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Electrical Power?
Electric Power Systems for Non Power System Experts
By
Purpose
Give
Introduction
First
Reactive power
Quarterback can
throw a bullet, but
not very far
For long distances,
throws in an arc
Real power is the
bullet
Reactive power is
the height of the arc
Reactive Power
Part 1 - Equipment
Generators
Transformers
Transmission
Lines
Loads
Generators
Generators
Fundamental
E
Law
= N d/dt
Where
is the flux
Magnetic example
High
school physics
Faraday's discovery motion
Maxwell mathematical theory
10
Generators
Rotor
11
Generators
Three Phase
1.5
Magnitude
1.0
0.5
Phase A
0.0
Phase B
-0.5 0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
360
Phase C
-1.0
-1.5
Degrees
Generators
Control
Terminal
voltage
Speed
Terminal
13
Generators
Speed
Generators
Two pole machine
rotates at 3600 rpm
steam generator
Twelve pole
machine rotates at
600 rpm hydro set
15
Generators
Generation by Fuel Type (Canada)
2%
2%
10 %
0%
16 %
co al
3%
nuclear
14 %
hyd ro
o il
g as
d ual fuel
p ump ed s to rag e
o ther
53 %
16
Generators
Capability curve
Limits
Reactive Power
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.00
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0.25
0.50
Real Power
0.75
1.00
Stator heating
Rotor heating
Stability
Whats required
Whats used
17
Reactive Power
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.00
-0.2
-0.4
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
Real Power
-0.6
-0.8
-1
18
Transformers
Follow
Faradays Law
E1=N1d/dt & E2=N2d/dt
Flux (d/dt) is constant
Voltage change depends on number of
turns, and basic equations can be
equated with the result:
E1/N1 = E2/N2
19
Transformers
Since conservation
of energy must be
preserved and
voltage varies
inversely, current
must vary directly
I1N1 = I2N2
20
Transformers
21
Transmission lines
Transmission
Transmission line
consists of:
Shunt capacitance
Series resistance and
inductance
Distributed along length
of line
Treat as distributed
lumped elements
Can ignore resistance
23
Load
Load
24
26
SI ()
R (/km)
X (/km)
Charging
(kVAr/km)
SIL
(MW)
X/R
69/72
370
0.4
0.5
15
13/14
1.2
138/144
370
0.2
0.5
70
50/55
2.5
230/240
single
340
0.07
0.45
225
170
230/240
bundled
300
0.07
0.4
290
180/195
345 bundled
285
0.026
0.365
525
415
14
500 bundled
250
0.018
0.345
1340
990
20
27
2.00
1.75
1.50
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
10
00
90
0
80
0
70
0
60
0
50
0
40
0
30
0
20
0
0.00
10
0
2.25
Length (km)
28
Loads
Three types of load models
Constant MVA motors
Constant current resistive loads
Constant impedance reactor & capacitor
banks
For power flow use constant MVA
For transient studies need a combination and
may require frequency
29
Summary Part 1
Generators
30
Lunch Break
31
32
33
34
35
Breakers
Breakers used to
connect/disconnect
equipment
Breakers must be
capable of picking
up and dropping
loads
36
Breakers
Breakers must be
capable of switching
unloaded
transmission lines
Breakers must be
capable of
interrupting the
symmetrical fault
plus any dc offset
37
38
Power flow
Bus voltage V
Bus angle
Real power P
Reactive power Q
Load P & Q
Generator bus V
39
Power flow
Need
Solution methods
Four
solution methods
Gauss-Siedel
41
Solution methods
Solution results
Balance generation with load and losses
Keep all bus voltages within tolerance +/5%
Require a slack or swing bus. Can be a
fictitious generator to supply/absorb P & Q
Solution achieved when swing bus P & Q
equal zero
Not practical, therefore minimize swing bus
P&Q
42
Types of studies
Steady
state studies
Operations study effect today and
tomorrow, usually short time, e.g. up to
one month
Planning study effect of load and
generation three or more years in future
Fault study what happened yesterday
43
Types of studies
Dynamic
studies
All of the above: Operations, Planning &
Fault
Transients what happens as power
system moves from one steady state to
another
Additional studies determine equipment
ratings, e.g. breaker duty
44
Contingencies
Contingencies
robustness
Contingency loss of one or more
components at a time
Costs escalate if system designed for
more than two contingencies
Example loss of a generator and line or
transformer N-G-1
45
to example
46
& Stations
Delivery Point measures
47
Transmission Losses
Losses are
stochastic
Simple system
losses vary as a
square of current
Complex system
losses display a
linear variance
Transmission Losses
500
L o s s e s (M W )
400
300
200
100
0
4750 5000 5250 5500 5750 6000 6250 6500 6750 7000 7250 7500 7750
Net Generation to Supply Alberta Load (MW)
48
Transmission Losses
Transmission Losses Histogram
500
Count
400
300
200
100
431
418
405
392
379
366
353
340
327
314
301
288
275
262
249
236
223
210
197
0
Losses (MW)
Transmission losses
Transmission Generation, Load and Losses by Day
Net Gen
Net Load
7500
1000
+3-sigma
900
-3-sigma
800
Ave Losses
6500
700
600
6000
500
5500
400
Losses (MW)
7000
Losses
300
5000
200
4500
100
4000
0
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Hour
Performance
For
52
Performance
Two
http://www.aeso.ca/transmission/5548.html
53
Transmission - line
Alberta Interconnected Electric System
Transmission Outage Statistics
Summary for Line Related Forced Outages
For the Period From 1997 - 2001
Voltage
Class (kV)
Kilometer
Years
(km.a)
Number of
Sustained
Faults
Frequency
per 100 km.a
(faults100
km.a)
Total
Outage
Duration
(hours)
Average
Outage
Duration
(hrs/fault)
Unavailability
per 100 km.a
(%)
Number of
Momentary
Faults
Frequency
per 100 km.a
(faults/100
km.a)
69/72
9,017
186
2.06
1,130
6.08
0.14%
601
6.67
138/144
54,417
322
0.59
2,272
7.06
0.05%
685
1.26
240
33,968
235
0.69
1,159
4.93
0.04%
320
0.94
500
1,595
14
0.88
37
2.64
0.03%
95
5.96
Total
98,997
757
0.76
4,598
6.07
0.05%
1,701
1.72
54
Frequency
1.6
Alberta
1.2
Canada
0.8
0.4
Ice Storm
Removed
0.0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Year
55
Duration (minutes)
SAIDI
400
Alberta
300
Canada
200
100
Ice Storm
Removed
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Year
56
Summary Part 2
Power
57
Summary Part 2
Losses
58
Summary Part 2
Outages
59
Comments
Questions
Feedback
60