant, International Animal Nutrition
Chesterfield, Missouri 63017-4912 USA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR SAMPLING AND

ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
3. SOYBEANS
14
OFFICIAL U.S. STANDARDS
14
GRAIN INSPECTION, PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS ADMINISTRATION
18
STANDARD CONTRACTS
20
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
64
4. SOYBEAN MEAL
84
U.S. STANDARDS
84
EUROPEAN STANDARDS
88
STANDARD CONTRACTS
89
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
109
5. FULLFAT SOYA
144
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR QUALITY
144
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
146
6. REFERENCE LABORATORIES
155
7. USEFUL ADDRESSES
160
8. COMMENTS
163
1. INTRODUCTION
The United States produced yearly an average of 57.3 million metric tons of soybeans during the crop
years 1990-1995. This represented almost half (48.6%) of the world's total production. During this
six-year period, an average of 18.4 million metric tons of soybeans or 32.1% of the total U.S. harvest
were exported (1997 Soya Bluebook Plus).
During the above time frame (1997 Soya Bluebook Plus), the U.S. processed an average of 27.8
million metric tons of soybean meal. Of this total, 80.5% was used domestically and 19.5% was
exported.
The U.S. is a reliable supplier of quality soybean products (FGIS, 1997; Dudley-Cash, 1997). The
U.S. soybean farmer has established an international marketing goal of increasing U.S. soy exports and
to increase U.S. market share to 60% of the worldwide export market by 2005.
There has been a small linear increase (average of <2%/year) in U.S. cropland devoted to soybeans
over the last four years (1993-1996). However a recent USDA estimate projects a 7% increase in
U.S. cropland planted to soybeans during 1997 (Feedstuffs, 1997).
This Handbook is designed primarily for the importer and user of soybean products. It contains
information on U.S. Standards for Soybeans and Soybean Meal, European Standards for Soybean
Meal, Standard Contracts for Soybeans and Soybean Meal, Quality Considerations for Fullfat Soya,
Sampling Guidelines, Analytical Procedures, Reference Laboratories, and Useful Addresses of
organizations from which to obtain information and/or assistance. Soybean products are an excellent
source of protein and amino acids. However they must be processed properly for the feeding of a wide
range of species of livestock and stages of production within a species of livestock to obtain optimum
performance. The intent is that sections of this Handbook will be periodically updated as new
information becomes available.
REFERENCES
Dudley-Cash, W. A. 1997. Soybean meal quality varies widely in many parts of the world. Feedstuffs
Vol. 69, No. 5, pp. 15, 17.
Feedstuffs. 1997. Farmers plan shift to soybeans in 1997. Vol. 69, No. 14, p. 31.
FGIS. 1997. 1996 U.S. Grain Exports: Quality Report. Federal Grain Inspection Service of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration. Washington, DC.
Soya Bluebook Plus. 1997. Soyatech, Inc., Bar Harbor, ME. Sources: Counselor and Attach
reports, USDA, FAS, ERS.
2.
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR SAMPLING AND

ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
GAFTA (1995) has published an excellent overview on this subject. Select rules for bulk shipments
purchased using GAFTA contracts are listed below:
l. GENERAL
1:1 For the purpose of these Rules, the words "Buyers" and "Sellers" shall be deemed to be the parties
to the contract and their respective superintendents at the port where the cargo is loaded and/or
discharged, and/or transhipped.
1:2 The word "sealed" shall mean jointly sealed by the Buyers and Sellers or their superintendents.
Samples shall be sealed in such a manner as to prevent any access to the sample without breaking or
removing the seal.
The seal's mark should be clearly identifiable and clearly visible.
1:3 SAMPLE LABELS
Every sample shall be sealed and shall bear the name of the ship, the quantity represented by the sample
and the date the sample was sealed, and any other pertinent information which may be required on the
label.
2. METHOD OF DRAWING SAMPLES
2:1 GENERAL
Samples shall be taken as required by the contract in accordance with the following provisions of the
Rules, during the discharge, and/or loading and/or transhipment operations. In the event that the
operations preclude access to the hold or a mutually agreed acceptable point, the superintendents may
stop the operation in order to draw samples as required by these Rules. The parties are deemed to
have agreed to this procedure.
If samples are to be drawn outside of natural daylight they must be drawn under full and properly
adequate ship's lighting and/or installation lighting. Irrespective of the time or place of sampling, the
quartering, classification and sealing of contractual samples shall always be carried out in daylight or, in
artificial light if considered adequate and mutually agreed by the superintendents.
SAMPLING POINTS
Sampling points have to be carefully selected, and agreed by the superintendents, at a point where the
samples drawn are representative of the goods loaded/discharged.
INCREMENT SAMPLES
According to the rate of discharge/loading, increment samples shall be taken uniformly and
systematically in order to achieve a representative sample of the consignment, and placed in mutually
agreed suitable container(s). As many increment samples as practically and physically possible shall be
taken in relation to the discharge/loading, and where possible, each increment sample should not exceed
l kilogram. For contractual tonnage over 500 tonnes a minimum of 20 kilogram bulk sample of
increments shall be taken for each 500 tonnes, but if the contractual tonnage is less than 550 tonnes, the
bulk sample of increments drawn shall be not less than 40 kilograms.
2:3 BULK
2:3:1 For goods in bulk at loading; increment samples shall be drawn uniformly and systematically,
concurrently with loading at the nearest practicable point to the vessel. If samples are drawn from
conveyor, or ex-vehicle, or ex-silo overside to vessel, samples shall be drawn from a moving stream. If
loading is by grab, samples shall be drawn from the quay or barge from the bulk, excluding the run.
Where samples are required to be taken from rail wagons or vehicles, the increment samples drawn
shall be taken from not less than 3 sampling points from each wagon or vehicle. Increment samples shall
be taken by ordinary hand-scoop or by other mutually agreed equipment throughout loading.
2:3:2 For goods in bulk at discharge; increment samples shall be drawn uniformly and systematically,
concurrently with discharge, from various parts of the hold in a fair proportion, excluding the run. If for
any reason samples cannot be drawn from the hold, increment samples shall be drawn uniformly and
systematically, concurrently with discharge, at the nearest practicable point to the hold, preferably from
a moving stream when discharging overside, or to silo, to craft or other means of transport. Increment
samples shall be taken by ordinary hand scoop or by other mutually agreed equipment throughout
discharge.
2:4 SECURITY
At any cessation of work, and when full, the containers containing the increment samples must be sealed
by the superintendents, and for safe custody, placed in a mutually approved secure place.
2:5 DIVIDING/QUARTERING
Upon completion of sampling the increment samples in the mutually agreed suitable containers shall be
emptied on to a well cleaned and flat surface (or for PP/PE bags into the approved mechanical division
system - see Rules 3:3), in an area free from any possible contamination. The increment samples
representing the total contractual quantity shall be thoroughly mixed into a bulk sample. The bulk
sample shall then be divided, quartered and reduced to the required quantity needed for the contractual
samples.
3. SAMPLE BAGS AND SAMPLE CONTAINERS

3:1 CB. (CONTAINING BAGS)
"CB" means the containing bags shall be new, made of non-toxic, odourless, unglazed, insewn, manmade or natural fibre or a mixture thereof, sufficiently tightly woven to retain all dust and/or foreign
matter and prevent the moving apart of the warp and the weft of the material. They shall be tightly filled
and securely tied before sealing.
3:2 MPC. (MOISTURE PROOF CONTAINERS)
"MPC" means the containers shall be bottles, jars or tins with close fitting lids, or strong polythene of a
minimum 250 gauge bags securely tied, and that such containers are labelled and shall be sealed, and if
required by either superintendent, enclosed in sealed cotton bags.
3:3 PP/PE. (POLYPROPYLENE/POLYETHYLENE)
When the Council of GAFTA has given prior approval in writing to an operator to use an
electrical/mechanical system for quartering down, packing and sealing samples, bags of sufficiently
ventilating foil of PP/PE polypropylene/polyethylene material may be used in place of CB referred to in
3:1 above, or bags of non-ventilating foil of PP/PE polypropylene/polyethylene material may be used in
place of containers MPC referred to in 3:2 above.
4. OFFICIAL SAMPLES REQUIRED FOR ANALYSIS TESTS AND ARBITRATION
PURPOSES
4:1 Official sets of samples are required for every 500 tonnes, or for any balance or contract for a
lesser quantity, except where such balance does not exceed 50 tonnes, in which event a further sample
is not required and this shall be recorded on one of the sample labels.
All official samples (except for natural weight tests, See Rules No: 65) for any purpose shall be not less
than l kilogram.
4:2 SOYBEANS
Unless the contract stipulates otherwise, sets of samples are required as follows:
4:2:1 For Soybeans
1 set of samples consisting of the following:
CB - arbitration
CB - analysis
MPC - moisture when required by the contract
CB - FAQ standard
CB - Natural Weight Tests - See Rules, Form No: 65.
These samples to be sent to the offices of GAFTA without delay, unless otherwise stated in the
contract, and shall be mixed and quartered as required by the Association's analysts or arbitrators.
4:3 ALL CONTRACTS - GOODS SOLD TALE QUALE

Where goods, or part thereof, under a tale quale contract, are damaged by water, oil and/or other
liquids, and where no payment is to be made for increase in weight by water, oil and/or other liquids, at
the request of either party one sample shall be taken for each of the following:
MPC - Sound Goods
MPC - Water/Liquid/Oil damaged goods.
These samples shall be sent to the offices of GAFTA, or local public or independent analyst to be
mutually agreed, for the determination of excess water, oil and/or liquids, the cost to be shared equally
by Buyers and Sellers and the result to be final and binding.
4:4 ALL CONTRACTS - GOODS DAMAGED OR OUT OF CONDITION OTHER THAN
RYE TERMS
Sellers' Superintendent at Buyers' request shall jointly seal samples of goods damaged or out of
condition, but without prejudice to Sellers' rights and responsibilities under the contract. Each type of
damage shall be sampled separately. Lumpy goods if in bags shall be sampled by cutting from top to
bottom and withdrawing samples by hand, if necessary The sealed samples shall be a fair and true
indication of the degree of damage and the sample labels shall show the proportion of the tonnage so
affected.
1 sample to be taken for each classification as follows:
CB - Sound Goods - For Buyers
CB - Sound Goods - For Sellers
CB - Lumpy/Damaged Goods - For Buyers
CB - Lumpy/Damaged Goods - For Sellers
MPC - Liquid and/or Chemical Damaged Goods - For Buyers
MPC - Liquid and/or Chemical Damaged Goods - For Sellers
4:5 ALL CONTRACTS - GOODS DAMAGED OR OUT OF CONDITION TRADED ON
RYE TERMS
Goods arriving damaged or out of condition, shall be sampled on board the vessel at time of discharge,
but in cases where both parties agree that it is not practicable for the classification and sampling to be
carried out on board, then goods damaged or out of condition shall be landed on the quay or
discharged to lighter for the purpose of such classification and any sampling shall take place within the
port area as soon as possible after the damaged goods are landed or discharged into lighter, always
provided that all the damaged or out of condition and sound goods be classified. In the event of such
agreement not being reached, either party or both parties shall, after giving notice to the other party,
apply to a competent organisation at the port for the appointment of an independent superintendent to
act on behalf of the other party and samples shall be drawn jointly under all reserves.
1 sample to be taken for each classification as follows:
CB - Sound Goods - For Buyers
CB - Sound Goods - For Sellers
CB - Damaged/Out of Condition - For Buyers
CB - Damaged/Out of Condition - For Sellers
MPC - Liquid and/or Chemical Damaged Goods - For Buyers

MPC - Liquid and/or Chemical Damaged Goods - For Sellers
The samples (held by the Sellers and held by the Buyers) shall be forwarded to GAFTA within 7
consecutive days of discharge from the vessel or on completion of classification and sealing, whichever
happens later. The expenses incurred in sealing and forwarding of classified samples of damaged goods
shall be paid half by Buyers and half by Sellers. Should Buyers incur additional lighterage or other
expenses in the application of this Clause, Sellers shall refund to Buyers the whole of such proportion as
may be recovered from the ship or underwriters. In the event of it being proved to the satisfaction of
the arbitrators that one set of sealed samples, in part or whole, has been lost, damaged or destroyed
prior to the expiration of the period for forwarding permitted under this clause, or that the said set
having been forwarded in accordance with this cause has been lost, damaged or destroyed during
transit, then either party shall be entitled to proceed to arbitration on the other complete set of sealed
samples.
4:6 SOYBEAN MEAL SOLD ON GAFTA CONTRACT NO: 100.
Unless the contract stipulates otherwise, samples of each parcel shall be drawn in accordance with these
Rules, sealed in not less than a set of 6 samples as follows:
A set consists of the following:
MPC - 1st analysis and where moisture is guaranteed
CB - For castorseed and/or castorseed husk, sand and/or silica analysis
CB - 2nd analysis
CB - 3rd analysis
CB - 2nd castorseed and/or castorseed husk, sand and/or silica analysis
CB - Arbitration purposes
4:6:1 First Analysis Test
The sample(s) or the first analysis shall be drawn in moisture proof containers and the analysis result for
moisture from this ample will be reported on the certificate of analysis and used as the calculating factor
for a second and third analysis test.
If required by Buyers, the sealed samples in a MPC shall, within 14 consecutive days of sealing be
despatched to:
AGER, Bologna,
or to Arbitrage-en Verzoeningskamer voor Granen en Zaden van Antwerpen/Chambre Arbitrale et de
Conciliation de Grains et Graines d'Anvers,
or to Institut Europeen de I'Environnement de Bordeaux, (I.E.E. Bordeaux),
or to LabCo, Rotterdam,
or to Salamon & Seaber, London,
or to Jordi Vidal, Tarragona,
for analysis.
In the event that this option is not decided at the time of the contract, the choice of analyst shall be that
of the instructing party. Within 14 consecutive days of receipt of the certificate of analysis of this sample
Buyers shall send a true copy thereof to Sellers stating whether they accept this analysis or whether they
require a second analysis.
4:6:2 Second Analysis Test

Sellers have the right, within 14 consecutive days of receipt by them of the true copy of the certificate of
analysis, to give notice to Buyers that they require a second analysis. If a second analysis is required
another of the sealed samples shall be despatched without delay to Dr. Bernard Dyer for analysis. The
mean of the two analyses shall be accepted as final if the variation does not exceed 0.5%.
4:6:3 Third Analysis Test
If the variation stated in Rule 4:6:2 above does exceed 0.5% then at the request of either party, made
within 14 consecutive days of receipt (by them) of the true copy of the certificate of the second analysis,
and on notice being given to the other party a third sealed sample shall be despatched without delay to
Dr. Aug Voelcker for analysis, and the mean of the two analyses nearest to each other shall be
accepted as final and binding on both parties.
4:6:4 Arbitration Sample
Any one of the sealed samples shall be retained for arbitration purposes if required.
4:6:5 Despatch of Samples and Instructions
The party requiring any of the respective analyses shall be responsible for the despatch of the relative
sample(s) and shall give directly, or through an agent or representative acting on their behalf, to the
analyst concerned, instructions specifying what analyses are to be carried out, both to be done within
the time limit stated hereinbefore, and shall send to the other party a true copy of the relative certificate
of analysis within 14 consecutive days of receiving it from the analyst.
Should the Buyers or any representatives acting on their behalf fail to both despatch samples and to
instruct the analyst within 14 consecutive days of their sealing as above provided, or fail to forward the
certificate in the said 14 days, then any claim for rejection or for an allowance in respect of any matters
dealt with under the contract shall be deemed to be waived and absolutely barred.
Should either party require further analysis but fail to make application therefore and to send samples
within the time limit as above, then the analysis or the mean of the two analyses then existing shall be
deemed to be final.
4:8 FOR SOYBEAN MEAL SOLD ON GAFTA CONTRACT NO: 119
One set of samples in containing bags (CB), shall be drawn, for analysis by Salamon & Seaber.
4:15 GENERAL
4:15:1 Methods of Analysis; to be as prescribed by the Grain and Feed Trade Association, being the
GAFTA Regulations, Form No: 130, for the time being in force. Analysts shall state on the certificate
of analysis what methods they have used.
4:15:2 Certificates; irrespective of which party to the contract submits samples and gives instructions
to the analysts, the analysts are entitled to supply to the other party a copy of the certificate upon
application. Each analysis certificate shall state on it the relevant information from the sample label.
4:15:3 Mixing; when the contractual quantity is represented by more than one sample, the analyst shall
mix the samples together in proportion to the weight represented by each sample.
4:15:4 Costs; the cost(s) of the analysis(es) for each separate warranty shall be borne by Buyers in
cases where no allowance is payable, but by Sellers if Buyers are entitled to an allowance.
4:15:5 Notices; in case of resales the notices clause in the contract shall apply, except that the
certificates of analysis shall be passed by mail by the next business day following receipt.
5. CERTIFICATES PROVIDED AT LOADING
Where the contract requires a superintendent to certify and report their findings, they shall draw sample
increments in accordance with the provisions for drawing samples laid down in these Rules.
Samples may be submitted where appropriate to an analyst, laboratory or authority for tests.
6. STANDING-IN PROVISIONS FOR SAMPLING FEEDINGSTUFFS AND CEREAL BYPRODUCTS
6:1 GENERAL - FOR ALL PORTS EXCLUDING FRENCH AND BELGIAN PORTS
6:1:1 If the goods concerned in the contract are sold under a standing-in clause and form part of a
larger quantity in a hold, Buyers are deemed to have agreed, for their proportion, to abide by the
samples drawn and sealed from that hold, for the purposes of analysis and/or arbitration.
Goods from each hold shall be sampled and samples analysed separately in accordance with these
Rules. If the goods are discharged simultaneously from more than one hold, but not more than two
holds, through one discharging unit only, the standing-in quantity shall be the total tonnage of those two
holds for any receiver taking delivery from them.
6:1:2 Samples shall be drawn and sealed conjointly by the first CIF seller(s) and the CIF receiver(s) or
their respective agents.
6:1:3 The CIF receiver(s) or their agents shall be responsible for forwarding samples and analytical
instructions to both Salamon & Seaber and LabCo and obtaining from each of these analysts a
certificate of analysis. When sending instructions to the analysts the instructing party shall advise the
analysts of the following: the hold number, the bill of lading number, the delivery order number, the
name of the vessel and the date of sealing, as well as the names of all receivers who have agreed to
stand-in, together with their individual tonnages.
Copies of the certificates of analysis showing the relevant details of his proportion shall be sent to any
CIF receiver who has contractually requested an analysis. The mean of the two tests shall apply for the
purpose of allowances or arbitration and shall be accepted as final if the variation does not exceed
0.5%. Copies of the certificate of analyses shall be sent no later than 14 consecutive days from receipt
of the last certificate by the Buyers to the Sellers. In case of resales the notices clause shall apply,
except that the certificates of analysis shall be passed by mail by the next business day following receipt.
If the variation stated, exceeds 0.5% then at the request of either party within 14 consecutive days of
receipt by them of the last certificate of analysis the third test shall be carried out by Dr. Bernard Dyer
and the mean of the two analysis test nearest to each other shall be accepted as final.
The average of the 1st and 2nd moisture test results shall be used as the calculating factor for the 3rd
test.
7. RETENTION OF SAMPLES
7:1 Whilst GAFTA will make every effort to protect all samples entrusted to its care, neither the
Association nor any of its servants or agents shall be under any liability whatsoever to any party having
any interest in any samples received by it in pursuance of these Rules for any loss or damage to any such
sample. The samples when delivered to GAFTA shall become its absolute property.
7:1:1 All samples sent to the Association for arbitration, analysis, natural weight and/or other purposes
shall become and be the absolute property of the Association.
7:1:2 The Association shall not be responsible for the safe custody of any samples lodged. The
Association shall be at liberty to dispose of samples at the expiry of 6 months from the date of receipt.
The Association, however, may retain samples for a longer period upon written request.
7:1:3 All standard samples made up by and in the possession of the Association shall be the property of
the Association, and may from time to time be inspected by Members at the premixes of the
Association on payment of the prescribed fee.
7:2 The parties' superintendents shall dispose of samples drawn by them at the expiry of 3 months from
the date of sealing. They may however retain samples for a longer period upon written request by either
party to the contract.
REFERENCES
GAFTA. 1995. Rule No. 124. Rules for Sampling and Analysis Instructions for Grain, Feedingstuffs
Raw Materials, Cereal By-Products, Pulses, Seeds and Rice. London, U.K.
3. SOYBEANS
OFFICIAL U.S. STANDARDS

Standards for soybeans were established under the U.S. Grain Standards Act and are listed in Official
United States Standards for Grain (1996). Terms used are defined as follows:
810.1601 Definition of soybeans.
Grain that consists of 50 percent or more of whole or broken soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] that
will not pass through an 8/64 round-hole sieve and not more than 10.0 percent of other grains for which
standards have been established under the United States Grain Standards Act.
810.1602 Definition of other terms.
(a) Classes. There are two classes of soybeans: Yellow soybeans and Mixed soybeans.
(l) Yellow soybeans. Soybeans that have yellow or green seed coats and which in cross
section are yellow or have a yellow tinge and may include not more than 10.0 percent of soybeans of
other colors.
(2) Mixed soybeans. Soybeans that do not meet the requirements of the class Yellow soybeans.
(b) Damaged kernels. Soybeans and pieces of soybeans that are badly ground-damaged, badly
weather-damaged, diseased, frost-damaged, germ-damaged, heat-damaged, insect-bored, molddamaged, sprout-damaged, stinkbug-stung, or otherwise materially damaged. Stinkbug-stung kernels
are considered damaged kernels at the rate of one-fourth of the actual percentage of the stung kernels.
(c) Foreign material. All matter that passes through an 8/64 round-hole sieve and all matter other
than soybeans remaining in the sieved sample after sieving according to procedures prescribed in FGIS
instructions.
(d) Heat-damaged kernels. Soybeans and pieces of soybeans that are materially discolored and
damaged by heat.
(e) Sieve. 8/64 round-hole sieve. A metal sieve 0.032 inch thick perforated with round holes
0.125 (8/64) inch in diameter.
(f) Soybeans of other colors. Soybeans that have green, black, brown, or bicolored seed coats.
Soybeans that have green seed coats will also be green in cross section. Bicolored soybeans will have
seed coats of two colors, one of which is brown or black, and the brown or black color covers 50
percent of the seed coats. The hilum of a soybean is not considered a part of the seed coat for this
determination.
(g) Splits. Soybeans with more than one-fourth of the bean removed and that are not damaged.
Principles governing the application of standards are listed below:

810.1603 Basis of determination.
Each determination of class, heat-damaged kernels, damaged kernels, splits, and soybeans of other
colors is made on the basis of the grain when free from foreign material. Other determinations not
specifically provided for under the General Provisions are made on the basis of the grain as a whole.
810.1604 - Grades and Grade Requirements
Grades U.S. Nos.

Grading Factors
1
Minimum limits of:

Test weight lbs/bu
56.0
54.0
52.0
49.0
1.0
5.0
3.0
30.0
5.0
3.0
8.0
5.0
40.0
10.0
Maximum percent limits of:

Damaged kernels
Heat (part of total)
Total
Foreign material
Splits
Soybeans of other colors 1
0.2
0.5
2.0
3.0
1.0
2.0
10.0
20.0
1.0
2.0
Maximum count limits of:
Other materials
Animal filth
9
9
9
Castor beans
1
1
1
Crotalaria seeds
2
2
2
Glass
0
0
0
2
Stones
3
3
3
Unknown foreign substance
3
3
3
3
Total
10
10
10
U.S. Sample grade
Soybeans that:
(a)
Do not meet the requirements for U.S. Nos. 1, 2, 3, or 4; or
(b)
Have a musty, sour, or commercially objectionable foreign odor (except garlic odor);
(c)
Are heating or otherwise of distinctly low quality.
1
9
1
2
0
3
3
10
or
Disregard for Mixed soybeans.

In addition to the maximum count limit, stones must exceed 0.1 percent of the sample weight.
3
Includes any combination of animal filth, castor beans, crotalaria seeds, glass, stones, and unknown
foreign substances. The weight of stones is not applicable for total other material.
2
810.1605 Special grades and special grade requirements.

(a) Garlicky soybeans. Soybeans that contain five or more green garlic bulblets or an equivalent
quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets in a 1,000-gram sample.
(b) Purple mottled or stained. Soybeans with pink or purple seed coats as determined on a portion
of approximately 400 grams with the use of an FGIS Interpretive Line Photograph.
GRAIN INSPECTION, PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS ADMINISTRATION

The Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA) was established on October
20, 1994, under the Department of Agriculture Reorganization Act of 1994. GIPSA's Federal Grain
Inspection Service (FGIS) serves producers, handlers, processors, exporters, importers, and end-users
of U.S. grain by providing consistent and professional grain inspection and weighing services. Every
customer receives consistent, accurate service. This is facilitated by every official service provider
operating under uniform, official U.S. grain standards and procedures. Only official agencies--Federal,
State and private agencies authorized by FGIS--can provide an official grain inspection certificate. This
certificate provides more than just information on the quality and quantity of the grain inspected. It
assures...
Consistency. All official agencies are strictly guided by the United States Grain Standards Act.
This ensures consistency of test results and services, from elevator to elevator, and State to State.
Official inspections of grains, oilseeds, and other agricultural and processed commodities are based on
established standards, and on sound, proven, and standardized procedures, techniques, and equipment.
Verifiable Accuracy. The accuracy of officially approved equipment is verified--and reverified-by FGIS technicians using finely calibrated master instruments and official reference methods. The
work of official inspection personnel is reviewed and monitored by an extensive quality assurance
program. And, every official private or State agency is backed by the resources and expertise of the
FGIS Technical Center in Kansas City, MO.
Information. Official tests provide a wealth of information about important sanitary, physical,
food safety, and intrinsic quality characteristics. These tests provide the grain industry with reliable
information on foreign material, insect infestation, moisture content, protein and oil content... to name a
few.
Responsiveness. Official U.S. grain standards are continuously reviewed and revised to meet
the needs of a dynamic, competitive, and quality-conscious worldwide marketplace. New tests and
procedures are continually being developed to offer the latest information needed by buyers, sellers, and
end-users of U.S. grain. These services are available from all of the official agencies.
Professionalism and Integrity. Official inspectors pass rigorous tests and undergo extensive
and continuous training. Systemwide quality control requirements ensure that official personnel
consistently provide high-quality, accurate services and information.
Credibility. U.S. and international buyers rely on official inspection certificates to provide accurate, official descriptions of the grade, class, and condition of grain. Official grain inspection
certificates are legal documents that are admissible in court.
Appeals and Reviews. The official system provides for the reinspection and appeal inspection
of original inspection results. This allows customers to resolve differences or discrepancies. The FGIS
Board of Appeals and Review renders final appeal decision.
The basic services fall into four broad categories:
Sampling--The official system uses accurate and statistically sound methods to obtain
representative samples of grain.
Weighing--A range of weighing services is available based on clients' needs. In addition, FGIS
tests and calibrates scales used to weigh grain.
Inspection--Official inspections result in the issuance of official certificates, which report the
grade of the grain based on characteristics such as test weight, moisture, cleanliness, and damage. In
addition to full official inspection services, FGIS also offers Official commercial inspection service which
allows users to tailor official services to meet their needs.
Stowage Exams --Official inspectors ensure that shipholds are clean, dry, and fit for loading.
The above was reported by the Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration (1997).
FGIS (1997) reported that they inspected during 1996 1074 export lots of soybeans which represented
23.64 million metric tons of soybeans. Of the total number of soybean lots inspected, almost 93% or
996 lots were U.S. No. 2 soybeans which represented over 94% or 22.3 million metric tons of
soybeans. Their inspection results of the U.S. Grade No. 2 soybeans inspected are found in the
following table:
Summary of 1996 U.S. Soybean Grade No. 2 Export Quality

Factor
Test weight (lb/bu)
Test weight (kg/hl)
Moisture (%)
Heat damaged kernels (%)
Damaged kernels (total) (%)
Foreign material (%)
Splits (%)
Soybeans of other colors (%)
Protein adjusted to 13 % moisture (%)
Oil adj. to 13% moisture (%)
Grade
N of Lots Avg.
Low
High
Limit
54.0
996
56.2
54.1
58.1
N/A
996
72.4
69.7
74.8
N/A
996
12.2
9.8
14.0
0.5
996
0.1
0.0
0.5
3.0
996
1.1
0.0
2.9
2.0
996
1.7
0.0
2.0
20.0
996
7.5
0.1
16.2
2.0
996
0.0
0.0
0.3
N/A
555
35.1
33.0
37.7
N/A
560
18.5
16.9
20.0
STANDARD CONTRACTS
There are a number of contracts that may be used to purchase soybeans. GAFTA has several CIF
contracts. The one listed below is a CIF cargo contract (GAFTA, 1995a):
Effective 1st October 1995
No: 27
Gafta
Copyright
THE GRAIN AND FEED TRADE ASSOCIATION
CONTRACT FOR CANADIAN AND UNITED STATES

CARGOES
TALE QUALE - CIF TERMS
Date.....................
SELLERS........................................................................................................
INTERVENING AS BROKERS............................................................................
BUYERS.........................................................................................................
have this day entered into a contract on the following terms and conditions.
A cargo of.......................................................................................................
1. QUANTITY - including dockage..................................................5% more or less. Sellers shall
have the option of shipping a further 5% more or less on contract quantity, excess or deficiency over the
above 5%, shall be settled at the c.i.f. price on the date of the last bill of lading, and on the quantity
thereof; the value to be fixed by arbitration, unless mutually agreed.
2. PRICE - At..................................................................................................
* per tonne of 1000 kilograms
cost, insurance, freight to............................
* per ton of 1016 kilograms or 2240 lbs.
.....................................................................................................................
Freight payable on discharge less advances for the ordinary ship's disbursements at Port of Loading or
at Sellers' option prepaid in whole or in part.
3. BROKERAGE - .......................................................................................per tonne, to be paid
by Sellers on the mean contract quantity, goods lost or not lost, contract fulfilled or not fulfilled unless
such non-fulfilment is due to the successful application of the Prohibition Clause. Brokerage shall be
due on the day shipping documents are exchanged or, if the goods are not appropriated then the
brokerage shall be due on the 30th consecutive day after the last day for appropriation.
4. QUALITY * Official..............................................................................................certificate of inspection at time
of loading into the ocean carrying vessel shall be final as to quality. On sales of Canadian produce
Sellers shall have the option of delivering the Official Canadian Inspection Certificate issued in the
United States. Buyers shall not be entitled to reject a tender of a higher grade of grain of the same
colour and description.
* At time and place of shipment about as per sealed sample marked..................................
in the possession of..................................................................the word "about" shall mean the
equivalent of 0.50% on contract price.
Difference in quality shall not entitle Buyers to reject, except under the award of Arbitrator(s) or Board
of Appeal, as the case may be, referred to in accordance with the Arbitration Rules No. 125.
Shipment to be made in good condition but should the grain arrive out of condition, due allowance shall
be made for the time of the year in which the shipment took place; the fact of the grain so arriving shall
not necessarily be sufficient proof of an improper shipment.
5. PERIOD OF SHIPMENT - As per bill(s) of lading dated or to be dated.......................
The bill(s) of lading to be dated when the goods are actually on board. Date of the bill(s) of lading shall
be accepted as proof of date of shipment in the absence of evidence to the contrary. In any month
containing an odd number of days, the middle day shall be accepted as being in both halves of the
month.
6. SALES BY NAMED VESSELS - For all sales by named vessel(s), the following shall apply:
(a) Position of vessel is mutually agreed between Buyers and Sellers;
(b) The word "now" to be inserted before the word "classed" in the Shipment and Classification
Clause;
(c) Appropriation Clause cancelled if sold "shipped".
7. SHIPMENT AND CLASSIFICATION - Shipment to be made in good condition, direct or

