1. Define individual differences.

Individual differences are the facts that make people different from each other. It
is important that we recognize that there are as many differences between people as
there are similarities. All humans are different from one another and are made up of with
different backgrounds and cultures. In fact, we are different in many ways such as our
physical aspects, our likes, dislikes, interests, values, psychological makeup or in other
words, the whole personality. It is the differences among individuals that distinguish or
separate us from one another and makes one as a single unique individual.
Moreover, understanding individual differences is to acknowledge the varied
perspectives and approaches to work, which members of different identity groups
evoke. Since individuals are diverse, it is not surprising each individual perceives and
operates in different ways. Diversity has the ability to positively impact on the business
outcomes achieved by teams. Thus, the key for organizations and management is
approaching individual diversity as a true opportunity and converting it into a competitive
advantage.

2. Will the K + 12 Curriculum an answer to this individual differences in terms

of abilities, needs, aptitudes and attitudes of the learners? Justify your
answer.
One of the main reasons for extending basic education is to decongest the
curriculum. It aims to give students two more years to learn what they are now learning
in only 10 years. Teachers today are forced to rush through their lessons because they
want to finish the curriculum, whether students can keep up or not. The individual and
cooperative learning in K to 12 Curriculum would mean additional preparation and
pressures for teachers. Hence, with the reformation of the curriculum, a lot more depth
or internalization of learning from our public schools is expected to rise, which for me is
a wonderful solution to the many rising concerns with regards to the quality of the
education in the Philippines.
However, to achieve this, students should be provided with suitable assistance
and guidance in accordance with their abilities and learning needs, so that they can
develop their potential to the full. Each student is a unique individual, different in
learning abilities, needs, aptitudes and attitudes. Apart from this, there are other factors
underlying student differences. These include innate differences in intelligence,
differences in social and economic background, variations in past learning experiences,
and perhaps variations in the level of congruence between the learner and the
curriculum. In view of these factors, catering for individual differences is intended

neither to narrow the gap between individuals nor to even out their abilities and
performance. It should aim for understanding why students are able or unable to learn
well and finding appropriate ways to help them learn better.
Undeniably, we have the conviction that all students can learn. To address the
needs of students, teachers should provide them with a variety of learning opportunities
for effective learning, such as using diversified resources rather than focusing only on
textbooks, and making use of a spectrum of intelligences and multi-sensory experiences
to tap the different potential of students.

3. What are the main causes of individual differences?

No two individuals are alike. They differ from each other in hundred and one
respects. Each of us is a unique individual and differs from every other and presents
individual problems. The followings are the main causes of individual differences:
1. Hereditary (Nature)
Individuals have various endowments, abilities, and capacities provided by
hereditary, which decide the path of progress and development of an individual.
Hereditary also put limits upon individuals growth and development in various
dimensions. Hereditary also contributes to sex, intelligence, and other specific
abilities.
2. Environment (Nurture)
Environment also plays key role in individual differences. No person from
birth to death gets the same environment. Individual differences occur on the
basis of simulation received by individual from his or her internal and external
environment. This may include family set up, peer group, economic statues,
education etc.
It is debatable that whether nature or nurture play vital or stronger role in
development of an individual in specific direction. Both are strong contenders in
order to distinguish one individual from other.
3. Difference in Growth Rate
Some children grow rapidly and some grow slowly. Some grow mentally at
a faster rate, some at a very slow rate. Some grow physically and mature early;
some grow late. The different parts of the organism grow at different rates. Each
child has his own growth rate.

The result is the variety of ages that a child possesses. The different ages
that a child as at one time may be a chronological age, a mental age, an
educational age, a social age, a dental age, a grip age, an organism age and so
on.
4. Difference in Socio-Economic Backgrounds
Some of the differences are caused by differences in socio-economic
backgrounds. These differences are seen in pupils' reaction patterns. Differences
in socio-economic backgrounds may lead to differences in diet, cultural
opportunities, ideals, attitudes and adjective actions or in family behavior habits.
5. Physiological Differences
The layman and the scientist both realize and recognize that differences
exist among individuals in the innate ability to learn. Certain, a mongoloid or a
micro cephalic do not learn with the facility of a normal individual.
It is a fact though it may not be obvious that among the pupils who appear
to be normal, there are also enormous differences in degrees of ability. These
differences are attributed to basic physiological differences.
The basic physiological differences may be, for example, due to visual
difficulty or hearing difficulty or other sensory disability or glandular dysfunction or
dietary deficiency. A child who appears to be normal may be having any or some
of these difficulties with the consequent impairment of learning.
For example, visual difficulty which is evidenced by rubbing the eyes,
learning forward to see the board, tilting the head, hearing difficulty which is
displayed by turning one side of the head towards the source of sound, asking
that questions be repeated, and other sensory difficulties like speech defects,
inattention and listlessness cause individual differences in learning.
Teachers must recognize that some of the individual differences arise
because of basic physiological differences. They must recognize that these
differences exist and demand that teachers should not force all children to learn
at uniform rate.

4. Discuss the characteristics of Organizational Climate.

The climate is the feel of the organization, the individual and shared perceptions
and attitudes of the organizations members. This individual perception of the feel of the
organization comes from what the people believe about the activities that occur in the
organization. These activities influence both individual and team motivation and
satisfaction. Organizational climate clearly influences the success of an organization.
Many organizations, however, struggle to cultivate the climate they need to succeed and
retain their most highly effective employees.

Diversity

Each organizational climate has its own attitude towards diversity, either
positive, negative or somewhere between. Ideally, all organizational climates should
have a positive attitude toward diversity. Organizations should not discriminate
against people based on race, religion or gender.

Centralized or Decentralized
Organizational climates are either centralized and hierarchical or
decentralized. Centralized organizations give certain individuals power over others.
Decentralized organizational cultures have authority spread out between different
members.
As workers become more specialized, they need more autonomy and selfregulation, since authority figures will not always have the knowledge necessary to
manage more sophisticated tasks. However, workers have more responsibilities
placed on them in decentralized organizations than in centralized organizations,
since they mainly decide which actions they will take, not the superiors.

Formal or Informal

The climate can have a more formal or informal structure. Formalized

structures have standardized rules about how workers carry out activities in the
organization, while less formalized structures give members the freedom to engage
in alternative solutions to problems, with members having more freedom.

Social Interaction
The level of social interaction in an organizational climate influences how
innovative and cooperative the climate is. Some organizational climates are more
teamwork-oriented, while other organizational climates have isolated members
operating on their own. Teamwork-oriented climates are more supportive.

Integration
Integration is the extent to where the subdivisions of the organization work
together. Organizations that are highly integrated have more opportunities for the
members to work together, share information, learn from each other, solve problems
and identify potential problems that other members miss.

Self Directed
Organizations vary in the extent to which the members feel like they have
control over themselves and the organization. Some organizational climates have a
high degree of stress, which increases the chances that members will experience
burnout and increases the rate at which members leave due to low satisfaction with
the organization. Workers experience burnout when they feel exhausted both
emotionally and with their work.