12.

Synchronous Generator
Operation

Isolated generator
Control prime mover throttle
to control speed

We consider:
isolated generator
generator connected to a large
system
two generators connected in
parallel
generator ratings
Spring 2003

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

speed governor measures

speed and uses a control loop
to regulate it to generate 60 Hz
(for example)
average load power met (up to
the system limits)
1

Spring 2003

Control exciter to control

terminal voltage

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

Eaf
XsIa

Ia

Va

Ia V
a Load

jXsIa
Va
Ia
3

Eafsin()
=XsIacos()
Eafcos()-Va
=XsIasin()

3VaE af sin()
Xs

Q = 3VaIa sin() =

3Va (E af cos() - Va )
Xs

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

Eaf

P = 3VaIa cos() =

Spring 2003

jXs

Eaf

voltage regulator measures

armature voltage and uses a
control loop to regulate it to
generate at rated voltage
the reactive power needs of the
load are met (up to system
limits)
Spring 2003

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

Spring 2003

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

Since the speed and |Va| are

regulated:
Load average power (P) increases
cause increased values of
(caused by increased power
input)
Load reactive power (Q) increases
cause |Eaf| to increase (by
increased field current)
Spring 2003

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

Increase P at constant Q

XsIa

Eaf

Ia

Spring 2003

Va

Spring 2003

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

Generator in parallel with a

large system

Increase |S| at constant pf

Ia

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

Infinite bus = generator with

infinite inertia and zero internal
reactance = ideal ac voltage
source

XsIa

Eaf

XsIa

Eaf

Va

Ia
Spring 2003

Increase Q at constant P

approximate representation of a
large power system

Va

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

Spring 2003

Governor characteristic

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

bus

f
[Hz]

f
[Hz]

10

gen
load

fnl

fnl
sp=-P/f
PB [kW] PB1

P
[kW]
Spring 2003

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

11

Spring 2003

Pload

PG1

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

PG [kW]
12

Two generators in parallel

f
[Hz]

f [Hz]

fnl
Raise

Pload

f
Pload

Pload
PB [kW] PB1

Spring 2003

PB2

PG1

PG2 PG [kW]

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

13

P1 [kW] P1
Spring 2003

Same load, raise unit 2, f increases,

load shifts from 1 to 2
VT [kV]

f [Hz]
f

Spring 2003

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

14

Excitation system
characteristic

sq=-Q/V

P2

Q
[kVAr]

P2 [kW]

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

15

Spring 2003

Synchronous Generators:
Ratings

16

= 3 VL ,rated IL ,rated
Rated power factor gives the
intersection of the field heating
curve and the armature
heating curve

At rated voltage (kV), the

apparent power (MVA) rating
gives current rating (kA)
ELCT 553 Synchronous generator
operation

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

Srated = 3 Va,rated I a ,rated

Armature terminal voltage (kV)

Armature apparent power
(MVA)

Spring 2003

P2 [kW]

Vnl

Raise

Pload
P1 [kW] P1

P2

17

Spring 2003

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

18

Eaf

Eaf
jXsIa

Va

Ia

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

Va

Ia

P = 3VaIa cos() =

Eaf=Va + j XsIa
Spring 2003

Eafsin()
=XsIacos()

XsIa

3VaE af sin()
Xs

Q = 3VaIa sin()
19

Spring 2003

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

20

P
3VaEaf /Xs
3VaIa

3VaEaf /Xs

3(VaEaf /Xs)sin()
= 3VaIacos()

3Va2/Xs

P = 3VaI a cos() =

3VaE af sin()
Xs

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

3Va2/Xs

Q = 3VaIa sin()
21

Spring 2003

3VaIa

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

Q
0

22

Armature heating
limit at rated Va

3VaIa

3VaEaf /Xs

3Va2/Xs

3VaIa

P = 3VaIacos()

Q = 3VaI a sin()
Spring 2003

rated

3VaEaf /Xs

Field heating
limit at rated Va

P = 3VaI acos()

Q = 3VaI a sin()

-3Va2/Xs

Spring 2003

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

23

Spring 2003

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

24

Q
(pu)

Armature heating
limit at Va = 1 pu

VaIa
0

rated

Armature heating
limit at Va = 1 pu

Q
(pu)
VaIa

P
(pu) Field heating
limit at Va = 1 pu
Xs < 1.0 pu

rated

-Va2/Xs

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

25

Armature heating
limit at Va = 1 pu

Q
(pu)

Spring 2003

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

-Va2/Xs

P
(pu) Field heating
limit at Va = 1 pu

Steady-state
stability limit

Spring 2003

Xs > 1.0 pu
(typical)

VaIa

rated

26

Q
(pu)

VaIa
0

Xs > 1.0 pu
(typical)

Steady-state
stability limit

-Va2/Xs
Spring 2003

P
(pu) Field heating
limit at Va = 1 pu

Xs > 1.0 pu
(typical)

rated

P
(pu)

Transient
stability limit

-Va2/Xs
Prime mover torque limits

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

27

Spring 2003

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

28

Q
(pu)
Xs > 1.0 pu
(typical)

VaIa
0

rated

P
(pu)

-Va2/Xs
Turbine-generator capability
Spring 2003

ELCT 553 Synchronous generator

operation

29