indirect, by first class steamer(s) and/or power engined ship(s) classed not lower than 100 A1 in Lloyd's
Register or British Corporation B.S. or top classification of other equal Registers, or ships not inferior to
these classifications. In the event of goods shipped in Tankers or in the oil compartments of vessel(s)
which are either classified in Lloyd's Register or described in Lloyd's Shipping Index as "Ore/Oil"
Vessels arriving at destination damaged by seawater or otherwise Buyers shall take delivery with an
allowance for deterioration (except for country damaged grain) calculated on a percentage based on
contract prices to be fixed by arbitration in London, according to the Arbitration Rules specified in the
Arbitration Clause hereinafter appearing. Slight dry warmth not to be objected to. Samples to be taken
and sealed at port of discharge jointly by the Agents of the Shipper, and of the Holders of the bill of
lading or delivery order. In the event of Buyers receiving an allowance from Sellers under this clause,
Sellers and Buyers shall give all reasonable assistance to each other in the prosecution of claim for
recovery from Shipowners and/or other parties, any such recovery in respect of such allowance made
by Sellers to Buyers under this clause to be for the benefit of Sellers.
8. EXTENSION OF SHIPMENT - The period herein specified within which bills of lading must be
dated shall be deemed to include an additional period of not more than 8 days, when so desired by the
Shipper, provided he gives Buyers notice of his intention to claim additional days, sent not later than the
business day following the last day included in the originally stipulated period of shipment. Such notice
need not state the number of additional days claimed by Sellers and Sellers may ship at any time within
the 8 additional days. Sellers however, shall make an allowance to Buyers, to be deducted in the
invoice from the contract price, based on the number of days by which the originally stipulated period is
exceeded, as follows: for 1, 2, 3 or 4 additional days, 0.50% of the gross c.i.f. price; for 5 or 6
additional days, 1% of the gross c.i.f. price; for 7 or 8 additional days, 1.50% of the gross c.i.f. price.
If, however, after having given notice to the Buyers as above, the Sellers fail to make shipment within
such 8 days, then the contract shall be deemed to have called for shipment during the originally
stipulated period plus 8 days, at contract price less 1.50%, and any settlement for default shall be
calculated on that basis. If any allowance becomes due under this clause, the contract price shall be
deemed to be the original contract price less the allowance and any other contractual differences shall
be settled on the basis of such reduced price.
9. APPROPRIATION (a) Notice of Appropriation stating the vessel's name, port of shipment, date of the bill(s) of lading
and the approximate quantity loaded shall, within 8 consecutive days from the date of the bill of lading
be despatched in accordance with sub-clause (e) by or on behalf of the Shipper direct to the first
Buyers or to the Representative or Selling Agent or Brokers named in the contract. The NonBusiness Days Clause shall not apply. Should the Shipper's Notice of Appropriation be delayed
beyond the said 8 days through any cause beyond his control, the Shipper's Representative or Agent
or Brokers, shall pass on the notice to Buyers in due course after receipt by in no case later than 24
hours after receiving the shipping documents.
(b) Notice of Appropriation shall, within the period stated in sub-clause (a) above be despatched in
accordance with sub-clause (e) by or on behalf of subsequent Sellers to their Buyers or to the
Representative or Selling Agent or Brokers named in the contract, but if Notice of Appropriation is
received by subsequent Sellers on the last day or after the period stated in sub-clause (a) from the
date of the last bill of lading, their Notice of Appropriation shall be deemed to be in time if
despatched:
(1) On the same calendar day, if received not later than 1600 hours on any business day, or
(2) Not later than 1600 hours on the next business day, if received after 1600 hours or on a nonbusiness day.
(c) Buyers, on receiving a Notice of Appropriation shall, on demand, give a written receipt therefore, and if required, Sellers shall give to Buyers a copy of the particulars contained in the notice
received by them and the time and date of its receipt.
(d) The Shipper's Notice of Appropriation and every subsequent Sellers' Notice of Appropriation
shall state the date or the presumed date of the last bill of lading and port of shipment which shall be
for information only and shall not be binding, but in fixing the period laid down by this clause for
despatching Notices of Appropriation the actual date of the bill of lading shall prevail.
(e) Notices of Appropriation shall be despatched by telegram, telex or other method of rapid written
communication, or by letter if delivered by hand on day of writing. Every such Notice of
Appropriation shall be open to correction of any errors occurring in transmission, provided that the
sender is not responsible for such errors, and for any previous error in transmission which has been
repeated in good faith. Should the vessel arrive before receipt of the appropriation and any extra
expenses be incurred thereby, such expenses are to be borne by Sellers.
(f) When a valid Notice of Appropriation has been received by Buyers, it shall not be withdrawn
except with their consent.
(g) A Notice of Appropriation despatched to the Representatives, or Selling Agent, or Brokers
named in the contract shall be considered an appropriation despatched to the Buyers.
(h) An appropriation shall not be deemed invalid if the date of the last bill of lading is within the
contract period and if on that date the vessel named is at the port of loading and carrying goods of the
contractual description and quantity.
10. PAYMENT - Payment, cash in.........................................................................
in exchange for shipping documents.......................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
If shipping documents have not been sighted at time of vessel's arrival at port of discharge, Sellers shall
provide other documents (such documents to be countersigned if required by Buyers by a recognised
bank) entitling Buyers to obtain delivery of the goods, and, without prejudice to Buyers' rights under the
contract, payment must be made in exchange for same, provided that if such payment be made, proved
additional expenses, if any, incurred by reason of such non-sighting of shipping documents shall be
borne by Sellers and allowed for in final invoice. When payment is due on a non-business day, Buyers
shall have the option of taking up the shipping documents on the previous business day - payment to be
made not later than 12 noon. Should shipping documents be presented with an incomplete set of bill(s)
of lading or should other shipping documents be missing, payment shall be made provided that delivery
of such missing documents be guaranteed, such guarantee to be countersigned, if required by Buyers, by
a recognised bank. No obvious clerical error in the documents shall entitle the Buyers to reject them or
delay payment, but Sellers shall be responsible for all loss or expense caused to Buyers by reason of
such error and Sellers shall on request of Buyers furnish an approved guarantee in respect thereto.
Costs of collection shall be for account of Sellers, but if Buyers demand presentation only through a
bank of their choice, in that event any additional collection costs shall be for the account of the Buyers.
Dockage to be allowed for at contract price.
Final invoices for monies due may be prepared by either party and shall be settled without delay. If
not settled, either party may declare that a dispute has arisen which may be referred to arbitration as
herein provided.
11. INTEREST - If there has been unreasonable delay in any payment interest appropriate to the
currency involved shall be charged. If such charge is not mutually agreed, a dispute shall be deemed to
exist which shall be settled by arbitration. The terms of this clause do not override the parties obligation
under the Payment Clause.
Otherwise interest shall be payable only where specifically provided in the terms of the contractor by an
award of arbitration. The terms of this clause do not override the parties obligation under the Payment
Clause.
12. SHIPPING DOCUMENTS - Shipping documents shall consist of:
1. Invoice. 2. Full set(s) of on board Bill(s) of Lading and/or Ship's Delivery Order(s) and/or other
Delivery Order(s) in negotiable and transferable form. Such other Delivery Order(s) if required by
Buyers, to be certified by the Shipowners, their Agents or a recognised bank. Freight pre-paid Bills of
Lading shall be accepted. 3. Policy(ies) and/or Insurance Certificate(s) and/or Letter(s) of Insurance in
the currency of the contract. If required by Buyers, Letter(s) of Insurance to be certified by a
recognised bank, alternatively by any other guarantor who is acceptable to Buyers. 4. Any other
documents as called for under the contract. Buyers agree to accept documents containing the Chamber
of Shipping War Deviation Clauses and/or other recognised official War Risk Clause.
13. DUTIES, TAXES, LEVIES, ETC. - All export duties, taxes, levies, etc., present or future, in
country of origin, shall be for Seller's account. All import duties, taxes, levies, etc, present or future, in
country of destination, shall be for Buyers account, unless otherwise provided.
14. CERTIFICATES OF ORIGIN......................................................................
..................................................................................................................
15. DISCHARGE - Ship to discharge....................................................................
..................................................................................................................
Ship to discharge afloat.
Discharge by grab(s) shall be permitted unless specifically excluded at time of contract.
16. WEIGHING - The whole shipment shall be weighed at time of discharge. Sellers and Buyers shall
have the right of supervision both as to weighing and delivery.
Any deficiency on the bill of lading weight shall be paid for by Sellers, and any excess over bill of lading
weight shall be paid for by Buyers, at contract price. No payment shall be made for increase in weight
occasioned by water and/or oil during the voyage. In case of sea accident causing a deficiency on
invoice weight, Provisional Invoice quantity shall be final, except when such deficiency cannot be
accounted for by the nature of the accident, and is not recoverable from underwriters. If discharge is
carried out by grab, the method of determining the weight shall be mutually agreed between Buyers and
Sellers and/or their respective Agents.
17. SAMPLING - If applicable, samples shall be taken at time of discharge in accordance with the
GAFTA Sampling Rules Form No. 124 and shall be the only samples used for the purposes of
arbitration, determining admixture or natural weight. Where certificates which are final as to quality at
loading apply, sampling shall be carried out in accordance with the Form No. 124, unless the
government or recognised official authority contractually agreed at loading, decides otherwise. When
superintendents are required for the purpose of supervision and sampling of the goods in accordance
with these Rules, then the parties agree to appoint from superintendents in the GAFTA Approved
Register of Superintendents.
18. LATENT DEFECT - The goods are not warranted free from defect, rendering same
unmerchantable, which would not be apparent on reasonable examination, any statute or rule of law to
the contrary notwithstanding.
19. INSURANCE - Sellers shall provide insurance on terms not less favourable than those set out
hereunder, and as set out in detail in The Grain and Feed Trade Association Form 72 viz:
(a) Risks Covered:
Cargo Clauses (FPA)
- Section 3 of Form 72
War Clauses (Cargo)
Strikes, Riots and Civil Commotions Clauses (Cargo)
Australian, Canadian, South African and United States of
America Acts
(b) Insurers - The insurance to be effected with first class underwriters and/or companies who are
domiciled or carrying on business in the United Kingdom or who, for the purpose of any legal
proceedings, accept a British domicile and provide an address for service of process in London, but for
whose solvency Sellers shall not be responsible.
(c) Insurable Value - Insured amount to be for not less than 2% over the invoice amount, including
freight when freight is payable on shipment or due in any event, ship and/or cargo lost or not lost, and
including the amount of any War Risk premium payable by Buyers.
(d) Freight Contingency - When freight is payable on arrival or on right and true delivery of the goods
and the insurance does not include the freight, Sellers shall effect insurance upon similar terms, such
insurance to attach only as such freight becomes payable, for the amount of the freight plus 2%, until the
termination of the risk as provided in the above mentioned clauses, and shall undertake that their policies
are so worded that in the case of a particular or general average claim the Buyers shall be put in the
same position as if the C.I.F. value plus 2% were insured from the time of shipment.
(e) Certificates/Policies - Sellers shall give all policies and/or certificates and/or letters of insurance
provided for in this contract, (duly stamped if applicable) for original and increased value (if any) for the
value stipulated in (c) above. In the event of a certificate of insurance being supplied, it is agreed that
such certificate shall be exchanged by Sellers for a policy if and when required, and such certificate shall
state on its face that it is so exchangeable. If required by Buyers, letter(s) of insurance shall be
guaranteed by a recognised Bank, or by any other guarantor who is acceptable to Buyers.
(f) Total loss - In the event of total or constructive total loss, or where the amount of the insurance
becomes payable in full, the insured amount in excess of 2% over the invoice amount shall be for Sellers'
account and the party in possession of the policy(ies) shall collect the amount of insurance and shall
thereupon settle with the other party on that basis.
(g) Currency of Claims - Claims to be paid in the currency of the contract.
(h) War and Strike Risks/Premiums - Any premium in excess of 0.50% to be for account of Buyers.
The rate of such insurance not to exceed the rate ruling in London at time of shipment or date of vessel's
sailing whichever may be adopted by underwriters. Such excess premium shall be claimed from Buyers,
wherever possible, with the Provisional Invoice, but in no case later than the date of vessel's arrival, or
not later than 7 consecutive days after the rate has been agreed with underwriters, whichever may be
the later, otherwise such claim shall be void unless, in the opinion of Arbitrators, the delay is justifiable.
Sellers' obligation to provide War Risk Insurance shall be limited to the terms and conditions in force
and generally obtainable in London at time of shipment.
(i) Where Sellers are responsible for allowances or other payments to Buyers under Rye Terms or
other contractual terms, (and which risks are also covered by the insurance provided by Sellers), the
Buyers, on receipt of settlement, shall immediately return to Sellers the insurance documents originally
received from them and shall, if required, subrogate to Sellers all right of claim against the Insurers in
respect of such matters.
20. PROHIBITION - In case of prohibition of export, blockade or hostilities or in case of any
executive or legislative act done by or on behalf of the government of the country of origin or of the
territory where the port or ports of shipment named herein is/are situate, restricting export, whether
partially or otherwise, any such restriction shall be deemed by both parties to apply to this contract and
to the extent of such total or partial restriction to prevent fulfilment whether by shipment or by any other
means whatsoever and to that extent this contract or any unfulfilled portion thereof shall be cancelled.
Sellers shall advise Buyers without delay with the reasons therefore and, if required, Sellers must
produce proof to justify the cancellation.
21. STRIKES 1. Should shipment of the goods or any part thereof be prevented at any time during the last 28 days
of guaranteed time of shipment or at any time during guaranteed contract period if such be less than 28
days, by reason of riots, strikes or lock-outs at port(s) of loading or elsewhere preventing the
forwarding of the goods to such port(s) or by reason of riots, strikes or lock-outs on the Great Lakes or
the St. Lawrence River preventing the proceeding of the vessel(s) to the Great Lakes or St. Lawrence
port(s) of loading, then the Shipper shall be entitled at the resumption of work after termination of such
riots, strikes or lock-outs to as much time, not exceeding 28 days, for shipment from such port or ports
as was left for shipment under the contract prior to the outbreak of the riots, strikes or lock-outs, and in
the event of the time of the time left for shipment under the contract being 14 days or less, minimum
extension of 14 days shall be allowed. In the event of further riots, strikes or lock-outs occurring during
the time by which the guaranteed time of shipment has been extended by reason of the operation of the
provisions of the foregoing paragraph, the additional extension shall be limited to the actual duration of
such further riots, strikes or lock-outs. in case of non-shipment under the above conditions the date of
default shall be similarly deferred.
2. The Shipper shall give notice by cable or telex not later than 2 business days after the last day of
guaranteed time for shipment if he intends to claim an extension of time for shipment under paragraph 1.
Such notice shall state the port(s) from which shipment was intended to be made and if such extension
is claimed, the shipment, after expiry of contract period, shall only be made from such port(s). All such
notices shall be passed on in due course.
3. If the Shipper gives the notice referred to above, he shall forthwith apply to The North American
Export Grain Association and request them to cable or telex to The Grain and Feed Trade Association
confirming the existence of such riots, strikes or lock-outs and in due course to cable or telex the dates
of commencement and resumption of work after termination thereof. The Shipper further agrees to
comply with all requirements of The North American Export Grain Association to ensure such
information is sent.
4. As soon as is practicable, a certificate of The North American Export Grain Association
confirming the information as per paragraph 3 above and certifying the effective duration of the riots,
strikes or lock-outs causing the delay and/or prevention of shipment shall be despatched to The Grain
and Feed Trade Association. This certificate or, failing its receipt by The Grain and Feed Trade
Association at time of negotiation of documents, the above mentioned communications shall be deemed
to be final evidence of such riots, strikes or lock-outs on all contracts where the Shipper has claimed
extension as per paragraph 2 above.
22. NOTICES - Any notices received after 1600 hours on a business day shall be deemed to have
been received on the business day following. A notice to the Brokers or Agent shall be deemed a
notice under this contract. All notices given under this contract shall be given by letter, if delivered by
hand on the day of writing, or by telegram or by telex or by other method of rapid written
communication. In case of resales all notices shall be passed on without delay by Buyers to their
respective Sellers or vice versa.
23. FACSIMILE - Notwithstanding anything in this contract to the contrary, notices despatched under
this contract shall NOT be transmitted by means of facsimile machines.
24. NON-BUSINESS DAYS - Saturdays, Sundays and the officially recognised and/or legal holidays
of the respective countries and any days which The Grain and Feed Trade Association may declare as
non-business days for specific purposes, shall be non-business days. Should the time limit for doing any
act or giving any notice expire on a non-business day, the time so limited shall be extended until the first
business day thereafter. The period of shipment shall not be affected by this clause.
25. DEFAULT - In default of fulfilment of contract by either party, the following provisions shall apply:
(a) The party other than the defaulter shall, at their discretion have the right, after giving notice by
letter, telegram or telex to the defaulter to sell or purchase, as the case may be, against the defaulter,
and such sale or purchase shall establish the default price.
(b) If either party be dissatisfied with such default price or if the right at (a) above is not exercised and
damages cannot be mutually agreed, then the assessment of damages shall be settled by arbitration.
(c) The damages payable shall be based on the difference between the contract price and either the
default price established under (a) above or upon the actual or estimated value of the goods, on the date
of default, established under (b) above.
(d) In no case shall damages include loss of profit on any sub-contracts made by the party defaulted
against or others unless the Arbitrator(s) or Board of Appeal, having regard to special circumstances,
shall in his/their sole and absolute discretion think fit.
(e) Damages, if any, shall be computed on the quantity appropriated if any but, if no such quantity has
been appropriated then on the mean contract quantity, and any option available to either party shall be
deemed to have been exercised accordingly in favour of the mean contract quantity.
(f) Default may be declared by Sellers at any time after expiry of the contract period, and the default
date shall then be the first business day after the date of Sellers' advice to their Buyers.
If default has not already been declared then (notwithstanding the provisions stated in the Appropriation
Clause)if notice of appropriation is not passed by the 10th consecutive day after the last day for
appropriation laid down in the contract, where the Appropriation Clause provides for 7 or more days
for despatch of the appropriation, or if notice of appropriation is not passed by the 4th business day
after the last day for appropriation laid down in the contract where the Appropriation Clause provides
for less than 7 days for despatch of the appropriation, the Sellers shall be deemed to be in default, and
the default date shall then be the first business day thereafter.
26. CIRCLE - Where Sellers re-purchase from their Buyers or from any subsequent Buyer the same
goods or part thereof, a circle shall be considered to exist as regards the particular goods so repurchased, and the provisions of the Default Clause shall not apply. (For the purpose of this clause the
same goods shall mean goods of the same description, from the same country of origin, of the same
quality, and, where applicable, of the same analysis warranty, for shipment to the same port(s) of
destination during the same period of shipment). Different currencies shall not invalidate the circle.
Subject to the terms of the Prohibition Clause in the contract, if the goods are not appropriated, or,
having been appropriated documents are not presented, invoices based on the mean contract quantity
shall be settled by all Buyers and their Sellers in the circle by payment by all Buyers to their Sellers of
the excess of the Sellers' invoice amount over the lowest invoice amount in the circle. Payment shall be
due not later than 15 consecutive days after the last day for appropriation, or, should the circle not be
ascertained before the expiry of this time, then payment shall be due not later than 15 consecutive days
after the circle is ascertained. Where the circle includes contract(s) expressed in different currencies the
lowest invoice amount shall be replaced by the market price on the first day for contractual shipment
and invoices shall be settled between each Buyer and his Seller in the circle by payment of the
differences between the market price and the relative contract price in currency of the contract. All
Sellers and Buyers shall give every assistance to ascertain the circle and when a circle shall have been
ascertained in accordance with this clause same shall be binding on all parties to the circle.
As between Buyers and Sellers in the circle, the non-presentation of documents by Sellers to their
Buyers shall not be considered a breach of contract.
Should any party in the circle prior to the due date of payment commit any act comprehended in the
Insolvency Clause of this contract, settlement by all parties in the circle shall be calculated at the closing
out price as provided for in the Insolvency Clause, which shall be taken as a basis for settlement, instead
of the lowest invoice amount in the circle. In this event respective Buyers shall make payment to their
Sellers or respective Sellers shall make payment to their Buyers of the difference between the closing
out price and the contract price.
27. INSOLVENCY - If before the fulfilment of this contract, either party shall suspend payments,
notify any of the creditors that he is unable to meet debts or that he has suspended or that he is about to
suspend payments of his debts, convene, call or hold a meeting of creditors, propose a voluntary
arrangement, have an administration order made, have a winding up order made, have a receiver or
manger appointed, convene, call or hold a meeting to go into liquidation (other than for re-construction
or amalgamation) become subject to an Interim Order under Section 252 of the Insolvency Act 1986,
or have a Bankruptcy Petition presented against him (any of which acts being hereinafter called an "Act
of Insolvency") then the party committing such Act of Insolvency shall forthwith transmit by telex or
telegram or by other method of rapid written communication a notice of the occurrence of such Act of
Insolvency to the other party to the contract and upon proof (by either the other party to the contract or
the Receiver, Administrator, Liquidator or other person representing the party committing the Act of
insolvency) that such notice was thus given within 2 business days of the occurrence of the Act of
Insolvency, the contract shall be closed out at the market price ruling on the business day following the
giving of the notice. If such notice be not given as aforesaid, then the other party, on learning of the
occurrence of the Act of Insolvency, shall have the option of declaring the contract closed out at either
the market price on the first business day after the date when such party first learnt of the occurrence of
the Act of Insolvency or at the market price ruling on the first business day after the date when the Act
of Insolvency occurred.
In all cases the other party to the contract shall have the option of ascertaining the settlement price on
the closing out of the contract by re-purchase or re-sale, and the difference between the contract price
and the re-purchase or re-sale price shall be the amount payable or receivable under this contract.
28. DOMICILE - Buyers and Sellers agree that, for the purpose of proceedings either legal or by
arbitration, this contract shall be deemed to have been made in England, and to be performed there, any
correspondence in reference to the offer, the acceptance, the place of payment, or otherwise,
notwithstanding, and the Courts of England or arbitrators appointed in England, as the case may be,
shall, except for the purpose of enforcing any award made in pursuance of the Arbitration Clause
hereof, have exclusive jurisdiction over all disputes which may arise under this contract. Such disputes
shall be settled according to the law of England, whatever the domicile, residence or place of business
of the parties to this contract may be or become. Any party to this contract residing or carrying on
business elsewhere than in England or Wales, shall for the purpose of proceedings at law or in
arbitration be considered as ordinarily resident or carrying on business at the offices of The Grain and
Feed Trade Association, and if in Scotland, he shall be held to have prorogated jurisdiction against
himself to the English Courts; or if in Northern Ireland to have submitted to the jurisdiction and to be
found by the decision of the English Courts. The service of proceedings upon any such party by leaving
the same at the office of The Grain and Feed Trade Association, together with the posting of a copy of
such proceedings to his address abroad, or in Scotland or in Northern Ireland, shall be deemed good
service, any rule of law or equity to the contrary notwithstanding. Where goods forming the subject of
this contract are not for consumption in Great Britain or Northern Ireland nothing in the foregoing shall
make the sale subject to the provisions of the Agriculture Act for the time being in force.
29. ARBITRATION (a) Any dispute arising out of or under this contract shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with
the Arbitration Rules, No. 125, of The Grain and Feed Trade Association, in the edition current at the
date of this contract, such Rules forming part of this contact and of which both parties hereto shall be
deemed to be cognisant.
(b) Neither party hereto, nor any persons claiming under either of them shall bring any action or other
legal proceedings against the other of them in respect of any such dispute until such dispute shall first
have been heard and determined by the Arbitrator(s) or a Board of Appeal, as the case may be, in
accordance with the Arbitration Rules and it is expressly agreed and declared that the obtaining of an
award from the Arbitrator(s) or a Board of Appeal, as the case may be, shall be a condition precedent
to the right of either party hereto or of any persons claiming under either of them to bring any action or
other legal proceedings against the other of them in respect of any such dispute.
30. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS The following shall not apply to this contract:
(a) the Uniform Law on Sales and the Uniform Law on Formation to which effect is given by the
Uniform Laws on International Sales Act 1967;
(b) the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods of 1980; and
(c) the United Nations Convention on Prescription (Limitation) in the International Sale of Goods of
1974 and the amending Protocol of 1980.
*delete/specify as applicable
Sellers.............................................................Buyers........................................
Printed in England and issued by
GAFTA
(THE GRAIN AND FEED TRADE ASSOCIATION)
GAFTA HOUSE, 6 CHAPEL COURT, CHAPEL PLACE, RIVINGTON ST,
LONDON EC2A 3DQ
GAFTA (1995b) also has a similar contract (No: 30) for parcel quantities. A high percentage of the
features are similar to the above contract (No: 27) so it will not be repeated. Arbitration Rules (Form
No. 125) are mentioned in both of the above contracts (Gafta, 1997a). The Rules are printed below:
Effective 31st January 1997
Gafta
ARBITRATION RULES
FORM NO. 125
Copyright
Any dispute arising out of a contract which incorporates these Rules shall be referred to arbitration in
accordance with the following provisions:
1. PRELIMINARY
1:1 The provisions of the Arbitration Act 1996, and of any statutory amendment, modification or
reenactment thereof for the time being in force, shall apply to every arbitration and/or appeal under
these Rules save insofar as such provisions are expressly modified by, or are inconsistent with, these
Rules.
1:2 The juridical set of the arbitration shall be, and is hereby designated pursuant to section 4 of the
Arbitration Act 1996 as, England.
1:3 Arbitration shall take place at the registered offices of The Grain and Feed Trade Association
(GAFTA), London, or (but without prejudice to Rules 1:1 and 1:2 above), elsewhere if agreed by the
parties in writing.
2. PROCEDURE AND TIME LIMITS FOR CLAIMING ARBITRATION

The claimant shall serve on the respondent a notice stating his intention to refer a dispute to arbitration
within the following time limits.
2:1 Disputes as to Quality and/or Condition

(a) In respect of disputes arising out of the "Rye Terms" clause not later than the 10th consecutive day
after the date of completion of final discharge. (See Rule 6).
(b) In respect of claims arising out of certificates of analysis in respect of which allowances are not
fixed by the terms of the contract, not later than the 21st consecutive day after the date on which the
claimant receives the final certificate of analysis.
(c) In respect of all other quality and/or condition disputes, not later than the 21st consecutive day
after the date of completion of final discharge, or delivery, or the unstuffing of the container(s), as the
case may be.
2:2 Monies Due
In respect of disputes relating to monies due not later than the 90th consecutive day after the dispute has
arisen.
2:3 Other Disputes
In respect of all other disputes relating to the sale of goods.
(a) arising out of CIF, CIFFO, C & F and similar shipment contract terms, not later than the 90th
consecutive day after (i) the expiry of the contract period of shipment, including extension if any, or (ii)
the date of completion of final discharge of the ship at port of destination, whichever period shall last
expire,
(b) arising out of FOB terms, not later than the 90th consecutive day after (i) the date of the last bill of
lading or (ii) the expiry of the contract period of delivery, including extension if any, whichever period
shall first expire,
(c) on any other terms, not later than the 90th consecutive day after the last day of the contractual
delivery, collection or arrival period, as the case may be.
2:4 No award by the tribunal shall be questioned or set aside on appeal or otherwise on the ground
that the claim was not made within the time limits stipulated in this Rule if the respondent to the claim did
not raise the matter in their submissions so as to enable the tribunal to consider whether or not to
exercise the discretion vested in it by Rule 22.
3. APPOINTMENT OF THE TRIBUNAL

The dispute shall be heard and determined by a tribunal of three arbitrators (appointed in accordance
with Rule 3:2) or, if both parties agree, by a sole arbitrator (appointed in accordance with clause 3:1).
The time limits imposed by this Rule for the appointment of the tribunal shall run from the date of service
pursuant to Rule 2 of a notice referring a dispute to arbitration.
This Rule is without prejudice to Rule 6, which governs the appointment of the tribunal in relation to
disputes arising out of the Rye Terms clause, and Rule 5.3, which governs the appointment of a tribunal
for examination of samples.
3:1 Procedure for the Appointment of a Sole Arbitrator
(a) If he requires the appointment of a sole arbitrator the claimant shall, not later than the 9th
consecutive day after service of the notice referring a claim to arbitration, serve a notice on the
respondent seeking his agreement to the appointment of a sole arbitrator by the Association.
(b) Not later than the 9th consecutive day after service of the notice referred to in (a) above, the
respondent shall either; (i) serve a notice on the claimant stating that he agrees to the appointment of a
sole arbitrator by the Association, or (ii) appoint an arbitrator to a tribunal of three arbitrators and serve
on the claimant a notice of the arbitrator so appointed, in which case Rule 3:2(c) shall apply.
(c) Where the parties have agreed to the appointment of a sole arbitrator the Association shall
appoint an arbitrator on receipt of the first statements and evidence submitted in accordance with Rule
4, or, where interlocutory or interim decisions are required of the tribunal, upon the application of either
party.
3:2 Procedure for the Appointment of a Tribunal of Three Arbitrators
(a) The claimant shall not later than the 9th consecutive day after service of the notice referring a claim
to arbitration appoint an arbitrator and serve a notice on the respondent of the name of the arbitrator so
appointed.
(b) The respondent shall, not later than the 9th consecutive day after service of the notice referred to
at (a) above, appoint a second arbitrator and serve a notice on the claimant of the name of the arbitrator
so appointed.
(c) If the respondent does not agree to the appointment of a sole arbitrator and has instead appointed
an arbitrator and given written notice thereof pursuant to Rule 3:1(b), the claimant shall not later than the
9th consecutive day after service of such notice of appointment, appoint a second arbitrator and serve a
notice on the respondent of the name of the arbitrator so appointed.
(d) Where two arbitrators have been appointed, the Association shall appoint a third arbitrator on
receipt of the first statements and evidence submitted in accordance with Rule 4, or, where interlocutory
or interim decisions are required of a tribunal, upon the application of either party. The third arbitrator
shall be the chairman of the tribunal so formed and his name shall be notified to the parties by the
Association.
3:3 Appointments of Arbitrators by the Association
If either party fails to appoint an arbitrator or to give notice thereof within the above time limits, the other
party may apply to the Association for the appointment of an arbitrator. Notice of such application
must be served on the party who has failed to appoint.
Upon such application being made, the Association will appoint an arbitrator on behalf of the party who
has failed to do so, and give notice of the name of the arbitrator appointed to the parties.
Where the claimant has already sought the respondent's agreement to the appointment of a sole
arbitrator pursuant to Rule 3:1 then the Association will appoint a sole arbitrator. Where either party
has already appointed an arbitrator, pursuant to Rule 3:1(b) or Rule 3:2, then the Association will
appoint the second arbitrator of the tribunal.
3:4 Applications to the Association for the appointment of an arbitrator shall be accompanied by,
(a) prima facie evidence that the parties have entered into a contract subject to these Rules,
(b) copies of the notices (i) claiming arbitration and (ii) stating that an application has been made to the
Association for the appointment of an arbitrator,
(c) the appropriate fee ruling at the date of application.
3:5 An arbitrator appointed under these Rules shall be a Qualified Arbitrator Member of the
Association and shall not be interested in the transaction nor directly interested as a member of a
company or firm named as a party to the arbitration, nor financially retained by any such company or
firm, nor a member of nor financially retained by any company or firm financially associated with any
party to the arbitration.
3:6 An appointment of an arbitrator shall be valid and effective for all purposes provided that he has
signified his acceptance of the appointment to the party appointing him, or to the Association, as the
case may be, at any time prior to the discharge of any arbitral function.
3:7 (a) If an arbitrator dies, refuses to act, resigns, or becomes incapable of acting, or if he fails to
proceed with the arbitration, or is found to be ineligible, or his authority is revoked by the Association
pursuant to the Associations's Rules and Regulations, the party, or the Association as the case maybe,
who originally appointed that arbitrator shall forthwith appoint a substitute and serve notice thereof on
the other party.
(b) If a party fails, contrary to (a) above, to appoint a substitute arbitrator and to give notice thereof
within 5 consecutive days of learning of the arbitrator's death, refusal to act, resignation, incapacity,
failure to proceed, finding of ineligibility or revocation of authority, as the case may be, the Association
shall, upon the application of either party, have the power to appoint a substitute arbitrator.
3:8 Any party making an application to the Association for the appointment of an arbitrator may be
required by the Association to pay a deposit of such sum as the Association may require on account of
any fees and expenses thereafter arising. In addition the tribunal may call upon either party to deposit
with the Association such sum or sums as it considers appropriate on account of fees, costs and
expenses prior to the commencement of the arbitration hearing.
4. ARBITRATION PROCEDURE
4:1 The claimant shall draw up a clear and concise statement of his case which, together with a copy of
the contract and any supporting documents, shall be served as set out in Rule 4.4.
4:2 The respondent shall, on receipt of the claimant's case and documents, draw up a clear and concise
statement of his defence (and counterclaim, if any) which, together with an supporting documents, shall
be served as set out in Rule 4.4.
4:3 The claimant may submit further written comments and/or documents in reply, such to be served as
set out in Rule 4.4.
4:4 All statements and evidence shall be served by sending them to the other party, with copies to the
Association. In the case of a sole arbitrator 2 sets, or in the case of a tribunal of three arbitrators, 4 sets
of statements and evidence, shall be delivered to the Association. Failure to send all sets to the
Association will render the party responsible liable to the Association for the costs of copying such
documents for forwarding to the arbitrators.
4:5 The tribunal may vary or depart from the above procedure in order to give each party a reasonable
opportunity of putting his case and dealing with that of his opponent, and shall adopt procedures suitable
to the circumstances of the particular case, avoiding unnecessary delay or expense, so as to provide a
fair means for the resolution of the matters falling to be determined.
4:6 The timetable for the proceedings, including any steps to be taken pursuant to Rule 4 and/or
determined by the tribunal, will be advised to the parties by the Association. It shall be the duty of the
tribunal to ensure the prompt progress of the arbitration, including the making of orders where
appropriate. Any delay in the proceedings may be notified to the Association.
4:7 Nothing in this Rule shall prevent the respondent from delivering his statement and documentary
evidence before receiving documents/statements from the claimant.
4:8 Where the tribunal considers that an oral hearing is necessary, the date, time and place will be
arranged by the Association.
4:9 Lapse of Claim
If neither party submits any documentary evidence or submissions as set out in this Rule or as ordered
by the tribunal, within 1 year from the date of the notice claiming arbitration, then subject only to Rule
22, the claimant's claim shall be deemed to have lapsed on the expiry of the said period of 1 year unless
before that date the claim is renewed:
(a) by a notice served by either party on the other, such notice to be served during the 30 consecutive
days prior to the expiry date, or
(b) by the service of documentary evidence or submissions by either party,
in which case the claim and counterclaim are each renewed for a further year.
The claim may be thus renewed for successive periods of 1 year. Wherever a claim is renewed any
counterclaim is also deemed to be renewed.
4:10 If the arbitration is abandoned, suspended or concluded, by agreement or otherwise, before the
final award is made, the parties shall be jointly and severally liable to pay to the Association the
tribunal's and the Association's costs, fees and expenses.
5. SAMPLES
5:1 If either party wishes to submit samples for examination by the tribunal, those samples shall be
drawn, sealed and despatched to the Association in accordance with the provisions of the Sampling
Rules Form No: 124, and shall be held at the disposal of the tribunal.
5:2 As soon as possible after receipt (and if necessary prior to the completion of the exchange of
submissions and documents pursuant to Rule 4 and/or the order of the tribunal), the samples shall be
examined by the tribunal. In particular,
(a) in the case of claims arising out of the "rye terms" clause, the samples shall be examined not later
than 21 consecutive days after the date of completion of final discharge of the ship at port of destination,
and
(b) where the claim involves comparison with a f.a.q. (fair average quality) standard, the samples shall
be examined not later than 21 consecutive days after the date of publication by the Association that the
standard has been or will not be, made.
5:3 Upon the joint application of both parties, the Association may arrange for the examination of the
contract goods to take place at the port of destination, by a sole arbitrator or (in the case of a dispute
arising out of the "rye terms" clause) three arbitrators, such arbitrator or arbitrators to be appointed by
the Association. This provision does not over-ride the parties' obligations to take, seal and despatch
samples where required by the Sampling Rules Form No: 124. The tribunal so appointed shall
determine all matters in dispute between the parties.
5:4 All samples sent to the Association for arbitration, testing and/or other purposes shall become and
be the absolute property of the Association.
6. ARBITRATION PROCEDURE FOR CLAIMS ARISING OUT OF THE "RYE

TERMS" CLAUSE
6:1 When the claimant has served on the respondent notice of its intention to refer the dispute to
arbitration in accordance with Rule 2:1(b), he shall send a copy of the notice to the Association,
together with sufficient information to identify the samples relating to the claim.
6:2 Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in these Rules, upon receipt of the notice as above, the
Association shall appoint a tribunal of three arbitrators.
6:3 Any documentary submissions or evidence to be submitted by the parties shall be provided in
accordance with Rule 4.
6:4 An award made pursuant to this Rule shall be final and binding and no appeal shall lie to a board of
appeal.
7.
STRING ARBITRATIONS
CONCURRENT HEARINGS
CONSOLIDATED
ARBITRATIONS
AND
7:1 Quality and Condition

If a contract forms part of a string of contracts which contain materially identical terms (albeit that the
price may vary under each contract), a single arbitration determining a dispute as to quality and/or
condition may be held between the first seller and the last buyer in the string as though they were parties
who had contracted with each other.
Any award made in such proceedings shall, subject only to any right of appeal pursuant to Rule 10, be
binding on all the parties in the string and may be enforced by an intermediate party against his
immediate contracting party as though a separate award had been made pursuant to each contract.
7:2 Other Cases

In all other cases, if all parties concerned expressly agree, the tribunal may conduct arbitral proceedings
concurrently with other arbitral proceedings, and, in particular, concurrent hearings may be held, but
separate awards shall be made pursuant to each contract.
8. ISSUES OF SUBSTANTIVE JURISDICTION, PROVISIONAL ORDERS AND

