Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2
Abstract
This theory analysis paper focuses on the work of Ida jean Orlando and her Nursing
Process Theory. It will show how the model can be used in clinical practice and why it is a good
fit for Emergency and Trauma Nursing. Strengths and limitations of the model will also be
identified and explained in how it can be used as a framework for patient assessment.
3
Nursing Theorist Paper
Ida Jean Orlando was one of the first nursing theorists to develop a theory based on her
own practice and research. Orlando was a professor of nursing at Yale University in the 1950s,
and developed her theory while doing research on mental health nursing. According to Meleis
(1997), Orlando used field methodology before it became a world view in research (pg. 348).
She continued to observe nursing interactions with clients over the next few years serving as a
nurse educator and consultant. Orlando conducted workshops and lectured for many years. Her
Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship Theory (renamed as Nursing Process Theory) remains
influential and practical in todays settings.
Analysis of Model
Dr. Norma Jean Schmieding writes that the Role of the nurse is to find out and meet the
patients immediate need for help (Schmieding, n.d.). Orlando viewed the nurses actions as
being determined by the patients needs, whether that need was verbalized by the patient or not.
The nurses role is to find out what the need is and to take action in order to meet those needs.
Although patients needs may not always be apparent, nurses need to use their own thoughts and
perceptions of the patient in order to discover what that underlying need may be. Nursing deals
with the person, their environment, and health.
Person
Orlando, in her Nursing Process Theory bases some assumptions upon her directly
observed interactions between nurses and clients. One of these being that people are normally
able to meet their own needs, and become distressed when they are unable to do so (Tomey,
2006). The nursing process is set in motion by patient behavior. Behaviors are unique to each
individual with different possible meanings. Nurses perceive this behavior and react deliberately
according to their assessment after exploring their perceptions with the patient. This process
helps the nurse find out the nature of the distress and what help the patient needs (Schmieding,
n.d.).
Environment
The concept of environment is not specifically defined in her theory; however, Orlando
asserts that nurses assist patients in many different environments or settings. Even if the
environment is designed for therapeutic purposes, it must be considered as a cause for a patients
distress. The nurse-patient contact produces a nursing situation in any environment where it is
present (Tomey, 2006).
Health
Orlando does not define health for her theory, but implicitly assumed feelings of
adequacy and well-being from fulfilled needs contribute to health (Jones & Meleis, 1993, pg.4).
Orlando (1961) also notes that repeated experiences of having been helped undoubtedly
culminate over periods of time in greater degrees of improvement (pg. 90). Health can be said
to be a sense of adequacy or well being, fulfilled needs, and a sense of comfort.
Nursing
Orlando saw nursing behavior as a process. It begins with the introduction of the patient
to the nurse, who then formulates thoughts, perceptions, and makes and educated decision about
the patients needs. The nurse shares these perceptions with the patient, and together they explore
the meaning of the patients behavior. This process helps the nurse find out the nature of the
distress and what help the patient needs (Schmieding, n.d.). Orlando may have facilitated the
development of nurses as logical thinkers (Tomey, 2006).
Concepts within Orlandos theory that are unique include her focus on research. Orlando
was the first theorist to base her theory on actual nurse-patient interactions. She reviewed the
records of 2000 interactions between nurses and patients in order to base the content of her
theory on the analysis of the data (Schmeiding, 1993). Another unique concept is her focus on
the verbal and non-verbal communication of the patient. Orlandos nursing theory recognizes
that there are sometimes underlying meanings to a patients communication. Searching for those
meanings in a deliberate and inclusive manner are necessary to relieve the distress of the patient.
Orlandos nursing theory is useful to practice in a variety of settings. Her theory keeps the
focus on the patient while effectively communicating. In many settings a nurses ability to hear
the unspoken message alongside the verbalized needs of the patient can be an important
assessment tool. In emergency nursing there are times when the patients are unable to speak for
themselves and a nurse needs to rely on non-verbal and objective assessment tools. Personality
and the ability to interact meaningfully with patients is one of the nurses most important tools.
Orlandos nursing theory guides those interactions through phases starting with raw perceptions
through deliberate actions taken on behalf of the patient. As a framework for patient assessment,
the theory facilitates open communication and discovery of patient needs. This could be
compared to a nurse using their stethoscope to discover heart and lung sounds. The nurse is
discovering information about the patient and their needs.
Use of Orlandos Nursing Process Theory in Education
According to Schmieding, Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls, Texas is using
Orlandos theory for teaching entering nursing students. South Dakota State University in
Brookings, SD has been using a description of communication based on Orlandos theory for
entering nursing students as well as re-enforcing it in their junior year (Schmieding, n.d.).
Orlando deserves credit for writing clear guidelines for the nurse to use in contact with patients
(Tomey, 2006). Orlandos systematic process for interacting and communicating is clear and
concise, and is useful in giving nursing students a framework around which to build their
communication skills.
Strengths and Limitations of Orlandos Nursing Process Theory
The strengths of Orlandos nursing theory are its simplicity, clarity, and application to
practice. The needs of the patient, whether expressed or observed, lead to thoughts and
perceptions from the nurse, which lead to deliberate actions. The focus is on communication and
meeting needs of the patient.
According to Dr. Julia George, RN PhD., its focus on short term care, particularly aware
and conscious individuals and on the virtual absence of reference group or family members
(George, 2009) is a limitation to Orlandos Nursing Process Theory. The style of her writing is
also critiqued. Schmeiding writes Although her writing is clear and concise, some repetition
might facilitate easier comprehension (Tomey, 2006).
Orlandos theory is a good fit for many nurses because of the emphasis on
communication. In emergency nursing, there is limited time to interact with patients. The
emphasis is on moving patients through the department quickly and efficiently after they are
stabilized. Accurate communication and the ability to comprehend non-verbal cues from a
patient are essential to a good outcome. These points are a central tenet of Orlandos theory.
Deliberate, as opposed to automatic or off the cuff nursing actions are the most time saving
and beneficial for the patient in this setting.
Another component of Orlandos theory is that the patients actual need may be different
than their expressed need. The proper response from the nurse would be to meet their actual
need. This theory recognizes that patients do not always have insight into their underlying needs,
and this can cause distress. When the nurse cannot differentiate between the verbalized need and
the actual need, more distress is caused for the patient. That is why this theory is so important for
nurses to comprehend in their clinical setting.
8
References
George, J. B. (2009, March 16). Orlandos Nursing Process Theory. Current Nursing- A portal
for nursing professionals. Retrieved from
http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Orlando_nursing_process.htm
Jones, P., & Meleis, A. I. (1993). Health is Empowerment. Advanced Nursing Science, 15(3), 114.
Orlando, I. J. (1961). The dynamic nurse-patient relationship: Function, process and principles
of professional nursing practice. New York, NY: G.P. Putnams Sons.
Schmieding, N. J. (n.d.). University of Rhode Island. Retrieved from
URI.edu:http://www.uri.edu/nursing/schmieidng/orlando/.
Tomey, A. M. (2006). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby
Elsevier.
Possible
points
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
100
Points
Earned
CHECK
DATE,
TIME, &
INITIAL
10
11
12