AWARDS ON DIFFERENT ASPECTS
8:1 Issues of Substantive Jurisdiction
(a) The tribunal may rule on its own jurisdiction, that is, as to whether there is a valid arbitration
agreement, whether the tribunal is properly constituted and what matters have been submitted to
arbitration in accordance with the arbitration agreement.
(b) In the event that the tribunal determines it has no jurisdiction, the Association will notify the parties
of the tribunal's decision. Such decision shall be final and binding upon the parties subject to any right of
appeal to a board of appeal pursuant to Rule 10. The Association will invoice the claimant for any
costs, fees and expenses incurred. In the event that the tribunal determines that it has jurisdiction, no
appeal shall lie to a board of appeal.
(c) If the board of appeal upholds the tribunal's determination that it has no jurisdiction, the board of
appeal shall order accordingly and the Association shall notify the parties and the tribunal and will
invoice the appellants for any costs, fees and expenses incurred.
(d) If the board of appeal reverses the tribunal's determination that it has no jurisdiction, the board of
appeal shall order accordingly and shall notify the parties, the tribunal and the Association, and shall
order that the dispute be referred to arbitration afresh, whereupon:
(i) The dispute shall be deemed to be one arising out of a contract embodying these Rules.
(ii) The tribunal formerly appointed shall thereupon cease to act and shall not be reappointed when
the dispute is referred as aforesaid.
(iii) The provisions of Rule 3 shall apply, the time limits for appointment running from the date of the
board of appeal's order.
(iv) The board of appeal may in its absolute discretion extend the time limits in these Rules, and no
objection that time has expired shall be taken if the requirements of Rules were previously complied
with.
8:2 Provisional Orders
Where the tribunal decides at any time to order on a provisional basis any relief which it would have
power to grant in a final award, no appeal shall lie to a board of appeal until the tribunal has issued a
final award determining the issues between the parties.
8:3 Awards on Different Aspects
Where the tribunal decides during the course of an arbitration to make an award dealing finally with one
or more aspects of the dispute, but which leaves to be decided by it other aspect(s) of the dispute, it
may make an award which shall be final and binding as to the aspect(s) with which it deals, subject to
any right of appeal pursuant to Rule 10.
9. AWARDS OF ARBITRATION
9:1 All awards shall be in writing and shall be signed by the sole arbitrator or, in the case of an award
made by a three-man tribunal, by all three arbitrators. The tribunal shall have the power to assess and
award the costs of and connected with the reference, including the Association's fees and/or expenses
(which shall be those for the time being in force as prescribed by the Council) and also the fees and/or
expenses incurred by the tribunal. The tribunal will assess and award costs at the conclusion of the
arbitration.
9:2 The tribunal shall, on the application of either party, made before the arbitration award is made,
have the power to extend the time for appealing in any case in which it considers it just or necessary so
to do. Any such extension must be stated in the award.
9:3 The tribunal shall submit the award to the Association. The Association shall upon receipt of the
signed award give notice to the parties named in the award, that the award is at their disposal upon
payment of the fees and expenses incurred by the tribunal and the Association. If payment is not
received by the Association within 14 days from such notice, the Association may call upon any one or
more of the parties to take up the award and in such case the party or parties so called upon shall pay
the fees and expenses as directed. Upon receipt of the fees and/or expenses, the Association shall date
and issue the award to the parties, which date shall for the purpose of the Arbitration Act 1996 and
these Rules be deemed to be the date on which the award was made.
9:4 Subject to any right of appeal pursuant to Rule 10 awards of arbitration shall be conclusive and
binding on the parties with respect both to the matters in dispute and as to costs.
9:5 No award shall be questioned or invalidated on the ground that an arbitrator was not qualified to
act unless such objection was made at the outset of the arbitration.
10. RIGHT OF APPEAL
10:1 Save as provided in Rules 6:4, 8:1(b), 8:2, 17 and 22, either party may appeal against an award
to a board of appeal provided that the following conditions are complied with:
(a) Not later than 12 noon on the 30th consecutive day after the date on which the award was made
the appellant shall:
(i) ensure that a written notice of appeal is received by the Association,
(ii) serve a notice of his intention to appeal on the other party and ensure receipt of a copy by the
Association,
(iii) and (subject to the provisions of Rule 20) make payment to the Association of the appeal fee
stated on the award of arbitration on account of the costs, fees and expenses of the appeal.
(b) The fees and expenses of the arbitration award incurred by the tribunal and/or the Association,
shall be paid to the Association before the appeal is heard.
(c) The appellants shall pay such further sum or sums on account of fees, costs and expenses as may
be called for by the Association at any time after the lodging of the appeal [as defined in (a) and (b)
above] and prior to the publication of the award by the board of appeal. The fees charged by the
board of appeal shall be in accordance with the scale of fees laid down by the Council from time to
time.
10:2 If appeals are lodged by both parties to the award the Association shall have the power to
consolidate such appeals for hearing by the same board of appeal.
10:3 If neither the appeal fee required under Rule 10:1 nor evidence from a bank as required by Rule
20 has been received by the Association within 35 consecutive days of receipt of the notice of appeal,
such notice shall be deemed to have been withdrawn and the right of appeal waived unless, prior to the
expiry of that period of 35 consecutive days, the appellant has applied to the board of appeal for an
extension, in which case the board of appeal may, in its absolute discretion on hearing evidence and/or
submissions from each party, grant an extension.
11. BOARD OF APPEAL

11:1 Boards of appeal shall be elected and constituted in accordance with the Rules and Regulations of
the Association and each board of appeal shall, when so elected, appoint one of its members to be
chairman. Where the first tier arbitration award was made by a sole arbitrator the board of appeal will
comprise of three Members. Where the first tier award was made by a tribunal of three arbitrators,
then the board of appeal shall comprise of five members. The Association will notify the parties of the
names of the members of the Board of Appeal.
11:2 If a member of the Board of Appeal dies, refuses to act, resigns, or becomes incapable of acting,
or if he fails to proceed with the appeal, or is found to be ineligible, or his authority is revoked by the
Association pursuant to the Associations's Rules and Regulations, the next member of the Committee of
Appeal duly appointed for this purpose shall thereupon become a member of the board of appeal in his
place.
12. APPEAL PROCEDURE

12:1 The parties shall serve their statements of case and documentary evidence in accordance with the
following provisions or any other timetable which the board of appeal may order.
(a) The appellant shall draw up a concise statement of his case which, together with any supporting
documents, shall be served as set out in Rule 12:2 within 28 consecutive days of lodging its appeal [as
defined in Rule 10:1(a)-(c)].
(b) The respondent shall draw up a concise statement of his case which, together with any supporting documents, shall be served as set out in Rule 12:2 within 28 consecutive days of service of the
appellant's documents pursuant to (a) above.
(c) The appellant may serve further submissions or documents in response, such to be served as set
out in Rule 12:2 within 14 consecutive days of service of the respondent's documents pursuant to (b)
above.
12:2 Statements of case and documentary evidence (which may include new evidence not before the
arbitrators) shall be served by sending them to the other party with copies to the Association. Where
the appeal is against the award of a sole arbitrator 3 copies, or where the appeal is against the award of
a tribunal of three arbitrators 5 copies, shall be sent to the Association. Failure to send all copies to the
Association will render the party responsible liable to the Association for the costs of copying such
documents for forwarding to the board of appeal.
12:3 The Association will set down the appeal for hearing having due regard to the above timetable, or
any other time table which the board of appeal may decide.
12:4 An appeal involves a new hearing of the dispute and the board of appeal may confirm, vary,
amend or setaside the award of the tribunal. In particular (but not by way of restriction), the board of
appeal may;
(a) vary an award by increasing or reducing, if the board shall see fit, the liability of either party,
(b) correct any errors in the award or otherwise alter or amend it,
(c) award the payment of interest,
(d) award the payment of costs, fees and expenses of and incidental to the hearing of the arbitration
and the appeal; such costs, fees and expenses will normally follow the event.
12:5 An award shall be confirmed unless the board of appeal decide by a majority to vary, amend or
set it aside.
12:6 The award of the board of appeal, whether confirming, varying, amending or setting aside the
original award of arbitration, shall be signed by the chairman of the board of appeal, and, when so
signed, shall be deemed to be the award of the board of appeal, and shall be final, conclusive and
binding. Rule 9:3 shall apply to awards of the board of appeal.
12:7 (a) If the appellant, on receiving notice of the date fixed for the hearing of the appeal, requests a
postponement of more than 14 days, or at the first or any subsequent hearing of the appeal requests an
adjournment, then in such event the board of appeal may in its absolute discretion direct that as a
condition of granting an adjournment all or any part of the money required by the terms of the award of
arbitration to be paid by either party to the other shall be deposited in such bank and in such currency
(either in the United Kingdom or abroad) as the board of appeal may direct. Such money shall be held
by such bank in an account in the name of the Association, or on such terms as the board of appeal may
direct. The board of appeal shall, where such money has been deposited, direct in its award how and
to which of the parties the amount so held shall be paid out.
(b) If the appellant fails to make such payment as aforesaid in accordance with the directions of the
board of appeal, and within such time as the board of appeal stipulates, then (subject to the provisions
of Rule 20) the appeal shall be deemed to be withdrawn.
(c) If in the opinion of the board of appeal the appellant has been guilty of undue delay in proceeding
with his appeal the board of appeal shall give due warning to the appellant that he should proceed with
due despatch. If the appellant continues, thereafter, to delay the progress of the appeal, the board of
appeal may (after giving both parties a reasonable opportunity to make submissions) order that the
appeal is deemed to have been withdrawn, in which event the money on deposit (with interest if any,
less any tax deductible) shall immediately become due and payable to the party and/or parties entitled
thereto under the terms of the award of arbitration.
12:8 No award of a board of appeal or decision by a board of appeal on any issue or aspect, shall be
questioned or invalidated on the ground that any of its members is not qualified to act unless objection is
made within a reasonable period of the notification of the members of the board of appeal.
13. WITHDRAWALS OF APPEALS
13:1 The appellant shall have the right, at any time before the board of appeal makes an award, to
withdraw his appeal by giving notice of such withdrawal to the Association, and in such case the
Association shall forthwith notify all parties to the arbitration that the appeal has been withdrawn. If
notice of withdrawal is received by the Association within 10 consecutive days of the date on which the
appeal was lodged in accordance with Rule 10:1, half of the fees shall be returned. If notice of
withdrawal is received by the Association not later than 48 hours before the time fixed for the hearing of
the appeal a quarter of the fees shall be returned. No part of the fees shall be returned following receipt
of notice of withdrawal at any later date.
13:2 In the event of withdrawal the respondent shall continue to have the right of appeal against the
award to a board of appeal in accordance with the provisions of Rule 10, save that the time limit laid
down in Rule 10:1 shall be 12 noon on the 30th consecutive day after the date of service of the
Association's notice to that party of the aforesaid withdrawal.
14. APPEALS ON STRING CONTRACTS - Quality and/or Condition

14:1 Where a "string" award is made pursuant to Rule 7:1, then, unless it is an award determining a
dispute arising out of the "Rye Terms" clause, each party in the string shall be entitled to appeal against
that award to a board of appeal, provided that each of the following provisions, in addition to the
provisions of Rule 10, are complied with:
(a) If the appellant is an intermediate party he shall state in his notice of appeal whether he is appealing
as a buyer or as seller.
(b) If the appellant is the first seller or the last buyer he shall, within the time limits set out in Rule
10:1(a)(ii), serve written notice of his intention to appeal on the party in immediate contractual
relationship with him.
(c) If the appellant is an intermediate party and is appealing as buyer or seller he shall, within the time
limits set out in Rule 10:1(a)(ii), serve notice of his intention to appeal on both the respondent to the
appeal and also his own immediate seller or buyer.
(d) The recipient of a notice served pursuant to the above provisions may, if it wishes to commence
appeal proceedings against its own immediate contracting party, pass on a like notice upon the next
party in the string. Such notice shall be passed on with due despatch, in which case the time limit in Rule
10 shall be deemed to have been complied with.
14:2 All appeals to which this Rule applies and to all awards made pursuant to this Rule shall be
binding on every appellant and respondent. Non-compliance with any provisions of Rule 14:1(d) shall
in no way limit or affect the jurisdiction of the board of appeal.
15. APPEAL AWARDS
The Association may call upon either of the disputing parties to take up the award of the board of
appeal and in such case the party so called upon shall take up the award and pay the fees, costs and
expenses of the board of appeal and/or the Association. Upon receipt of the fees, costs and expenses
by the Association, the Association shall then date and issue the award to the parties, which date shall,
for the purposes of the Arbitration Act 1996, be deemed to be the date upon which the award is made.
16. LEGAL REPRESENTATION AND COSTS

16:1 The parties may expressly agree that they may engage legal representatives (ie, solicitors, and/or a
barrister or other legally qualified advocate) to represent them in the arbitration and/or in any appeal
proceedings and to appear on their behalf at any oral hearings.
16:2 Where there is no such agreement between the parties they are nevertheless free to engage legal
representatives to represent them in the written proceedings but not to appear on their behalf at oral
hearings. The costs of engaging legal representatives in such circumstances shall not be recoverable
unless the tribunal considers that such costs were reasonably incurred. This provision shall not apply to
single track arbitrations pursuant to Rule 17.
17. "SINGLE TRACK" ARBITRATION

Where both parties agree in writing, they may dispense with the two tier arbitration system provided by
these Rules in favour of a single tier arbitration, in which case (a) a tribunal of three arbitrators will be
appointed in accordance with Rule 3:2, (b) no appeal shall lie to a board of appeal, and either party
may appeal directly to the Court if leave is granted pursuant to Section 69 of the Arbitration Act 1996.
18. TRIBUNAL'S OR BOARD OF APPEAL'S OWN EVIDENCE

If at any time prior to the close of the proceedings the tribunal or the board of appeal deem it
appropriate, they may take steps to ascertain the facts and the law on their own initiative, provided that
they give both parties reasonable opportunity to comment on and/or provide evidence in response.
19. FEES AND EXPENSES

Each party engaging in an arbitration or an appeal pursuant to these Rules, whether or not a Member of
the Association, is deemed thereby to agree to abide by these Rules and to agree with the Association
to be liable to the Association (jointly and severally with the other parties to the arbitration or appeal)
for all fees and expenses incurred in connection with the arbitration or appeal or any remissions, which
said fees and expenses shall, upon notification by the Association be and become a debt due to the
Association.
20. CURRENCY REGULATIONS

If an appellant is precluded by currency regulations from paying any money due to be paid by him as
required under Rule 10, and notifies the Association in writing (a) in the case of inability to pay the
appeal fee when giving notice of appeal, and (b) in the case of inability to pay any further sum directed
to be paid under Rules 10 and/or 12, within 9 consecutive days of the money being demanded,
accompanied in every case by evidence from a bank that he has already made application for the
transfer of the required sum, he shall be entitled to an extension of up to 35 consecutive days from the
date when the said payment became due in which to pay such sum.
21. NOTICES
21:1 Service on parties
All notices to be served on the parties pursuant to these Rules shall be served by letter, telex, telegram
or by other method of rapid written communication. For the purposes of time limits, the date of
despatch shall, unless otherwise stated, be deemed to be the date of service.
Service on the brokers or agents named in the contract shall be deemed proper service under these
Rules. So far as concerns such notices, this Rule over-rides an other provisions of the contract.
21:2 Service on Tribunals and Appeal Boards
Unless the tribunal or board of appeal otherwise directs, all notices, proceedings and documents to be
served on arbitrators and members of a board of appeal pursuant to these Rules shall be served by
letter, telex, telegram or other method of rapid written communication on the Secretary of the
Association at the Association's Offices. For the purposes of any time limits receipt of such notices by
the Association shall be deemed to be the date of service.
21:3 Computation of Time
Where these Rules require service not later than a specified number of consecutive days after a
specified date or occurrence, that specified date or occurrence shall not count as one of the consecutive
days.
22. NON-COMPLIANCE WITH TIME LIMITS AND RULES

If any time limit or provisions imposed by these Rules are not complied with then, subject only to the
discretion of the tribunal or board of appeal conferred by this Rule, the claimant's claims and/or
appellant's appeal as the case may be, shall be deemed to be waived and absolutely barred, except that:
(a) such matters shall be raised as a defence to the arbitration claim, whereupon the tribunal may in its
absolute discretion admit a claim upon such terms as it may think fit, or it may determine that the claim is
waived and barred and refuse to admit it. There shall be no appeal to the board of appeal against the
decision of the tribunal to exercise its discretion to admit a claim. If a tribunal decides not to admit the
claim, then the claimant shall have the right to appeal pursuant to Rule 10, and the board of appeal shall
have the power in its absolute discretion to overturn that decision and to admit the claim;
(b) upon appeal if any of the provisions of Rules 10 to 21 have not been complied with, then the
board of appeal may in its absolute discretion extend the time for compliance (notwithstanding that the
time may already have expired) or dispense with the necessity for compliance and may proceed to hear
and determine the appeal as if each and all of those Rules had been complied with. Any decision made
pursuant to this Rule shall be final, conclusive and binding.
23. DEFAULTERS
23:1 In the event of any party to an arbitration or an appeal held under these Rules neglecting or
refusing to carry out or abide by a final award of the tribunal or board of appeal made under these
Rules, the Council of the Association may post on the Association's Notice Board and/or circulate
amongst Members in any way thought fit notification to that effect. The parties to any such arbitration or
appeal shall be deemed to have consented to the Council taking such action as aforesaid.
23:2 In the event that parties do not pay the costs, fees or expenses of the arbitration or appeal when
called upon to do so by the Association in accordance with these Rules, the Council may post on the
Association's Notice Board and/or circulate amongst Members in any way thought fit notification to that
effect. The parties to any such arbitration or appeal shall be deemed to have consented to the Council
taking such action as aforesaid.
GAFTA
GAFTA HOUSE, 6 CHAPEL PLACE, RIVINGTON ST, LONDON EC2A 3DQ. UK
GAFTA (1997b) provides a well respected arbitration service through which, when contract disputes
do arise, the delay and expense of court actions can be avoided. Contractual disputes are judged by
members of the trade, commercial people who are experienced in current market practices.
The North American Export Grain Association, Inc. (NAEGA) has a FOB Contract No. 2 (1988) that
is used for both soybeans and soybean meal. The contents of the contract follow:
NORTH AMERICAN EXPORT GRAIN

ASSOCIATION, INC.
FREE ON BOARD EXPORT CONTRACT U.S.A./CANADA
NO. 2
Revised as of August 1, 1988
Contract No._______________________________
New York, N.Y.______________________19_____
1. Sold by____________________________________________________________________
2. Purchased by______________________________________________________________
3. Broker/Agent_______________________________________________________________
4. Quantity___________________________________________________________________
in bulk, including dockage, 5% more or less at buyer's option, and at market price (per Clause 10) as
follows: If the first delivery under this contract is for a quantity between contract minimum and contract
maximum (both inclusive), no further deliveries shall be made. If this contract is to be executed by more
than one vessel, the loading tolerance of 5% more or less shall apply on the difference between the
mean contract quantity and the quantity that has been delivered on all prior vessels. Any delivery which
falls within this difference, plus or minus 5%, shall complete the contract.
5. Weight
Quantity to be final at port of loading in accordance with customary weight certificates.
1,016 kilos shall be equal to 2,240 lbs.
6. Commodity_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
In accordance with the official grain standards of the United States or Canada, whichever applicable, in
effect on the date of this contract.
7. Quality
certificates.
Quality and condition to be final at port of loading in accordance with official inspection
In case of delivery at St. Lawrence ports, quality and condition to be final in accordance with Lake
and/or loading ports official inspection certificates; Lake inspection certificates to be properly identified
at ports of shipment.
Each party hereby authorizes the other party to request in both parties' names an appeal inspection
under the U.S. Grain Standards Act at any time prior to or during the loading of the vessel, and whether
or not such request was filed before commencement of loading. The cost of such appeal inspection,
unless otherwise stipulated in this contract, shall be borne by the party requesting it.
Delivery of higher grades of grain of the same type and description is permissible. The commodity is not
warranted free from defect, rendering same unmerchantable, which would not be apparent on
reasonable examination, any statute or rule of law to the contrary notwithstanding.
8. Delivery
Delivery shall be made between _________________and_________________,
both inclusive (the "delivery period"), at discharge end of loading spout, to buyer's tonnage in readiness
to load, in accordance with custom of the port and subject to the elevator tariff to the extent that it does
not conflict with the terms of this contract. Incorporation of a loading rate guaranty in this contract shall
not entitle seller to delay delivery.
Buyer shall give vessel nominations ("preadvice") in accordance with Clause 15, in time for seller to
receive minimum _______________days notice of probable readiness of tonnage and quantities
required (the "preadvice period"). Buyer to keep seller informed of changes in expected date of vessel
readiness.
Time for the preadvice shall be deemed to commence to count at 1200 noon, local time at place of
receipt, on the business day of receipt by seller and shall be counted in consecutive periods of 24 hours.
Seller shall, if applicable, declare port and berth of loading within a reasonable time (but not later than
_________ days) after receipt by seller of the preadvice, except that seller shall not be obligated to
make such declaration earlier than (a) the 8th day prior to commencement of the delivery period for
port declaration and (b) the 5th day prior to commencement of the delivery period for berth declaration.
The vessel shall not be prevented from filing and from taking its place in the vessel line-up at the
designated port/berth during the preadvice period or before commencement of the delivery period,
notwithstanding which, seller shall not be obliged to effect delivery to the vessel before the expiration of
the preadvice period or before commencement of the delivery period. For the purposes of this contract
a vessel shall be considered filed when it (a) has tendered valid notice of readiness to load to the
charterer or his agent, at the port of loading, (b) has given written advice of such tender to the loading
elevator, complete with all customarily required documents, such advice having been presented between
the hours of 0900 and 1600 local time on a business day or between the hours of 0900 and 1200 noon
on Saturday (provided not a holiday) and (c) is ready to receive grain in the compartments required for
loading under this contract.
Buyer shall be allowed to make one substitution of a vessel, provided the substituting vessel is of the
same type and approximately the same size and position. If the original or the substituting vessel is
unable to lift the commodity by reason of the vessel having sunk or having suffered incapacitating
physical damage, an additional substitution shall be made of a vessel of the same type and
approximately the same size, and with a position agreeable to buyer and seller. Such agreement shall
not be unreasonably withheld. The nomination of the substituting vessel shall be subject to the preadvice
requirements of this clause, regardless of any preadvice previously given, unless the estimated time of
arrival of the substituting vessel is the same as the estimated time of arrival of the original vessel when
nominated. No substitution of vessels other than as provided in this clause shall be made. If this is a
"named vessel" contract, no substitution other than after a casualty as described above shall be
permitted.
Bills of lading and/or mate's receipts to be considered proof of date of delivery in the absence of
evidence to the contrary. Any delivery in part fulfillment of this contract shall be considered as if made
under a separate contract.
9. Days
In any month containing an odd number of days, the middle day shall be reckoned as
belonging to both halves of the month.
10. Price
______________________________per_________________________________
free on board buyer's tonnage at___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
If this contract is for a flat price, any variance in quantity from the mean contract quantity shall be settled
basis the FOB market value [as defined in paragraph (a) and (b) below].
(a) The FOB (flat price) market value, or the market value of the premium, as the case may be, shall
be that prevailing on the close of the appropriate market in the country of origin of the commodity on the
last date of loading, if such be a business day, otherwise on the close of such market on the previous
business day.
(b) In the event the parties do not agree on the market value by the time the shipping documents are
ready to be transmitted to buyer, seller shall invoice the entire shipment provisionally at contract price.
Thereafter, final invoice for the difference between contract price and market value shall be presented as
soon as possible and payment shall be made immediately.
11. Payment
*(a) Net cash by irrevocable divisible letters of credit issued or confirmed by a prime
U.S. bank in New York (or_____________________by mutual agreement), available by sight drafts
accompanied by shipping documents per Clause 12 [or warehouse receipts if option (c) of Clause 18 is
exercised]. Such letters of credit, in a form acceptable to seller, shall be established not later than 5
days prior to the beginning of the delivery period, and shall be valid at least until the 30th day after
expiration of the delivery period. Should delivery be delayed beyond the delivery period, buyer, if
requested by seller, shall amend letters of credit accordingly and buyer shall increase the amount of the
letter of credit to provide for carrying charges, if applicable. All bank charges shall be for buyer's
account.
-or*(b) Net cash in U.S. Dollars, by telegraphic transfer to the bank designated by seller, against
presentation of and in exchange for shipping documents per Clause 12 [or warehouse receipts if option
(c) of Clause 18 is exercised]. Such presentation shall be made in the city of
______________________________________________________________________________
All bank charges in connection with payment shall be for buyer's account.
-or-
*(c)__________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
*Delete paragraphs which are not applicable.
12. Shipping Documents
Payment to be made against bills of lading or mate's receipts (at seller's
option), and weight and inspection certificates. However, if practicable, seller shall follow instructions of
buyer in establishing bills of lading containing such clauses as buyer's/vessel's agents or owners usually
endorse or attach. Buyer shall accept such bills of lading but seller assumes no responsibility for their
correctness.
13. Notice of Delivery
Notice of delivery stating vessel's name, dates of bills of lading (or mate's
receipts), quantities and qualities loaded (including percentage of dockage if applicable) shall be given or
passed on by seller to buyer without undue delay. Notices of delivery shall be subject to correction of
any errors.
14. Insurance
Marine and war risk (plus strikes, riots, civil commotions and mine risk) insurance,
covering seller's/buyer's interests as they may appear, is to be covered by buyer with first-class
approved companies and/or underwriters and to be confirmed by such companies and/or underwriters
to seller at least 5 days prior to the expected readiness of the vessel. If this confirmation is not received
by seller by such time, seller may place such insurance for buyer's account and at buyer's risk and
expense.
15. Communications
All notices under this contract shall be given by letter, if delivered by hand on
the day of writing, or by cable, telex or other method of rapid written communication. Any notice
received after 1600 hours (local time at place of receipt) on a business day shall be deemed to have
been received on the following business day, except that for preadvice given and received by parties
which are both located in the Continental United States and/or Canada, the reference herein to 1600
hours shall signify 1600 hours New York City time (E.S.T. or E.D.T., as in effect on date of receipt of
the notice).
16. Circles (a) For the purposes of this clause, a circle shall consist of a series of contracts in which
each seller is also a buyer of a commodity of the same description and quality, for delivery at the same
ports and with compatible delivery periods.
(b) If this contract forms part of a circle, each party may agree with the other parties in the circle to
forego actual delivery and to participate in a clearing agreement for the settlement of contact price
differences. Monies due and owed to parties in the circle shall be payable on the middle day of the
contract delivery period.
(c) If a circle can be shown to exist but no clearing agreement has been reached by the 10th
calendar day following the last day of the delivery period, actual delivery shall not be made and payment
shall be made by each buyer to his seller of the excess of seller's invoice amount over the lowest invoice
amount in the circle. Such payments shall be made promptly after the 10th calendar day following the
last day of the delivery period.
(d) Should any party in a circle fail to make payment on the due date as required under paragraph
(b) or (c) above for reasons cited in Clause 23 or for any other reason, payment shall be made between
each buyer and his seller of the difference between the seller's invoice amount at contract price and the
market value of the commodity on date of insolvency or default, as the case may be. Such payment
shall be made latest on the 2nd business day after the due date under paragraph (b) or (c) above.
Payments already made under paragraph (b) or (c) above shall be refunded.
(e) All circle settlements shall be based on the mean contract quantity.
If a circle under paragraph (b), (c) or (d) above exists, Clause 21 shall not apply and Clauses 18 and
20 shall not be invoked.
Payments due on a non-business day shall be made not later than the following business day.
All payments made after the delivery period shall include carrying charges from the day following the last
day of the delivery period, to the date of payment, at the rates stipulated in this contract. These carrying
charges shall be settled individually between each buyer and his seller.
(f) The parties agree that any dispute arising out of the voluntary clearing agreement entered into in
accordance with paragraph (b) above shall be subject to arbitration as to any party thereto. Such
arbitration shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of Clause 28.
17. U.S./Canadian Government Rules and Regulations
Buyer and seller agree to comply with
the U.S. and Canadian regulatory prerequisites applicable to this contract, including, but not limited to,
those governing any export subsidy, destination controls, government financing of agricultural
commodities and the monitoring of export purchases and sales. Any losses, fines, penalties, expenses,
costs or damages incurred as a result of failure to perform in accordance with this provision shall be
borne by the party responsible for such failure.
18. Failure to Take Delivery
If vessel fails to file before the end of the delivery period, buyer
shall be in breach of contract and seller shall carry the grain for buyer's account and risk as provided in
Clause 19. In the event that buyer has not given vessel nominations conforming to the applicable
provisions of Clause 8 by the 15th calendar day following the last day of the delivery period, or if the
vessels having been nominated within such time, fail to file by the 35th calendar day following the last
day of the delivery period, seller may, in his discretion: (a) continue to carry the commodity for buyer's
account and risk, (b) declare buyer in default, or (c) tender to buyer proper warehouse receipts in a
quantity equal to the mean quantity open under this contract, in exchange for which buyer shall pay at
contract price plus accrued carrying charges, but less out-elevation and outbound weighing and
inspection charges. Such tender of warehouse receipts shall be deemed due performance of the
contract by seller.
SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR CONTRACTS PROVIDING FOR DELIVERY AT ST.
LAWRENCE, GREAT LAKES OR HUDSON BAY PORTS:
(1) Seller shall be barred from declaring option (b) above while the navigation in the designated
delivery area is officially closed for the ice season, and for 20 days thereafter.
(2) However, if options (a), (b) and (c) above become available to seller only while the
navigation is officially closed, the seller may declare option (b) during the first 10 days it becomes
available to him; thereafter, he shall be barred from declaring it, until the 21st day after the official
opening of navigation.
(3) If seller carries the grain into the new season for buyer's account, buyer shall have the right to
nominate vessels per Clause 8, regardless of whether vessels were already nominated during the
delivery period.
19. Carrying Charges

If the commodity is being carried for buyer's account and risk as provided
in Clause 18, it is mutually agreed that carrying charges, consisting of storage, insurance and interest,
shall accrue as follows:
(a) Storage and insurance from the day following the last day of the delivery period up to and
including the dates of delivery [or if seller exercises option (b) or (c) of Clause 18, the date applicable
thereto], both dates inclusive, at the following rates:
__________U.S. cents per bushel per day_________________________________________
__________U.S. cents per bushel per day_________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(b) Interest from the day following the last day of the delivery period up to and including the last day
of delivery [or if seller exercises option (b) or (c) of Clause 18, the date applicable thereto], both dates
inclusive, at the following rates:
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Carrying charges for the delivery completing this contract shall be computed on the mean contract
quantity less the amounts previously delivered (if any), irrespective of whether or not buyer has availed
himself of the loading tolerance option under Clause 4. It is further expressly agreed that carrying
charges as provided herein are to be construed in the nature of liquidated damages and, as such, that no
further proof of damages shall be required in substantiation thereof.
20. Strikes or Other Causes of Delay in Delivery (a) This clause shall apply if delivery by seller
of the commodity, or any part thereof, is prevented or delayed at the port(s) of delivery and/or
elevator(s) of delivery or elsewhere, or if the forwarding of the commodity to such port(s) and/or
elevator(s) is prevented, by reason of the causes enumerated in paragraph (b) below; PROVIDED that
seller shall have sent notice to buyer not later than 2 business days after the date of commencement of
the causes, or not later than 2 business days after the 1st day of the delivery period, whichever occurs
later (except that subsequent sellers shall not be bound by these deadlines, provided they pass along the
notice to their buyer, without delay); and PROVIDED further that seller shall, at buyer's request, furnish
a certificate of the North American Export Grain Association, Inc., certifying the existence and the
duration of the causes. Such certificate shall be final.
(b) The causes of delay and /or prevention ("causes") referred to in paragraph (a) above shall be:
(l) Riots, strikes, lockouts, interruptions in or stoppages of the normal course of labor,
(2) Embargoes or exceptional impediments to transportation,
(3) Action by Federal, State or local government or authority.
(c) The obligation of seller to make delivery shall be suspended while the causes are in effect, until
the termination of the causes and/or the resumption of work after the termination of the causes,
whichever is later. Seller shall not be responsible for further delays after resumption of work (whether
such termination or resumption of work occurs prior to, during or after the delivery period) except that,
if a vessel nominated under this contract is not loaded in the proper rotation but is bypassed by vessels
(other than liners) which had filed after the vessel nominated under this contract, seller shall pay to buyer
damages equal to the actual working time lost (weather working days, Saturdays, Sundays and holidays
excluded) to buyer's vessel during the loading of the bypassing vessels, at the demurrage rate in the
Charter Party for the vessel nominated under this contract.
If the Charter Party of the vessel under this contract does not indicate a demurrage rate, the damages
are to be calculated at a reasonable demurrage rate predicated on the then current market, to be agreed
upon amiably or to be determined by arbitration.
(d) (1) If the causes commence before or during the delivery period and terminate during or after
delivery period, then the delivery period shall be deemed to be extended by a number of days
equivalent to the period starting with the commencement of the causes or the commencement of the
delivery period, whichever is later, and ending with the termination of the causes, and/or the resumption
of work after the termination of the cause, whichever is later.
(2) If the causes commence during the additional time afforded to buyer under Clause 18 with
respect to vessel nominations and filings, then the right of seller to exercise option (b) or (c) under
Clause 18 shall be deemed to be delayed by a number of days equivalent to the period starting with the
commencement of the causes and ending with the termination of the causes and/or the resumption of
work after the termination of the cause, whichever is later.
(e) Carrying charges, if due under Clauses 18/19, shall begin to accrue on the day following the last
day of the delivery period, as extended by paragraph (d)(1) above; however, if this clause becomes
operative while carrying charges are already accruing, then such charges shall continue to accrue as they
would be in the absence of the causes.
21. Prohibition
In case of prohibition of export, blockade or hostilities or in case of any executive
or legislative act done by or on behalf of the government of the country of origin or of the territory
where the ports of shipment named herein are situate, restricting export, whether partially or otherwise,
any such restriction shall be deemed by both parties to apply to this contract and to the extent of such
total or partial restriction to prevent fulfillment and to that extent this contract or any unfulfilled portion
thereof shall be cancelled without prejudice to seller's entitlement to carrying charges. Seller shall advise
buyer without delay of the reasons therefore, and if required by buyer, seller shall provide certification of
the North American Export Grain Association, Inc., as sufficient evidence for cancellation under this
clause.
22. Default
In case of default by either party, the other party shall be at liberty, after giving notice,
to resell or repurchase, as the case may be, without undue delay and the defaulting party shall make
good the loss, if any, to the other party but the defaulting party shall not be entitled to any profit. If the
non-defaulting party has not repurchased or resold the commodity by the 10th calendar day after the
giving of notice of default, the market value on the said 10th day shall be used for settlement purposes.
If such 10th day falls on a non-business day, the market value on the previous business day shall govern.
In the event of a default by buyer, the sale price under this contract shall automatically be increased by
the value of carrying charges calculated up to the date of resale, or the 10th calendar day after the giving
of notice of default, whichever is applicable.
23. Insolvency
Either party shall, at any time after sending notice, have the right to terminate this
contract and to recover the loss (if any) in the event that:
(a) the other party suspends payment or commits an act of bankruptcy;
-or(b) reasonable grounds for insecurity having arisen with respect to the financial capacity of the other
party to perform under this contract, and a written demand for adequate assurance of due performance
having been made, such assurance is not received within a period of time not exceeding 5 days.
24. Construction
For the purposes of this contract, except as otherwise expressly provided or
unless the context otherwise requires, plural terms include the singular.
25. Passage of Title
Anything in this contract to the contrary notwithstanding, seller shall retain title
to the commodity until seller has been paid in full (per Clause 11), it being understood that risk of loss
shall pass to buyer on delivery at discharge end of loading spout (per Clause 8).
26. International Conventions
The following shall not apply to this contract:
(a) the Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods and the Uniform Law on the Formation of
Contracts for the International Sale of Goods;
(c) the United Nations Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods,
concluded at New York on 14 June 1974, and the Protocol Amending the Convention on the
Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods, concluded at Vienna on 11 April 1980.
27. Other Conditions
28. Arbitration
Buyer and seller expressly agree that any controversy or claim arising out of, in
connection with or relating to this contract, or the interpretation, performance or breach thereof, shall be
settled by arbitration in the City of New York before the American Arbitration Association, or its
successors, pursuant to the Grain Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association, as those
Rules may be in effect at the time of such arbitration proceeding, which Rules are hereby deemed
incorporated herein and made a part hereof, and under the laws of the State of New York. The
arbitration award shall be final and binding on both parties and judgment upon such arbitration award
may be entered in the Supreme Court of the State of New York or any other court having jurisdiction
thereof. Buyer and seller hereby recognize and expressly consent to the jurisdiction over each of them
of the American Arbitration Association or its successors, and all of the courts of the State of New
York. Buyer and seller agree that this contract shall be deemed to have been made in New York State
and be deemed to be performed there, any reference herein or elsewhere to the contrary
notwithstanding.
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
BUYER
SELLER
There have been two addendums published to update the above contract. They are listed below:
ADDENDUM NO. 1
TO NORTH AMERICAN EXPORT GRAIN ASSOCIATION, INC.,
F.O.B. CONTRACT NO. 2
(REVISED AS OF AUGUST 1, 1988)
LOADING RATE GUARANTY

This Addendum shall apply if the parties have agreed to be bound by a loading rate guaranty,
and provided that lifting under this contract is by one self-trimming bulk carrier only.
1. Seller guarantees to deliver at an average rate of _______________________long tons per
weather working day of 24 consecutive hours Sundays and holidays excepted, Saturdays per Baltimore
Form "C" Saturday Clause, provided vessel can receive at such rate. Holidays shall be those listed as
such in the BIMCO Holiday Calendar and/or in the elevator tariff.
For this purpose, laytime shall commence to count:
(a) at 0700 hours on the business day following filing of the vessel in accordance with Clause 8 of
North American Export Grain Association, Inc., FOB Contract No. 2 ("NAEGA 2"),
-or(b) at 0700 hours on the business day following expiration of the preadvice period stipulated in
Clause 8 of NAEGA 2, unless an earlier date is agreed to by both parties,
-or(c) at 0000 hours on the first business day of the contract delivery period, unless an earlier date is
agreed to by both parties,
whichever is the latest, whether vessel is in berth or not.
2. Should seller deliver at less than the stipulated rate, seller to pay buyer demurrage at
$___________for each additional day (or pro-rata for part of day) used. Should seller deliver faster
than at the stipulated rate, buyer to pay seller despatch money at half the demurrage rate, i.e.
$___________per day, for each day (or pro-rata for part of day) of laytime saved.
3. Any overtime work performed by the elevator and/or grain inspection and weighing services
and/or stevedores shall be for seller's account if ordered by the elevator or the Port Authority;
otherwise, for account of the party ordering the overtime.
4. If Clause 20 of NAEGA 2 has been duly invoked, time shall not count for demurrage purposes
while the causes are in effect, until the termination of the causes and/or the resumption of work after the
termination of the causes, whichever is later, and for an additional period ("additional period") of equal
duration, but such additional period not to exceed 30 days. However, for purposes of settling despatch
accounts only, any time lost in delivering through any of the causes, and the additional period, shall be
counted as time used in loading.
If during the additional period the vessel nominated under this contract is not loaded in proper rotation
but is bypassed by vessels (other than liners) which had filed after the vessel nominated under this
contract, seller shall pay to buyer damages equal to the actual working time lost (i.e. weather working
days, but Saturdays, Sundays and holidays excluded) to buyer's vessel during the loading of the
bypassing vessels, at the demurrage rate stipulated in Clause 2 above. The provisions regarding
payment of damages under paragraph (c) of Clause 20 of NAEGA 2 shall not apply to this Addendum.
Notwithstanding the above, if time has started to count under Clause 1 above within the delivery period,
and demurrage is already accruing under this Addendum when the causes of prevention or delay
commence under Clause 20 of NAEGA 2, demurrage shall continue to accrue as if these causes did not
exist. In such case, the preceding paragraph shall be deemed to be deleted.
5. Buyer's or seller's claim under this Addendum shall be accompanied by the statement of facts at
loading, signed on behalf of the owner and the charterer or on behalf of the owner and by the supplier,
and such other papers as may be necessary to process the claim. If payment is not made within 40
days from date of mailing of properly documented claim, interest shall accrue, starting on the 41st day
after such mailing, and shall be computed on the final amount due, at the rate of interest stipulated
elsewhere in this contract, up to the date of payment of the claim.
6. If vessel nominated under this contract also lifts additional commodities (grain and/or oilseeds),
regardless of whether or not such commodities are covered by loading rate guaranties, the following
shall apply:
(a) For commodities delivered to vessel at the same berth:
The "time allowed" shall be arrived at by dividing the tonnage loaded under this contract by the daily
rate stipulated in Clause 1 above. A calculation of "total time used" for all the commodities loaded at
the berth shall be made, in which any such time in excess of the "time allowed" shall be computed as
time on demurrage. The "total time used" shall then be pro-rated to the tonnage loaded under this
contract. The "time allowed" shall be deducted from this pro-rated figure to arrive at the time of
demurrage or time saved under this contract.
(b) If the commodities other than those under this contract are delivered at (an)other berth(s) in
the same port:
The waiting time ("waiting time") at the first berth shall be pro-rated among all the contracts for the
commodities to be delivered to the vessel.
The time spent getting to and used at the first berth ("berth time") shall be pro-rated among the contracts
loaded at the first berth.
The waiting time at the second berth shall be pro-rated among all remaining contracts for the
commodities yet to be delivered to the vessel.
The berth time at the second berth shall be pro-rated among the contracts loaded at the second berth.
Waiting time and berth time for berths subsequent to the second berth shall be treated in a similar
manner as for the second berth.
Waiting time shall cease and berth time begin when pilot is on board and vessel lifts anchor in order to
proceed to the loading berth.
Berth time shall cease when loading is completed at that berth and waiting time shall begin when vessel
drops anchor in waiting area after having sailed from berth.
If no waiting time is involved between berths, berth time at the next berth shall begin when vessel sails
from the previous berth.
If, between the time that the vessel is ordered into a berth and the time of completion of loading at that
berth, the vessel is ordered into one or more other berths, subsequently incurred waiting time at this
(these) other berth(s) shall not count.
(c) If the commodities other than those under this contract are delivered at (an)other port(s):
The laytime statement shall be prepared as if the vessel had not called at another port. If the
commodities under this contract are loaded at the second or a subsequent port, the words "filing of the
vessel in accordance with Clause 8 of the North American Export Grain Association, Inc., FOB
Contract No. 2 ("NAEGA 2")" in Clause 1(a) above shall be deemed to read "presentation of the
vessel's passes." If, however, the first and second or subsequent ports have been nominated by the
seller of the grain under this contract, laytime for the second and/or subsequent port(s) shall commence
upon vessel's arrival at that or the subsequent port(s); except that, if vessel fails inspection at such
port(s), laytime shall cease to count until vessel passes.
7. If vessel fails reinspection at the loading berth, laytime shall cease to count until vessel passes.
8. Any trimming costs as well as overtime costs for performing trimming shall be for buyer's
account. Any time used for trimming shall not count as laytime and/or shall be exempt from demurrage,
unless loading operations are being carried on simultaneously in other holds.
9. Other Conditions:
10. Buyer and seller agree that any controversy or claim arising out of, in connection with or relating
to this Addendum, or the interpretation, performance or breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration in
the City of New York before the American Arbitration Association, or its successors, pursuant to the
Grain Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association, as those Rules may be in effect at the
time of such arbitration proceeding, which Rules are hereby deemed incorporated herein and made a
part hereof, and under the laws of the State of New York. The arbitration award shall be final and
binding on both parties and judgment upon such arbitration award may be entered in the Supreme Court
of the State of New York or any other court having jurisdiction thereof. Buyer and seller hereby
recognize and expressly consent to the jurisdiction over each of them of the American Arbitration
Association or its successors, and of all the courts in the State of New York. Buyer and seller agree
that this contract shall be deemed to have been made in New York State and be deemed to be
performed there, any reference herein or elsewhere to the contrary notwithstanding.
_____________________________________
BUYER
______________________________________
SELLER
ADDENDUM NO. 2
TO NORTH AMERICAN EXPORT GRAIN ASSOCIATION, INC.,
F.O.B. CONTRACT NO. 2
(REVISED AS OF AUGUST 1, 1988)
Effective as of March 15, 1993
The North American Export Grain Association, Inc., F.O.B. Contract No. 2 (revised as of August 1,
1988) ("NAEGA 2") is deemed to be amended as follows:
Clause 15. Communications
The word "preadvice" in the second sentence of Clause 15 is deleted and replaced by the world
"notices", so that Clause 15 now reads:
"All notices under this contract shall be given by letter, if delivered by hand on the day of writing, or
by cable, telex or other method of rapid written communication. Any notice received after 1600 hours
(local time at place of receipt) on a business day shall be deemed to have been received on the
following business day, except that for notices given and received by parties which are both located in
the Continental United States and/or Canada, the reference herein to 1600 hours shall signify 1600
hours New York City time (E.S.T. or E.D.T., as in effect on date of receipt of the notice)."
Otherwise, NAEGA 2 (including Addendum No. l) remains unchanged.
Reference to NAEGA 2 in any contract shall be deemed to include this Addendum No. 2, unless
otherwise specifically stated.
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
The American Oil Chemists' Association (AOCS, 1996/1997) has published the following three official
methods of analysis for soybeans:
Moisture. ..............................Ac 2-41(93)
Protein..................................Ac 4-91(93)
Oil.......................................Ac 3-44(95)
These methods are posted in detail below:
AOCS Official Method Ac 2-41

Revised 1969, 1973, 1987
Reapproved 1993
Moisture and Volatile Matter

Definition: This method determines the moisture and any material that is volatile under the conditions
of the test.
Scope: Applicable to soybeans.
Apparatus
1. Forced-draft oven --- AOCS Specification H 1-39.
2. Aluminum moisture dishes --- minimum 30 gauge, approximately 50 x 20 mm with tight-fitting slipover covers; Sargent-Welch no. S-25675, Arthur H. Thomas no. 4522, or equivalent (see Notes, 1).
3. Desiccator---containing an efficient desiccant. Calcium chloride is not satisfactory. See AOCS
Specification H 9-87 for alternatives.
4. Boerner sampler or divider---36-pocket size (see Notes, 1)
5. Sieve---20-gauge metal, with round hole perforations 8/64 in. in diameter (see Notes, 2).
6. Airtight sample containers of convenient size.
Preparation of Sample
1. Spread the sample out on the sieve, shake and remove by hand picking all foreign matter that does
not go through the sieve.
2. Reduce the cleaned sample through the Boerner sampler to 0.25-0.50 lb (113-227 g). Preserve this
sample in airtight containers and use for all subsequent analyses.
Procedure
1. Weigh 10 g of the whole beans into a tared moisture dish.
2. Dry in the forced-draft oven at 130 3 C for 3 hr. Remove from the oven, cover immediately, cool
in a desiccator to room temperature and weigh.
Calculations
1. Moisture and volatile matter, % =
loss in wt, g
x 100
Notes
1. For samples with high moisture and volatile content, the use of lightweight, coverless, disposable
weighing dishes may give erroneously high results due to sample loss from splattering during heating.
2. Equipment available from the Seedburo Equipment Co., Chicago, IL, USA.

Replacing Ac 4-41
Revised 1992
Reapproved 1993
Nitrogen-Ammonia-Protein
Modified Kjeldahl Method
Titanium Dioxide + Copper Sulfate Catalyst
Definition: This method determines total nitrogen content and protein as 6.25 times the nitrogen
content of the sample (see Notes, 1 and References, 1).
Apparatus
1. Kjeldahl digestion and distillation apparatus---complete with heat source, traps and block-tin, or
equivalent noncorrosive tubing condensers (see Notes, 2).
2. Kjeldahl flasks---800mL.
3. Distillate receiving flasks---500 mL, or any convenient size.
Reagents
1. Catalyst mixture---containing potassium sulfate, 16.7 g + titanium dioxide, 0.6 g + copper sulfate,
0.01 g + pumice, 0.3 g.
2. Sulfuric acid---sp gr 1.84 (see Notes, Caution).
3. Sodium hydroxide solution---sp gr 1.50 (see Notes, Caution).
4. Sodium hydroxide solution---0.25 N, accurately standardized (see AOCS Specification H 12-52).
5. Sulfuric acid---0.5 N, accurately standardized (see AOCS Specification H 13-52).
6. Methyl red indicator solution---0.1% in ethyl alcohol, OR Alizarin Red S---0.3% in distilled water.
7. Alundum boiling stones---8-14 mesh.
8. Zinc metal---granular. (If the catalyst is used with added pumice, granular zinc metal need not be
added as an antibumping agent.)
1. For soybeans, use a sample prepared as directed in AOCS Official Method Ac 3-44, Preparation
of Sample, steps 1-3. After sample preparation, continue with following procedure.
Procedure
1. Weigh 0.250-1.750 g of the ground sample into the Kjeldahl flask. Add the catalyst mixture
(premixed catalyst packs are commercially available and may be used).
2. Add 25 mL of concentrated H2SO4 (see Notes, 3) to the sample and catalyst in the digestion flask.
Include at least one sample of high-purity lysine hydrochloride in each day's run as a check of the
correctness of digestion parameters. If recovery is not complete, make appropriate adjustments.
3. Add a few Alundum boiling stones to the sample flask.
4. To digest the sample, first adjust heat to bring 250 mL of water at 25 C to rolling boil in 5 min.
Place the sample flask on the digestion rack in an inclined position and then heat sample flask at the 5min boil rate until dense, white fumes clear bulb of flask (approximately 5 min). Swirl gently and
continue heating an additional 50 min after the liquid has become clear and colorless (see Notes, 4).
The Kjeldahl flasks should be rotated a minimum of three times during the digestion.
5. Cool, cautiously add about 300 mL of water and cool to room temperature (see Notes, 5). Add
water as soon as possible to reduce amount of caking. If excessive bumping occurs during distillation,
increase dilution water from 300 mL to about 350 mL.
6. Accurately transfer a sufficient quantity of the standard acid into receiving flask so there will be an
excess of at least 0.5 mL of 0.5 N acid. Add sufficient distilled water to cover the end of the outlet tube
and attach to outlet end of condenser tube. The distillate should discharge through a glass tube at the
bottom of the receiving flask.
7. Add an additional 0.5-1.0 g Alundum boiling stones to cooled digestion flask. Mix thoroughly and
add sufficient alkali solution (Reagents, 3) to make strongly alkaline. Pour the alkali down the side of
the Kjeldahl flask so that it does not mix quickly with the acid.
8. Immediately connect the Kjeldahl flask to the other end of the condenser tube and thoroughly mix
the contents by shaking. Apply heat at about a 7.5-min boil rate and distil until at least 150 mL of
distillate have been collected.
9. Titrate the contents of the receiving flask with 0.25 N NaOH solution, using 3 or 4 drops of
indicator.
10. Conduct a blank determination of all reagents simultaneously with the samples and similar in all
respects. Correct for blank determined on reagents.
11. The performance of the entire method should be checked frequently by analyzing either National
Institute of Testing (NIST)-certified ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (standard reference material 194)
or high-purity lysine hydrochloride.
12. Determine moisture in the ground sample as directed in AOCS Official Method Ba 2a-38,
Procedure section.
Calculations
1. Nitrogen % =
[(NA x mLA) - (mLBK x NB) - (mLB x NB)] x 1400.67
mg sample
Where--mLB = mL standard base used for the sample
mL = mL standard acid used for the sample
mLBK = mL standard base needed to titrate 1 mL of standard acid minus mL standard base
needed to titrate reagent blank carried through method and distilled into 1 mL standard
acid
NA = normality of standard acid
NB = normality of standard base
Note---To determine percent ammonia, substitute 1703.06 for 1400.67 in the equation for the
calculation of percent nitrogen.
2. Refer to the Conversion Table for Nitrogen, Ammonia and Protein in AOCS Official Method Aa 591 for conversion from nitrogen (based on conversion factor of 6.25) or ammonia (based on conversion
factor of 5.14) to protein.
3. Table 1 lists United States Department of Agriculture factors for converting from percent nitrogen to
percent protein (see Notes, 6 and References, 2).
Precision
There are no statistics relating the performance of this method to soybeans. Table 2 lists the statistical
parameters for soybean meal and soy protein concentrate determined in an Association of Official
Analytical Chemists (AOAC) interlaboratory study. The reader is referred to AOCS Official Method
Aa 5-91 for statistics from the analysis of cottonseed and cottonseed meal.
Notes
Caution
Sulfuric acid is a strong acid and will cause severe burns. Protective clothing should be worn when
working with this acid. It is an oxidizing agent and should not be stored in the vicinity of organic
materials. Use great caution in mixing with water due to heat evolution that can cause explosive
spattering. Always add the acid to water, never the reverse.
Alkalies can burn skin, eyes and respiratory tract severely. Wear heavy rubber gloves and face shield
to protect against concentrated alkali solutions. Use effective fume-removal device or gas mask to
protect respiratory tract against alkali dusts or vapors. When working with extremely caustic materials
like sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, always add pellets to water and not vice versa. These
alkalies are extremely exothermic when mixed with water. Take precautions to contain the caustic
solution in the event the mixing container breaks from the extreme heat generated.
Numbered Notes
1. This method has been evaluated through interlaboratory comparison of catalysts and has been
adopted by the committee as the offical replacement for the mercuric oxide catalyzed method, AOCS
Table 1. Products and protein conversion
factors.
Cottonseed (roasted)
Peanuts (dried)
Soybeans (roasted)
Sunflower seed (dried)
Safflower seed (dried)
Coconut meat (raw)
Sesame (dried)
Corn
Millet (raw)
Rice (brown, long grain)
Wheat (hard red)
Cottonseed flour
Peanut flour
Soybean flour
Sunflower flour
Corn flour
Safflower meal
Protein = N x 5.30
Protein = N x 5.46
Protein = N x 5.71
Protein = N x 5.30
Protein = N x 5.30
Protein = N x 5.30
Protein = N x 5.30
Protein = N x 6.25
Protein = N x 5.83
Protein = N x 5.95
Protein = N x 5.83
Protein = N x 5.30
Protein = N x 5.46
Protein = N x 5.71
Protein = N x 5.30
Protein = N x 6.25
Protein = N x 5.30
Official Method Ba 4a-38. An interlaboratory evaluation (References, 3) indicated that AOCS Official
Method Ba 4d-90 (using the copper/titanium catalyst mixture) produces results closer in agreement with
AOCS Official Method Ba 4a-38 (using mercuric oxide catalyst) than methods using copper sulfate
catalyst. As a result of this study, AOCS Official Methods Ba 4a-38 (mercuric oxide), Ba 4b-87
(copper sulfate) and Ba 4c-87 (Kjel-Foss Automatic) were declared surplus (obsolete) in 1991.
The AOAC collaborative study (References, 4) showed no bias when comparing Cu/Ti catalyst with
HgO. The AOCS interlaboratory evaluation (References, 3), based on sample weight, acid, volume,
digestion temperature and time, previously specified in AOCS Official Method Ba 4a-38, indicated an
average bias of -0.244%, which was statistically significant at the 99% confidence level. Factors that
may affect method bias are sample weight and particle size, catalyst composition, use of Alundum,
volume of acid used for digestion, digestion temperature and digestion time. In 1991, two additional
collaborative studies (cottonseed and cottonseed meal) showed that when 30 mL of sulfuric acid were
used, caking of the digest was reduced and results were comparable to the mercuric oxide catalyzed
method. As a result, the AOCS versions of this method may specify the use of more than 20 mL of
sulfuric acid, but otherwise conform with the AOAC version (References, 5).
2. Use of steam- and water-resistant rubber tubing and stoppers to connect the glass parts is strongly
recommended.
3. More than 20 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid is needed for samples high in fat or oil, because more
acid is required to effect complete digestion, avoid loss in nitrogen and prevent caking. In recent studies
involving the application of this method to whole soybeans, it was observed that when 25 mL of H2SO4
were used and the digestion time increased to 50 min past clearing, the results were comparable to the
mercuric oxide catalyzed method, and nicotinic acid recovery increased from 53 to 94%.
Table 2. Statistical parameters determined from the AOAC interlaboratory study.a

Soybean meal
1
Labs
Labs removed
% Protein
r, CV%
R, CV%
a References, 4.
Ti-Cu
13
1
48.76
0.88
0.88
Soy protein concentrate

2
HgO
13
1
48.58
1.06
10.8
Ti-Cu
13
2
48.11
0.60
0.99
Hg0
13
1
48.02
0.41
0.96
1
TiCu HgO
13
13
2
0
87.13
87.27
0.44
0.75
0.76
0.89
2
Ti-Cu
13
2
88.70
0.43
0.58
HgO
13
1
88.69
0.74
0.74
4. Complete conversion of organic nitrogen to ammoniacal nitrogen is essential to obtain accurate and
precise results. After the liquid has become clear and colorless, it may be necessary to digest the
sample for approximately an additional 30-50 min. Reagent proportions, heat input and digestion time
are critical factors and should not be changed. Prolonged digestion and high temperatures must be
avoided, because some ammoniacal nitrogen can be lost by oxidation. Large sample particles should be
avoided, because the larger particles will require a longer digestion time.
5. The cooled digest should be liquid, or liquid with a few small crystals. Caking before the addition of
water indicates too little residual acid at the end of the digestion period and may result in low nitrogen
values.
6. The factors listed in Table 1 are for informational purposes only. See References, 6 for a discussion
relating to nitrogen-protein conversion factors.
REFERENCES
l. Jones, D. B., Circular No. 183, United States Department of Agriculture, 1941.
2. Composition of Foods, Agriculture Handbook No. 8. United States Department of Agriculture,
Sections 11 and 12.
3. INFORM 1:884 (1990).
4. Kane, P. F., J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem.70:907 (1987).
5. Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th edn., Vol. 1,
Arlington, VA, 1990, p. 70, Method 988.05.
6. INFORM 3:727 (1992).

Revised 1984, 1995
Reapproved 1993
Oil
Definition: This method determines the substances extracted from ground soybean seeds by petroleum
ether under the conditions of the test. Approximately 0.6-0.7% of the soybean oil extracted is
phospholipid (see Notes, 1).
Apparatus
1. Butt-type extraction apparatus---assembled exactly as indicated in AOCS Official Method Aa 438. See Apparatus section and Figure 1 in method Aa 4-38.
2. Filter paper---150 mm; S & S no. 597, Reeve Angel no. 211, Whatman no. 2, or equivalent.
3. Absorbent cotton---free of petroleum ether extractables.
4. Grinding mill---Mikro, 12,000 rpm (pulley size 1 7/8 in.), using swing hammers with 0.039-in. round
screen (no. 3468; Mikro-Pul, Summit, NJ, USA). Any grinding mill may be used that will yield ground
samples equivalent in fineness to that produced by the Mikro mill.
5. Predrying pans---shallow, flat-bottom metal containers, about 3.5-in. (87.5-mm) minimum diameter.
Reagents
l. Petroleum ether---AOCS Specification H 2-41 (see Notes, Caution).
1. Prepare the sample as noted in AOCS Official Method Ac 2-41, Preparation of Sample, 1 and 2.
2. Place 60 g of sample in a predrying pan. Place sample and predrying pan in a forced-draft oven for
1 hr at 130 2 C, then let cool to room temperature before grinding. Ideally, the resulting moisture
content of the sample should be in the range of 3-6%, but not higher than 6%. Samples with very high
original moisture content may need additional predrying time.
3. Grind the dried beans through a Mikro-Samplmill with minimum exposure to air. Mix the sample
thoroughly as directed by AOCS Official Method Aa 4-38, Preparation of Sample, 5. Keep the
ground sample in an airtight container at room temperature. This sample is used for the determination of
oil, nitrogen (protein) and second (ground) moisture.
Note---Weighings for all determinations should be made at the same time.
Procedure
1. Weigh accurately 2 g of the ground sample into a filter paper and enclose in a second filter paper
folded in such a fashion as to prevent escape of the meal (see Fig. 3 in AOCS Official Method 4-38).
The second paper is left open at the top like a thimble. A piece of absorbent cotton may be placed in
the top of the thimble to distribute the solvent as it drops on the sample.
2. Place in the Butt tube and extract with petroleum ether as directed in AOCS Official Method Aa 438, Procedure, for 5 hr.
3. Keep the volume of solvent fairly constant during the extraction by adding enough to make up for
any lost due to evaporation.
4. Cool and disconnect the extraction flask. Evaporate the petroleum ether on a steam bath or in a
water bath until no odor of ether remains. A gentle stream of clean, dry air may be used to facilitate
removal of the solvent. Cool to room temperature, carefully remove any moisture or dirt from the
outside of the flask and weigh. Repeat heating until constant weight is obtained.
5. Determine the moisture in the ground sample as follows--(a) Weigh 5 g into a tared AOCS moisture dish.
(b) Slip the cover on the bottom of the dish and place in a forced-draft oven. Dry at 130 C for 1
hr.
(c) Remove the dish from the oven and cover immediately. Cool to room temperature in a
desiccator containing an efficient desiccant (calcium chloride is not satisfactory; see AOCS
Specification H 9-87 for alternatives) and weigh.
Moisture in ground sample, % =
loss in wt, g
wt of sample, g
x 100
Calculations
1. Oil in ground sample, % =
wt of oil, g x 100
wt of sample, g
2. The percentage oil is calculated to any desired moisture basis with the following formula:
Oil, desired moisture basis, % =
F(100 - % moisture desired)
100 - % moisture in ground sample
Where--F = % oil determined in ground sample
Notes
Caution
Petroleum ether is extremely flammable. Avoid static electricity. The explosive limits in air are 1-6%.
A fume hood should be used at all times when using petroleum ether.
Numbered Notes
1. Particle size affects the amount of oil extracted. A review of AOCS oil content methods indicated
that particle sizes ranged from 0.16 mm to 1.0 mm, depending on the combination of grinding mill,
screen and sieve specified in each method. Generally, grinding to a particle size <0.16 mm (e.g., using
specialized ball mills) will maximize the amount of oil extracted. Based on historical AOCS oil content
methodologies, using conventional grinders, screens and sieves, samples should be prepared so that the
particle size ranges from 0.5 mm to 0.9 mm (No. 35 to No. 20 sieve, respectively). Particle size should
be verified by screening an extracted sample.
Grinding conditions should be adjusted so that no oil is expressed and so that no paste is formed. If
either or both of these conditions occur, it may be advantageous to grind the sample with an equal
amount of diatomaceous earth (see AOCS method Ai 3-75), or to grind the sample with solid carbon
dioxide (dry ice).
If it is necessary to accurately determine oil content for reference purposes, an exhaustive extraction
method is recommended (e.g., AOCS Method Am 2-93).
References
1. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 64:865 (1987).
The Grain and Feed Trade Association (GAFTA, 1995c) has published the following three official
methods of analysis that are applicable to soybeans:
Oil....................... .............Method 3:0
Crude protein..........................Method 4:0
Crude fibre............... .............Method 10:0
The above three methods are posted in detail below:
METHOD 3:0
Gafta
Printed with effect from 1st May 1995
OIL PROCEDURE A - SOLVENT EXTRACTION FOR ALL FEEDINGSTUFFS, CRUDE OILS AND FATS.
1: Scope and Field of Application
This method is for the determination of the content of crude oils and fats in feedingstuffs by solvent
extraction.
2: Principle
The sample is extracted with light petroleum. The solvent is removed by distillation and the residue
dried and weighed.
3:
Reagents
3:1 Light petroleum, boiling range 40-60 degrees C. The bromine value must be less than 1 and the
residue of evaporation less than 2 mg/100 ml.
4: Apparatus
4:1 Extraction apparatus. If fitted with a siphon (Soxhlet apparatus), the reflux rate should be such as
to produce about 10 cycles per hour; if of the non-siphoning type, the reflux rate should be about 10 ml
per minute.
4:2 Extraction thimbles, free of matter soluble in light petroleum and having a porosity consistent with
the requirements of 4.1 above.
4:3 Drying oven, set at 100 +/- 3 degrees C.
5: Procedures
Weigh approximately 5 g of the sample to the nearest 0.00 g, transfer it to an extraction thimble (4.2)
and cover with a wad of fat-free cotton wool. Place the thimble in an extractor (4.1) and extract for six
hours with a light petroleum (3.1). Collect the light petroleum extract in a dry, weighed flask containing
fragments of pumice stone. (Where the oil or fat has to undergo subsequent quality tests, use glass
beads in the place of fragments of pumice stone).
Remove the solvent by distillation. Dry the residue, maintaining the flask for one and a half hours in the
drying oven (4.3). Leave to cool in a desiccator and weigh. Dry again for 30 minutes to ensure that the
weight of the oils and fats remains constant (loss in weight between two successive weighings must be
less than 1 mg).
6: Expression of Result
Express the weight of the residue as a percentage of the sample.
7: Repeatability
The difference between the results of two parallel determinations carried out on the same sample by the
same analyst should not exceed:
0.2%, in absolute value, for contents of crude oils and fats lower than 5%;
4.0%, related to the highest result, for contents of 5 to 10%;
0.4%, in absolute value, for contents above 10%.
METHOD 4:0
Gafta
CRUDE PROTEIN
This method is for the determination of crude protein in feedingstuffs by the Kjeldahl method for
nitrogen.
2: Principle
The sample is digested by sulphuric acid in the presence of a catalyst. The acidic solution is made
alkaline by a sodium hydroxide solution. The ammonia released is distilled and collected in a measured
quantity of sulphuric acid, the excess of which is titrated with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide.
3:
3:1
3:2
3:3
3:4
3:5
3:6
3:7
3:8
3:9
3:10
3:11
3:12
3:13
Reagents
Potassium sulphate.
Catalyst: copper (II) oxide CuO or copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate, CuSO4.5H2O.
Granulated zinc.
Sulphuric acid, 20 = 1.84 g/ml.
Sulphuric acid c(1/2H2SO4) = 0.5 mol/l.
Sulphuric acid c(1/2H2SO4) = 0.1 mol/l.
Methyl red indicator; dissolve 300 mg of methyl red in 100 ml of ethanol, = 95-96% (V/V).
Sodium hydroxide solution (Technical grade may be used) = 40 g/100 ml (m/v:40%).
Sodium hydroxide solution c = 0.25 ml/l.
Sodium hydroxide solution c = 0.1 mol/l.
Granulated pumice stone, washed in hydrochloric acid and ignited.
Acetanilide (m.p. = 114 degrees C, N = 10.36%).
Sucrose (nitrogen free).
4: Apparatus
Apparatus suitable for performing digestion, distillation and titration according to the Kjeldahl
procedure.
5: Procedure
5:1 Digestion.
Weigh 1 g of the sample to the nearest 0.001 g and transfer the sample to the flask of the digestion
apparatus. Add 15 g of potassium sulphate (3.1), an appropriate quantity of catalyst (3.2), (0.3 to 0.4
g of copper (II) oxide or 0.9 to 1.2 g of copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate), 25 ml of sulphuric acid
(3.4) and a few granules of pumice stone (3.11) and mix. Heat the flask moderately at first, swirling
from time to time if necessary until the mass has carbonized and the foam has disappeared; then heat
more intensively until the liquid is boiling steadily. Heating is adequate if the boiling acid condenses on
the wall of the flask. Prevent the sides from becoming overheated and organic particles from sticking to
them. When the solution becomes clear and light green continue to boil for another two hours, then
leave to cool.
5:2 Distillation
Add carefully enough water to ensure complete dissolution of the sulphates. Allow to cool and then add
a few granules of zinc (3.3).
Place in the collecting flask of the distillation apparatus exactly measures quantity of 25 ml of sulphuric
acid (3.5) or (3.6) depending on the presumed nitrogen content. Add a few drops of methyl red
indicator (3.7).
Connect the digestion flask to the condenser of the distillation apparatus and immerse the end of the
condenser in the liquid contained in the collecting flask to a depth of at least 1 cm (see observation 8.3).
Slowly pour 100 ml of sodium hydroxide solution (3.8) into the digestion flask without loss of ammonia
(see observation 8.1).
Heat the flask until the ammonia has distilled over.
5:3 Titration
Titrate the excess sulphuric acid in the collecting flask with sodium hydroxide solution (3.9) or (3.10)
depending on the concentration of the sulphuric acid used, until the end point is reached.
5:4 Blank test
To confirm that the reagents are free from nitrogen, carry out a blank test (digestion, distillation and
titration) using 1 g of sucrose (3.13) in place of the sample.
6: Calculation of results
The content of crude protein is calculated according to the following formula:
(V0 V1) x c x 0.014 x 100 x 6.25
m
where,
V0 = Volume (ml) of NaOH (3.9 or 3.10) used in the blank test.
V1 = Volume (ml) of NaOH (3.9 or 3.10) used in the sample titration.
c = Concentration (mol/l) of sodium hydroxide (3.9 or 3.10)

m = Mass (g) of sample.
7: Verification of the method
7:1 Repeatability
The difference between results of two parallel determinations carried out on the sample must not
exceed:
0.2% in absolute value, for crude protein contents of less than 20%;
1.0% relative to the higher value, for crude protein contents from 20% to 40%;
0.4% in absolute value, for crude protein contents of more than 40%.
7:2 Accuracy.
Carry out the analysis (digestion, distillation and titration) on 1.5 to 2.0 g of acetanilide (3.12) in the
presence of 1 g of sucrose (3.13); 1 g acetanilide consumes 14.80 ml of sulphuric acid (3.5). Recovery
must be at least 99%.
8: Observations
8:1 Apparatus may be of the manual, semi-automatic or automatic type. If the apparatus requires
transference between the digestion and distillation steps, this transfer must be carried out without loss. If
the flask of the distillation apparatus is not fitted with a dropping funnel, add the sodium hydroxide
immediately before connecting the flask to the condenser, pouring the liquid slowly down the side.
8:2 If the digest solidifies, recommence the determination using a larger amount of sulphuric acid (3.4)
than that specified above.
8:3 For products with a low nitrogen content, the volume of sulphuric acid (3.6) to be placed in the
collecting flask may be reduced, if necessary, to 10 or 15 ml and made up to 25 ml with water.
METHOD 10:0
Gafta
Printed with effect from 1st March 1996
CRUDE FIBRE FOR ALL FEEDINGSTUFFS

This method is for the determination of the fibre content of feedingstuffs.
2: Principle
The sample is defatted and treated successively with boiling solutions of sulphuric acid and sodium
hydroxide of specified concentrations. The residue is separated by filtration, washed, dried, weighed
and ashed. The loss of weight resulting from ashing corresponds to the fibre present in the test sample.
3:
Reagents
3:1 Sulphuric acid solution, 0.255N.
3:2 Sodium hydroxide solution, 0.313N: the solution must be free or nearly free from sodium
carbonate.
3:3 Anti-foam agent (e.g. silicone).
3:4 Ethanol, 95% (V/V).
3:5 Diethyl ether.
3:6 Light petroleum, boiling range 40-60 degrees C.
3:7 Hydrochloric acid: dilute 10 ml of hydrochloric acid (d=1.18 g/ml) with water to l litre.
4: *
4:1
4:2
4:3
4:4
4:5
4:6
4:7
Apparatus
Conical flask, l litre.
Buchner flask.
Buchner funnel.
Platinum or silica crucibles.
Electric muffle furnace with thermostat.
Extraction apparatus, for removal of fatty material.
Drying oven with thermostat.
5: Procedure
Weigh to the nearest 0.001 g, between 2.7 and 3.0 g of the prepared sample, transfer to the extraction
apparatus (4.6) and extract with light petroleum (3.6). Alternatively, extract with light petroleum by
stirring, settling and decanting three times. Air dry the extracted sample and transfer to a dry 1 litre
conical flask (4.1). Add 200 ml of sulphuric acid (3.1), measured at ordinary temperature and brought
to boiling point, the first 30 to 40 ml being used to disperse the sample; heat to boiling point within 1
minute. An appropriate amount of anti-foam agent (3.3) may be added if necessary. Boil gently for
exactly 30 minutes, maintaining a constant volume and rotating the flask every few minutes in order to
mix the contents and remove particles from the sides. Meantime fit a Buchner funnel with suitable filter
paper. This should be of such quality that it does not release any paper fibre during washings (it is
convenient to use two filter papers, there by facilitating the transfer of the insoluble matter at a later
stage). Pour boiling water into the funnel, allow to remain until the funnel is hot and then drain by
applying suction.
At the end of the 30 minutes boiling period, allow the acid mixture to stand for 1 minute and then pour
immediately into a shallow layer of hot water under gentle suction in the prepared funnel. Adjust the
suction so that the filtration of the bulk of the 200 ml is completed within 10 minutes. Repeat the
determination if this time is exceeded.
Wash the insoluble matter with boiling water until the washings are free from acid; then wash back into
the original flask by means of a wash bottle containing 200 ml 0.313N sodium hydroxide solution (3.2)
measured at ordinary temperature and brought to boiling point. Boil for 30 minutes with the same
precautions as those used in the earlier boiling and treatment. Allow to stand for 1 minute and then filter
immediately through a suitable filter paper. Transfer the whole of the insoluble material to the filter
paper by means of boiling water, wash first with boiling water then with dilute hydrochloric acid (3.7)
and finally with boiling water until free from acid. Then wash twice with ethanol (3.4) and three times
with diethyl ether (3.5). Transfer the insoluble matter to a dried, weighed, ashless filter paper and dry at
100 degrees C to a constant weight. Allow to cool in a desiccator and weigh. Transfer the paper and
insoluble matter to a crucible (4.4) previously ignited to constant weight. Incinerate the paper and
contents to an ash at a dull red heat to a constant weight. Allow to cool in a desiccator and weigh.
6: Expression of the Results
The fibre content, as a percentage of the sample, is given by the formula:
d - (p+a) x 100
W
where:
d = weight of paper + insoluble matter after drying (g);
p = weight of the paper (g);
a = weight of the ash (g); and
w = weight of the sample (g).
NOTE: In the event of the sample containing 3% or more of calcium carbonate (chalk or limestone
flour), it will be necessary to remove the calcium carbonate before digesting the sample with acid. This
can be done at the stage in the procedure when the portion taken for analysis has been extracted with
light petroleum. The original weight taken for the determination should be such that the actual amount of
feedingstuff free from calcium carbonate is between 2.7 and 3.0 g.
Transfer the air-dried extracted sample to a 1 litre conical flask, add a quantity of hydrochloric acid
(3.7) more than sufficient to neutralise the calcium carbonate present and stir well. Allow to settle,
decant off the supernatant liquid through a filter and wash the residue twice by decantation with water,
passing the washings through the filter. Allow the residue and the filter to drain thoroughly. Bring 200
ml 0.255N sulphuric acid (3.1) (measured at ordinary temperature) to boiling point and use a portion of
this to wash any particles on the filter back into the flask.
Add the remainder of the acid to the flask and heat to boiling point within 1 minute. Add an
appropriate amount of anti-foam agent (3.3) if necessary and continue the determination as described in
5; commencing "Boil gently for exactly 30 minutes, .....".
* Alternative Apparatus:
When available the following apparatus may be used in place of 4 above:
Heating unit for digestion with sulphuric acid or potassium hydroxide solution, equipped with a
support for the filter crucible and provided with an outlet tube with a tap to the liquid outlet and vacuum,
possibly with compressed air. Before use each day preheat the unit with boiling water for five minutes.
Glass filter crucible with fused sintered glass filter plate pore size 40-90 m. Before first use, heat
to 500 degrees C for a few minutes and cool.
Cylinder of at least 270 ml with a reflux condenser, suitable for boiling.
Extraction unit consisting of a support place for the filter crucible and with a discharge pipe with a
tap to the vacuum and liquid outlet.
Connecting rings to assemble the heating unit, crucible and cylinder and to connect the cold
extraction unit and crucible.
The ratio of the test portion and boiling liquids shall remain constant.
REFERENCES
AOCS. 1996/1997. The Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil
Chemists' Society (4th Ed. including Additions and Revisions). D. Firestone (Ed.), AOCS Press,
Champaign, IL.
FGIS. 1997. 1996 U.S. Grain Exports: Quality Report. Federal Grain Inspection Service of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration. Washington, DC.
GAFTA. 1995a. Contract No: 27. Contract for Canadian and United States of America Grain
Cargoes Tale Quale - CIF Terms. London, U.K.
GAFTA. 1995b. Contract No: 30. Contract for Canadian and United States of America Grain in
Bulk Parcels Tale Quale - CIF Terms. London, U.K.
GAFTA. 1995c. Form No: 130. Methods of Analysis. London, U.K.
GAFTA. 1997a. Form No. 125. Arbitration Rules. London, U.K.
GAFTA. 1997b. Internet www.gafta.com March 5, 1997.
Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration.
March 9, 1997.
1997.
Internet www.usda.gov/gipsa
NAEGA. 1988. Free on Board Export Contract U.S.A./Canada No. 2 with Addendums No. 1
(1988) & 2 (1993). Washington, DC.
Official United States Standards for Grain. 1996. USDA, GIPSA, FGIS. Washington, DC.
4. SOYBEAN MEAL
U.S. STANDARDS
Definitions of feed ingredients are determined by the Association of American Feed Control Officials
Incorporated (AAFCO). The current definitions of soybean meal (AAFCO, 1997) are listed below:
84.61 Soybean Meal, Solvent Extracted is the product obtained by grinding the flakes which
remain after removal of most of the oil from soybeans by a solvent extraction process. It must contain
not more than 7.0% crude fiber. It may contain calcium carbonate or an anti-caking agent not to
exceed 0.5% to reduce caking and improve flowability The name of the conditioning agent must be
shown as an added ingredient. The words "Solvent Extracted" are not required when listing as an
ingredient in a manufactured feed. (Proposed 1989, Adopted 1992)
IFN 5-04-604 Soybean seeds meal solvent extracted.
84.7 Soybean Meal, Dehulled, Solvent Extracted is obtained by grinding the flakes remaining
after removal of most of the oil from dehulled soybeans by a solvent extraction process. It must contain
not more than 3.5% crude fiber. It may contain calcium carbonate or an anti-caking agent not to
exceed 0.5% to reduce caking and improve flowability. The name of the conditioning agent must be
shown as an added ingredient. When listed as an ingredient in a manufactured feed it may be identified
as "Dehulled Soybean Meal." The words "Solvent Extracted" are not required when listing as an
ingredient in a manufactured feed. (Proposed 1989, Adopted 1992).
IFN 5-04-612 Soybean seeds without hulls meal solvent extracted.
With the above as a basis, AFIA (1990) expanded on the above definitions and more fully reviewed
ingredients for use in the feed industry. Select portions of current reviews for the above soybean meals
are found below:
SOYBEAN MEAL - SOLVENT EXTRACTED

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
Solvent extracted soybean meal is produced by cracking, heating and flaking soybeans and reducing the
oil content of the conditioned product by the use of hexane or homologous hydrocarbon solvents to 1%
or less on a commercial basis. The extracted flakes are cooked and ground into meal. The meal will
not contain viable weed seeds. It must not contain more than 7% crude fiber. It may contain an inert,
nontoxic conditioning agent, either nutritive or non-nutritive, or a combination of these, to reduce caking
and improve flowability, in an amount not to exceed that necessary to accomplish its intended effect,
and in no case exceed 0.5%. The name of the conditioning agent must be shown as an added ingredient
on the label.
TYPICAL ANALYSIS
Protein..................................44%
Fat.......................................1%
Fiber.....................................7%
Ash.......................................6%
Moisture.................................12%
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE QUALITY
(l) Soybean meal must be properly cooked during processing to provide optimum protein nutrition for
critical animals, especially poultry, swine, lambs and calves, as well as pets and fur bearing animals.
(2) Underheating of soybean meal may fail to destroy growth inhibitors, and result in a low protein
efficiency for critical feeds as low as that for raw soybeans or an underheated meal produced for
industrial uses. It is known that an underheated soybean meal greatly increases the need for vitamin D
to prevent rickets of turkey poults.
(3) Overheating of soybean meal tends to inactivate or destroy the essential amino acids lysine, cystine,
and methionine, and possibly others.
(4) It is common knowledge that the qualitative DuPont Urease Test gives a negative result on soybean
meal even though the meal shows a urease activity by the Quantitative Method from nothing up to an
increase in pH of slightly over 0.1. A reading under 0.05 increase in pH means that there is a good
chance of the soybean meal protein being slightly to severely damaged from over heating.
Urease Activity (as increase in pH): 0.05-0.20*
*If the soybean meal is to be used in a mixture containing a significant level of soy (20% or more),
5% or more of urea, and 20% or more of molasses, or if a similar soya-urea mixture is to be exposed to
hot, humid storage conditions, then it is advisable that the urease activity of the soybean meal does not
exceed 0.12 increase in pH.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Color: Light tan to a light brown.
Odor: Fresh, typical of the product, not sour, musty or burned.
Taste: Bland and free of any beany or burned taste.
Texture: Homogeneous, free-flowing, without coarse particles or excessive fines.
Bulk density: 36 to 40 lbs. per cubic foot.
Screen analysis: 95-100% through U.S. Standard Sieve No. 10, 40-60% through U.S. Standard Sieve
No. 20, and a maximum 6.0% through U.S. Standard Sieve No. 80.
AVAILABILITY
Soybean meal is generally available throughout the year.
MAJOR FEED APPLICATIONS
A properly processed 44% protein soybean meal is an excellent source of high quality protein. It is
used in feeds for all classes of livestock and poultry. For more mature animals, 44% protein soybean
meal is a popular source of supplemental protein. For young animals and birds, dehulled soybean meal
is the preferred product.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
AAFCO #84.61
IFN #5-04-604 Solvent Extracted
Trading Rules - Refer to Trading Rules of National Oilseed Processors Association for the
information relative to settlement for failure of product to meet specifications, as well as for information
on the official methods of analysis.
SOYBEAN MEAL - DEHULLED, SOLVENT EXTRACTED

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
Solvent extracted dehulled soybean meal is produced by cracking, heating and flaking soybeans and
reducing the oil content of the conditioned product by the use of hexane or homologous hydrocarbon
solvents to 1% or less on a commercial basis. The extracted flakes are cooked and ground into meal.
The meal will not contain viable weed seeds. It must not contain more than 3.5% crude fiber. It may
contain an inert nontoxic conditioning agent, either nutritive or non-nutritive, or a combination thereof, to
reduce caking and improve flowability in an amount not to exceed that necessary to accomplish its
intended effect, and no case to exceed 0.5%. The name of the conditioning agent must be shown as an
added ingredient on the label.
TYPICAL ANALYSIS
Protein.................................48-50%
Fat.......................................1.0%
Fiber.....................................3.5%
Ash.......................................6.0%
Moisture.................................12.0%
FACTORS INFLUENCING QUALITY
Same as with soybean meal - solvent extracted (Found on page 5-2 of this Handbook)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Same as with soybean meal - solvent extracted (Found on page 5-2 of this Handbook)
AVAILABILITY
Generally available throughout the year. Soybean meal of 48-48.5% protein with a maximum of 3.5%
fiber is produced in some western states where the protein content is lower in the original soybean.
Soybean meal of 49-50% protein with a maximum of 3% fiber is produced in areas where the protein
content is higher in the original soybean.
FEED APPLICATIONS
Properly processed dehulled soybean meals are excellent sources of protein. They may be used in
feeds for all classes of livestock and poultry. They are ideal for high-energy rations such as broiler,
turkey, and pig starter feeds. For young animals and birds, dehulled soybean meal is the preferred
product.
AAFCO #84.7
IFN #5-04-612
Trading Rules - Refer to Trading Rules of National Oilseed Processors Association for information
relative to settlement for failure of product to meet specifications as well as for information on the official
methods of analysis.
EUROPEAN STANDARDS
Both FEFAC (1997) and GAFTA (1997a) have stated there are no official European published
standards for soybean meal. However, FEFAC (1997a) provided a press release of the German
Compound Feed Manufacturers' Federation and of the German Agricultural Credit Cooperatives'
Federation dated 9.10.1995 which reads as follows: Trade in oilseed meals and cakes : new
conditions with consequences for the whole of Europe Bonn. Oilseed meals and cakes produced
in Europe will henceforth be traded with a basic moisture content of 12.5%. This is the key element of
an agreement reached between the Dutch Crushers' Federation (VERNOF), the Dutch Compound
Feed Manufacturers' Federation (FNM), the Dutch cooperatives, the German Compound Feed
Manufacturers' Federation and the German Agricultural Credit Cooperatives' Federation (DRV). This
agreement immediately enters into force for sunflower cakes; for soybean meal, rapeseed and linseed
cakes it applies as from May 1996.
According to the DRV and the German Compound Feed Manufacturers' Federation this agreement is a
step towards better quality awareness and market transparency. With these arrangements standards for
the whole European market are set. Oilseed meals and cakes produced in Europe become more
competitive as compared to imported meals and cakes. A lot of feed and oil mills already have been
implementing these rules for months in form of individual agreements. These new arrangements have
now paved the way for a European wide application.
STANDARD CONTRACTS
Trading Rules for the purchase and sale of soybean meal is established by NOPA (1997). They
determine the following:
STANDARD OF QUALITY
The standard of quality shall be the Soybean Meal of fair merchantable quality conforming to
standard definitions and standard specifications of the Association, as set forth in these Trading Rules.
STANDARD DEFINITIONS
A. Soybean Meal is ground soybean cake, ground soybean chips, or ground soybean flakes. A
name descriptive of the process of manufacture, such as expeller, hydraulic, or solvent extracted shall be
used in the brand name. It shall be designated and sold according to its protein content.
B. Solvent Extracted Soybean Flakes is the product obtained after extracting part of the oil
from soybeans by the use of hexane or homologous hydrocarbon solvents. It shall be designated and
sold according to its protein content.
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
A. Soybean Flakes and 44% Protein Soybean Meal are produced by cracking, heating, and
flaking soybeans and reducing the oil content of the conditioned product by the use of hexane or
homologous hydrocarbon solvents. The extracted flakes are cooked and marketed as such or ground
into meal. Standard specifications are as follows:
Protein........................................
Fat.............................................
Fiber..........................................
Moisture......................................
Minimum 44.0%
Minimum 0.5%
Maximum 7.0%
Maximum 12.0%
B. Soybean Flakes and High Protein or Solvent Extracted Soybean Meal are produced by
cracking, heating, and flaking dehulled soybeans and reducing the oil content of the conditioned flakes
by the use of hexane or homologous hydrocarbon solvents. The extracted flakes are cooked and
marketed as such or ground into meal. Standard specifications are as follows:
Protein................................
Fat.....................................
Fiber..................................
Moisture..............................
Minimum 47.5%-49.0%*
Minimum 0.5%
Maximum 3.3-3.5%*
Maximum 12.0%
(*As determined by Buyer and Seller at time of sale)

C. Any of the above meal products may contain a non-nutritive inert, non-toxic conditioning
agent to reduce caking and improve flowability, in an amount not to exceed that necessary to
accomplish its intended effect and in no case to exceed 0.5% or 10 lbs. per ton by weight of the total
meal product. The name of the conditioning agent must be shown as an added ingredient.
EXPORT TRADING RULES
1. Application of Rules The rules are to serve as a guide only for transactions. It is understood that the parties to such transactions are free to adopt, modify or disregard these Rules.
2. Minimum Blending Procedures for Export Meal Blended At Ports Only soybean hulls,
soybean mill run and soybean mill feed as defined in Rule 2, Section 2 of the NOPA Meal Trading
Rules may be blended with soybean meal prior to the point of automatic mechanical sampling.
The equipment and procedures used for blending must provide a blended meal of uniform quality
representative of the sales contract terms immediately prior to the point of entry of the soybean meal
into the hold of the vessel.
3. SAMPLING OF SOYBEAN MEAL (At Vessel Loading Facilities)
A. Sampling of soy-bean meal shall be done by an automatic mechanical sampler located in a spout or
at the discharge of a belt conveyor, as appropriate. The sampler shall be designed to cut an increment
from the entire cross section of the meal stream perpendicular to the flow, at a location where the meal
is flowing freely and at a uniform rate, in order to obtain the most representative sample of the meal
flow. If the sampler is located in a spout, the spout slope must be 45 degrees or more from horizontal,
and the flow must not be choked. When the diverter, or pelican, is stationary between cuts on either
side of the meal stream, the opening shall be sealed to prevent dust from entering.
B. The sampler system shall be located at a point beyond which no blending or addition to the product
may be introduced prior to its being loaded onto the vessel.
C. The activation of the sampler shall be regulated by an adjustable timer. When the average mealflow rate through the sampler is less than 800 tons per hour, a sample, or cut, shall be taken for every
five tons or less of meal flow. When the flow rate is between 800 and 1200 tons per hour, a sample
shall be taken for every eight tons or less of meal flow. When the flow rate is 1200 tons per hour or
greater, a sample shall be taken for every 12 tons or less of meal flow. A minimum of 10 samples shall
be taken during the loading of any one vessel.
D. The diverter opening for cross-cut samples, and swing-type samplers in which the diverter moves
about a horizontal shaft (where the entire length of the diverter opening passes through the stream at the
same speed) shall be of uniform width in the range of 5/16" to 7/8". For rotary-type samplers, in which
the diverter moves about a vertical shaft and passes through the stream similar to a swinging door (with
the outer end of the diverter moving at a higher speed than the inner end), the diverter opening width
shall be a minimum of 5/16" at the end nearest the pivot, and shall increase in width in proportion to the
distance from the pivot point. In all cases, the diverter shall cut the meal stream at an average speed of
approximately 100 feet per minute.
E. The sample taken by the automatic sampler may be reduced in size by one or more mechanical
dividers, but the reduced sample must still be representative of the meal passing the sampler. The
accuracy of the divider shall be equal in performance to a Jones or Boerner type divider. To comply
with contract specifications, the entire sample may be further reduced through a Jones or Boerner
divider or its equivalent, and then each portion of the sample must be placed in an official NOPA
soybean meal sample bag [a 4-mil polyethylene bag, whirl-pak type, closure at top with flat wire tape
and, if desired, heat seal; bag to be 5 1/2 inches wide by 12 1/2 inches long, tubular with heat seal at
bottom, nonsterile, NOPA logo and official sample statement printed across bottom 6 inches of bag in
NOPA brown ink (PMS-469). A minimum of 5 folds is required before closing wire tabs. In addition,
3 inches of 1/2" wide "tamper resistant," white tape (No. 7380 Secure Mark) must be applied
perpendicular to the fold and across the wire tabs on either end of bag closure. A gummed label must
be affixed to the side of the bag opposite to the side which contains the NOPA logo. This label should
not exceed 4 inches in width or 4 inches in length and must contain the following information as required
by the NOPA Soybean Meal Trading Rules: commodity; shipper; origin plant; barge/vessel/car #/truck
ID; shipping date; invoice no.; destination. Label may also include shipper's and/or NOPA logo(s), if
desired. This bag must be shipped in another pouch or box, not as is.] and properly identified.
F. An automatic sampler system manufactured and installed in accordance with the requirements stated
in these rules shall be considered NOPA approved upon completion of the following:
(i) Written certification of the installation by the NOPA Designated Licensed Professional Engineer on
NOPA Form UCI-1 stating that the automatic sampler and mechanical divider installation meets the
requirements set forth under thee rules. Certifications in effect prior to January 1, 1985, are exempted
from this requirement.
(ii) Semi-annual written certification to NOPA by the operator of the vessel loading facility that the
sampler is in good working order, and will be properly maintained and operated when an official
method of sampling under these rules is required by the terms of the sales contract (Form SCV-2).
(iii) Receipt by NOPA of copies of the Designated Licensed Professional Engineer's certification (Form
UCI-1), and subsequent operator's semi-annual certification (Form SCV-2). A copy of both of these
certificates shall be maintained by the operator of the facility and made available to users of the facility
upon request.
G. Certification of Automatic Sampler Systems:
(i) Any new installation, modification or equipment replacement to the sampling system shall require onsite examination by the NOPA Designated Licensed Professional Engineer and written certification by
the engineer on Form UCI-1.
(ii) An automatic sampler which was installed and certified on Form UCI-1 prior to January 1, 1985,
by a Corporate Officer of one of the following Automatic Sampler Manufacturers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CEA Carter-Day Company

Denver Equipment Div./Joy Mfg.
Gamet Manufacturing Company
Gustafson Incorporated
InterSystems, Inc.
Minneapolis, MN
Colorado Springs, CO
Minneapolis, MN
Dallas, TX
Omaha, NE
or by the Official Designated Licensed Professional Engineer and has not been modified since that date,
are the only exceptions to the certification requirements in paragraph (a) above.
H. In order to determine whether automatic samplers and mechanical dividers meet the requirements
set forth in these rules, manufacturers of these devices desiring preliminary approval shall submit detailed
drawings of them to NOPA, well in advance of final sale and installation at a facility desiring NOPA
Certification.. This will permit NOPA and their Designated Licensed Professional Engineer to evaluate
the devices regarding their suitability for certification, and to approve them. The following automatic
sampler manufacturers are exempt from this requirement by reason of their samplers and dividers having
been previously approved:
1. Gamet Manufacturing
2. Gustafson Incorporated
3. InterSystems, Inc.
Minneapolis, MN
Dallas, TX
Omaha, NE
NOTICE:
The NOPA Designated Licensed Professional Engineer is:
Bredow Associates, Inc.
215l North Hamline Avenue
Roseville, MN 55113-4226
Attention: Paul F. Bredow
Telephone: (612) 636-2935
FAX: (612) 636-0191
4. Weighing of Soybean Meal (At Vessel Loading Facilities) The scales located at a vessel
loading facility shall be considered NOPA-approved upon the completion of the following:
Semi-annual certification on a form provided by NOPA and shown as Form C of these rules that
the scales used in the weighing of soybean meal which is being transferred to a vessel have been
inspected by an appropriate public or sworn weighmaster within the previous six (6) month period.
Form SCV-3.
Note: This revised form is effective for installations after January 1, 1985.
There are a number of contracts that may be used to purchase soybean meal. GAFTA has several
Feedingstuffs Contracts that are used for soybean meal. The one listed below is a CIF bulk contract
(Gafta, 1995a):
Effective 1st October 1995
No: 100
Gafta
Copyright
CONTRACT FOR SHIPMENT OF FEEDINGSTUFFS

IN BULK
TALE QUALE - CIF TERMS
Date..................................
SELLERS........................................................................................................
INTERVENING AS BROKERS...........................................................................
BUYERS.........................................................................................................
have this day entered into a contract on the following terms and conditions. Wherever the word "cakes"
is used, this is agreed to mean goods of the contractual description.
1. GOODS-......................................................................................................
Broken cakes and/or meal in a proportion, having regard to the characteristics of the goods and
methods of handling, to be taken and paid for as cakes. Goods in bulk but Buyers agree to accept up
to 15% in stowage bags, such bags to be taken and paid for as cakes and any cutting to be paid for by
Buyers. Sellers have the option of shipping the whole or part of the quantity in excess of 15% in bags,
in which case the excess over 15% shall be delivered in bulk and Sellers shall be responsible for cutting
the excess bags which remain their property.
2.
QUANTITY-............................................................................................2% more or less.
Sellers shall have the option of shipping a further 3% more or less than the contract quantity. The
excess above 2% or the deficiency below 2% shall be settled on the quantity thereof at shipment at
market value on the last day of discharge of the vessel at the port of destination; the value to be fixed by
arbitration, unless mutually agreed. Should Sellers exercise the option to ship up to 5% more, the
excess over 2% shall be paid for provisionally at contract price. The difference between the contract
price and the market price calculated in accordance with the provisions of this clause, shall be adjusted
in the final invoice.
3. PRICE - At..................................................................................................
* per tonne of 1000 kilograms
gross weight, cost, insurance and freight to...............
* per ton of 1016 kilograms or 2240 lbs.
......................................................................................................................
4. BROKERAGE.................................................................................per tonne,
to be paid by Sellers on the mean contract quantity, goods lost or not lost, contract fulfilled or not
fulfilled unless such non-fulfilment is due to the successful application of the Prohibition Clause or the
Force Majeure Clause. Brokerage shall be due on the day shipping documents are exchanged or, if the
goods are not appropriated then the brokerage shall be due on the 30th consecutive day after the last
day for appropriation or advice of shipment.
5. QUALITY * At time of loading to be fair average of the season's shipments.
* At time and place of shipment to be about as per sealed sample marked.........................
in the possession of ...........................................................................................
Warranted to contain not less than...........................% of oil and protein combined and not more than
2.50% of sand and/or silica. Should the whole, or any portion, not turn out equal to warranty, the
goods must be taken at an allowance to be agreed or settled by arbitration as provided for below,
except that for any deficiency of oil and protein there shall be allowances to Buyers at the following
rates, viz: 1% of the contract price for each of the first 3 units of deficiency under the warranted
percentage; 2% of the contract price for the 4th and 5th units and 3% of the contract price for each unit
in excess of 5 and proportionately for any fraction thereof. When the combined content of oil and
protein is warranted within a margin (as for example 40%/42%) no allowance shall be made if the
analysis ascertained as herein provided be not below the minimum, but if the analysis results below the
minimum warranted the allowance for deficiency shall be computed from the mean of the warranted
content. For any excess of sand and/or silica there shall be an allowance of 1% of the contract price for
each unit of excess and proportionately for any fraction thereof. Should the goods contain over 5% of
sand and/or silica the Buyers shall be entitled to reject the goods, in which case the contract shall be null
and void for such quantity rejected.
The goods are warranted free from castor seed and/or castor seed husk, but should the analysis show a
percentage of castor seed husk not exceeding 0.005%, Buyers shall not be entitled to reject the goods,
but shall accept them with the following allowances: 0.75% of contract price if not exceeding 0.001%,
1% of contract price if not exceeding 0.002%, and 1.50% of contract price if not exceeding 0.005%.
Should the first analysis show the goods free from castor seed and/or castor seed husk such analysis
shall be final but in the event of the first analysis showing castor seed husk to be present a second
sample may be analyzed at the request of either party and the mean of the two analyses shall be taken
as final. Should the parcel contain castor seed husk in excess of 0.005% Buyers shall be entitled to
reject the parcel, in which case the contract shall be null and void for such quantity rejected.
Nevertheless, should Buyers elect to retain the parcel they shall be entitled to a further allowance for any
excess over 0.005% of castor seed husk, to be settled by agreement or arbitration. For the purpose of
sampling and analysis each parcel shall stand as a separate shipment. The right of rejection provided by
this cause shall be limited to the parcel or parcels found to be defective.
6. PERIOD OF SHIPMENT - As per bill(s) of lading dated or to be dated......................
The bill(s) of lading to be dated when the goods are actually on board. Date of the bill(s) of lading shall
be accepted as proof of date of shipment in the absence of evidence to the contrary. In any month
containing an odd number of days, the middle day shall be accepted as being in both halves of the
month.
7. SALES BY NAMED VESSELS - For all sales by named vessels, the following shall apply:
(a) Position of vessel is mutually agreed between Buyers and Sellers;
(b) The word "now" to be inserted before the word "classed" in the Shipment and Classification
Clause;
(c) Appropriation Clause cancelled if sold "shipped".
8. SHIPMENT AND CLASSIFICATION - Shipment to be made in good condition, direct or
indirect, with or without transhipment from................................................................
by first class steamer(s) and/or power engined ship(s) classed not ol wer than 100 A1 or British
Corporation B.S. or top classification in American, French, Italian, Norwegian, German or other equal
ranking Registers.
9. EXTENSION OF SHIPMENT - The contract period for shipment, if such be 31 days or less,
shall, if desired by the Shipper, be extended by an additional period of not more than 8 days, provided
that the Shipper gives notice claiming extension by telegram, or telex sent not later than the next business
day following the last day of the originally stipulated period. The notice need not state the number of
additional days claimed, and such notice shall be passed on by Sellers to their Buyers respectively in
due course after receipt. Sellers shall make an allowance to Buyers, to be deducted in the invoice from
the contract price, based on the number of days by which the originally stipulated period is exceeded, as
follows: for 1, 2, 3 or 4 additional days, 0.50% of the gross c.i.f. price; for 5 or 6 additional days, 1%
of the gross c.i.f. price; for 7 or 8 additional days, 1.50% of the gross c.i.f. price. If, however, after
having given notice to the Buyers as above, the Sellers fail to make shipment within such 8 days, then
the contract shall be deemed to have called for shipment during the originally stipulated period plus 8
days, at contract price less 1.50%, and any settlement for default shall be calculated on that basis. If
any allowance becomes due under this clause, the contract price shall be deemed to be the original
contract price less the allowance and any other contractual differences shall be settled on the basis of
such reduced price.
10 APPROPRIATION (a) Notice of Appropriation stating the vessel's name and the approximate weight shipped shall, within
(i) 10 consecutive days if shipped from the U.S. Gulf and/or U.S. and/or Canadian Atlantic/Lake Ports,
(ii) 14 consecutive days if shipped from any other port, from the date of the bill(s) of lading be
despatched in accordance with sub-clause (e) by or on behalf of the Shipper direct to his Buyers or to
the Selling Agent or Brokers named in the contract. The Non-Business Days Clause shall not apply.
(b) Notice of Appropriation stating the vessel's name and the approximate weight shipped, shall,
within the period stated in sub-clause (a) above be despatched in accordance with sub-clause (e) by or
on behalf of subsequent Sellers to their Buyers or to the Selling Agent or Brokers named in the contract,
but if Notice of Appropriation is received by subsequent Sellers on the last day or after the period
stated in sub-clause (a) from the date of the last bill of lading, their Notice of Appropriation shall be
deemed to be in time if despatched:
(l) On the same calendar day, if received not later than 1600 hours on any business day,
(2) Not later than 1600 hours on the next business day, if received after 1600 hours or on a nonbusiness day.
(c) A selling Agent or Brokers receiving a Notice of Appropriation shall despatch like Notice of
Appropriation in accordance with the provisions of this clause. Where the Shipper or subsequent
Sellers despatch the Notice of Appropriation to the Selling Agent, such Selling Agent may despatch
Notice of Appropriation either direct to the Buyers or to the Brokers.
(d) The Shipper's Notice of Appropriation and every subsequent Sellers' Notice of Appropriation
shall state the date or the presumed date of the bill of lading which shall be for information only and shall
not be binding, but in fixing the period laid down by this clause for despatching Notices of
Appropriation the actual date of the bill of lading shall prevail.
(e) Notices of Appropriation shall be despatched by telegram, telex or other method of rapid written
communication, or by letter if delivered by hand on day of writing. Every such Notice of Appropriation
shall be open to correction of any errors occurring in transmission, provided that the sender is not
responsible for such errors, and for any previous error in transmission which has been repeated in good
faith.
(f) Should the vessel arrive before receipt of the appropriation and any extra expenses be incurred
thereby, such expenses shall be borne by Sellers.
(g) When a valid Notice of Appropriation has been received by Buyers, it shall not be withdrawn
except with their consent.
(h) A Notice of Appropriation despatched to the Brokers named in the contract shall be considered
an appropriation despatched to the Buyers.
(i) An appropriation shall not be deemed invalid if the date of the bill of lading is within the contract
period and if on that date the vessel named is at the port of loading and carrying goods of the
contractual description and quantity.
(j) In the event of less than 95 tonnes being tendered by any one vessel Buyers shall be entitled to
refund of any proved extra expenses for sampling, analysis and lighterage incurred thereby at port of
discharge.
(k) In the event of more than one shipment being made, each shipment shall be considered a separate
contract, but the margin of the mean quantity sold shall not be affected thereby.
11. PAYMENT-....................% of invoice amount by cash in....................................

* (a) In exchange for and on presentation of shipping documents;
* (b) In exchange for shipping documents on or before arrival of the vessel at destination, at Buyers'
option; Sellers, however, have the option of calling upon Buyers to take up and pay for the
documents on or after......................consecutive days from the date of the bill(s) of lading.
In the event of the shipping documents not being available when called for by the Buyers or on arrival of
the vessel at destination, Sellers must provide other documents or an indemnity entitling Buyers to obtain
deliver of the goods and payment shall be made by Buyers in exchange for same, but such payments
shall not prejudice Buyers' rights under the contract when shipping documents are eventually available.
Should Sellers fail to present shipping documents or other documents or an indemnity entitling Buyers to
take delivery, Buyers shall take delivery under an indemnity provided by themselves and shall pay for
the documents when presented. Any reasonable extra expenses, including the costs of such indemnity
or extra charges incurred by reason of the failure of Sellers to provide such documents, shall be borne
by Sellers and allowed for in the final invoice but such payment shall not prejudice Buyers' rights under
the contact when shipping documents are eventually available.
Costs of collection shall be for account of Sellers, but if Buyers demand presentation only through a
bank of their choice, in that event any additional collection costs shall be for the account of the Buyers.
Any balance to be settled on rendering final invoice.
Final invoices for monies due may be prepared by either party and shall be settled without delay. If
not settled, either party may declare that a dispute has arisen which may be referred to arbitration as
herein provided.
12. INTEREST - If there has been unreasonable delay in any payment interest appropriate to the
currency involved shall be charged. If such charge is not mutually agreed, a dispute shall be deemed to
exist which shall be settled by arbitration. Otherwise interest shall be payable only where specifically
provided in the terms of the contract or by an award of arbitration. The terms of this clause do not
override the parties obligation under the Payment Clause.
13. RYE TERMS - In the event of goods shipped in tankers or in oil compartments of "Oil/Ore"
carriers arriving at destination damaged or out of condition, Buyers must accept delivery but shall be
entitled to an allowance for deterioration calculated on a percentage based on contract price to be fixed
by arbitration unless mutually agreed.
Samples shall be taken and sealed at port of discharge jointly by the Sellers and Buyers or their
Representatives. In the event of Buyers receiving an allowance from Sellers under this clause, Sellers
and Buyers shall give all reasonable assistance to each other in the prosecution of claims for recovery
from shipowners and/or other parties. Any sum recovered under this clause shall be for he benefit of
Sellers and any proved reasonable extra expense incurred by Buyers in connection with the claim are to
be deducted. Buyers shall furnish Sellers on settlement of Rye Terms allowance with the usual
documents required by average adjusters for preparation of average statement and return to Sellers the
Policy(ies) and/or certificate(s) received from them and in addition documents for claiming against the
ship or any other party, failing which Buyers shall pay such contribution to average as Sellers may be
unable to recover in consequence.
14. SHIPPING DOCUMENTS - Shipping documents shall consist of:

1. Invoice. 2. Full set(s) of on board Bill(s) of Lading and/or Ship's Delivery Order(s) and/or other
Delivery Order(s) in negotiable and transferable form. Such other Delivery Order(s) if required by
Buyers, to be certified by the Shipowners, their Agents or a recognised bank. 3. Policy(ies) and/or
Insurance Certificate(s) and/or Letter(s) of Insurance in the currency of the contract. The Letter(s) of
Insurance to be certified by a recognised bank if required by Buyers. 4. Other documents as called for
under the contract. Should documents be presented with an incomplete set of bill(s) of lading or should
other shipping documents be missing, payment shall be made, provided that delivery of such missing
documents be guaranteed, such guarantee to be signed, if required by Buyers, by a recognised bank.
Acceptance of this guarantee shall not prejudice Buyers' rights under this contract. No clerical error in
the documents shall entitle Buyers to rejection or to delay payment provided that Sellers furnish at the
request of Buyers a guarantee to be countersigned by a recognised bank, if required by Buyers. Sellers
shall be responsible for any loss or expense incurred by Buyers on account of such error. Buyers agree
to accept documents containing the Chamber of Shipping War Deviation Clause and/or other
recognised official War Risk Clause.
15. DUTIES, TAXES, LEVIES, ETC. - All export duties, taxes, levies, etc., present or future, in
country of origin, shall be for Sellers' account. All import duties, taxes, levies, etc., present or future, in
country of destination, shall be for Buyers' account.
16. DISCHARGE - Discharge shall be as fast as the vessel can deliver in accordance with the custom
of the port, but in the event of shipment being made under liner bill(s) of lading, discharge shall be as fast
as the vessel can deliver in accordance with the terms of the bill(s) of lading. The cost of discharge from
hold to ship's rail shall be for Sellers' account, from ship's rail overboard for Buyers' account. If
documents are tendered which do not provide for discharging as above or contain contrary stipulations,
Sellers shall be responsible to Buyers for all extra expenses incurred thereby. Discharge by grab(s) shall
be permitted unless specifically excluded at time of contract. If shipment is effected by lash barge, then
the last day of discharge shall be the day of discharging the last lash barge at the port of destination.
17. WEIGHING - Final settlement shall be made on the basis of gross delivered weights and the
goods shall be weighed at time and place of discharge at port of destination herein named at Buyers'
expense. Sellers have the right to superintend. If discharge is carried out by grab, the method of
weighing is to be mutually agreed between Buyers and Sellers and/or their respective Agents. In case of
damage the discharged weight shall be determined on the basis of an analysis made of samples of the
damaged and undamaged part of the goods. Additional weight due to damage not to be paid for, unless
Rye Terms apply.
18. SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS - Samples required for the purposes of the contract shall be
taken at the time of discharge on or before removal from the ship or quay, and analytical instructions
shall be given, in accordance with GAFTA Sampling Rules Form No. 124. When superintendents are
required for the purpose of supervision and sampling of the goods in accordance with these Rules, then
the parties agree to appoint from superintendents in the GAFTA Approved Register of Superintendents.
19. LATENT DEFECT - The goods are not warranted free from defect, rendering same
unmerchantable, which would not be apparent on reasonable examination, any statute or rule of law to
the contrary notwithstanding.
20. INSURANCE - Sellers shall provide insurance on terms not less favourable than those set out
hereunder, and as set out in detail in The Grain and Feed Trade Association Form. 72 viz:
(a) Risks Covered:
Cargo Clauses (WA), with average payable, with 3% franchise or
better terms
-Section 2 of Form 72
War Clauses (Cargo)
Strikes, Riots and Civil Commotions Clauses (Cargo)
(b) Insurers - The insurance to be effected with first class underwriters and/or companies who are
domiciled or carrying on business in the United Kingdom or who, for the purpose of any legal
proceedings, accept a British domicile and provide an address for service of process in London, but for
whose solvency Sellers shall not be responsible.
(c) Insurable Value - Insured amount to be for not less than 2% over the invoice amount, including
freight when freight is payable on shipment or due in any event, ship and/or cargo lost or not lost, and
including the amount of any War Risk premium payable by Buyers.
(d) Freight Contingency - When freight is payable on arrival or on right and true delivery of the goods
and the insurance does not include the freight, Sellers shall effect insurance upon similar terms, such
insurance to attach only as such freight becomes payable, for the amount of the freight plus 2%, until the
termination of the risk as provided in the above mentioned clauses, and shall undertake that their policies
are so worded that in the case of particular or general average claim the Buyers shall be put in the same
position as if the c.i.f. value plus 2% were insured from the time of shipment.
(e) Certificates/Policies - Sellers shall give all policies and/or certificates and/or letters of insurance
provided for in this contract, (duly stamped if applicable) for original and increased value (if any) for the
value stipulated in (c) above. In the event of a certificate of insurance being supplied, it is agreed that
such certificate shall be exchanged by Sellers for a policy if and when required, and such certificate shall
state on its face that it is so exchangeable. If required by Buyers, letter(s) of insurance shall be
guaranteed by a recognised bank, or by any other guarantor who is acceptable to Buyers.
(f) Total Loss - In the event of total or constructive total loss, or where the amount of the insurance
becomes payable in full, the insured amount in excess of 2% over the invoice amount shall be for Sellers'
account and the party in possession of the policy(ies) shall collect the amount of insurance and shall
thereupon settle with the other party on that basis.
(g) Currency of Claims - Claims to be paid in the currency of the contract.
(h) War and Strike Risks/Premiums - Any premium in excess of 0.50% to be for account of Buyers.
The rate of such insurance not to exceed the rate ruling in London at time of shipment or date of vessel's
sailing whichever may be adopted by underwriters. Such excess premium shall be claimed from Buyers,
wherever possible, with the Provisional Invoice, but in no case later than the date of vessel's arrival, or
not later than 7 consecutive days after the rate has been agreed with underwriters, whichever may be
the later, otherwise such claim shall be void unless, in the opinion of Arbitrators, the delay is justifiable.
Sellers' obligation to provide War Risk Insurance shall be limited to the terms and conditions in force
and generally obtainable in London at time of shipment.
(i) Where Sellers are responsible for allowances or other payments to Buyers under Rye Terms or
other contractual terms, (and which risks are also covered by the insurance provided by Sellers), the
Buyers, on receipt of settlement, shall immediately return to Sellers the insurance documents originally
received from them and shall, if required, subrogate to Sellers all right of claim against the Insurers in
respect of such matters.
21. PROHIBITION - In case of prohibition of export, blockade or hostilities or in case of any
executive or legislative act done by or on behalf of the government of the country of origin or of the
territory where the port or ports of shipment named herein is/are situate, restricting export, whether
partially or otherwise, any such restriction shall be deemed by both parties to apply to this contract and
to the extent of such total or partial restriction to prevent fulfilment whether by shipment or by any other
means whatsoever and to that extent this contract or an unfulfilled portion thereof shall be cancelled.
Sellers shall advise Buyers without delay with the reasons therefore and, if required, Sellers must
produce proof to justify the cancellation.
22. FORCE MAJEURE, STRIKES, ETC - Sellers shall not be responsible for delay in shipment of
the goods or any party thereof occasioned by any Act of God, strike, lockout, riot or civil commotion,
combination of workmen, breakdown of machinery, fire, or any cause comprehended in the term "force
majeure". If delay in shipment is likely to occur for any of the above reasons, the Shipper shall give
notice to the Buyers by telegram, telex or by similar advice within 7 consecutive days of the occurrence,
or not less than 21 consecutive days before the commencement of the contract period, whichever is the
later. The notice shall state the reason(s) for the anticipated delay. If after giving such notice an
extension to the shipping period is required, then the Shipper shall give further notice not later than 2
business days after the last day of the contract period of shipment stating the port or ports of loading
from which the goods were intended to be shipped, and shipments effected after the contract period
shall be limited to the port or ports so nominated. If shipment be delayed for more than 30 consecutive
days, Buyers shall have the option of cancelling the delayed portion of the contract, such option to be
exercised by Buyers giving notice to be received by Sellers not later than the first business day after the
additional 30 consecutive days. If Buyers do not exercise this option, such delayed portion shall be
automatically extended for a further period of 30 consecutive days. If shipment under this clause be
prevented during the further 30 consecutive days extension, the contract shall be considered void.
Buyers shall have no claim against Sellers for delay or non-shipment under this clause, provided that
Sellers shall have supplied to Buyers, if required, satisfactory evidence justifying the delay or nonfulfilment.
23. NOTICES - Any notices received after 1600 hours on a business day shall be deemed to have
been received on the business day following. A notice to the Brokers or Agent shall be deemed a
notice under this contract. All notices given under this contract shall be given by letter, if delivered by
hand on the day of writing, or by telegram or by telex or by other method of rapid written
communication. In case of resales all notices shall be passed on without delay by Buyers to their
respective Sellers or vice versa.
24. FACSIMILE - Notwithstanding anything in this contract to the contrary, notices despatched
under this contract shall NOT be transmitted by means of facsimile machines.
25. NON-BUSINESS DAYS - Saturdays, Sundays and the officially recognised and/or legal holidays
of the respective countries and any days which The Grain and Feed Trade Association may declare as
non-business days for specific purposes, shall be non-business days. Should the time limit for doing any
act or giving any notice expire on a non-business day, the time so limited shall be extended until the first
business day thereafter. The period of shipment shall not be affected by this clause.
26. PRO RATA (a) Should any of the above mentioned quantity form part of a larger quantity of the same or a
different period of shipment of bags of the same mark, or of a similar quality, whether in bags or bulk or
whether destined to more than one port, no separation or distinction shall be necessary.
(b) All loose collected, damaged goods and sweepings shall be shared by and apportioned pro-rata in
kind between the various Receivers thereof at the port of discharge named in the contract, buying under
contracts containing this clause. In the event of this not being practicable or any of them receiving more
or less than his pro-rata share or apportionment, he shall settle with the other(s) on a pro-rata basis in
cash at the market price and each Receiver shall bear his proportion of the depreciation in market value.
The pro-rata statement shall be established by the Sellers or their Representatives in conjunction with
the Receivers or their Representatives.
(c) The above pro-rata apportionment between Receivers shall have no bearing on the establishment
of final invoices with Sellers and for the purpose of these final invoices, the total quantity of loose
collected, damaged goods and sweepings shall be regarded as delivered to those Receivers who did not
receive their full invoiced quantity.
(d) In the case of excess or deficiency, the difference between the invoiced and the total delivered
quantity shall be settled at the market price by final invoices to be rendered by Receivers, who have
received more or less than that paid for, to their immediate Sellers without taking into consideration the
above pro-rata apportionment between Receivers.
(e) If an excess quantity is delivered to one or more Receiver and a deficient quantity is delivered to
one or more Receiver, the excess and deficiency shall be settled between them at the market price.
Final invoices shall be established with immediate Sellers for any balance resulting from this settlement.
(f) All Shippers, Sellers and Buyers of any part of such larger quantity as aforesaid under contracts
containing this clause shall be deemed to have entered into mutual agreements with one another to the
above effect, and to agree to submit to arbitration all questions and claims between them or any of them
in regard to the execution of this clause as aforesaid in accordance with the Arbitration Clause of this
contract. Sellers and Buyers shall give all reasonable assistance in execution of this clause. All Sellers
shall be responsible for the settlement by the respective Buyers in accordance with this clause within a
reasonable time.
(g) The market price wherever mentioned in this clause shall be the market price on the last day of
discharge of the vessel in the port of destination, such price to be fixed by arbitration unless mutually
agreed.
(h) In the event of this clause being brought into operation, any allowances payable in respect of
condition, or quality, or under any of the other guarantees contained in this contract, shall be based upon
the actual weight received by the Buyers and not on the pro-rata weight.
(i) In the event of any conflict in terms the method of apportionment applicable to the port of
discharge published by The Grain and Feed Trade Association shall, where applicable, take precedence
over sub-clauses (b) to (h) above.
(j) In the event that sub-clause (a) applies or that the goods subsequently become co-mingled, and
that the goods were shipped by more than one Shipper and destined for one or more ports of discharge
then, after the adjustment between Receivers under the terms of this clause, the Shippers shall settle
pro-rata between themselves in proportion to their bill of lading quantities. Such settlements shall be
made in cash and in the event of two or more discharging ports being involved, then the settlement price
shall be the average of the market prices on the last day of discharge in the respective ports.
27. DEFICIENCY - Any deficiency on the bill of lading weight shall be paid for by Sellers, and any
excess over bill of lading weight shall be paid for by Buyers, at contract price. If the goods form part of
a larger quantity, the Pro-rata Clause shall apply and the provisions of this clause shall not apply and
settlement shall be in accordance with the Pro-rata Clause.
28. DEFAULT -In default of fulfilment of contract by either party, the following provisions shall apply:
(a) The party other than the defaulter shall, at their discretion have the right, after giving notice by
letter, telegram or telex to the defaulter to sell or purchase, as the case may be, against the defaulter,
and such sale or purchase shall establish the default price.
(b) If either party be dissatisfied with such default price or if the right at (a) above is not exercised and
damages cannot be mutually agreed, then the assessment of damages shall be settled by arbitration.
(c) The damages payable shall be based on the difference between the contract price and either the
default price established under (a) above or upon the actual or estimated value of the goods, on the date
of default, established under (b) above.
(d) In no case shall damages include loss of profit on any sub-contracts made by the party defaulted
against or others unless the Arbitrator(s) or Board of Appeal, having regard to special circumstances,
shall in his/their sole and absolute discretion think fit.
(e) Damages, if any, shall be computed on the quantity appropriated if any but, if no such quantity has
been appropriated then on the mean contract quantity, and any option available to either party shall be
deemed to have been exercised accordingly in favour of the mean contract quantity.
(f) Default may be declared by Sellers at any time after expiry of the contract period, and the default
date shall then be the first business day after the date of Sellers' advice to their Buyers.
If default has not already been declared then (notwithstanding the provisions stated in the Appropriation
Clause) if notice of appropriation is not passed by the 10th consecutive day after the last day for
appropriation laid down in the contract, where the Appropriation Clause provides for 7 or more days
for despatch of the appropriation, or if notice of appropriation is not passed by the 4th business day
after the last day for appropriation laid down in the contract where the Appropriation Clause provides
for less than 7 days for despatch of the appropriation, the Sellers shall be deemed to be in default, and
the default date shall then be the first business day thereafter.
29. CIRCLE - Where Sellers re-purchase from their Buyers or from any subsequent buyer the same
goods or part thereof, a circle shall be considered to exist as regards the particular goods so repurchased, and the provisions of the Default Clause shall not apply. (For the purpose of this clause the
same goods shall mean goods of the same description, from the same country of origin, of the same
quality, and, where applicable, of the same analysis warranty, for shipment to the same port(s) of
destination during the same period of shipment). Different currencies shall not invalidate the circle.
Subject to the terms of the Prohibition Clause in the contract, if the goods are not appropriated, or,
having been appropriated documents are not presented, invoices based on the mean contract quantity
shall be settled by all Buyers and their Sellers in the circle by payment by all Buyers to their Sellers, of
the excess of the Sellers' invoice amount over the lowest invoice amount in the circle. Payment shall be
due not later than 15 consecutive days after the last day for appropriation, or, should the circle not be
ascertained before the expiry of this time, then payment shall be due not later than 15 consecutive days
after the circle is ascertained. Where the circle includes contract(s) expressed in different currencies the
lowest invoice amount shall be replaced by the market price on the first day for contractual shipment
and invoices shall be settled between each Buyer and his Seller in the circle by payment of the
differences beween the market price and the relative contract price in currency of the contract.
All Sellers and Buyers shall give every assistance to ascertain the circle and when a circle shall have
been ascertained in accordance with this clause same shall be binding on all parties to the circle.
As between Buyers and Sellers in the circle, the non-presentation of documents by Sellers to their
Buyers shall not be considered a breach of contract.
Should any party in the circle prior to the due date of payment commit any act comprehended in the
Insolvency Clause of his contract, settlement by all parties in the circle shall be calculated at the closing
out price as provided for in the Insolvency Clause, which shall be taken as a basis for settlement, instead
of the lowest invoice amount in the circle. In this event respective Buyers shall make payment to their
Sellers or respective Sellers shall make payment to their Buyers of the difference between the closing
out price and the contract price.
30. INSOLVENCY - If before the fulfilment of this contract, either party shall suspend payments,
notify any of the creditors that he is unable to meet debts or that he has suspended or that he is about to
suspend payments of his debts, convene, call or hold a meeting of creditors, propose a voluntary
arrangement, have an administration order made, have a winding up order made, have a receiver or
manager appointed, convene, call or hold a meeting to go into liquidation (other than for re-construction
or amalgamation) become subject to an Interim Order under Section 252 of the Insolvency Act 1986,
or have a Bankruptcy Petition presented against him (any of which acts being hereinafter called an "Act
of Insolvency") then the party committing such Act of Insolvency shall forthwith transmit by telex or
telegram or by other method of rapid written communication a notice of the occurrence of such Act of
Insolvency to the other party to the contract and upon proof (by either the other party to the contract or
the Receiver, Administrator, Liquidator or other person representing the party committing the Act of
Insolvency) that such notice was thus given within 2 business days of the occurrence of the Act of
Insolvency, the contract shall be closed out at the market price ruling on the business day following the
giving of the notice. If such notice be not given as aforesaid, then the other party, on learning of the
occurrence of the Act of Insolvency, shall have the option of declaring the contact closed out at either
the market price on the first business day after the date when such party first learnt of the occurrence of
the Act of Insolvency or at the market price ruling on the first business day after the date when the Act
of Insolvency occurred.
In all cases the other party to the contract shall have the option of ascertaining the settlement price on
the closing out of the contract by re-purchase or re-sale, and the difference between the contract price
and the re-purchase or re-sale price shall be the amount payable or receivable under this contract.
31. DOMICILE - Buyers and Sellers agree that, for the purpose of proceedings either legal or by
arbitration, this contract shall be deemed to have been made in England, and to be performed there, any
correspondence in reference to the offer, the acceptance, the place of payment, or otherwise,
notwithstanding, and the Courts of England or arbitrators appointed in England, as the case may be,
shall, except for the purpose of enforcing any award made in pursuance of the Arbitration Clause
hereof, have exclusive jurisdiction over all disputes which may arise under this contract. Such disputes
shall be settled according to the law of England, whatever the domicile, residence or place of business
of the parties to this contact may be or become. Any party to this contract residing or carrying on
business elsewhere than in England or Wales, shall for the purpose of proceedings at law or in
arbitration be considered as ordinarily resident or carrying on business at the office of The Grain and
Feed Trade Association, and if in Scotland, he shall be held to have prorogated jurisdiction against
himself to the English Courts; or if in Northern Ireland to have submitted to the jurisdiction and to be
bound by the decision of the English Courts. The service of proceedings upon any such party by leaving
the same at the office of The Grain and Feed Trade Association, together with the posting of a copy of
such proceedings to his address abroad, or in Scotland or in Northern Ireland, shall be deemed good
service, any rule of law or equity to the contrary notwithstanding. Where goods forming the subject of
this contract are not for consumption in Great Britain or Northern Ireland nothing in the foregoing shall
make the sale subject to the provisions of the Agriculture Act for the time being in force.
32. ARBITRATION (a) Any dispute arising out of or under this contract shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with
the Arbitration Rules, No. 125, of The Grain and Feed Trade Association, in the edition current at the
date of this contract, such Rules forming part of this contract and of which both parties hereto shall be
deemed to be cognisant.
(b) Neither party hereto, nor any persons claiming under either of them shall bring any action or other
legal proceedings against the other of them in respect of any such dispute until such dispute shall first
have been heard and determined by the Arbitrator(s) or a Board of Appeal, as the case may be, in
accordance with the Arbitration Rules and it is expressly agreed and declared that the obtaining of an
award from the Arbitrator(s) or a Board of Appeal, as the case may be, shall be a condition precedent
to the right of either party hereto or of any persons claiming under either of them to bring any action or
other legal proceedings against the other of them in respect of any such dispute.
33. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS The following shall not apply to this contract:
(a) the Uniform Law on Sales and the Uniform Law on Formation to which effect is given by the
Uniform Laws on International Sales Act 1967;
(c) the United Nations Convention on Prescription (Limitation) in the International Sale of Goods of
1974 and the amending Protocol of 1980.
* delete/specify as applicable
Sellers.........................................Buyers............................................................
GAFTA
GAFTA HOUSE, 6 CHAPEL COURT, CHAPEL PLACE, RIVINGTON ST,
LONDON EC2A 3DQ
GAFTA (1997b) also has a similar general contract (No: 119) for FOB terms for feedingstuffs in bags
and bulk. Many of the features are similar to the above contract (No: 100) so it will not be repeated.
Arbitration Rules (Form No. 125) are mentioned in both of the above contracts (Gafta, 1997c). The
Rules may be found on pages 3-20 thru 3-35 of this Handbook.
The North American Export Grain Association, Inc. (NAEGA) has a FOB Contract No. 2 (1988) that
is used for both soybeans and soybean meal. This contract and its two addendums may be found on
pages 3-36 thru 3-50 of this Handbook.
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
The American Oil Chemists' Association (AOCS 1996/1997) has published the following six official
methods of analysis for soybean meal:
Moisture..........................
Protein...........................
Oil...............................
Crude Fiber.......................
Urease activity.................
Trypsin inhibitor activity.....
Ba 2a-38(93)
Ba 4d-90(93)
Ba 3-38(93)
Ba 6-84(95)
Ba 9-58(93)
Ba 12-75(93)
AOCS Official Method Ba 2a-38

Formerly Ba 2-38, Changed 1989
Revised 1954, 1969, 1975, 1982
Reapproved 1993
Moisture and Volatile Matter

Definition: This method determines the moisture in the products specified, and any material that is
volatile under the conditions of the test.
Scope: Applicable to cottonseed meats, and meal and ground cake or pellets from cottonseed,
soybeans, peanuts, flaxseed and sunflower seed.
Apparatus
1. Aluminum moisture dishes---minimum 30 gauge, approximately 50 x 20 mm, with tight-fitting slipover covers; Sargent-Welch no. S-25675, Arthur H. Thomas no. 4522, or equivalent (see Notes, 1).
2. Forced-draft oven---AOCS Specification H 1-39.
3. Desiccator---containing an efficient desiccant. Calcium chloride is not satisfactory. See AOCS
Specification H 9-87.
4. Jones sampler---riffle type, 6 x 6 in. (see Notes, 2).
5. Boerner sampler---36 pocket (see Notes, 2).
6. Airtight sample containers---100-g capacity.
1. Pass the original 1000-g sample through the riffle and reduce to 100 g. Immediately place in airtight
container. Weigh moisture sample immediately.
Procedure
1. Weigh about 5 g (2 g for soybean oil cake or meal and for linseed meal) of the sample into tared
moisture dish.
2. Place the dish in the oven and dry at 130 3 C for 2 hr. Moisture content for safflower meal will be
made according to National Institute of Oilseed Products rules (1.5 hr at 130 C).
3. Remove from the oven, cover immediately, cool in a desiccator to room temperature and weigh.
Calculations
1. Moisture and volatile matter, % =
loss in wt x 100
wt of sample
Notes
1. For samples with high moisture and volatile content, the use of lightweight, coverless, disposable
weighing dishes may give erroneously high results due to sample loss from splattering during heating.
2. Equipment available from Seedburo Equipment Co., Chicago, IL, USA.
AOCS Official Method Ba 4d-90

Revised 1991, 1992
Reapproved 1993
Nitrogen-Ammonia-Protein
Modified Kjeldahl Method
Titanium Dioxide + Copper Sulfate Catalyst
Definition: This method determines total nitrogen content and protein as 6.25 times the nitrogen
content of the sample (see Notes, 1 and References, 1).
Scope: Applicable to cottonseed meats, and meal and ground cake or pellets from cottonseed,
soybeans, peanuts and flaxseed.
Apparatus
1. Kjeldahl digestion and distillation apparatus---complete with heat source, traps and block-tin, or
equivalent noncorrosive tubing condensers (see Notes, 2).
2. Kjeldahl flasks---800 mL.
3. Distillate receiving flasks---500 mL, or any convenient size.
Reagents
1. Catalyst mixture---containing potassium sulfate, 16.7 g + titanium dioxide, 0.6 g + copper sulfate,
0.01 g + pumice, 0.3 g.
2. Sulfuric acid---sp gr 1.84 (see Notes, Caution).
3. Sodium hydroxide solution---sp gr 1.50 (see Notes, Caution).
4. Sodium hydroxide solution---0.25 N, accurately standardized (see AOCS Specification H 12-52).
5. Sulfuric acid---0.5 N, accurately standardized (see AOCS Specification H 13-52).
6. Methyl red indicator solution---0.1% in ethyl alcohol, OR Alizarin Red S---0.3% in distilled water.
7. Alundum boiling stones---8-14 mesh.
8. Zinc metal---granular. (If the catalyst is used with added pumice, granular zinc metal need not be
added as an antibumping agent.).
1. Grind the 100-g portion of sample from AOCS Official Method Ba 2a-38, Preparation of Sample,
through a suitable laboratory mill to a uniform fineness of about 20 mesh (about 30 mesh for linseed
meal). Mix the sample thoroughly. A Henry velocity mixer (available from Mid-Continent
Engineeering, Memphis, TN, USA) may be used, or mixing may be done by placing the entire ground
sample into a 0.5-gallon Mason fruit jar containing a large rubber stopper. Replace the cover and
shake vigorously until thoroughly mixed. Transfer the ground sample to an airtight container. Oil,
second (ground) moisture and protein nitrogen are determined on this ground portion. Weighings for all
determinations should be made at the same time. If determining ground moisture, immediately proceed
with the moisture determination.
Procedure
1. Weigh 0.250-1.750 g of the ground sample (see Notes, 3) into the Kjeldahl flask. Add the catalyst
mixture (premixed catalyst packs are commercially available and may be used).
2. Add 30 mL of concentrated H2SO4 (see Notes, 4) to the sample and catalyst in the digestion flask.
Include at least one sample of high-purity lysine hydrochloride in each day's run as a check of the
correctness of digestion parameters. If recovery is not complete, make appropriate adjustment.
3. Add a few Alundum boiling stones to the sample flask.
4. To digest the sample, first adjust heat to bring 250 mL of water at 25 C to rolling boil in 5 min.
Place the sample flask on the digestion rack in an inclined position and then heat sample flask at the 5min boil rate until dense, white fumes clear bulb of flask (approximately 5 min). Swirl gently and
continue heating an additional 40 min after the liquid has become clear and colorless (see Notes, 5).
The Kjeldahl flasks should be rotated a minimum of three times during the digestion.
5. Cool, cautiously add about 300 mL of water and cool to room temperature (see Notes, 6). Add
water as soon as possible to reduce amount of caking. If excessive bumping occurs during distillation,
increase dilution water from 300 mL to about 350 mL.
6. Accurately transfer a sufficient quantity of the standard acid into receiving flask so that there will be
an excess of at last 0.5 mL of 0.5 N acid. Add sufficient distilled water to cover the end of the outlet
tube and attach to outlet end of condenser tube. The distillate should discharge through a glass tube at
the bottom of the receiving flask.
7. Add an additional 0.5-1.0 g Alundum boiling stones to cooled digestion flask. Mix thoroughly and
add sufficient alkali solution (Reagents, 3) to make strongly alkaline. Pour the alkali down the side of
the Kjeldahl flask so that it does not mix quickly with the acid.
8. Immediately connect the Kjeldahl flask to the other end of the condenser tube and thoroughly mix
the contents by shaking. Apply heat at about a 7.5-min boil rate and distil until at least 150 mL of
distillate have been collected.
9. Titrate the contents of the receiving flask with 0.25 N NaOH solution, using 3 or 4 drops of
indicator.
10. Conduct a blank determination of all reagents simultaneously with the samples and similar in all
respects. Correct for blank determined on reagents.
11. The performance of the entire method should be checked frequently by analyzing either National
Institute of Testing-certified ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (standard reference material 194) or
high-purity lysine hydrochloride.
12. Determine moisture in the ground sample as directed in AOCS Official Method Ba 2a-38,
Procedure section.
Calculations
1. Nitrogen, % =
[(NA x mLA) - (mLBK x NB) - (mLB x NB)] x 1400.67
mg sample
Where--mLB = mL standard base used for the sample
MLA = mL standard acid used for that sample
mLBK = mL standard base needed to titrate 1 mL of standard acid minus mL standard base
needed to titrate reagent blank carried through method and distilled into 1 mL standard
acid
NA
= normality of standard acid
NB
= normality of standard base
Note---To determine percent ammonia, substitute 1703.06 for 1400.67 in the equation for the
calculation of percent nitrogen.
2. Refer to the Conversion Table for Nitrogen, Ammonia and Protein in AOCS Official Method Aa 591 for conversion from nitrogen (based on conversion factor of 6.25) or ammonia (based on conversion factor of 5.14) to protein.
3. Table 1 lists United States Department of Agriculture factors for converting from percent nitrogen to
percent protein (see Notes, 7 and References, 2).
Precision
1. Table 2 lists the statistical parameters for soybean meal and soy protein concentrated determined
from an Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) interlaboratory study.
2. Tables 3, 4 and 5 list the results of the second AOCS collaborative study, March 1991, for the
determination of nitrogen in cottonseed and cottonseed meal, using a 0.56 catalyst to acid ratio for
TiO 2/CuSO4 catalyst. The project coordinator was James Falk, member of the AOCS Seed and Meal
Analysis Technical Committee.
Notes
Caution
Alkalies can burn skin, eyes and respiratory tract severely. Wear heavy rubber goves and face shield to
protect against concentrated alkali solutions. Use effective fume-removal device or gas mask to protect
respiratory tract against alkali dusts or vapors. When working with extremely caustic materials like
sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, always add pellets to water and not vice versa.
Table 1. Products and protein conversion factors.

______________________________________________________________________________
The contents of this table are the same as in Table 1 on page 3-56 of this Handbook.
Table 2. Statistical parameters determined from the AOAC interlaboratory study.

______________________________________________________________________________
The contents of this table are the same as in Table 2 on page 4-48 of this Handbook.
Table 3. Summary of collaborative study results for determination of percent nitrogen (dryweight basis) in delinted cottonseed with 21.2% oil content, using 30 mL of acid for digestion.
______________________________________________________________________________
Sample
1+9
Ti-Cu HgO
Ti-Cu HgO
Ti-Cu HgO
____________________________________________________________________________
% Nitrogen
4.28 4.29
4.31 4.30
4.30 4.30
SD
0.04 0.06
0.06 0.06
0.04 0.04
CV%
0.97 1.31
1.43 1.43
0.99 0.87
Range
0.13 0.22
0.18 0.20
0.13 0.12
____________________________________________________________________________
These alkalies are extremely exothermic when mixed with water. Take precautions to contain the
caustic solution in the event the mixing container breaks from the extreme heat generated.
Numbered Notes
1. This method has been evaluated through interlaboratory comparison of catalysts and has been
adopted by the committee as the official replacement for the mercuric oxide catalyzed method, AOCS
method Ba 4a-38. An interlaboratory evaluation (References, 3) indicated that AOCS Official Method
Ba 4d-90 (this method, using the copper/titanium catalyst mixture) produces results closer in agreement
with AOCS Official Method Ba 4a-38 (using mercuric oxide catalyst) than methods using copper
sulfate catalyst. As a result of this study, methods Ba 4a-38 (mercuric oxide), Ba 4b-87 (copper
sulfate) and Ba 4c-87 (Kjel-Foss Automatic) were declared surplus (obsolete) in 1991.
The AOAC collaborative study (References, 4) showed no bias when comparing Cu/Ti catalyst with
HgO. The AOCS interlaboratory evaluation (References, 3), based on sample weight, acid, volume,
digestion temperature and time, previously specified in AOCS Official Method Ba 4a-38, indicated an
average bias of -0.244%, which was statistically significant at the 99% confidence level. Factors that
may affect method bias are sample weight and particle size, catalyst composition, use of Alundum,
volume of acid used for digestion, digestion temperature and digestion time. In 1991, two additional
collaborative studies (cottonseed and cottonseed meal) showed that when 30 mL of sulfuric
Table 4. Summary of collaborative study results for determination of percent nitrogen (dryweight basis) in high-protein cottonseed meal, using 30 mL of acid for digestion.
______________________________________________________________________________
Sample
1
2
1+2
Ti-Cu HgO
Ti-Cu HgO
Ti-Cu HgO
______________________________________________________________________________
% Nitrogen
7.82 7.78
7.82 7.80
7.82 7.79
SD
0.09 0.09
0.07 0.05
0.07 0.06
CV%
1.14 1.15
0.90 0.64
0.90 0.73
Range
0.27 0.33
0.19 0.17
0.20 0.17
______________________________________________________________________________
Table 5. Summary of collaborative study results for determination of percent nitrogen (dryweight basis) in 52% protein cottonseed meal, using 30 mL of acid for digestion.
______________________________________________________________________________
Sample
8
4+8
Ti-Cu HgO
Ti-Cu HgO
Ti-Cu HgO
______________________________________________________________________________
% Nitrogen
8.24 8.26
8.29 8.25
8.26 8.25
SD
0.23 0.09
0.06 0.09
0.14 0.08
CV%
0.97 0.34
0.20 0.30
0.59 0.30
Range
0.27 0.33
0.19 0.17
0.20 0.17
______________________________________________________________________________
acid were used, caking of the digest was reduced and results were comparable to the mercuric oxide
catalyzed method. As a result, the AOCS versions of this method may specify the use of more than 20
mL of sulfuric acid, but otherwise conform with the AOAC version (References, 5).
2. Use of steam- and water-resistant rubber tubing and stoppers to connect the glass parts is strongly
recommended.
3. Due to large particle size, a larger sample, in the range of 1.4 to 1.7 g, is recommended for
cottonseed meal. This may also require an adjustment in the volume of sulfuric acid used for sample
digestion.
4. More than 20 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid is needed for samples high in fat or oil, because more
acid is required to effect complete digestion, avoid loss in nitrogen and prevent caking. In recent
collaborative studies involving the application of this method to cottonseed meal, it was observed that
when 30 mL of H2SO4 were used, caking was reduced and results were comparable to the mercuric
oxide catalyzed method.
5. Complete conversion of organic nitrogen to ammoniacal nitrogen is essential to obtain accurate and
precise results. After the liquid has become clear and colorless, it may be necessary to digest the
sample for approximately an additional 30-50 min. Reagent proportions, heat input and digestion time
are critical factors and should not be changed. Prolonged digestion and high temperatures must be
avoided, because some ammoniacal nitrogen can be lost by oxidation. Large sample particles should be
avoided, because the larger particles will require a longer digestion time.
6. The cooled digest should be liquid, or liquid with a few small crystals. Caking before the addition of
water indicates too little residual acid at the end of the digestion period and may result in low nitrogen
values.
7. The factors listed in Table 1 are for informational purposes only. See References, 6 for a discussion
relating to nitrogen-protein conversion factors.
References
1. Jones, D. B., USDA Circular No. 183, United States Department of Agriculture, 1941.
2. Composition of Foods, Agriculture Handbook No. 8, United States Department of Agriculture,
Sections 11 and 12.
3. INFORM 1:884 (1990).
4. Kane, P. F., J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 70:907 (1987).
5. Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th edn., Vol. 1,
Arlington, VA, 1989, p. 70, Method 988.05.
6. INFORM 3:727 (1992).
AOCS Official Method Ba 3-38

Revised 1954
Reapproved 1993
Oil
Definition: This method determines the substances extracted by petroleum ether under the conditions
of the test.
Scope: Applicable to cottonseed meats, and cake and meal from cottonseed, soybeans, peanuts and
flaxseed.
Apparatus
1. Butt-type extraction apparatus---assembled exactly as indicated in Apparatus, 1 of AOCS Official
Method Aa 4-38. (See Figure 1).
2. Filter paper---150 mm; S & S no. 597, Whatman no. 2, Reeve Angel no. 211, or equivalent.
3. Absorbent cotton---free of petroleum ether extractables.
4. Porcelain mortar and pestle---The mortar must be at least 4 in. i.d. at the top. The pestle handle
must be large enough to afford a firm hand grip. The inner surface of the mortar is kept rough by
occasionally grinding with sand.
5. Sieve---US no. 20.
6. Sieve---US no. 30.
7. Laboratory mill---suitable for grinding the samples to a maximum particle size of 0.850 mm (US no.
20 sieve); except for linseed meal, for which the samples are ground to a maximum particle size of
0.600 mm (US no. 30 sieve).
Reagents
1. Petroleum ether---AOCS Specification H 2-41 (see Notes, Caution).
1. Grind the 100-g portion from AOCS Official Method Ba 2a-38, Preparation of Sample, through the
laboratory mill to a uniform fineness (maximum particle size of 0.850 mm, 20 mesh), except for linseed
meal (maximum particle size of 0.600 mm, 30 mesh). Immediately return to an airtight container. Oil,
ground moisture and protein nitrogen are determined on this portion.
Procedure
1. Meal and ground cake or pellets--(a) Weigh 5 g of the ground sample into a filter paper and enlose in a second filter paper, folded in
such a fashion as to prevent escape of the meal (see Figure 2). The second paper is left open at the top
like a thimble. A piece of absorbent cotton may be placed in the top of the thimble to distribute the
solvent as it drops on the sample.
(b) Place wrapped sample in the Butt extraction tube and assemble the apparatus as shown in
Figure 1. Put about 25 mL of petroleum ether into the tared extraction flask before attaching to the
tube.
(c) Heat in a water bath or on an electric hot plate at such a rate that the solvent will drop from the
condenser on the center of the thimble at the rate of at least 150 drops/min.
(d) Keep the volume of solvent fairly constant by adding enough to make up for any that may be
lost due to evaporation. Continue extraction for 3 hr.
(e) Cool and disconnect the extraction flask. Evaporate the petroleum ether on a steam bath or in a
water bath until no odor of solvent remains. A gentle stream of clean, dry nitrogen may be used to
facilitate removal of the solvent. Cool to room temperature, carefully remove any moisture or dirt from
the outside of the flask and weigh. Repeat heating until constant weight is obtained.
(f) Determine the moisture in the ground sample as directed in AOCS Official Method Ba 2a-38.
2. Cottonseed meats--(a) Weigh accurately about 2 g of the ground sample and proceed as directed in Procedure, 1, (a)
above, continuing the extraction for 2 hr only.
(b) Remove the thimble from the Butt tube, allow the solvent to evaporate from the filter paper and
sample at room temperature. Then carefully transfer the sample to the mortar so there will be no loss.
Grind the sample in the mortar with the pestle for at least 1 min, or with at least 100 vigorous strokes.
Use no abrasive.
(c) Return the reground sample to the same filter paper and continue the extraction as before for an
additional 2 hr. From here on, proceed as directed in Procedure 1, (d), (e) and (f).
Calculations
1. Oil, % =
wt of oil
x 100
wt of sample
2. The percentage oil may be calculated to any desired moisture basis with the following formula:
Oil, desired moisture basis, % =
F(100 - % moisture desired)
100 - % moisture in sample analyzed
Where--F = percent oil in sample analyzed
Notes
Caution
Figure 1.
Figure 2.

Replaces Ba 6-49 and Ba 6-61
Revised 1993, 1995
Crude Fiber
Definition: This method determines, as crude fiber, the loss on incineration of the oven-dried residue
remaining after digestion of the sample with dilute sulfuric acid and dilute sodium hydroxide, as specified
in the conditions outlined in the procedure.
Scope: Applicable to grains, meals, flours, feeds and all fiber-bearing material from which the oil or fat
can be extracted leaving a workable residue. This is a joint AOCS-Association of Official Analytical
Chemists (AOAC) method (References, 1).
Reagents
1. Sulfuric acid solution---containing 1.25 g H2SO4 per 100 mL (1.25% or 0.255 N) (see Notes,
Caution).
2. Sodium hydroxide solution---containing 1.25 g NaOH per 100 mL (1.25% or 0.313 N) (see
Notes, Caution).
3. Ceramic fiber---available from Porter-Warner, Rock Hill, SC, USA, Thermal Ceramics, Inc.,
Augusta, GA, USA or E. J. Bartell Co., Renton, WA, USA (the product available from E. J. Bartell
Co. has the trade name "Cerafiber"). Prepare by blending about 150 g of ceramic fiber with 250 mL
distilled water in a Waring blender at high speed for 5 min. Store in plastic jar. Individual mats may be
prepared by slowly pouring 75-100 mL of mixed slurry into a Buchner funnel (without suction) and
allowing it to settle before turning on the vacuum. Optimum mat size for 70-mm funnel is 3-4 g; for 55mm funnel, 2-2.5 g. Alternate preparation: Stack US no. 6 mesh sieve on top of no. 10 mesh sieve.
Place suitable amount of ceramic fiber on no. 6 mesh sieve and rub across sieve until all of the fiber has
passed through the openings. Discard small amount left on no. 6 sieve. Shake material on no. 10 mesh
sieve for about 1 min, and discard fines that pass through the sieve. Save and store the fiber remaining
on the no. 10 mesh sieve. Any method of preparation is acceptable if it results in the making of a
satisfactory mat in the Buchner funnel. Discarding the fines will reduce the magnitude of the blank
determination.
4. Glass wool---PyrexTM (Owens-Corning no. 3950), or equivalent.
5. Methyl alcohol 95%, isopropyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol 95%.
6. Diethyl ether---ACS grade, OR petroleum ether---AOCS Specification H 2-41 (see Notes,
Caution).
7. Dow-Corning Antifoam A Emulsion---diluted 1:4 with water. This is also available in a solventdilutable form as Antifoam A Compound.
8. Bumping chips or granules---broken alundum crucibles or alundum granules, or equivalent (see
Notes, 1).
Apparatus
1. Crude fiber digestion apparatus---with condenser to fit a 600-mL beaker and a hot plate adjustable
to a temperature that will bring 200 mL of distilled water at 25 C to a rolling boil in 15 2 min (suitable
equipment is available from Precision Scientific Co., Chicago, IL, USA).
2. 600-mL Beaker---designed to fit digestion apparatus.
3. Ashing dishes---Silica, Vitrosil 70 x 15 mm, porcelain Coors no. 60197, or equivalent.
4. Air oven---maintained at 130 2 C.
5. Electric muffle furnace---with rheostat control and pyrometer that will maintain a temperature of 600
15 C.
6. Desiccator---with efficient desiccant. Calcium chloride is not satisfactory. Drierite 4-8 mesh is
satisfactory. See AOCS Specification H 9-87.
7. Filtering device---consisting of a no. 200 mesh US series equivalent stainless steel screen and
constructed to afford easy and efficient washing of the digested residues (see Figure 1 and Notes, 2 and
3). When extremely fine material is analyzed, it is necessary to precoat this filtering device to avoid loss.
In this case, the additional "blank" which may be occasioned by extra ceramic fiber should be
determined (see Notes, 4).
8. Suction filtering apparatus---to accommodate the California State modified Buchner funnel. This
includes suction flask attached to a trap in line with a water aspirator or other suction line, equipped with
a valve to break the suction.
9. Apparatus designed to preheat alkali, acid and wash water to 100 C. Suggested design consists of
a tank composed of sheet copper, containing three coils made of 12.5 ft long, 3/8-in. copper tubing.
Inlets and outlets are soldered where tubing passes through tank walls. Fill with water and fit with reflux
condenser to reduce evaporation. Two 750-watt hot plates will maintain boiling. Use Tygon tubing to
connect the coils to reservoirs of distilled water, 1.25% acid and 1.25% alkali, with gum tubing for
delivery from the outlets. The capacity is adequate for 60 fiber analyses in 8 hr. (See Figure 2).
1. Reduce a 1000-g sample using a divider or other suitable means to about 100 g and place in a
sealed, moisture-proof container. Determine the moisture immediately.
2. Grind the remainder of the 100-g portion obtained above through a laboratory mill to a uniform
fineness.
Note---Laboratory experiments have shown that the Weber mill (screen size .033-.040 in.), the micro
screen (1/25-1/16 in.) and the Wiley mill (1-mm screen) will give grinds of comparative fineness. While
other mills may be suitable, it is recommended that one of the mills mentioned above be used for
preparing the sample for crude fiber determination. Most materials will lose moisture during grinding,
and the moisture should be determined on the ground sample as the portion is taken for the crude fiber
determination.
Procedure Using Ceramic Fiber (see Notes, 4)
1. Extract 2 g of the ground material with diethyl or petroleum ether to remove fat. Transfer to a 600mL beaker, being careful to avoid fiber contamination from paper or brush used in the process.
Note---If fat content of sample is below 1%, the extraction step can be eliminated.
2. Add about 3 g of prepared ceramic fiber for 70-mm Buchner funnel or about 2 g of prepared
ceramic fiber for 55-mm Buchner funnel, 200 mL of boiling H2SO4 (0.255 N) and 1 drop of diluted
antifoam agent. Add alundum chips or granules to reduce bumping.
Note: This antifoam agent will give high results if used in excess. Use only when necessary to control
foaming.
3. Place the beaker and contents on the digestion apparatus with the hot plate at the temperature
specified in Apparatus, 1. Digest at boiling temperature for exactly 30 min, rotating the beaker
periodically to keep any solid matter from adhering to the sides.
4. Remove at the end of the 30-min period and filter, using the California State modified Buchner
funnel, according to the following procedure:
(a) With the Buchner funnel mounted on the suction flask and the suction on, pour the entire
contents of the digestion beaker into the funnel. Rinse the beaker with 50-75 mL of boiling water and
wash through the funnel. Repeat with three more 50-mL washings, and allow the vacuum to dry the
funnel.
(b) Remove the mat and digest by snapping the bottom part of the funnel against the top while
covering the stem with the thumb or forefinger and place the mat and digest in the original digestion
beaker. Rinse funnel with 200 mL of boiling 1.25% alkali and digest for exactly 30 min at tem-perature
specified in Apparatus, 1.
(c) At the end of the alkali digestion, immediately filter contents of beaker through a Gooch crucible,
equipped with a glass-fiber filter disk to fit over the bottom of crucible or a 5 mm thick mat of ceramic
fiber. Rinse beaker twice with 25-mL portions of 0.255 N H2SO4. Then rinse beaker with three 50mL portions of distilled water. Finally, pour 25 mL of alcohol into the crucible and allow the vacuum to
dry the filter. Remove crucible.
5. Dry crucible and contents at 130 C for 1 hr. Cool in a desiccator and weigh. Incinerate for 30 min
at 600 15 C. Cool in a desiccator and weigh again.
Procedure Using Glass Wool (see Notes, 4)
1. Extract 2 g of the ground material with diethyl or petroleum ether to remove fat. Transfer to a 600mL beaker, being careful to avoid fiber contamination from paper or brush used in the process.
Note---If fat content of sample is below 1%, the extraction step can be eliminated.
2. Add 200 mL of boiling 1.25% H2SO4 and 1 drop of the diluted antifoam agent. Add alundum chips
or granules to reduce bumping, if desired.
Note---This antifoam agent will give high results if used in excess. Use only when necessary to control
foaming.
3. Place the beaker and contents on the digestion apparatus with the hot plate at the temperature
specified in Apparatus, 1. Digest at boiling temperature for exactly 30 min, rotating the beaker
periodically to keep any solid matter from adhering to the sides.
4. Remove at the end of the 30-min period and filter, using the California State modified Buchner
funnel, according to the following procedure:
(a) Prepare the Buchner funnel (55 mm i.d.) by cutting a round piece of glass wool of sufficient size
to completely line the bottom and sides of the funnel. The glass wool pad should be shaped to the
inside of the funnel. Then apply suction, using a stream of water, to form a seal between funnel and
glass wool.
(b) Care must be taken not to separate the glass fibers in the mat. This is necessary for maximum
retention of the sample on the glass wool.
(c) Glass wool no. 3950 is packed in rolls. Carefully unroll as needed. Each large layer consists of
six thin layers. Normal meals, feeds, grains and feed ingredients will be retained by a three-layer lining
(see Notes, 5).
5. With the Buchner funnel mounted on the suction flask and suction applied, pour the entire contents of
the digestion beaker into the funnel. Rinse the beaker with 50-75 mL of boiling water and wash through
the funnel. Repeat with three more 50-mL washings and allow the vacuum to dry the funnel.
6. Transfer the glass fiber mat and digest from the funnel into the original digestion beaker. Using a
stream of 1.25% alkali, rinse funnel into beaker. Add additional alkali to bring the volume to 200 mL,
and digest for 30 min at the temperature specified in Apparatus, 1. Digest at boiling point for exactly 30
min, rotating the beaker periodically to keep any solid matter from adhering to the sides.
Note---The glass fiber mat must be immersed in the solution at all times; gentle swirling of the solution at
times will prevent entrapment of air and aid to keep material in contact with the solution.
7. Prepare a glass wool fiber mat about 10 mm thick in the Gooch crucible. Then transfer glass fiber
mat and digest to the Gooch crucible. A convenient way to transfer the glass fiber mat to the crucible is
to pick up the wet fibers using large tweezers and twist material into narrow or composite mass, making
it possible to place in crucible without touching the outer ede. Then compress materials as necessary
with glass rod and pour. With the Gooch crucible mounted on a suction flask and suction applied, pour
the entire contents of the digestion beaker through the Gooch crucible.
8. Rinse the beaker and glass rod using 25 mL of boiling 1.25% H2SO4, followed with three 50-mL
washes with hot distilled water. Add all washes to the Gooch crucible. Finally, wash the crucible with
25 mL of alcohol, allow the vacuum to dry the filter mat and remove the crucible.
9. Dry the cruxible and contents at 130 C for 1 hr. Cool in a desiccator and weigh. Incinerate for 30
min at 600 15 C. Cool in a desiccator and weigh again.
Calculations
1. Crude fiber in ground sample, % =
(A B) x 100
W
Where--A = the loss in weight from incineration of sample

B = the loss in weight from incineration of blank
W = weight of sample
2. Crude fiber, % =
(100 - % moisture desired)

(100 - % moisture in ground sample
Precision
1. Using ceramic fiber (References, 2)---Mean, 14.24; average range, 0.24; average maximum spread,
2.24; pooled standard deviation, 0.62; Sr, 0.28; Sb, 0.55.
2. Using glass wool--(a) Within-lab SD: SD = 6% of the mean crude fiber (CF) value, but not less than 0.35% CF.
(b) Between-lab SD (single determinations): SD = 7% of the mean CF value, but not less than
0.4% CF.
(c) Between-lab SD (replicate determinations): SD = 5% of the mean CF value, but not less than
0.3% CF.
Note---The SD varies with the size of the numerical value of the CF, but at low values reaches a
minimum. Example: At 10.0% CF the SD for within-lab determinations would be 6% of 10.0, or
0.6%. However, at 2.0% CF the SD would be 0.35%.
3. Using asbestos (see Notes, 6)---Precision of the method was established using AOCS Official
Method M 1-59 (declared surplus in 1989), modified by eliminating duplicates. Four preground
samples, ranging from 2 to12% crude fiber were submitted to twelve collaborators; 384 results were
obtained and calculated on a 95% confidence limit basis:
(a) Agreement within laboratories: Two single determinations performed in one laboratory using the
Oklahoma Filter Screen shall not differ by more than 0.48%. Two single determinations performed in
one laboratory using the California State modified Buchner funnel shall not differ by more than 0.68%.
(b) Agreement between laboratories: Single determinations performed in two different laboratories
using either filtering device shall not differ by more than 0.79%.
(c) These precision data do not apply to products with high fiber, such as alfalfa meal, or products
that present filtering problems, such as yeast.
Notes
Caution
Alkalies can burn skin, eyes and respiratory tract severely. Wear heavy rubber gloves and face shield
to protect against concentrated alkali liquids. Use effective fume-removal device or gas mask to protect
respiratory tract against alkali dusts or vapors. When working with extremely caustic materials such as
sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, always add pellets to water and not the reverse. These
alkalies are extremely exothermic when mixed with water. Take precautions to contain the caustic
solution in the event that the mixing container breaks from the extreme heat generated.
Diethyl ether is highly flammable and is a severe fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat or
flame. It is a central nervous system depressant by inhalation and skin absorption. It will form explosive
peroxides upon exposure to light. Handle empty containers, particularly those from which ether has
evaporated, with extreme caution. Explosive limits in air are 1.85-48%. The TLV is 400 ppm in air. A
fume hood should be used at all times when using diethyl ether.
Numbered Notes
1. R.R. alundum 90 mesh manufactured by the Norton Co., Worcester, MA, USA.
2. Stainless steel, type 304, is recommended. Available from W. S. Tyler, Inc., Mentor, OH, USA.
3. The two-piece polyethylene funnel is similar to Fisher no. 10-362-B or -C, or Nalge no. 4280, 55
or 70 mm. The funnel is supplied without the 200 mesh screen. This can be sealed easily to the filtering
surface of the funnel using a small tip soldering iron.
4. A blank determination must be run using all reagents, but without any sample.
5. Materials that will pass through a 200 mesh sieve will require all six layers of glass wool.
6. Due to the hazard associated with its use, asbestos was eliminated from this method in 1989. The
precision data were retained for historical and informational purposes only.
References
1. Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th edn., Arlington,
VA, 1990, p. 80, Method 962.09.
2. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 65:265 (1982).
Other References
J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 42:222 (1959).
Ibid. 43:335 (1960).
Ibid. 44:567 (1961).
Ibid. 45:578 (1962).
Figure 1.
Figure 2.

Reapproved 1993
Urease Activity
Definition: This method determines the presence of residual urease in soybean products under the
conditions of the test (References, 1).
Scope: Applicable to soybean meals, soy flour and to soybean mill feeds, except when urea has been
added.
Apparatus
1. Water bath---capable of being maintained at a temperature of 30 0.5 C.
2. pH Meter---equipped with glass and calomel electrodes and capable of testing 5 mL of solutions. It
should be a precision instrument with a temperature compensator having a sensitivity of 0.02 pH units
or better. Follow manufacturer's instructions for the operation, standardization and deter-mination of
pH. Calibrate the meter with standard buffers with values at or near the range at which measurements
are to be made (see Notes, 1).
3. Test tubes---20 mm x 150 mm, fitted with rubber stoppers.
Reagents
1. Phosphate buffer solution (0.05 M)---Dissolve 3.403 g of reagent-grade monobasic potassium
phosphate (KH2PO4) in approximately 100 mL of freshly distilled water. Dissolve 4.355 g of reagentgrade dibasic potassium phosphate (K 2HPO4) in approximately 100 mL of water. Combine the two
solutions and make to exactly 1000 mL. If reagents are pure, pH should be at 7.0. If it is not, adjust to
7.0 with a solution of an acid or base before using. The useful life of the buffer solution, prepared as
described, is less than 90 days.
2. Buffered urea solution---Dissolve 15 g urea (reagent grade) in 500 mL of the phosphate buffer
solution. Add 5 mL of toluene (see Notes, Caution) to serve as a preservative and to prevent mold
formation. Adjust the pH of the urea solution to 7.0 as in Reagents, 1.
1. Grind the sample as finely as possible without raising the temperature, and mix completely. At least
60% of the sample should pass a US no. 40 standard sieve (particle size 0.425 mm or less). Soy flour
requires no grinding, but make certain it is well mixed.
Procedure
Weigh 0.200 g ( 0.001 g) of sample into a test tube and add 10 mL of the buffered urea solution.
Stopper, mix and place in water bath at 30 C. Do not invert the tube during the process of mixing.
2. Prepare a blank by weighing 0.200 g ( 0.001 g) sample into a test tube and add 10 mL of the
phosphate buffer solution. Stopper, mix and place in water bath at 30 C. Allow a time interval of 5 min
between the preparation of the test and the blank portions. Agitate the contents of each tube at 5-min
intervals.
3. Remove the test and blank portions from the water bath after 30 min. Transfer the supernatant
liquids to a 5.0-mL beaker, maintaining the 5-min interval between the test and blank. Determine the
pH of the supernatant liquids at exactly 5 min after removal from the bath (see Notes, 1).
Calculations
1. A difference between the pH of the test sample and the pH of the blank is an indication and an index
of urease activity.
Notes
Caution
Toluene is flammable and a dangerous fire risk. Explosive limits in air are 1.27-7%. It is toxic by
ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. The TLV is 100 ppm in air. A fume hood should be used at
all times when using toluene.
Numbered Notes
1. Care must be exercised to prevent contamination of all glassware or electrodes. Should the pH
instrument fail to deliver a prompt and stable reading, investigate. Frequently, the flow of electrolyte
through the porous fibers in the calomel electrode may be retarded by a coating of the soluble fraction
from soybean.
References
1. This method is a modification of the procedure of Caskey, C. D., and F. C. Knapp, Ind. Eng.
Chem., Anal. Ed. 16:640 (1944).

Official 1983
Reapproved 1993
Trypsin Inhibitor Activity

Definition: This method determines the total and residual trypsin inhibitors in food and feed products
under the conditions of the test.
Scope: Applicable to soybean meals and flours (raw and toasted), to soy protein conentrates and
isolates and to corn-soy mixtures.
Apparatus
1. Water bath---controlled at 37 0.5 C.
2. Spectrophotometer---functional at 410 nm, with 1-cm square cuvettes, OR colorimeter calibrated to
furnish equivalent absorbance values.
3. Test tubes---18 x 150 mm.
4. Vortex stirrer.
5. Magnetic stirrer.
6. Grinding mill---capable of reducing sample to 100 mesh or smaller without loss of material or
temperatures in excess of 40 C.
Reagents
1. Tris buffer (pH 8.2, 0.05 M)---Dissolve 6.05 g tris (hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane and 2.94 g
CaCl2 2H2O in 900 mL CO2-free water, adjust to pH 8.2 and dilute to 1 L. Bring to 37 C immediately
before using.
2. BAPA solution---Dissolve 40 mg benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanalide hydrochloride (BAPA) in 1
mL dimethyl sulfoxide. Dilute to 100 mL with tris buffer. Prepare fresh daily. Maintain at 37 C for use.
3. Trypsin solution---Dissolve 4 mg accurately weighed, twice-crystallized, salt-free trypsin in 200 mL
0.001 N hydrochloric acid.
4. Acetic acid solution---Mix 30 mL glacial acetic acid and 70 mL water (see Notes, Caution).
5. Sodium hydroxide solution---0.01 N.
1. Avoid subjecting sample to temperatures in excess of 37-40 C at any time.
2. Grind sample as finely as possible without heating, preferably 100 mesh or smaller. If the sample
cannot be ground without excessive heating, the sample may be ground with a small quantity of dry ice
(solid CO2).
3. Samples with more than 2% fat should be defatted with petroleum ether or hexane (see Notes,
Caution), with both extraction and desolventizing at approximately 25 C, but not greater than 25 C.
Procedure
1. Weigh 1.00 g of sample into a suitable beaker containing a magnetic stirring bar. Add 50.0 mL 0.01
N sodium hydroxide solution. Slowly agitate suspension 3 hr at room temperature. At the end of 3 hr
determine the pH, which should be between 8.4 and 10.0.
2. Take an aliquot of suspension with a serological pipet and dilute with distilled water so the
absorbance of the 1-mL assay is between 0.4 and 0.6 times the absorbance of the 0-mL assay (blank),
to minimize the relative standard deviation. When it is not possible to estimate the expected trypsin
inhibitor units/gram (TIU/g) (see Notes, 1), more than one dilution should be made. The dilution factor
is the final volume divided by amount of aliquot taken.
3. With serological pipets, add 0, 0.6, 1.0, 1.4 and 1.8 mL of the diluted suspension to duplicate sets
of test tubes. Add sufficient water to bring the volume in each test tube to 2.0 mL.
4. Add 2 mL trypsin solution to each tube, quickly mix on the Vortex stirrer and immediately place in
the 37 C water bath.
5. Prepare a timer for a 10-min interval. Observe the same sequence in starting and stopping the
reaction. To each tube in turn, add 5 mL BAPA solution, mix on Vortex stirrer, return to 37 C bath
and immediately begin timing th 10-min interval.
6. Immediately after the 10-min interval, stop the reaction in each tube, using the original sequence, by
adding 1 mL acetic acid solution and mixing on the Vortx stirrer.
7. Prepare a blank. Pipet 2 mL dilute suspension into a test tube. Add 5 mL BAPA solution and mix
on Vortex stirrer. Place in water bath at 37 C for 10 min. Add 1 mL acetic acid solution and mix on
Vortex stirrer. Add 2 mL trypsin solution and mix.
8. Filter the contents of each tube through no. 2 or no. 3 Whatman filter paper, or equivalent.
9. Determine the absorbance of each assay against the blank at 410 nm.
Calculations
1. Trypsin inhibitor units per milliliters diluted sample suspension as assayed (see Notes, 1):
TIU/mL =
100 x [(absorbance of B) - (absorbance of S)]
Y
Where--B = blank (0-mL assay)
S = sample solution
Y = number of mL of diluted sample suspension used in assay (S)
2. Calculate TIU/mL for each of the assays. Plot these results against Y mL. If a linear relationship is
obtained, extrapolate to 0 mL to obtain the final TIU/mL. Otherwise, use the simple mean of the
TIU/mL obtained.
3. TIU/g =
TIU x dilution factor x 50

mL
Precision
1. See Table 1 for estimates of variation in relative standard deviation (RSD) for trypsin inhibitor
assays.
Table 1. Variation estimates of trypsin inhibitor assay studies.

______________________________________________________________________________
Source of variation
RSD, %
__________________________________________________________________
Deviation about assay linesa
5
b
Collaborators with common extract
2
Collaborators with separate extractsc
5
______________________________________________________________________________
a
Error involved in converting the change in trypsin units to TIU/mL from the milliliter of soy used for
assay, such as 0.6, 1.0, 1.4 and 1.8 mL. The relative standard deviation from the standard trypsin
curve
is <5%.
b
On-the-spot assay by all collaborators on the same extract.
c
Extracts and assays made in laboratories of individual collaborator.
______________________________________________________________________________
Notes
Caution
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid and will cause severe burns. Protective clothing should be worn
when working with this acid. It is toxic by ingestion and inhalation and a strong irritant to eyes and skin.
The use of a properly operating fume hood is recommended. When diluting the acid, always add the
acid to the water, never the reverse.
Hexane is flammable and a dangerous fire risk. The TLV is 50 ppm in air. The Occupational Safety
and Health Administration recommends that exposure not exceed 350 ng/M3 for a time-weighted
average. Hexane vapor causes lung irritation and produces neurotoxic effects. A fume hood should be
used at all times when using hexane.
Acetic acid in the pure state (glacial acetic acid) is moderately toxic by ingestion and inhalation. It is a
strong irritant to skin and tissue. The TLV in air is 10 ppm.
Numbered Notes
1. One trypsin unit is arbitrarily defined as an increase of 0.01 absorbance units at 410 nm per 10 mL
of the reaction mixture under the conditions used in the method.
The Grain and Feed Trade Association (GAFTA, 1995b) has published the following five official
methods for analysis that are applicable to soybean meal:
Moisture.......................... Method
Oil.....
..........................
Crude protein....................
Crude fibre.......................
Urease activity...................
2:1
Method 3:0
Method 4:0
Method 10.0
Method 27.0
Details of the above five methods are posted below:
METHOD 2:1
Gafta
DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE IN FEEDINGSTUFFS.

1: Purpose and Scope
This method makes it possible to determine the moisture content of feedingstuffs. It does not cover the
analysis of milk products as straight feedingstuffs, the analysis of mineral substances and mixtures
composed predominantly of mineral substances or the analysis of the oil seeds and oleaginous fruit
defined in Council Regulation No. 136/66/EEC1 22nd September 1966 on the establishment of a
common organisation of the market in oils and fats.
The determination of the moisture content of oil seeds and oleaginous fruit is described in Annex III to
Commission Regulation (EEC) No. 1470/682 of 23rd September 1968 on the drawing and reduction of
samples and the determination of the oil content, impurities and moisture in oil seeds.
2: Principle
The sample is desiccated under specified conditions which vary according to the nature of the
feedingstuff. The loss in mass is determined by weighing. It is necessary to carry out preliminary drying
when dealing with solid feedingstuffs which have a high moisture content.
3: Apparatus
3:1 Crusher of non moisture-absorbing material which is easy to clean, allows rapid, even crushing
without producing any appreciable heating, prevents contact with the outside air as far as possible and
meets the requirements laid down in 4.1.1 and 4.1.2. (e.g. hammer or water-cooled micro-crushers,
collapsible cone mills, slow motion or cog-wheeled crushers).
3:2 Analytical balance, accurate to 0.5 mg.
3:3 Dry containers of non-corrodible metal or of glass with lids ensuring airtight closure; working
surface allowing the test sample to spread at about 0.3 g/cm2.
3:4 Electrically heated isothermal oven (+/- 1 degree C) properly ventilated and ensuring rapid
temperature regulation3.
3:5
Adjustable electrically heated vacuum fitted with an oil pump and either a mechanism for
introducing hot dried air or a drying agent (e.g. calcium oxide).
3:6 Desiccator with a thick perforated metal or porcelain plate, containing an efficient drying agent.
4: Procedure
N.B.: The operations described in this section must be carried out immediately after opening the
packages of samples. Analysis must be carried out at least in duplicate.
4:1 Preparation
4:1:1 Feedingstuffs other than those coming under 4.1.2 and 4.1.3.
Take at least 50 g of the sample. If necessary, crush or divide in such a way as to avoid any variation in
moisture content (see 6).
4:1:2 Cereals and groats
Take at least 50 g of the sample. Grind into particles of which at least 50% will pass through a 0.5 mm
mesh sieve and will leave no more than 10% reject on a 1 mm round-meshed sieve.
4:1:3 Feedingstuffs in liquid or paste form, feedingstuffs predominantly composed of oils and
fats
Take about 25 g of the sample, weigh to the nearest 10 mg, add an appropriate quantity of anhydrous
sand weighed to the nearest 10 mg and mix until a homogeneous product is obtained.
4:2 Drying
4:2:1 Feedingstuffs other than those coming under 4.2.2 and 4.2.3.
Weigh a container (3.3) with its lid to the nearest 0.5 mg. Weigh into the weighed container, to the
nearest 1 mg, about 5 g of the sample and spread evenly. Place the container, without its lid, in the
oven preheated to 103 degrees C. To prevent the oven temperature from falling unduly, introduce the
container as rapidly as possible. Leave to dry for four hours reckoned from the time when the oven
temperature returns to 103 degrees C. Replace the lid on the container, remove the latter from the
oven, leave to cool for 30 to 45 minutes in the desiccator (3.6) and weigh to the nearest 1 mg.
For feedingstuffs composed predominantly of oils and fats, dry in the oven for an additional 30 minutes
at 130 degrees C. The difference between the two weighings must not exceed 0.1% of moisture.
4:2:2 Cereals, flour, groats and meal
Weigh a container (3.3) with its lid to the nearest 0.5 mg. Weigh into the weighed container, to the
nearest 1 mg, about 5 g of the crushed sample and spread evenly. Place the container, without its lid, in
the oven preheated to 130 degrees C. To prevent the oven temperature from falling unduly, introduce
the container as rapidly as possible. Leave to dry for two hours reckoned from the time when the oven
temperature returns to 130 degrees C. Replace the lid on the container, remove the latter from the
oven, leave to cool for 30 to 45 minutes in the desiccator (3.6) and weigh to the nearest 1 mg.
4:2:3 Compound feedingstuffs containing more than 4% of sucrose or lactose: straight feedingstuffs such as locust beans, hydrolized cereal products, malt seeds, dried beet chips, fish and
sugar solubles; compound feedingstuffs containing more than 25% of mineral salts including
water of crystallization.
Weigh a container (3.3) with it lid o the nearest 0.5 mg. Weigh into the weighed container, to the
nearest 1 mg, about 5 g of the sample and spread evenly. Place the container, without its lid, in the
vacuum oven (3.5) pre-heated to between 80 degrees C and 85 degrees C. To prevent the oven
temperature from falling unduly, introduce the container as rapidly as possible.
Bring the pressure up to 100 Torr and leave to dry for hours at this pressure, either in a current hot, dry
air or using a drying agent (about 300 g for 20 samples). In the latter instance, disconnect the vacuum
pump when the oven temperature returns to 80 degree C to 85 degrees C. Carefully bring the oven
back to atmospheric pressure. Open the oven, place the lid on the container immediately, remove the
container from the oven, leave to cool for 30 to 45 minutes in he desiccator (3.6) and weigh to the
nearest 1 mg. Dry for an additional 30 minutes in the vacuum oven at 80 degrees C and re-weigh. The
difference between the two weighings must not exceed 0.1% of moisture.
4.3 Preliminary drying
4:3:1 Feedingstuffs other than those coming under 4.3.2.
Solid feedingstuffs with a high moisture content which makes crushing difficult must be subjected to
preliminary drying as follows:
Weigh 50 g of uncrushed sample to the nearest 10 mg (compressed or agglomerated feedingstuffs may
be roughly divided if necessary) in a suitable container (e.g. a 20 x 12 cm aluminum plate with a 0.5 cm
rim). Leave to dry in an oven from 60 degrees to 70 degrees C until the moisture content has been
reduced to between 8% and 12%. Remove from the oven, leave to cool uncovered in the laboratory
for one hour and weigh to the nearest 10 mg. Crush immediately as indicated in 4.1.1 and dry as
indicated in 4.2.1 or 4.2.3 according to the nature of the feedingstuff.
4:3:2 Cereals
Grain with a moisture content of over 17% must be subjected to preliminary drying as follows:
Weigh 50 g of unground grain to the nearest 10 mg in a suitable container (e.g. a 20 x 12 cm aluminum
plate with a 0.5 cm rim). Leave to dry for 5 to 7 minute in an oven at 130 degrees C. Remove from
the oven, leave to cool uncovered in the laboratory for two hours and weigh to the nearest 10 mg.
Grind immediately as indicated in 4.2.2.
5: Calculation of results
The moisture content, a percentage of the sample, is calculated by using he following formulae:
5:1 Drying without preliminary drying
(E - m).100
E
where:
E = initial mass, in grammes, of the test sample,

m = mass, in grammes, of the dry test sample.
5:2 Drying with preliminary drying

[(M' - m) M + E - M] 100 = 100 (1 - Mm)
M'
E
EM'
where:
E = initial mass, in grammes, of the test sample,

M = mass, in grammes, of the test sample after preliminary drying,
M' = mass, in grammes, of the test sample after crushing or grinding.
m = mass, in grammes, of the dry test sample.
5:3 Repeatability
The difference between the results of two parallel determinations carried out on the same sample should
not exceed 0.2% of moisture.
6: Observation
If crushing proves necessary and if this is seen to alter the moisture content of the product, the results of
the analysis of the components of the feedingstuff must be corrected on the basis of the moisture content
of the sample in its initial state.
Method 3:0 Oil..................................................Listed in detail on pages 3-62 thru 3-63.
Method 4:0 Crude protein................................Listed in detail on pages 3-64 thru 3-66.
Method 10.0 Crude fibre ...................................Listed in detail on pages 3-67 thru 3-69.
METHOD 27:0
Gafta
UREASE ACTIVITY
This method is for the determination of urease activity of products derived from soya. It can also be
used to determine whether these products have been cooked for a sufficient length of time.
2: Principle
The urease activity is determined by the amount of ammoniacal nitrogen liberated per minute by 1 g of
the product at 30 degrees C from a solution of urea.
3:
Reagents
3:1 Hydrochloric acid solution, 0.1N.
3:2 Sodium hydroxide solution, 0.1N.
3:3 Phosphate buffer solution, 0.05M: dissolve 4.45 g disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4
.2H20) and 3.40 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) in water and dilute to 1,000 ml.
3:4 Urea releasing agent: dissolve 30.0 g urea, in 1,000 ml phosphate buffer solution (3.3). Pre-pare
immediately before use.
4: Apparatus
4:1 Potentiometric titration apparatus or high-sensitivity pH-meter (0.02 pH).
4:2 Water bath controlled at 30 degrees C.
4:3 Test-tubes, 150 x 18 mm, provided with ground-glass stoppers.
5: Procedure
5:1 Sample preparation
Weigh approximately 10 g of the sample and grind so that it passes through a sieve having apertures of
0.2 mm.
5:2 Enzymolysis and titration

Weigh to the nearest 0.001 g, approximately 0.2 g of the prepared sample and transfer to a test-tube
provided with a ground-glass stopper (4.3). Add 10 ml urea releasing agent (3.4), stopper immediately
and shake vigorously. Allow the tube to stand for exactly 30 minutes in a water bath set at 30 degrees
C (4.2). Immediately add by pipette 10 ml 0.1N hydrochloric acid solution (3.1) and cool rapidly to 20
degrees C. Transfer the contents of the tube quantatively to a titration vessel, rinsing twice with 5 ml of
water. Titrate immediately using the potentiometric apparatus (4.1) to pH 4.7, using 0.1N sodium
hydroxide solution (3.2).
5:3 Blank test
Weigh to the nearest 0.001 g, approximately 0.2 g of the prepared sample and transfer to a test-tube
provided with a ground-glass stopper (4.3). Add by pipette 10 ml 0.1N hydrochloric acid solution
(3.1) and 10 ml of urea releasing agent (3.4). Immediately cool the tube in ice-water for 30 minutes.
Continue as in 5.2 from "....Transfer the contents of the tube quantatively....".
NOTE: For urease activities greater than 1 mg of N/g/minute at 30 degrees C, the sample size should
be reduced to 50 mg. Products containing more than 10% by weight of crude fatty substances should
be defatted cold before analysis.
6: Expression of the Results
The urease activity is calculated by using for formula:
mg N/g/minute at 30 degrees C = 1.4 (b - a)
30 x E
where:
a = ml 0.1N sodium hydroxide solution used in the titration of the sample;
b = ml 0.1N sodium hydroxide solution used in the titration of the blank test; and
E = weight of sample in grams.
Dale et al (1987) reported on a protein solubility method for soybean meal. This method is described
in detail below:
METHOD FOR DETERMINING PROTEIN SOLUBILITY

ON SOYBEAN MEAL
Reagents:
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH) 0.2%, equals 0.042 normal, pH 12.5
- Other reagents necessary are reagents standard for the determination of protein by the Kjeldahl
method.
- To prepare the KOH reagent take 2.360 grams of KOH in a volumetric flask, dissolve with water and dilute to 1,000 milliliters. Remember to compensate for the percent purity of the KOH.
Procedure:
- Take 1.5 grams of soybean meal in a 250 ml beaker, add 75 ml of the KOH solution and allow to
stir for 20 minutes.
- After allowing it to stir for 20 minutes, transfer 50 ml of the liquid to a centrifuge tube and
centrifuge for 10 minutes at 2700 rpm.
- Take a 15 ml aliquot for determination of Kjeldahl protein.
- Determine the protein on this 15 ml aliquot by a standard Kjeldahl method. This 15 ml aliquot if
done according to our procedure is equivalent to 0.3 grams of the original sample.
Calculation:
Percent protein solubility = % protein in 0.3 g portion of sample
Crude protein of original sample
In our laboratory we have a Tecator system and we run a crude protein on a 1 gram portion of the
original sample and as mentioned above the crude protein on the 15 ml is equivalent to running a crude
protein on a 0.3 gram portion of sample.
NOTE: Care should be taken when comparing different soybean meals that they are of comparable
particle size. The stirring time in the KOH should be carefully monitored so the stir times are the same
in all cases.
REFERENCES
AAFCO. 1997. Official Publication. Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc., College
Station, TX.
AFIA. 1990. (Revisions 1992, 1995).
Association, Inc., Arlington, VA.
Feed Ingredient Guide II. American Feed Industry
Champaign, IL.
Dale, N. M., M. Araba and E. Whittle. 1987. Protein solubility as an indicator of optimum processing
of soybean meal. Proc. Ga. Nutr. Conf., p 88.
FEFAC. 1997. Personal communication.
GAFTA. 1995a. Contract No: 100. Contract for Shipment of Feedingstuffs in Bulk Tale Quale - CIF
Terms. London, U.K.
GAFTA. 1995b. Form No: 130. Methods of Analysis. London, U.K.
GAFTA. 1997a. Personal communication.
GAFTA. 1997b. Contract No: 119. General Contract FOB Terms for Feedingstuffs in Bags or Bulk.
London, U.K.
GAFTA. 1997c. Form No. 125. Arbitration Rules. London, U.K.
NAEGA. 1988. Free on Board Export Contract U.S.A./Canada No. 2 with Addendums No. 1
(1988) & 2 (1993). Washington, D.C.
NOPA. 1997. National Oilseed Processors Association Yearbook and Trading Rules 1996-1997.
Washington, D.C.
5. FULLFAT SOYA
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR QUALITY

AFIA (1990) reviewed this ingredient for use in the feed industry. Select portions of the review are
found below:
WHOLE (FULL-FAT) SOYBEANS

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
Whole soybeans are as they are harvested from the field without heat or oil extraction treatments. For
livestock feeding purposes, they are most often referred to as raw full-fat soybeans.
Extruded soybeans are whole soybeans which have been exposed to a dry or wet (steam) friction heat
treatment without removing any of the component parts. They must be sold according to their crude
protein, fat and fiber content.
Roasted soybeans are whole soybeans which have been exposed to a heat treatment without removing
any of the component parts. They must be sold according to their crude protein, fat and fiber content.
TYPICAL ANALYSIS
Protein..................................33-40%
Fat.......................................16-20%
Fiber........................................5-6%
Moisture.....................................12%
FACTORS INFLUENCING QUALITY
(1) Whole soybeans must be properly heated to provide optimum protein nutrition for critical animals,
especially poultry, swine, lambs and calves, as well as pets and fur bearing animals.
(2) Underheating of whole soybeans may fail to destroy growth inhibitors and result in a low protein
efficiency for critical feeds as low as that for raw soybeans or an underheated meal produced for
industrial uses. It is known that an underheated soybean meal greatly increases the need for vitamin D
to prevent rickets of turkey poults.
(3) Overheating of whole soybeans tends to inactivate or destroy the essential amino acids lysine,
cystine, and methionine, and possibly others.
(4) It is common knowledge that the qualitative DuPont Urease Test gives a negative result on soybean
meal though the meal shows a urease activity by the Quantitative Method ranging from no activity up to
an increase in pH of slightly over 0.1.
Urease activity (as increase in pH): 0.05-0.20*
*If whole soybeans are to be used in a mixture containing a significant level of soy (20% or more),
5% or more of urea and 20% or more of molasses, or if a similar whole soybean-urea mixture is to be
exposed to hot, humid storage conditions, then it is advisable that the urease activity of the whole
soybeans not exceed 0.12 increase in pH.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Color: Light tan to a light brown.
Odor: Fresh, typical of the product, not sour, musty or burned.
Taste: Bland and free of any beany or burned taste.
Texture: Homogeneous and free-flowing.
Bulk density:
Whole soybeans: 46-48 lbs. per cubic foot;
Whole soybeans, ground: 24-34 lbs. per cubic foot;
Extruded soybeans: 27-31 lbs. per cubic foot;
Roasted soybeans: 45-47 lbs. per cubic foot.
AVAILABILITY
Generally available throughout the year.
FEED APPLICATIONS
Whole soybeans may be fed to gestating swine (ground form) and to mature ruminants (rolled form).
However, feeding whole soybeans to all other livestock will result in reduced performance and is not
recommended.
Extruded soybeans may be fed to all livestock, especially swine and poultry. Extruded soybeans fed to
lactating dairy cattle increase by-pass protein but will most often reduce butterfat.
Roasted soybeans may be fed to all livestock, especially mature ruminants. Roasted soybeans fed to
lactating dairy cattle will increase by-pass protein and slightly increase butterfat.
Poultry and swine will perform as well on pelleted rations containing extruded or roasted soybeans as an
isocaloric, isonitrogenous ration containing soybean meal and soybean oil. The improved performance
from pelleting with rations containing extruded soybeans is primarily because of increased ration nutrient
density. The improvement with rations containing roasted soybeans is primarily because of increased fat
digestibility (the oil vesicles are ruptured to allow the oil to be more available for digestion.
Ground soybeans - AAFCO #84.1; IFN #5-04-596
Heat Processed Soybeans (Dry Roasted Soybeans) - AAFCO #84.11; IFN #5-04-507
Ground Extruded Whole Soybeans - AAFCO #84.15; IFN #5-14-005
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
The American Oil Chemists' Association (AOCS 1996/1997) has published the following seven official
methods:
Moisture.........................
Protein...........................
Oil................................
Crude fiber.....................
Urease activity..................
Protein dispersibility index....
Trypsin inhibitor activity.......
Ba 2a-38(93)
Ba 4d-90(93)
Ba 3-38(93)
Ba 6-84(95)
Ba 9-58(93)
Ba 10-65(93)
Ba 12-75(93)
Moisture Ba 2a-38(93)................................
Listed in detail on pages 4-26 thru 4-27.
Protein Ba 4d-90(93)................................. Listed in detail on pages 4-28 thru 4-33.
Oil Ba 3-38(93)............................................Listed in detail on pages 4-34 thru 4-37.
Crude fiber Ba 6-84(95).............................. Listed in detail on pages 4-38 thru 4-45.
Urease activity Ba 9-58(93)..........................
Trypsin inhibitor activity Ba 12-75(93)...........

Revised 1978, 1979, 1982, 1985
Reapproved 1989
Revised 1993
Revised 1996
Protein Dispersibility Index (PDI)

Definition: This method determines the dispersible protein in soybean products under the conditions of
the test. In contrast to the alternate slow-stir method for Nitrogen Solubility Index (NSI), AOCS
Official Method Ba 11-65, the faster stirring technique used in this method will give generally higher
results.
Scope: Applicable to ground soybeans, whole or ground full-fat or extracted flakes, full-fat and
defatted soy flours and grits, and soybean meal.
Apparatus
1. Hamilton Beach Drinkmaster blender---modified to accommodate Waring blender cup (see Notes,
1 and 2).
2. Blade assembly---The blades may be fabricated from two pieces of 2.25-in. stainless steel, which
are 1/2 to 3/8 in. in the middle and 1/4 in. at the tip. The tips on one blade are bent up at a 90 angle
and the tips on the other blade are bent down at a 30 angle. The two blades are positioned at a 90
angle to each other. The cutting edges should be in the direction of rotation.
Note---The blade assembly supplied with the Hamilton Beach Drinkmaster may be used; however, this
may give slightly different results when compared to the blade assembly noted.
3. Waring blender cup---1-L capacity, bottom sealed with no. 3 stopper.
4. Glassware---300-mL volumetric flask, 15-mL pipet, 600-mL beaker.
5. Centrifuge---International type SB size 1, 2700 rpm, with 50-mL tubes, or equivalent, capable of
delivering 1400 relative centrifugal force at the tip.
6. An analytical balance with 0.1 g accuracy is essential.
7. Timer---with alarm.
8. Variable transformer---e.g., Variac; for controlling the speed of the blender.
9. Standard Kjeldahl equipment---as noted in the Apparatus section of AOCS Official Methods Aa 591 and Ba 4d-90.
10. Tachometer---capable of measuring up to 10,000 rpm.
11. Voltmeter (optional).
Reagents
1. Distilled water---neutral pH.
2. Standard reagents for Kjeldahl nitrogen determination---as noted in the Reagents section of AOCS
Official Methods Aa 5-91 and Ba 4d-90.
1. Use sample as received, with no additional preparation.
Standardization of Blender
1. Hamilton Beach Drinkmaster, modified--(a) Connect the blender to the variable transformer (Apparatus, 8).
(b) Measure 300 mL of distilled water into the blender cup, and place in position on the mixer.
(c) Remove chrome cap that covers the top of the drive shaft. Using the proper tip, place
tachometer in position on the rotating shaft.
(d) With the switch in high position, gradually increase the transformer setting until the shaft shows
8500 rpm on the tachometer. Note voltmeter reading (if voltmeter option is used) and transformer
setting. Use the same setting(s) for blending of sample.
Note---Standardization of the blender should be done before each series of tests to eliminate errors due
to fluctuation in line voltage.
Procedure
1. Hamilton Beach Drinkmaster blender--(a) Weigh 20 0.1 g of sample.
(b) Fill a 300-mL volumetric flask with distilled water at 25 1 C. Pour 50 mL of the water
into the blender cup.
Note---Water-dispersible protein is related to temperature. The blender cup should be at 25 1 C.
(c) Transfer the weighed sample quantitatively to the blender cup. Stir with a spatula to form a
paste. Add remainder of water to rinse spatula and blender cup walls. Place cup in position for
blending.
(d) Using the setting(s) determined in Standardization of Blender, 1, (d), blend the sample for
10 min at 8500 rpm.
(e) Remove the blender cup and pour the slurry into a 600-mL beaker. After the slurry has
been separated, decant or pipet a portion of the upper layer into a 50-mL centrifuge tube and centrifuge
for 10 min at 2700 rpm.
(f) Pipet 15 mL of supernatant liquid into a Kjeldahl flask and determine Kjeldahl nitrogen by
using the Procedure section in either AOCS Official Method Aa 5-91 or AOCS Official Method Ba
4d-90.
Note---15 mL of the supernate is equivalent to 1.0 g of sample in the Kjeldahl methods.
Calculations
1. % Water-dispersible protein =
(B - S) x N x 0.014 x 100 x 6.25
wt of sample/20
Where--B = mL of alkali back titration of blank in Kjeldahl method
S = mL of alkali back titration of sample in Kjeldahl method
N = normality of alkali used in Kjeldahl method

Note---Factor of 6.25 converts Kjeldahl nitrogen to protein.
2. Protein dispersibility index (PDI) =
% water-dispersible protein x 100
% total protein
Note---Requires a Kjeldahl protein determination on the whole sample, using the same Kjeldahl
method used in Calculations, 1.
Precision
1. Two single determinations performed in one laboratory should not differ by more than 4.375.
2. Agreement between laboratories: Two single determinations performed in different laboratories
should not differ by more than 9.664 (see Notes, 1).
Notes
1. In 1989, the option of using the Sorvall Omni-Mixer was deleted from this method. Based on
experience at several laboratories, the use of the Sorvall Omni-Mixer resulted in a 10% variation in
results, compared to using the Hamilton Beach Drinkmaster blender. The laboratories noted better
standard deviation (approximately half the values noted in the Precision statement in this method) when
using the Hamilton Beach Drinkmaster.
2. Hamilton Beach Drinkmaster (model 162) modification for protein dispersibility index testing-Parts (one each)
(a) Set of blades (see Figure 1. for fabrication, 1 set = 2 pieces).
(b) Upper mixer bracket (see Figure 2. for fabrication, 1 piece).
(c) Lower mixer bracket (see Figure 3. for fabrication, 1 piece).
(d) Waring 2-qt mixing cup (glass).
(e) No. 3 rubber stopper.
(f) Wire nut.
Procedure
(a) Remove current blade assembly (will unscrew, reverse threads).
(b) Remove current mounting brackets (upper and lower) and bracket screws.
(c) Remove four cover screws from the blender top.
(d) Remove (or loosen) two lower screws just under front edge of blender.
(e) Tilt back top cover (leaving speed control wires attached).
(f) Loosen two front cover screws (just inside top/front, two Phillips screws).
(g) Remove motor mounting bolts (three bolts with springs on them).
(h) Lift motor assembly and tilt back to expose remaining cover screw (front/top).
(i) Remove last cover screw (on front of blender at the top of the backplate, just above safety
switch).
(j) Carefully slide stainless steel backplate forward to remove it.
(k) Remove wire nuts from wires going into the safety switch.
(l) Bypass the safety switch by splicing wire ends together with a wire nut.
(m) Put top bolt from safety switch assembly back in place.
(n) Carefully slide stainless steel backplate in place.
(o) Tighten or replace top (2) and bottom (2) backplate screws.
(p) attach top blender cup bracket and tighten screw.
(q) Tip motor assembly back down in place, and replace/tighten three motor bolts (with springs on
top).
(r) Replace top cover and cover screws, and tighten in place.
(s) Place bottom bracket in place. Use original bracket screw in top hole; use the bottom screw
from safety switch in the bottom hole.
(t) Invert two blade pieces and put together at 90 angles (one points up and other points down).
(u) Using screw supplied with alternate blade (comes with blender, in box with paperwork), mount
blades to motor shaft.
Note---Due to the design and low horsepower of this blender, a contact or reflective tape
tachometer cannot readily be used. A tachometer that works from motor vibration (Vibra-Tac) can be
obtained from Martin Engineering Company, Neponset, IL, USA. There are two types available:
Vibra-Tac (slow), 200-2000 rpm; Vibra-Tac (fast), 2000-21,000 rpm (usable for standard PDI test).
References
For method development and history see J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 37:165 (1960).
Figure 1.
Figure 3.
The Grain and Feed Trade Association (GAFTA, 1995) has published the following five official
methods for analysis:
Moisture.........................Method 2:1
Oil..................................Method 3:0
Crude protein.................Method 4:0
Crude fibre.....................Method 10:0
Urease activity...............Method 27:0
Details of the above five GAFTA methods are posted below:
Method 2:1 Moisture ..........................................Listed in detail on pages 4-52 thru 4-55.
Method 3:0 Oil....................................................Listed in detail on pages 3-62 thru 3-63.
Method 4:0 Crude protein..................................Listed in detail on pages 3-64 thru 3-66.
Method 10:0 Crude fibre ....................................Listed in detail on pages 3-67 thru 3-69.
Method 27:0 Urease activity...............................Listed in detail on pages 4-56 thru 4-57.
Dale et al (1987) reported on a protein solubility method. This method is listed in detail on pages 458.
References
AFIA. 1990. (Revisions 1992, 1995).
Feed Ingredient Guide II.
American Feed Industry
Champaign, IL.
Dale, N. M., M. Araba and E. Whittle. 1987. Protein solubility as an indicator of optimum processing
of soybean meal. Proc. Ga. Nutr. Conf., p 88.
GAFTA. 1995. Form No: 130. Methods of Analysis. London, U.K.
6. REFERENCE LABORATORIES
The National Oilseed Processors Association (NOPA, 1997) has designated as Official Referee
Laboratories for soybean meal the following laboratories certified to it by the American Oil Chemists'
Society:
ARKANSAS
Springdale 72764, A & A Laboratories, Inc.
1100 Backus
(501)756-1270
FAX: (501)756-1271
N. Little Rock 72119, Woodson-Tenent Laboratories, Inc.

P.O. Box 5341& 312 N. Hemlock (72114)
(501)374-5181
FAX: (501)374-0713
GEORGIA
Gainesville 30501, Woodson-Tenent Laboratories, Inc.
Atlas Circle, P.O. Box 1097
(770)536-5909
FAX: (770)536-6906
IOWA
Des Moines 50313, Woodson-Tenent Laboratories, Inc
P.O. Box 1292, 3507 Delaware Avenue
(515)265-1461
FAX: (515)266-5453
LOUISIANA
Belle Chasse 70037, Central Analytical Labs, Inc.
101 Woodland Highway
(504)469-3511
FAX: (504)393-5270
Harahan 70123, Admiral Testing Services, Inc.

524 Elmwood Park Blvd., Suite 160
(504)734-5201
FAX: (504)734-0931
Jefferson 70181, Inchcape Testing Services Caleb Brett (USA) Inc.

P.O. Box 10426 & 2100 L & A Road (70001) Metairie, LA
(504)733-6661
FAX: (504)733-3518
Kenner 70063, SGS Control Services Inc.

P.O. Box 1328
(504)469-6401
FAX: (504)463-3300
New Orleans 70183, Thionville Laboratories, Inc.

P.O. Box 23687, 5440 Pepsi Street
(504)733-9603
FAX: (504)733-6457
MISSISSIPPI
Jackson 39207, Mid-Continent Laboratories
P.O. Box 2551, 879 Foley Street
(601)353-1183
FAX: (601)355-2036
NORTH CAROLINA
Goldston 27252, Woodson-Tenent Laboratories, Inc.
P.O. Box 367, West 902 Highway
(919)837-2121
FAX: (919)837-2174
OHIO
Dayton 45404, Woodson-Tenent Laboratories, Inc.
P.O. Box 164, 313 E. Helena Street
(513)222-4179
FAX: (513)222-7401
SOUTH CAROLINA
Columbia 29202, Hahn Laboratories
P.O. Box 1177, 1111 Flora Street
(803)799-1614
FAX: (803)256-1417
TENNESSEE
Memphis 38101, Barrow-Agee Laboratories, Inc.
P.O. Box 156, 405 Saturn Drive
(901)332-1590
FAX: (901)398-1518
Memphis 38103, K-Testing Laboratories, Inc.

365 S. Main Street
(901)525-0519
FAX: (901)525-0520
Memphis 38113, SGS Control Services, Inc.

1025 Harbor Ave.
(901)775-1660
FAX: (901)775-3308
Memphis 38131, Inchcape Testing Services Caleb Brett (USA) Inc.

3009 Van Guard, Bldg. C
(901)398-3711
FAX: (901)398-3949
ALBERTA, CANADA
Lethbridge T1J4H1, Norwest Labs
3131-1 Ave. South
(403)329-9266
FAX: (403)434-8586
The Grain and Feed Trade Association (GAFTA, 1995) has also published a list of recommended
laboratories:
ASSOCIAZIONE GRANARIA EMILIANA ROMAGNOLA, AGER,

Piazza Costituzione 8,
40128 Bologna, Italy
Tel: (51)519051 - Fax: (51)501043 - Telex: 521568
ARBITRAGE-EN VERZOENINGSKAMER VOOR GRANEN & ZADEN VAN ANTWERPEN,

Borzestraat 29,
2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
Tel: (3)233.43.93 - Fax: (3)233.34.60 - Telex: 31454
DR. BERNARD DYER & PARTNERS (1948) LTD., (Dr. Bernard Dyer),
73-77 Bermondsey Street,
London SE I 3XF, UK
Tel: 071-378 1414 - Fax: 071-403 8208 - Telex: 29604
INSTITUT FUR ANGEWANDTE BOTANIK,
Marseiller Strasse 7,
20355 Hamburg, Germany
Tel: (40) 41232362 - Fax: (40)41236593
INSTITUT EUROPEEN DE l'ENVIRONNEMENT
DE BORDEAUX, (I.E.E. Bordeaux),
Rue du Professeur Vezes,
33300 Bordeaux, France
Tel: 56 81 17 71 - Fax: 56 81 41 73 - Telex: 572 276
LabCo B.V., (LabCo),
Elbeweg 141,
3198 LC Europort,
Rotterdam, Netherlands
Tel: 181962355 - Fax: 1819-63424 - Telex: 29626
Laboratorio Anlisis Jordi Vidal,
Crta. de Valencia,
No: 223 Edif Salduba,
Urb. Virgen del Pilar,
43006 Tarragona, Spain
Tel: 34 77/55 11 14 - Fax: 34 77/55 11 13
SALAMON & SEABER LTD.,
Britannia House,
68 Hanbury Street,
London, E1 5JL, UK
Tel: 0171-247 6312 - Fax: 0171-251 0018 - Telex: 295179
STEINS LABORATORIUM A.S.

Fabriksvej 8, DK-6650 Broerup,
Denmark
Tel: 75 38 33 00 - Fax: 75 38 37 11
DR. AUGUSTUS VOELCKER & SONS LTD., (Dr. Aug. Voelcker),
380 Bollo Lane,
London, UK. W3 8QU, UK
Tel: 081-993 2421 - Fax: 081-993 8685
References
GAFTA. 1995. Rule No. 124. Rules for Sampling and Analysis Instructions for Grain, Feedingstuffs
Raw Materials, Cereal By-Products, Pulses, Seeds and Rice. London, U.K.
NOPA. 1997. National Oilseed Processors Association Yearbook and Trading Rules 1996-1997.
Washington, DC.
7. USEFUL ADDRESSES
AMERICAN SOYBEAN ASSOCIATION FOREIGN OFFICES
Mr. Mark Andersen,
Regional Director
Asociacion Americana de Soya
U.S. Agriculture Trade Office
Jaime Balmes #8, 2do. Piso
Col. Los Morales Polanco
MEXICO, D.F. C.P. 11510
Phone: 52-55-5281- 0120, ext.
230
Fax:52-55-5281-6154 & 281-0147
E-mail: asamex@soyamex.com.mx
Website: www.soyasa.com
Mr. Takehiko Nishio,
Country Director
American Soybean Association
7th Fl., Toshin Tameike Building
1-1-14 Akasaka, Minato-ku
Tokyo 107-0052
JAPAN
Phone: 81-3-5563 1414
Fax:
81-3-5563 1415
E-mail: asatokyo@gol.com
Website: www.japan.org
Mr. Anthony Thang,

Country Director
6 Fl., #27, Chang An East Road
Section 1
Taipei 104
TAIWAN
Phone: 886-2-2560 2927
Fax:
886-2-2568 3869
E-mail: asatwn@ms75.hinet.net
Website: www.soybean.org.tw
Mr. Say Young Jo,
Country Director
3rd Floor Leema Bulding
146-1 Susong-dong
Chongro-Ku
Seoul
REPUBLICOFKOREA
Phone: 82-2-738 7056
Fax:
82-2-736 5501
E-mail: soyakor@kornet.net
Website: www.asa.or.kr
Mr. John Lindblom,
Regional Director
541 Orchard Road
#11-03 Liat Towers
REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE
238881
Phone: 65-6737 6233
Fax:
65-6737 5849
E-mail:asaspore@pacific.net.sg
Website: www.asasea.com
Mr. Phillip Laney,
Country Director
Suite 902
China World Tower 2
No. 1 Jianguomenwai Avenue
Beijing 100004
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Phone: 86-10-6505 1830
Fax:
86-10-6505 2201
E-mail: beisoya@asachina.org
Mr. Virgil Miedema,

Director
168 Jor Bagh
New Delhi - 110 003
INDIA
Phone: 91-11-2465-1659
Fax:
91-11-2465-1526
E-mail: asaasc@ndc.vsnl.net.in
Website: www.asaasc.com
Mr. Thad Lively
Regional Director
Rue du Luxembourg 16b
1000 Brussels
BELGIUM
Phone: 32-2-548 9380
Fax:
32-2-502 6866
E-mail: soyabru@coditel.net
Website: www.asa-europe.org
Mr. Christopher Andrew,

Regional Director-Middle East
BJK Plaza, Suleyman Seba Cad.
No.92
A-Blok, Kat-8 No.85/86
80680 Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: 90-212-258 2800
Fax: 90-212-236 2620
Email: asatr@superonline.com
Mr. Michael Moditch
Director
6, 1st Kolobovsky per.
Building 3
Moscow 103051
RUSSIA
Phone: 7-095-795-0664
Fax:
7-095-795-0665
E-mail: asa.moscow@co.ru
OTHER USEFUL ADDRESSES

American Feed Industry Association (AFIA)
1501 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1100
Arlington, VA 11109 USA
Tel: 703-524-0810 - FAX: 703-524-1921
American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS)
P. O. Box 3489
Champaign, IL 61826-3489 USA
Tel: 217-359-5401 - FAX: 217-351-8091
American Soybean Association (ASA-Brussels)
Rue du Luxembourg 16 b
1000 Brussels, BELGIUM
Tel: 32.2.548.93.80 - FAX: 32.2.502.68.66
American Soybean Association (ASA-St. Louis)
540 Maryville Centre Drive, Suite 390
P.O. Box 419200
St. Louis, MO 63141-9200 USA
Tel: 314-576-1770 - FAX: 314-576-2786
Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)
Office of Indiana State Chemist
1154 Biochemistry Bldg.,
West Lafayette, IN 47904-1154 USA
Tel: 317-494-5900 - FAX: 317-494-4331
European Feed Manufacturers' Association (FEFAC)
Rue de la Loi, 223, Bte. 3,
Brussels 1040, BELGIUM
Tel: 32-2-2850050 - FAX: 32-2-2305722
Federal Grain Inspection Service, GIPSA, USDA (FGIS)
Stop 3601
1400 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, DC 20251-3601 USA
Tel: 202-720-5091 - FAX: 202-205-9237
National Oilseeds Processors Association (NOPA)

1255 23rd Street, NW
Suite 850
Washington, DC 20037-1174 USA
Tel: 202-452-8040 - FAX 202-835-0400
North American Export Grain Association (NAEGA)
1030 L Street, NW
Suite 900
Washington, DC 20005 USA
Tel: 202-682-4030 - FAX 202-682-4033
Soya Bluebook Plus
Soyatech, Inc.
318 Main Street, P.O. Box 84
Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
Tel: 207-288-4969 - FAX 207-288-5264
The Grain and Feed Trade Association (GAFTA)
Gafta House
6 Chapel Place
Rivington Street
London, EC2A 3DQ, UK
Tel: +44 171 814 9666 - FAX: +44 171 814 8383
8. COMMENTS
1. The U. S. is the world's largest producer of soybeans.
2. The U. S. is a reliable supplier of quality soybean products.
3. Standard Contracts are published in this Handbook. They are highly used but for the purposes of
this Handbook are presented for illustrative purposes only. Legal counsel is advised in the drafting and
securing of specific contracts.
4. Soybeans requested are usually "U.S. No. 2 or better yellow soybeans".
5. It is advisable to draft soybean meal quality standards following direct consultation with crushers.
Accepting normal crusher production will most often result in the best quality/cost.
6. Samples obtained must be representative of the total shipment.
7. Laboratories used for chemical analyses should be recognized as accurate and repeatable.
8. Chemical analyses used should be standardized so uniform results between laboratories can be
obtained. The procedures of AOCS and/or Gafta are suggested for arbitration purposes.
9. Arbitration is the standard method to handle contract disputes. Such is discussed in the contracts
and arbitration rules published in this Handbook. It is recommended to also involve the American
Embassy in this process.
10. Urease activity is the procedure most frequently used in the U. S. to assure that soybean meal and
fullfat soya have been adequately processed for monogastrics and immature ruminants. AFIA (1990)
lists optimum processing when the urease activity value ranges between 0.05-0.20. Garlich (1988)
reported an optimum range of 0.01-0.50.
11. Experience says that both a chemical analysis, such as urease activity, and a physical visual
evaluation, such as color, odor and taste, are essential to assure that soybean meal and fullfat soya are
optimally processed. Theoretically an under-processed product can be mixed with an over-processed
product in proportions to have the final product fall within an acceptable 0.05-0.20 urease activity range
but livestock performance will be markedly reduced. A physical visual evaluation would indicate a
problem based on darker colored particles, beany and/or burnt taste and burned odor. The bottom line
is both chemical and physical evaluations are necessary to assure an optimally processed product.
12. Urease activity values indicate under-processing, but not over-processing. As a result, protein
solubility, is receiving attention. Dale and Whittle (1991) have reported commercially produced
soybean meal and fullfat soya are optimally processed when the protein solubility ranges from 80-85%.
Protein solubility values greater than 85% indicate under-processing while values less than 80% indicate
over-processing. With this method, particle size and time of extraction must be standardized to obtain
meaningful results (Whittle and Araba, 1992). They recommend a particle size of 60 mesh and an
extraction time of 20 minutes.
13. I wrote the rough draft on Whole (Full-fat) Soybeans for the AFIA Nutrition Council Quality
Assurance Committee Feed Ingredient Guide II that appears on page 5-1 of this Handbook. Since
then more information has been reported on the need of bypass protein for high producing dairy cows.
NRC Dairy (1989) lists a bypass protein value of 35% for standard commercial produced soybean
meal. The bypass value of soybeans varies markedly dependent upon method of processing (Faldet,
1989). He reported that raw soybeans have a protein bypass value of 25%, beans roasted to a
temperature of 146 C 45% and beans roasted to a temperature of 146 C and held in a covered
container as they exit the roaster for 30 minutes (temperature holds at 120-125 C) and then cooling of
65%. Hsu and Satter (1995) have reported the optimum bypass protein level for roasted fullfat soya is
65% which equates to a protein dispersibility index value of 9-11%. Best results are obtained when the
beans are cracked into quarters and halves prior to feeding. While this is the optimum bypass protein
product for high producing dairy cattle, it would be over-processed and should not be fed to
monogastrics and immature ruminants as a marked reduction in performance would result.
14. There are rapid methods of analysis that may be used for non-arbitration purposes. Several of
these methods are a moisture meter (moisture), NIR (moisture, protein, fat, fiber) and Soy-Chek
(urease activity---Soy-Chek can be purchased from LSB Products, 731 McCall Road, Manhattan, KS
66502 USA, telephone 913-537-9773, fax 913-537-1800).
15. Soybean products store best at less than 12% moisture. Mycotic growth may proliferate when
soybean products are 12% or more in moisture accompanied with higher external temperatures (>24
C) and relative humidity (>75%). (Kohlmeier, 1990).
16. Appreciation is extended to Michael Martin for his cooperation and support in making this
Handbook a reality.
References
AFIA. 1990. (Revisions 1992, 1995).
Feed Ingredient Guide II.
American Feed Industry
Dale, N. M. and E. Whittle. 1991. Protein solubility as a measure of over-processing in commercial

soybean meal. Poult. Sci. 70(Suppl. 1):155(Abstr.).
Faldet, M. A. 1989. UIP as a percent of crude protein (UIP-CP) measured with Broderick in-vitro
inhibitor system. Ph.D. Dissertation. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison.
Garlich, J. D. 1988. Soybean meal quality. KSANF Soybean Meal Symposium in Seoul, Korea.
Hsu, J. T. and L. D. Satter. 1995. Procedures for measuring the quality of heat-treated soybeans. J.
Dairy Sci. 78:1353.
Kohlmeier, R. H. 1990. World production, storage and utilization of various defatted animal and
vegetable mid-high protein meals. In: D. R. Erickson (Ed.) World Conf. on Edible Fats and Oils
ProcessingBasic Principles and Modern Practices, October 1-7, 1989, pp 390-395, Maastricht, The
Netherlands. American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, IL.
NRC. 1989. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle (6th Ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
Whittle, E. and M. Araba. 1992. Sources of variability in the protein solubility assay for soybean meal.
J. Appl. Poult. Res. 1:221.

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Soybean Quality Control Handbook

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Soybeans, Soybean Meal and Fullfat Soya

QUALITY CONTROL HANDBOOK

R. H. Kohlmeier, Ph.D., D.V.M.

2. GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR SAMPLING AND

OFFICIAL U.S. STANDARDS

GRAIN INSPECTION, PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS ADMINISTRATION

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR QUALITY

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR SAMPLING AND

3. SAMPLE BAGS AND SAMPLE CONTAINERS

4:3 ALL CONTRACTS - GOODS SOLD TALE QUALE

MPC - Liquid and/or Chemical Damaged Goods - For Buyers

4:6:2 Second Analysis Test

OFFICIAL U.S. STANDARDS

Principles governing the application of standards are listed below:

810.1604 - Grades and Grade Requirements

Grades U.S. Nos.

Minimum limits of:

Maximum percent limits of:

Disregard for Mixed soybeans.

810.1605 Special grades and special grade requirements.

GRAIN INSPECTION, PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS ADMINISTRATION

Summary of 1996 U.S. Soybean Grade No. 2 Export Quality

CONTRACT FOR CANADIAN AND UNITED STATES

7. SHIPMENT AND CLASSIFICATION - Shipment to be made in good condition, direct or

2. PROCEDURE AND TIME LIMITS FOR CLAIMING ARBITRATION

2:1 Disputes as to Quality and/or Condition

3. APPOINTMENT OF THE TRIBUNAL

6. ARBITRATION PROCEDURE FOR CLAIMS ARISING OUT OF THE "RYE

7:1 Quality and Condition

7:2 Other Cases

8. ISSUES OF SUBSTANTIVE JURISDICTION, PROVISIONAL ORDERS AND

11. BOARD OF APPEAL

12. APPEAL PROCEDURE

14. APPEALS ON STRING CONTRACTS - Quality and/or Condition

16. LEGAL REPRESENTATION AND COSTS

17. "SINGLE TRACK" ARBITRATION

18. TRIBUNAL'S OR BOARD OF APPEAL'S OWN EVIDENCE

19. FEES AND EXPENSES

20. CURRENCY REGULATIONS

22. NON-COMPLIANCE WITH TIME LIMITS AND RULES

Printed in England and issued by

NORTH AMERICAN EXPORT GRAIN

free on board buyer's tonnage at___________________________________________________

19. Carrying Charges

27. Other Conditions

LOADING RATE GUARANTY

AOCS Official Method Ac 2-41

Moisture and Volatile Matter

AOCS Official Method Ac 4-91

Table 2. Statistical parameters determined from the AOAC interlaboratory study.a

Soy protein concentrate

AOCS Official Method Ac 3-44

c = Concentration (mol/l) of sodium hydroxide (3.9 or 3.10)

CRUDE FIBRE FOR ALL FEEDINGSTUFFS

SOYBEAN MEAL - SOLVENT EXTRACTED

SOYBEAN MEAL - DEHULLED, SOLVENT EXTRACTED

(*As determined by Buyer and Seller at time of sale)

CEA Carter-Day Company

Effective 1st October 1995

CONTRACT FOR SHIPMENT OF FEEDINGSTUFFS

11. PAYMENT-....................% of invoice amount by cash in....................................

14. SHIPPING DOCUMENTS - Shipping documents shall consist of:

Printed in England and issued by

These methods are posted in detail below: