Mahabharata Stories

STORIES FROM THE
MAHABHARATA
PART ONE
A SANSKRIT COURSE FOR SENIOR STUDENTS

(AGES 1011 YEARS)
i
St James Independent Schools, London

Sanskrit Department
Senior Girls: tel. 020-7348 1777; fax: 020-7348 1790
Senior Boys: tel. 020-8892 2002; fax 020-8892 4442
Title: Stories from the Mahbhrata, Part 1. A Sanskrit Course for Senior Students (Ages 10-11 Years)
The Marking-Roman and Sanskritpada fonts are designed and distributed by

6H Design, London (tel. 020-8944 9496); 2003 6H Design.
COVER DRAWING: Gag, the river goddess
DRAFT, prepared October 2007
2007 St James Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this draft may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of St James Publishing.
ii
CONTENTS
YEAR 6, TERM 1
P.
YEAR 6, TERM 2
P.
34
YEAR 6, TERM 3
P.
76
iii
Teaching Sanskrit to Senior Students

INTRODUCTION
The Sanskrit language is a new element in todays education. It is an ideal study

for the young because its systematic grammar orders the students mind. At the
same time, Sanskrit literature provides the student with an exciting and profound
interaction with a classical culture. Furthermore, because Sanskrit is very close
to the source of all our Indo-European languages, it helps the student appreciate
the underlying structure of language as a whole.
Stories from the Mahaabhaarata, a new series of Sanskrit textbooks for children
of ten years and upwards, presents the epic Mahaabhaarata in stories which
develop the students knowledge of grammar in a gradual way. This book, the
first in the series, is designed for students between ten and eleven years of age.
It is strongly suggested that they should have completed the preceding section
of this course, The Story of Raama (Parts 1 and 2), before starting this book.
READING AND WRITING THE DEVANAAGAR SCRIPT
Fluent reading and writing of the Devanaagar script is essential at this point. If
the students are commencing this book after the holidays, you will probably want
to spend some time practising reading, writing and dictation exercises.
ORAL AND LISTENING EXERCISES
When teaching this course, it is very useful to have an oral component to each
lesson. If students spend all their time doing written work and never speaking
the language, their learning will not stick. Similarly, listening exercises (i.e., listening to a story read in Sanskrit and then answering questions about it) help to
immerse the student in the Sanskrit mindset. Thus, the exercises given in this
book can always be used as oral and listening exercises, and games and competitions are even more effective.
The same is true in learning paradigms. Students should not expect that they will
learn their case endings by looking them up. Learning of paradigms should be
primarily through recitation in the traditional manner (i.e., by the order of singular, dual and plural for each case). As a supporting method, learning for tests
iv
may also be done by looking for patterns of recurring words and similarities with
other paradigms. Regular oral and written testing of paradigms is necessary to
ensure that they are known accurately and by heart. This applies particularly to
the paradigms previously learnt.
Not all the exercises in this book need to be completed: some are optional and
should be used according to the teachers discrimination. It is essential that there
be a forward momentum to this study.
SENTENCE ANALYSIS
In Chapter One, a new method of sentence analysis is introduced. Previously,

the children have tended to translate each Sanskrit word into English and then
rearrange those English words to make a credible English sentence. However, in
order to train the students to be able to understand Sanskrit better as a language
in its own right, a more adult method of sentence analysis has been devised.
VOCABULARY
The approach to vocabulary in these books is different from that presented in the
junior textbooks. All new words in a story are underlined, and their English
equivalents will be found at the bottom of the page on which they are working.
However, in each chapter there is a list of new vocabulary words. These should
be learned and tested, and could usefully form a component of any end-of-term
exam.
Verbs are given a different treatment to that of the Junior Course. New verbs are
presented in three forms, namely the dhaatu, the First Person singular (i.e., the
it form) and the indeclinable participle (i.e., the Tv| form).
Each chapter includes a story. It would be helpful to give a written or oral test
on the new vocabulary before starting the story.
NOTES TO TEACHERS
Advice to the teacher is indicated in italics.
The Sanskrit Alphabet and its Pronunciation

a
a|
f
ao
aO
k
q
Q
vi
e
ai
o
au
ka
kha
ga
gha
a
ca
cha
ja
jha
a
a
ha
a
as in
approach
as in
star
as in
if
as in
feel
as in
book
as in
food
A sound made with the tip of

the tongue raised but not quite
touching the roof of the mouth
(something like the ri in ring).
as in
say
as in
my
as in
home
as in
now
as in
kite
as in
block-head
as in
gate
as in
log-hut
as in
long
as in
chalk
as in
catch him
as in
jug
as in
hedgehog
as in
cringe
as in
take*
as in
anthill*
as in
do*
~
t
n
p
m
y
r
l
v
z
w
s
h
ha
a
ta
tha
da
dha
na
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
ya
ra
la
va
a
a
sa
ha
as in
godhood*
as in
under*
as in
table
as in
anthill
as in
day
as in
godhead
as in
no
as in
pure
as in
loop-hole
as in
baby
as in
abhor
as in
mother
as in
yellow
as in
rosy*
as in
lady
as in
awake
as in
shall
as in
show*
as in
slug
as in
heaven
,
;
as in a pure nasal
as in an exhaled breath
* with the tongue raised to the roof

of the mouth
Note to Teachers
In addition to their revision of the grammatical terms
described on pages 24, students should review, and be
tested on, the forms of the following words to be found in
the Reference Book.
NOUNS
VERBS
r|m;
im]m\
sIt|
ndI
vit
ivWyit
avt\
vRte
aiSt
Grammatical Terms
NOUN
ADJECTIVE
VERB
CASE ENDINGS
A noun is a person, place or thing.

e.g.
r|m;
Rma
ayoy|
Ayodhy
sU]m\
rope
An adjective is a word that describes a noun.
e.g.
pIt)
yellow
p|u)
pale
The ) symbol at the end of these words indicates
that they may take endings in three genders, eight
cases, and three numbers.
A verb is an action word.

e.g.
ipbit
he drinks
gimWy|im
I shall go
The case ending of a noun shows the role of that

noun in the sentence.
e.g.
r|mSy
of Rma
sIty|
by St
There are eight cases in Sanskrit:
FIRST CASE ENDING
VOCATIVE
SECOND CASE ENDING
THIRD CASE ENDING
FOURTH CASE ENDING
FIFTH CASE ENDING
SIXTH CASE ENDING
SEVENTH CASE ENDING
often the doer

the person addressed
the object done to
by or with
for
from
of
in (or on)
AGREEMENT
NUMBER
MASCULINE
FEMININE
NEUTER
Agreement means that adjectives agree in case,

number and gender with the nouns they go with.
e.g.
or; r|xs;
horrible demon
or|y r|xs|y
for the horrible demon
orH; r|xsG;
by horrible demons
The number of a word shows whether that word is
singular, dual or plural.
e.g.
g;
bird (singular)
gO
two birds (dual)
g|;
birds (plural)
Note that the plural for bird is simply translated as
birds, while the dual is translated as two birds.
A masculine word names something considered to be

male.
e.g.
r|m;
Rma
hIr;
Lord
gu;
teacher
A feminine word names something considered to be
female.
e.g.
sIt|
St
ndI
river
mit;
thought
A neuter word names something considered to be
neither male nor female.
e.g.
im]m\
friend
TENSE
PARADIGM
PERSON
The tense of a verb shows the time in which the

action is happening.
e.g.
|dit
he eats (present tense)
|idWyit
he will eat (future tense)
a|dt\
he ate (past tense)
A paradigm (pronounced par-a-dime) is a list or table of all
the possible forms that a noun, adjective, pronoun or verb can
take.
A verb can be expressed in one of three Persons. In
Sanskrit grammar these are known as:
First Person (FP)

Middle Person (MP)
Best Person (BP)
SINGULAR
he/she/it
you
I
DUAL
they two
you two
we two
PLURAL
they
you
we
Later languages (for example, Latin and French) deal with

these Persons in the opposite order:
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
SINGULAR
I
you
he/she/it
DUAL
we two
you two
they two
In this course, we shall use the Sanskrit system.
PLURAL
we
you
they
Year 6, Term 1
CHAPTER
HAPTER ONE
NE
1.1
The Sanskrit Language
Sanskrit is one of the oldest languages in the world. It is the language of the
Vedas, Upaniads, Bhagavad Gt, Mahbhrata, Rmyaa and the Puras.
These books provide an insight into the history of the world and the evolution of
humanity. Also, there are books on many other subjects written in Sanskrit.
Some of these deal with medicine, astronomy, architecture, mathematics, dance,
art and science.
Sanskrit is, or is close to, the mother of all Indo-European languages, including
Greek, Latin and English. The word saskta means perfected language. This
perfection is brought about through its precise grammatical structure which has
remained unchanged throughout millennia.
Thousands of years ago, the worlds greatest grammarian, Pini, explained
these laws of grammar in a systematic and beautiful way.
FINDING PINI ON THE INTERNET

See what is available on the Internet about the great grammarian, Pini. Here
are some websites to start you off:
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/mathematicians/Panini.html
http://www.answers.com/topic/panini-scholar
http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/people/A0837484.html
Year 6, Term 1
1.2
Epic Civilization: Paan-ini
When Pini was a boy, he was not very good

in his lessons at school. The other boys used to laugh
at him.
You are a fool, they said.
But Pini, unconcerned, continued to serve his teacher
faithfully and always did what he was told. One day, he
went for a walk in the mountains by himself. There he
remembered the Great Lord, who appeared before him.
Pini was amazed.
Since you have always served and obeyed your teacher,
I shall give you whatever you desire, said the Great Lord.
I desire knowledge, replied Pini.
Then you will receive a divine grammar, promised the
Great Lord.
When Pini returned to his classmates, he challenged
them to a grammar competition to see who knew most.
The competition went on for eight days. On the eighth
day, it seemed that Pini was almost beaten. But at this
point, the Great Lord intervened and made Pini victorious.
One.key feature of Pinis grammar is his explanation

of how words come from dhtus (see page 8).
Year 6, Term 1
The Great Lord (Narja) who appeared to Pini.
Year 6, Term 1
1.3
Dhaataus
One of the key elements in the Sanskrit language is the system of roots. Words
in Sanskrit have at their centre a dhtu or root. This is the seed of the word. Thus
the dhtu |d\ expresses the action of eating; the dhtu tud\ expresses the
action of hitting; the dhtu U expresses the act of becoming. All the different
forms of a Sanskrit verb are formed from its dhtu. Nouns and adjectives also
come from dhtus.
Uym\ more, numerous

(Adjective)
Uit; existence
(Noun)
Utm\ living being
Uim; earth
(Noun)
(Noun)
vit becomes
(Verb)
Dhtu
There are over 2,000 dhtus in Sanskrit,

and from these thousands and thousands of words are formed!
Year 6, Term 1
Note to teachers: Any of the exercises in this book can be either oral or written
according to the teachers discretion.
EXERCISE 1
Here are five dhtus:
(a) jIv\
in living
(b) cr\
in moving
(c) |d\
in eating
(d) vd\
in speaking
(e) iml\
in meeting
Below is a list of five words. State which dhtu goes with each word.
avdt\
For example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
|m\
jIv;
cIr]m\
aimlt\
vd|Ny
1.4
= (d)
(food)
(a creature)
(behaviour)
(he, she or it met)
(eloquent)
Stems (The Expansion of Dhaataus)
There are three stages in the formation of a word:

1. The Dhtu
2. The Stem
cr\
cr
3. The Final Word
crit
What changes do you notice at each stage?
1.5
Verbs
A verb is an action word and can be expressed in the present, past or future
tenses. The forms of verbs are called conjugations.
9
Year 6, Term 1
EXERCISE 2
Using the paradigms on pages 120 and 121, conjugate the following three
dhtus in the present and past tenses.
(a)
|d\
(b)
vd\
(c)
cr\
EXERCISE 3
Using the five stems below, translate the verbs into the correct tenses.
(a)
jIv\
(b)
lives
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
cr\
walks
crit
vdis
jIivWy|m;
|idWy
aimln\
(c)
|d\
(d)
eats
vd\
speaks
10.
acr;
vidWy|im
ajIvt\
imlit
a|dit
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
he became
she spoke
I became
you met
they ate
6.
7.
8.
9.
EXERCISE 4
Translate into Sanskrit:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
10
I shall eat
they many live
he says
he will meet
they many walk
(e)
iml\
meets
Year 6, Term 1
Tv| WORDS AND DHAATA US

In future, when we are given a new verb it will be expressed in three parts: the
dhtu, the verb form, and the Tv| form.
Example:
vit
UTv|
become
he/she/it becomes
having become
EXTENSION WORK
1. Conjugate the following dhtus in the future tense, with an English
translation:
(b) vd\
(c) cr\
(a) |d\
2. Here are some unusual future forms. Translate them into English.
You may need to look in Appendix 4 for the forms.
(a)
(b)
(c)
1.6
gimWyit
gimWyiNt
Xy|im
(d)
(e)
gimWyt;
gimWy|v;
Nouns
A noun is a name of a person, place or thing. The forms of nouns are called
declensions.
EXERCISE 5
Using the paradigms in Appendix 2 (pages 124 and 125) of r|m; im]m\
sIt| and ndI , decline the following words in the singular:
11
Year 6, Term 1
(a)
(b)
k|m;
sum\
(desire, masc.)
(happiness, neut.)
(c)
(d)
g|
devI
(Gag, fem.)
(goddess, fem.)
EXERCISE 6
Translate the following into English or Sanskrit. Where necessary, use the
vocabulary in the Appendices 3 and 4.
r|mSy
im]fwu
sIt|yI
ngrey;
g|i;
gjyo;
k|m|t\
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.7
8. for a man
9. in desire
10. by two boats
11. the houses
12. the two cities
13. by elephant
14. kings (2nd)
Agreement of Doer and Verb
Remember that actions can be done by one doer, two doers or many doers. For
example:
|dit
|dt;
|diNt
he, she or it eats
two eat
they eat
g; |dit
gO |dt;
g|; |diNt
12
A bird (singular) eats.

Two birds (dual) eat.
Two birds (plural) eat.
Year 6, Term 1
Notice in each sentence how both the doer and the verb take endings according
to whether they speak of one, two or many.
EXERCISE 7
Translate the English word into Sanskrit to form a correct Sanskrit sentence.
Then translate the whole sentence into English.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
np; (speaks)
gj|; (walk)
mTSyO (eat)
im]f (meet)
W~; (lives)
EXERCISE 8
(a) Choose the correct form from the two in brackets.
(b) Write out the correct Sanskrit sentence.
(c) Translate the sentence into English.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
g; g|; pZyit
im]d im]|i~ aimlt|m\
nr|; nrO sufn jIivWyiNt
dfVyO dfVy; criNt
puStkm\ puStk ptt;
13
Year 6, Term 1
EXERCISE 9
Choose the correct form from the two in brackets and write out the correct
Sanskrit sentence. Then translate the sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
np|; ndIm\ gCit gCiNt

r|xs|; ngrm\ crit criNt
pu]; vnm\ gimWyit gimWyiNt
b|lkSy sodr; ndIm\ fivzit fivziNt
kNy|; gh|t\ acrt\ acrn\
EXERCISE 10
Translate these sentences. The first few examples may be set out as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
14
The man
walks.
nr;
crit
The king walks.

The friend eats.
Two friends walk.
Two kings meet.
The kings live.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The king walked.

The friend ate.
Two friends walked.
Two kings met.
The kings lived.
Year 6, Term 1
olden
1.8
Sentence Analysis
In the past, you may have translated Sanskrit sentences by writing out the
Sanskrit, putting the English word-for-word translation underneath, and then
writing a good English translation using your word-for-word translation. We are
now going to translate Sanskrit sentences and stories using a different method.
Note to teachers: These are to be learnt and tested.
Here is a list of abbreviations used in the method

as set out on the next page:
v.
pa.
pr.
fu.
s.
du.
pl.
m.
f.
n.
adv.
adj.
verb
past
present
future
singular
dual
plural
masculine
feminine
neuter
adverb
adjective
ind.
1st
voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
FP
MP
BP
indeclinable (e.g. it c
the doer
vocative (e.g. O king)
the object
by / with
for
from
of
in / on
First Person
Middle Person
Best Person
etc.)
15
Year 6, Term 1
The Golden Rules of Translation

1 FIND THE VERB. After reading a sentence accurately, find the verb, which
will usually be at the end of the sentence. Above this, write a v.,
together with pa ., pr. or fu. for the tense, s., du. or pl. for the
number, and FP, MP or BP for the person. Write the English meaning
beneath. For example:
v. FP pr. s.
nr;
kuKkur|n\
m|gRe
pZyit
he/she/it sees
FIND THE DOER and then write above it 1st , plus m., f. or n. for the
gender, and also write the number. Add the English beneath.
1st m. s.
nr;
v. FP pr. s.
kuKkur|n\
m|gRe
man
pZyit
he/she/it sees
FIND THE OBJECT (The Done To) and then above it put 2nd, and the
other details. Add the English beneath.

1st m. s.
nr;
man
2nd m. pl.
kuKkur|n\
v. FP pr. s.
m|gRe
dogs
pZyit
he/she/it sees
LABEL ANY OTHER WORDS. Identifying any other words, label them and
add the English beneath.

1st m. s.
nr;
man
5
2nd m. pl.
kuKkur|n\
dogs
7th m. s.
m|gRe
pZyit
in road
he/she/it sees
Finally, TRANSLATE THE SENTENCE directly into English.

The man sees the dogs in the road.
16
v. FP pr. s.
Year 6, Term 1
Further Rules of Translation

A For sentences with more than one action, the different actions should be
tackled one by one in the order they appear in the sentence, each with
their doer and object before it. This will include Tv| words.
B Often, the doer will not be separately mentioned, but is understood from
the ending of the verb.

C
When the verb is a form of aiSt (is), it is often left out. For example:
r|m; gt; (Rama is gone.)
vit aiSt there is no object. For example:

r|m; mt; vit (Rama becomes dead.)
D With forms of
E When there is an
it in a sentence, indicating the end of a statement or
thought, there may be an extra verb in the sentence, the one which is part
of what is said or thought. For example:
is,hm\ pZy|im it s; avdt\ (I see the lion, he said.)
a and have past

tense endings. You will find this form in the vocabulary without the a and
F If a verb is in the past tense, it will usually begin with an
in its present form, unless it is a special case.
17
Year 6, Term 1
1.9
Vocabulary for Story 1
NOUNS
k|m; (m)
np; (m)
dow; (m)
z|Ntnu; (m)
g| (f)
|y|R (f)
devI (f)
n|rI (f)
desire
king
fault
ntanu
Gag
wife
goddess
lady
INDECLINABLES (words that do not change their ending) etc.
N||m
atIv
kd|
by name
very
once, once upon a time
DHAATUS
VERBS
as\ *
jIv\
cr\
iml\
vd\
Tyj\
aiSt
jIvit
crit
imlit
vdit
Tyjit
in being
in living
in walking
in meeting
in speaking
in leaving
smIpe
tu
dyy|
near (+ 6th)
but
please
Tv|
he is, there is
he lives
he walks
(+ 3rd) he meets
he says, speaks
he leaves
jIivTv|
cIrTv|
imilTv|
idTv|
Ty|
* The past tense of aiSt is a|sIt\ (he was, there was).
18
ENDINGS
having lived
having walked
having met
having spoken
having left
Year 6, Term 1
Gag, the river goddess

19
Year 6, Term 1
1.10
Story 1
A Strange Wife
King ntanu meets the beautiful river goddess Gag. He immediately falls in love, and pleads with her to be his wife. She consents,
but says that if ntanu ever asks her what she is doing, she will leave
him. A strange wife and a stranger bargain! Can ntanu fulfil the
strict regulation laid upon him?
1. a|sIt\ np; z|Ntnu; n|m

2. s; atIv s|u; np; sufn ajIvt\
3. tSy tu k; dow;
tSy dow; k|m;
4. kd| z|Ntnu; n|; smIpg acrt\

5. s; n|y|R sh aimlt\
6. s| n|rI dgvI g| n|m
s| atIv suNdrI n|rI
7. mm |y|R v dyy| it z|Ntnu; avdt\

8. g| avdt\ ahm\ tv |y|R ivWy|im
9. Ikm\ kroiw it n kd|ip m|m\ pC
10. yid tt\ pCis tIhR Tv|m\ Tyj|im it
sfn
tSy
v
ahm\
kroiw
20
happily
(see page 129 )
be!
(see page 134)
you do
n kd|ip never
m|m\
(see page 134)
pC
ask!
yid tIhR if . . . then . . .
Year 6, Term 1
ntanu meets Gag.

21
Year 6, Term 1
CHAPTER TWO
2.1
Rivers
Rivers are important because they provide something essential
for life water. So towns and cities have normally been built
where there is a river. Since the water flows all the time and
is ever-fresh, rivers keep everything clean.
Sanskrit literature often speaks of rivers as goddesses. Gag
is an example of a river goddess. Gag is the river Ganges. It
is one of the largest rivers in the world. Its source is found
among the tallest mountains in the world, the Himlayas
(Sanskrit for home of the snows).
The River Gag descending from the Himlayas.

22
Year 6, Term 1
2.2
Complementary Sentences
We now look at a sentence with two sides that complement, or complete, each
other. For example:
y] y] ndI aiSt t] t] jlm\ aiSt

Wherever there is a river, there is water.
y] y] ndI aiSt
t] t] jlm\ aiSt
Above are the two halves of the sentence. Can you see that they work together?
This is an example of the y] y] t] t] type of complementary sentence
just one of the complements listed below.
COMPLEMENTS
y] . . . t]
y] y] . . . t] t]
yd| . . . td|
yd| yd| . . . td| td|
yId . . . tIhR
y; . . . s;
y| . . . t|
y|vt\ . . . t|vt\
where . . . there
wherever . . . there
when . . . then
whenever . . . then
if . . . then
he who . . . he
as . . . so
as long as . . . for so long
ADVERBIAL ENDINGS
d|
]
|
indicates time
indicates place
indicates manner
e.g.,
e.g.,
e.g.,
yd|
y]
y|
when
where
as
23
Year 6, Term 1
Note to teachers: This exercise should be gone through orally with the class and then
completed by each pupil in written form.
EXERCISE 11
Translate into English:
1.
y] np; vsit
t] |y|R vsit
2.
yd| dfvI vsit
td| nr; suit; avt\
3.
y] y] nr; gCit
t] t] kuKkur; anugCit
4.
y| jn; icNtyit
t| s; ivWyit
5.
yId n|rI gm\ z~oit
tIhR s| hsit
6.
y; aGnO itit
s; dG; ivWyit
7.
y|vt\ nr; s|u; aiSt
24
t|vt\ suit; ivWyit
Year 6, Term 1
EXERCISE 12
Translate the following into English:
1.
2.
3.
4.
y] devI a|gCit t] r|xs|; tSy|; gCiNt

yd| r|m; sIt|m\ apZyt\ td| s; suit; avt\
y; fbl; s; r|xs|n\ jyit
yId z|Ntnu; pCit Ikm\ kroIw it tIhR g| tm\ Tyjit
EXTENSION WORK
1. When the boy meets the demon, then they will do battle.
2. As a lady thinks so she will do.
3. If I meet my friend here, then we shall walk to the mountain.
4. Wherever a good man goes, there are many ladies.
25
Year 6, Term 1
Note to teachers: The following material provides a methodical approach to

English-to-Sanskrit translation
2.3
The Second Case Ending
The second case ending indicates the object the person or thing affected
by the action. Here are some examples.
DOER
OBJECT
The man
English order:
Sanskrit order:
nr;
nr;
sees
npm\
pZyit
pZyit
DOER
Sanskrit order:
z|Ntnu;
z|Ntnu;
goes
ndIm\
gCit
gCit
DOER
Sanskrit order:
nr|;
nr|;
to the river.
ndIm\
OBJECT
The men
English order:
npm\
OBJECT
ntanu
English order:
the king.
shoot
zr|n\
ixpiNt
ixpiNt
arrows.
zr|n\
Notice how in the Sanskrit order of a completed sentence the verb is at the end
and is followed by a sign called a ivr|m or stop. Also, notice how the doer
and the verb agree.
26
Year 6, Term 1
EXERCISE 13
Translate into English or Sanskrit. Use the Sanskrit order method shown
above.
1.
2.
3.
z|Ntnu; jlm\ Ipbit

np; la |dit
n|rI dow|n\ pZyit
4. The wise ladies walked to the strong man.

5. The good son went home quickly.
27
Year 6, Term 1
Note to teachers: This is revision. It should be known by heart. The three exercises that
follow the paradigms can be oral or written, according to the need in the classroom.
2.4
The Paradigms of hIr; and gu;
hIr; (Lord) is a masculine word. This paradigm gives the pattern for masculine
nouns ending in
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Singular
Dual
Plural
hIr;
hf hrf
hIrm\
hIr~|
hryg
hrf;
hrf;
hrO
hrI
hf hrI
hrI
hIry|m\
hIry|m\
hIry|m\
hyoR;
hyoR;
hry;
hf hry;
hrIn\
hIri;
hIry;
hIry;
hrI~|m\
hIrwu
gu; (teacher) is a masculine word. This paradigm gives the pattern for masculine nouns ending in
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
28
Singular
Dual
Plural
gu;
hf guro
gum\
gu~|
gurvg
guro;
guro;
gurO
gu
hf gu
gu
guy|m\
guy|m\
guy|m\
guvoR;
guvoR;
gurv;
hf gurv;
gun\
gui;
guy;
guy;
gu~|m\
guwu
Year 6, Term 1
Other words that go like hIr;
kip;
Aiw;
muin;
aiGn;
Other words that go like gu;
z|Ntnu;
v|yu;
muin;
aiGn;
monkey
sage
sage
fire
ntanu
sage
sage
fire
EXERCISE 14
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Awg;
hIry|m\
munIn|m\
aGnO
kpy;
10.
gu~|
pzUn\
z|Ntnvf
v|yo;
gurv;
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
of ntanu
of two teachers
in many teachers
by ntanu
from the wind
6.
7.
8.
9.
EXERCISE 15
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
two monkeys (2nd)

in a sage
for two lords
from a monkey
O many lords
29
Year 6, Term 1
EXERCISE 16
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Aiw; Awg; nIl; g; aiSt

z|Ntnu; l|in kipi; kipy; dd|it
gurv; gu; vdit hf izWy m|m\ z~u it
svRe jn|; pzv; c hryg hrf; a|gCiNt
v|yum\ v|yO zBd; aiSt
A teacher (guru)
30
Year 6, Term 1
2.5
PRONOUNS
s; (m) he / that
tt\ (n) that
s| (f) she / that

Ikm\ (n) what?
ADJECTIVES
mt)
sPt
am) eighth
dead
seven
INDECLINABLES
aicre~ soon
d|nIm\ now
DHAATUS
VERBS
ixp\ in throwing / shooting

dz\ pZy* in seeing
U in being, becoming
nI
in leading
f\
in asking
gm\ in going
a| gm\ in coming
ixpit
pZyit
vit
nyit
pCit
gCit
a|gCit
vm\
thus
Tv|
he throws / shoots
he sees
he becomes
he leads
he asks
he goes
he comes
ENDINGS
ixPTv| having thrown / shot

d|
having seen
UTv|
having become
nITv|
having led
p|
having asked
gTv|
having gone
a|gMy ** having come
* dz\ is an irregular dhtu and the stem is pZy.

** Notice the y ending instead of Tv|
31
Year 6, Term 1
2.6
Story 2
Gag Kills the Sons

of ntanu
King ntanu marries Gag and they have seven children. Gag
drowns every child born to her. Little does ntanu know that these
seven children are gods who have been cursed to be born into human
bodies but by special dispensation are allowed to escape from their
human bodies shortly after birth. When Gag is about to drown her
eighth child, ntanu asks her what she is doing. Gag leaves him,
taking her eighth child with her.
1. z|Ntnu; g|m\ pyR~yt\

2. aicre~ g|y|; pu]; a|sIt\
3. s| tu pu]m\ n|m\ aixpt\
4. z|Ntnu; tt\ apZyt\
5. vm\ g| sPt pu]|n\ n|m\ aixpt\
6. tg svRd mt|; avn\
7. aicre~ g|y|; am; pu]; a|sIt\
8. s| pu]m\ ndIm\ anyt\
9. z|Ntnu; tu Ikm\ kroiw it apCt\
10. g| avdt\ d|nIm\ Tv|m\ Tyj|im
11. tv am; pu]; my| sh a|gimWyit it
pyR~yt\
kroiw
32
he married
you do
Tv|m\
my|
(see page 135)

(see page 134)
Year 6, Term 1
ntanu grieves as Gag kills his sons.

33
Year 6, Term 2
CHAPTER THREE
3.1
The Paradigm of mIt;
Note to teachers: This is new material. The paradigm should be learnt by heart. The words
at the foot of the page, which have the same paradigm as mit;, should be memorised as part
of the defined vocabulary list.
mIt; (thought) is a feminine word. This paradigm gives the pattern for feminine
nouns ending in Its paradigm is very similar to that of hIr;.
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Singular
Dual
Plural
mIt;
hf mtf
mItm\
mTy|
mtyg
mtf;
mtf;
mtO
mtI
hf mtI
mtI
mIty|m\
mIty|m\
mIty|m\
mTyo;
mTyo;
mty;
hf mty;
mtI;
mIti;
mIty;
mIty;
mtIn|m\
mItwu
Other femimine words that have

the same paradigm as mIt;
bui; intellect
Uim; earth
z|iNt; peace
34
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 17
1.
2.
3.
mty;
mtg;
mtyg
4.
5.
6.
mTyo;
mtI;
mTy|
EXERCISE 18
1. of a thought
2. of many thoughts
3. in thought
4. for two thoughts

5. thought (2nd)
6. thoughts (2nd)
EXERCISE 19
1.
2.
3.
buiy|m\
z|NtO
UmO
4.
5.
6.
z|Ntg;
mtIn|m\
buii;
EXERCISE 20
1.
2.
3.
4.
He walked on the earth.

O peace, come to me!
His intellect was strong.
Soon the thoughts came to him.
35
Year 6, Term 2
3.2
The Paradigms of Nouns Ending in A
In English, the endings -er and -or on a noun show the agent of an action. For
example:
A swimmer swims.
A sailor sails.
A farmer farms.
These endings almost certainly derive from an original A ending which, in
Sanskrit, has the same meaning. For example, the masculine word |t means
creator. Here is its paradigm:
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Singular
Dual
Plural
|t|
hf |tr\
|t|rm\
|]|
|]g
|tu;
|tu;
|tIr
|t|rO
hf |t|rO
|t|rO
|ty|m\
|ty|m\
|ty|m\
|]o;
|]o;
|t|r;
hf |t|r;
|t<n\
|ti;
|ty;
|ty;
|t<~|m\
|twu
Note the first-five rule here. What difference do you notice in the first five case
endings? (Remember that the Vocative is also considered as the First case.)
Note also that the word
36
ktR
goes like
|t
It means actor or doer.
Year 6, Term 2
Note to teachers: The following exercises 21 and 22 should be done orally.
EXERCISE 21
Decline the word ktR
EXERCISE 22
A. Translate the following into English:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
|t|rm\
ktRy|m\
|t<n\
k]oR;
ktRIr
|tu;
k]|R
|t<~|m\
|t|
kt|R
B. Translate the following into Sanskrit.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
from a creator
of many actors
for an actor
by many creators
in two creators
37
Year 6, Term 2
3.3
Relationship Nouns
In Sanskrit, many words which describe family relationships end in A For

example:
ipt (m.)
m|t (f.)
Svs (f.)
duIht (f.)
/|t (m.)
father
mother
sister
daughter
brother
The paradigms of m|t (mother) and ipt (father) are similar to |t except
for the first two cases.
For m|t the paradigm is as follows:
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
38
Singular
Dual
Plural
m|t|
hf m|tr\
m|trm\
m|]|
m|]g
m|tu;
m|tu;
m|tIr
m|trO
hf m|trO
m|trO
m|ty|m\
m|ty|m\
m|ty|m\
m|]o;
m|]o;
m|tr;
hf m|tr;
m|t<;
m|ti;
m|ty;
m|ty;
m|t<~|m\
m|twu
Year 6, Term 2
ipt goes like this:
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
/|t
Singular
Dual
Plural
ipt|
hf iptr\
iptrm\
ip]|
ip]g
iptu;
iptu;
iptIr
iptrO
hf iptrO
iptrO
ipty|m\
ipty|m\
ipty|m\
ip]o;
ip]o;
iptr;
hf iptr;
ipt<n\
ipti;
ipty;
ipty;
ipt<~|m\
iptwu
also goes like
ipt
Note to teachers: Exercises 23 and 24 should be done orally.
EXERCISE 23
See if you can recite from memory the paradigms of m|t and ipt.
BONUS:
Can you say what is the same and what is different between
the paradigms of m|t ipt |t and Svs ?
(Hint: the First-Five Rule)
39
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 24
1.
2.
3.
4.
m|t| m|]| apQt\

|t| |]| lok; t;
|y|R /|tu; /|t|rm\ fTyvdt\
Svsu; Svs| ngrm\ gtvtI
EXERCISE 25
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
m|t| b|lkO dvtI

svRa jn|; |tIr jIviNt
p|v|; /|tr;
Svs| /|t| c n vNtO
mRSy ddv; yuiirSy ipt|
EXERCISE 26
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
40
Uim; ivz|l; ivz|l|

Uim; hIr~| t; t|
a~; a~| kip; vxh vsit
r|v~Sy r|xSy; knipt; knipt|; siNt
aiGnn| aGNy| r|xsO dGO
Year 6, Term 2
Note to teachers: The material in 3.4 is for the purpose of training the students in the
translation of English into Sanskrit.
3.4
The Third Case Ending
The third case ending is used to show the instrument, the thing you might use to
do the action. For example:
Third Case Ending
English order:
Sanskrit order:
The man
eats
nr;
||dit
nr;
lm\
fruit
lm\
hStgn
with his hand.

hStgn
|dit
EXERCISE 27
Translate into Sanskrit, using the method shown above. Do not forget to put
the verb last!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The man goes to town by chariot.

The goddess goes to the forest by two boats.
The demoness meets with her son.
The two monkeys eat a fruit with their hands.
The king came to the river with the sage.
41
Year 6, Term 2
Note to teachers: The material in 3.5 is revision to ensure that these paradigms
are known by heart.
3.5
The Paradigms of tt\ s; and s|
A pronoun is used instead of a noun to designate a person, place or thing. For

example, tt\ s; and s|
The paradigm of the neuter pronoun tt\ (that):
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
tt\
tg
t|in
2nd
tt\
tg
t|in
3rd
tgn
t|y|m\
tG;
4th
tSmH
t|y|m\
tgy;
5th
tSm|t\
t|y|m\
tgy;
6th
tSy
tyo;
tgw|m\
7th
t^Smn\
tyo;
tgwu
The paradigm of the masculine pronoun s; (that / he):
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
s;
tO
tg
2nd
tm\
tO
t|n\
3rd
tgn
t|y|m\
tG;
4th
tSmH
t|y|m\
tgy;
5th
tSm|t\
t|y|m\
tgy;
6th
tSy
tyo;
tgw|m\
7th
t^Smn\
tyo;
tgwu
42
Year 6, Term 2
The paradigm of the feminine pronoun s| (that / she):
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
s|
tg
t|;
2nd
t|m\
tg
t|;
3rd
ty|
t|y|m\
t|i;
4th
tSyH
t|y|m\
t|y;
5th
tSy|;
t|y|m\
t|y;
6th
tSy|;
tyo;
t|s|m\
7th
tSy|m\
tyo;
t|su
EXERCISE 28
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ty|
tH;
tyo;
t|su
tt\
EXERCISE 29
Translate into Sanskrit.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
he
she
for him
for her
by those two (neuter)
43
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 30
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
s; kip;
s| dfvI
tt\ im]m\
t^Smn\ vng
t|y|m\ mity|m\
EXERCISE 31
Choose the correct form from the three in brackets and write out the correct
Sanskrit phrase. Then translate the phrase.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
tt\ s; s| k|m;
t^Smn\ t|in tSy|m\ dowh
tgn ty| tG; r|xSy|
tSm|t\ t|; tSy|; kpf;
tg t|; s| Oim;
EXERCISE 32
Translate into Sanskrit.
1. that monkey
2. from those rivers
3. in that heart
44
4. by those two friends

5. of that tree
6. for that peace
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 33
s; nr; t|m\ n|rIm\ apZyt\

tgn muinn| s| t|rk| d|
t|; n|yR; tSmG np|y anmn\
1.
2.
3.
The paradigms of tt\ s; and s| set the pattern for the declensions of many other
pronouns, such as svRm\ aNyt\ and tt\ for which the First Case singular endings are given below. The complete paradigms for these are given in Appendix 2.
NEUTER
MASCULINE
FEMININE
svRm\
svR;
svR|
all
aNyt\
aNy;
aNy|
other / another
tt\
w;
w|
this
EXERCISE 34
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
aNy; dfv;
w; dow;
svRawu k|mgwu
tSyI Umyg
sv|Rin im]|i~
45
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 35
1. Decline tt\ in the masculine.
2. Decline svRm\ in the feminine.
3. Decline aNyt\ in the neuter.
EXERCISE 36
Translate these sentences into Sanskrit, following this example:
English order:
Sanskrit order:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
46
The man
walks
to the river.
nr;
crit
ndIm\
nr;
ndIm\
crit
The two boys run.

The lion led the deer to the water.
The dead bird fell from a tree.
Rma will eat the two fruits.
St, will you come to the palace? asked the king.
Having seen the lion, the man ran from the forest.
When ntanu asked Gag, What are you doing?, then she left
him.
Year 6, Term 2
3.6
IWm; (m) Bhma

v|yu; (m)
jnk; (m) father
tIrm\ (n)
Ivr; (m) fisherman
kNy| (f)
gN; (m) a smell
sTyvtI (f)
[ sugN;dugRN; good smell / bad smell ]
NOUNS
ADJECTIVE
suNdr) [ suNdrI) (f) ]
INDECLINABLE
v * only
wind
bank (of a river)
daughter / girl
Satyavat
handsome
* This indeclinable emphasises the word before it.
Note to teachers: Here introduce to the students the concept of a family tree.
The tree will be developed later in the book as the story proceeds.
FAMILY TREE FOR STORY 3

ntanu
married
Gag
Bhma
47
Year 6, Term 2
Couple in their marriage ceremony walk round

the sacred fire.
48
Year 6, Term 2
3. 7
7
Story 3
The Fisherman Kings

Daughter
King ntanus eighth son, Bhma, now grown up, returns to his
father. ntanu proclaims that Bhma will be his heir. One day,
while walking by the river, ntanu smells a beautiful fragrance. The
fragrance leads him to Satyavat, the dazzling daughter of the king of
the fishermen. Will ntanu find love once again?
1. z|Ntno; am; pu]; IWm; n|m

2. kd| IWm; z|Ntnum\ a|gCt\
3. Tvm\ v np; ivWyis it z|Ntnu; IWmm\ avdt\
4. kd| tu z|Ntnu; n|; tIre acrt\
5. v|yO sugN; a|sIt\
6. s; sugN; suNdy|R; kNy|y|; a|gCt\
7. y] y] s| n|rI agCt\ t] t] sugN; a|sIt\
8. kNy|m\ d| k| Tvm\ it z|Ntnu; apCt\
9. kNy| avdt\ ahm\ sTyvtI n|m
10. mm jnk; Ivr|~|m\ np; aiSt it
Tvm\
k|
you (see page 135)

who? (see page 133)
ahm\ I (see page 134)

mm
my (see page 134)
49
Year 6, Term 2
ntanu asks Satyavats father for her hand in marriage.

50
Year 6, Term 2
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1
Epic Civilization: Vows

A vow is when you give your word that you will do
something. Once you have given your word, you cannot go back on it.
In Story 4 at the end of this chapter, Bhma, for his
fathers sake, gave his word to the king of the fishermen that he would give up his claim to the throne.
This, Bhma thought, would enable his father to
marry Satyavat, the daughter of the king of the fishermen.
But the king of the fishermen was still not satisfied.
He thought that Bhmas sons would claim the throne
as their own in the future. So Bhma took another
vow that he would never marry or have children.
Bhma kept his word throughout his life.
51
Year 6, Term 2
Note to teachers: The following section 4.2 is new material. The question words
should be learned as part of the defined vocabulary.
4.2
Question Words
In English we use certain words at the beginning of a sentence to ask a question.

These words are:
?
RE
E
WH
HO
W
WHEN ?
Y?
H
W
WHO ?
WH
AT
?
Sanskrit uses question words too, and they always begin with the letter k .
For example:
kn]
km\
kd|
where?
how?
when?
Notice in these words the adverbial endings:
d|
]
52
indicating time,
e.g.,
indicating place,
e.g.,
indicating manner, e.g.,
kd|
kn]
km\
when?
where?
how?
Year 6, Term 2
Here are some examples of how these question words are used:
QUESTION WORD
kn]
gimWyis
where?
you will go
Where will you go?

QUESTION WORD
km\
ngrm\
how?
town (2nd)
gC|im
I go
How do I go to town?
QUESTION WORD
kd|
b|lk;
nr;
vit
when?
boy
man
becomes
When does a boy become a man?
EXERCISE 37
Translate into English. Do not forget to put a question mark at the end of your
English sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
kn]; sugN;
kd| k|m; nrm\ Tyjit
km\ ghm\ gimWy|im
kd| nr|; vnm\ gCiNt
kn] r|xs|; vsiNt
53
Year 6, Term 2
QUESTION
GAME
Make up three questions in Sanskrit, using
the three question words you have just
learned. Then, exchange your questions
with a neighbour and see if you can
answer your neighbour in
Sanskrit.
Note to teachers: The following section 4.3 is new material.
4.3
More Question Words
Ikm\ k; and k| are declined in a similar manner to tt\ s; and s|.

The paradigm of Ikm\ what? (neuter):
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
Ikm\
k|in
2nd
Ikm\
k|in
3rd
kn
k|y|m\
kA;
4th
kSmH
k|y|m\
ky;
5th
kSm|t\
k|y|m\
ky;
6th
kSy
kyo;
kw|m\
7th
k^Smn\
kyo;
kwu
54
Year 6, Term 2
The paradigm of k; what? / who? (masculine):
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
k;
kO
2nd
kO
k|n\
3rd
km\
kn
k|y|m\
kA;
4th
kSmH
k|y|m\
ky;
5th
kSm|t\
k|y|m\
ky;
6th
kSy
kyo;
kw|m\
7th
k^Smn\
kyo;
kwu
The paradigm of k| what? / who? (feminine):
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
k|
k|;
2nd
k|m\
k|;
3rd
ky|
k|y|m\
k|i;
4th
kSyH
k|y|m\
k|y;
5th
kSy|;
k|y|m\
k|y;
6th
kSy|;
kyo;
k|s|m\
7th
kSy|m\
kyo;
k|su
55
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 38
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
k|y|m\
kw|m\
k
k|n\
kn
EXERCISE 39
Sanskrit phrase. Then translate the phrase.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
56
k; nr; n|rI
k| Uim; kip;
Ikm\ vn|in vnm\
k|; ddvI ddVy;
kO pu]O kNy|
k^Smn\ cN|n\ cNf
k|s|m\ n|rIm\ n|rI~|m\
k im]e nre
ky| nOk|y|; nOky|
kSmG knKknrF; kpyg
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 40
4.
k; nr; vdit
k deVyO ghm\ aTyjt|m\
kn m|geRn jnk; a|gCt\
Ikm\ avd;
5.
kSy|; n|; Ivr|; acrn\
1.
2.
3.
EXERCISE 41
1. What is that good smell?
2. Where is that snake?
3. From which monkey does that bad smell come?
Note to teachers: The following material extends a methodical approach to

translation from English to Sanskrit.
4.4
The Fourth Case Ending
The Fourth Case Ending shows for whom the action is done. It is also used when
a person is bowed to or given something. For example:
Object (2nd case)
English order:
Sanskrit order:
Fourth Case Ending
The man
makes
a house
for his wife.
nr;
kroit
ghm\
|y|RyG
nr;
|y|RyI
ghm\
kroit
57
Year 6, Term 2
Fourth Case Ending
English order:
Arjuna
bows
to Ka.
ajRun;
nmit
W~|y
ajRun;
Sanskrit order:
W~|y
nmit
Object (2nd case)
English order:
Sanskrit order:
Fourth Case Ending
ntanu
gives
a palace
to Gag.
z|Ntnu;
dd|it
r|jghm\
g|yG
z|Ntnu;
g|yI
r|jghm\
dd|it
Notice that the person who receives the gift has a fourth case ending and that
the thing given is in the second case.
58
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 42
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The man bows to the lady.

The man bows to two ladies.
The man bows to the ladies.
The demon gives a dead bird to the demoness.
The sage goes to the forest for peace.
4.5
The Use of Sm
The word Sm is used after a verb in the present tense to change that verb into
the past. For example:
icNtyit Sm
ipbis Sm
he thought
you drank
EXERCISE 43
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
is,h|; ndIm\ criNt Sm

r|xs; r|xSyG nmit Sm
|y|R; Aiwm\ pZyiNt Sm
sTyvtI z|Ntnum\ vdit Sm
np; r|jghm\ rgn gCit Sm
59
Year 6, Term 2
4.6
ivv|h; (m)
r|jghm\ (n)
palace
INDECLINABLES
du;gn
unhappily
DHAATUS
VERBS
w\
Cit
NOUNS
in desiring / wanting
v/tm\ (n)
vow
long ago
pur|
Tv|
u in hearing
z~oit
fit vd\ in replying fitvdit
pIr nI in marrying pIr~yit **
*
**
marriage
ENDINGS
he desires / wants
he hears
uTv|
fTyu * having replied
pIr~Iy * having married
he replies
he marries
having desired
/ wanted
having heard
Notice the y ending instead of Tv|.

Notice the n becomes a ~ after a r .
Note to teachers: This begins to develop the family tree shown on page 47.

Gag
married
Bhma
60
ntanu
married
Vicitravrya
Satyavat
Year 6, Term 2
4. 7
7
Story 4
Bhmas Vow
ntanu asks the king of the fishermen for permission to marry
Satyavat. The king will only consent to the marriage if ntanu
promises that Satyavats son will be the next king. Bhma, for his
fathers sake, vows that he will give up his claim to the throne and
will never marry nor have any children.
1. Ivr|~|m\ npm\ gTv| z|Ntnu; pCis Sm

2. tv kNy|m\ ivv|hf C|im it
3. Ivr|~|m\ np; fitvdit Sm yid sTyvtI tv |y|R ivWyit
tIhR tSy|; pu]; np; ivWyit it

4. z|Ntnu; r|jghm\ du;gn pun; agCt\
5. IWm; svRm\ uTv| Ivr|~|m\ npm\ gTv| tm\ vdit Sm
6. pur| z|Ntnu; m|m\ avdt\ hf IWm Tvm\ np; ivWyis it
7. d|nIm\ tu sTyvTy|; pu]; np; ivWyit
8. ahm\ np; n ivWy|im it mm v/tm\
9. z|Ntnu; sTyvtIm\ pIr~yit Sm
tv your
tm\ him
m|m\ me
(see page 135)

(see page 129)
(see page 134)
Tvm\ you
ahm\ I
mm mine
(see page 135)

(see page 134)
(see page 134)
61
Year 6, Term 2
Bhma making his vow.

62
Year 6, Term 2
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1
Epic Civilization: The Svayavara

The svayavara is a ceremony in which a princess
can choose a husband.
The king sends out invitations all over the world to
eligible young princes to come to the ceremony.
When they arrive, their names are read out. There is
often a competition in which the princes can show
their prowess in archery or other martial arts.
At the end of the competition those seeking the hand
of the kings daughter gather before the princess and
she puts a garland around the neck of the man she
chooses (usually the winner of the competition).
As you will see in Story 5, in Bhmas case he picked
up the princesses and put them on his chariot!
63
Year 6, Term 2
A prince makes his choice at a svayamvara.
64
Year 6, Term 2
Note to teachers: The class should sound ict\ cn and aip as often
as possible for the next few lessons.
5.2
Indefinites
An indefinite is a word like:

somebody
something
somewhere
sometime
somehow
(no definite person)

(no definite thing)
(no definite place)
(no definite time)
(no definite manner)
In Sanskrit, indefinite words are made by adding ict\ cn and aip after a
question word. If n is added before the indefinite, you get a negative indefinite, like the words no one, nothing, nowhere, never and no way. For
example:
QUESTION WORD
INDEFINITE
NEGATIVE INDEFINITE
kn]
kn] aip
kn] ict\
n kn] aip
n kn] ict\
somewhere
nowhere
km\
km\ aip
n km\ aip
how?
somehow
(in) no way
kd|
kd| ict\
kd| aip
n kd| ict\
n kd| aip
sometimes
never
where?
when?
65
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 44
Translate the following sentences into English:
1.
ahm\ ngrm\ km\ aip gC|im
2.
b|lk; knKknrm\ n kn] ict\ apZyt\

gurv; n kd| aip m|m\ pCiNt
Tvm\ aZvm\ kn] ict\ aTyj;
knKknr; km\ aip ghm\ aTyjt\ it izWy; avdt\
ajRtn; zrm\ kn] aip aixpt\
suNdrI kNy| W~Sy zBdm\ n kd| ict\ az~ot\
kNy|; ivv|hm\ kd| aip CiNt
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Note to teachers: The question words k; k| and Ikm\ can also make indefinites.
These indefinites are listed in the Reference Book.
5.3
Indefinites in Three Genders
Examples of indefinites in each gender:
k; ict\ somebody (masc.)

k| ict\ somebody (fem.)
Ikm\ ict\ something (neut.)
To take an example of the masculine indefinite forms we use the question word
k; [Remember that Ikm\ k; and k| take forms like tt\ s; and s|]
If we take k; and add ict\ cn or aip then we get the following paradigm:
66
Year 6, Term 2
QUESTION WORD
(masc.)
INDEFINITE
(masc.)
NEGATIVE INDEFINITE
(masc.)
k;
k; ict\
k; cn
k; aip
n k; ict\
n k; cn
who?
no one / nothing
someone / something
km\
(to) whom?
kn
by whom?
kSmG
for whom?
kSm|t\
from whom?
kSy
of whom?
k^Smn\
in whom?
km\ ict\
n km\ ict\
(to) someone /
(to) something
(to) no one /
nothing
kn ict\
kn aip
n kn ict\
n kn aip
by someone /
by something
by no one /
nothing
kSmG ict\
n kSmG ict\
for someone /
for something
for no one /
nothing
kSm|t\ ict\
n kSm|t\ ict\
from someone /
from something
from no one /
nothing
kSy ict\
n kSy ict\
of someone /
of something
of no one /
nothing
k^Smn\ ict\
n k^Smn\ ict\
in someone /
in something
in no one /
nothing
67
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 45
1.
k; ict\ m|m\ vdit
2.
n k; ict\ m|m\ z~oit

a] kSy ict\ r; aiSt
Awy; Ikm\ ict\ |diNt
a] ahm\ km\ ict\ aTyjm\
3.
4.
5.
5.4
Indefinites as Adjectives
Sometimes, an indefinite can act as an adjective to a noun and is translated as

some or a certain. For example:
k; ict\ Aiw;
some sage
or
a certain sage
EXERCISE 46
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
68
t^Smn\ vng k; ict\ Aiw; a|sIt\

k^Smn\ ict\ dfzf np; r|jghm\ akrot\
b|lk; km\ ict\ vxm\ acrt\
k^Smn\ ict\ k|la v/t|in vIdWy|im
vym\ kSm|t\ ict\ Ivz|l|t\ kpf; a|v|m
Year 6, Term 2
Note to teachers: This material continues to extend a methodical approach to

translation from English to Sanskrit.
5.5
The Fifth Case Ending
The Fifth Case Ending shows where an action comes from. For example:
Fifth Case Ending
English order:
The king
goes
from the palace.
np;
gCit
r|jgh|t\
np;
Sanskrit order:
English order:
Sanskrit order:
r|jgh|t\
gCit
Object
Fifth Case Ending
Satyavat
walks
to the forest
from her sons.
sTyvtI
crit
vnm\
pu]fy;
sTyvtI
pu]fy;
vnm\
crit
Fifth Case Ending
English order:
Sanskrit order:
The monkeys
ran
from the fire.
kpy;
a|vn\
aGng;
kpy;
aGng;
a|vn\
69
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 47
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The man goes from the house to the forest.

Run from the town, son!
The wind came from the forest.
The demon eats from the ground.
The fisherman drank water from the river.
5.6
Prefixes
A prefix is added to the beginning of a word and gives a particular direction to

that word. Here are some examples in English of words with prefixes. The
prefixes are underlined.
underground
under the ground or the earth
overseas
beyond or across the sea
EXERCISE 48
(a) Underline the prefix in each of these five words.
(b) Briefly explain the English meaning of each word.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
undersized
underwear
overweight
triangle (tri means three )
submarine (sub means under )
(c) Now think of five examples of your own.
70
Year 6, Term 2
Note to teachers: Students should learn, and be tested on, the following list.
Here are some Sanskrit prefixes:

THE DIRECTION EXPRESSED
EXAMPLES AND EXPLANATIONS
forwards, onwards, towards
fhsit
he laughs at, mocks
ap
away, off
aphrit
he carries off
sm\
all together as one,

completely
s,tu)
he, completely
pleased
anu
following after, along with
anugCit
he follows
av
down, down into, through
avtrit
he crosses down,
descends
ins\
out from
ingRCit
he goes or
comes out of
dus\
evil
du;m\
sorrow
Iv
outward, separation
IvSmrit
he separates from
memory, forgets
71
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 49
(a) Write down each Sanskrit word and underline the prefix.
1.
avgCit
2.
sm|gCit
duWtm\
s,i; sm\i;
IvsgR;
fgCit
anuvit
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
(b) Choose the matching English meaning for each of the words listed
above and write it against the Sanskrit:
it comes together
he/she/it becomes along with; experiences
a bad action
he/she/it goes down into; understands
a placing together
an outflowing
he/she/it goes forward

Gag
married
ntanu
married
Satyavat
d
marrie
Bhma
Vicitravrya
Ambik
married
Ambalik
72
Year 6, Term 2
5.6
NOUNS
ivic]vIyR; (m)
Vicitravrya
yuvr|j; (m)
r|jpu]; (m)
Svy,vr; (m)
heir apparent
aMb| (f)
aiMbk| (f)
aMbilk| (f)
Uim; (f)
prince
self-choice
ceremony
Amb
Ambik
Ambalik
ground / earth
INDECLINABLES
k|lan
in time
aip
also / even
iv^Smt)
mu)
amazed
ADJECTIVES
bh)
apHt)
much
carried off
DHAATUS
VERBS
icNt\ in thinking
pt\
in falling
icNtyit
ptit
freed
Tv|
he thinks
he hears
ENDINGS
icNtiyTv|
pitTv|
having thought
having fallen
73
Year 6, Term 2
5. 7
7
Story 5
Bhma Carries Off

Three Princesses
Satyavats son, Vicitravrya, becomes king. Bhma, worried that
Vicitravrya is not married, goes to a svayamvara (see page 61). At
the svayamvara, Bhma carries off three princesses. Bhma grants
one of the princesses her freedom, as she is already secretly
pledged to someone else, but the other two marry Vicitravrya.
1. sTyvTy|; pu]; ivic]vIyR; n|m

2. k|lan ivic]vIyR; np; avt\
3. yid ivic]vIyRSy |y|R n ivWyit tIhR yuvr|j; n ivWyit
it IWm; icNtyit Sm
4. Svy,vr; a|sIt\
5. bhv; r|jpu]|; Svy,vrm\ agCn\
6. tt\ d| IWm; aIp Svy,vrm\ agCt\
7. Svy,vre IWmg~ kNy|; apHt|;
8. t|; kNy|; aMb| aiMbk| aMbilk| c
9. r|jpu]|; iv^Smt|; a|sn\ Uimm\ aptn\ c
10. aMb| IWmg~ mu|
11. aiMbk| aMbilk| c tu ivic]vIyRSy |yRc avt|m\
From the evidence of this story, what qualities do
you think that Bhma possesses?
74
Year 6, Term 2
Bhma carries off the three princesses.

75
Year 6, Term 3
CHAPTER SIX
Epic Civilization: A Day in the Life of a King
6.1
In Sanskrit literature, kings are important figures. However,

according to the Sanskrit law books, a king cannot just do
what he likes; his job demands strict discipline and adherence
to duties.
The most important duty for the king is the protection of his
subjects and his kingdom. All disciplines are given to support
this duty.
He must rise very early in the morning, before sunrise, bathe
and perform a sacrifice. Then, he sees his subjects. After that,
he takes counsel with his ministers on all sorts of issues, such
as alliances, ambassadors, spies and enemies, as well as the
needs of his own kingdom. He must fully consider the future
and present results of all of his actions, and he must also reflect on what he has done in the past.
He then exercises, bathes and has a meal with his family. Of
course, while he eats, he must take precautions against any
poisons that his enemies may slip into his food. In the afternoon, he inspects his army. In the evening, he makes another
sacrifice to the gods, and then meets with his spies in a secret
place. Finally, he has a meal again with his family, listens to
music, and then goes to bed at a reasonable hour.
76
Year 6, Term 3
A king listens to the music of a flute.
77
Year 6, Term 3
More Prefixes
6.2
Here are some more Sanskrit prefixes:

Note to teachers: Students should learn, and be tested on, the following list.
THE DIRECTION EXPRESSED
EXAMPLES AND EXPLANATIONS
a|\
fully, returning back
a|gCit
he comes
in
down, inward
inimwit
he puts down eyelids
su
good, best
sum\
pleasure
t\
upwards
i.it
he stands up
ai
thoroughly, repeatedly
aiwgk;
a thorough sprinkling,
anointing, coronation
fit
back again
fitvdit
he speaks back,
replies
pIr
around
pIr~yit
he leads around, marries
up to, towards
pgCit
he goes up to,
approaches
78
(In Vedic times the wife was led

seven times around a fire which
stood for the eternal witness.)
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 50
(a) Write down the following English meanings:
1. becomes upwards, arises, is born
2. fullness of joy
3. places in, entrusts
4. best colour, gold
5. lifts eyelids
6. comes back
(b) Now choose which of the above meanings match which of the following
Sanskrit words:
a|nNd;
suv~R)
*vit
fTy|gCit
^Nmwit
inixpit
(c) Then underline the prefix in each Sanskrit word.
EXERCISE 51
(a) Underline the prefixes in each of the following Sanskrit words.
(b) Using the list of prefixes on the previous page, and also the Sanskrit to
English vocabulary list in Appendix 4, try to guess what these words
might mean in English.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ai|vit
ingRCit
suv~R
fitvdit
pIr~yit (look up nyit )
79
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 52
(a) Underline the prefixes in each word.
(b) Using the lists of prefixes on page 71 and 78, and also the Sanskrit to
English vocabulary list in Appendix 4, say what these words
might mean in English.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
80
fhsit
phrit
anugCit
avgCit
IvSmrit
inimwit
i.it
apgCit
Year 6, Term 3
Note to teachers: This material is revision to be known by heart.
6.3
The Paradigms of ahm\ and Tvm\
ahm\ (I) and Tvm\ (you) are called personal pronouns.

The paradigm of the personal pronoun ahm\ (I):
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
ahm\
a|v|m\
vym\
2nd
m|m\
a|v|m\
aSm|n\
3rd
my|
a|v|y|m\
aSm|i;
4th
mm\
a|v|y|m\
aSmym\
5th
mt\
a|v|y|m\
aSmt\
6th
mm
a|vyo;
aSm|km\
7th
miy
a|vyo;
aSm|su
The paradigm of the personal pronoun Tvm\ (you):
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
Tvm\
yuv|m\
yUym\
2nd
yuv|m\
3rd
Tv|m\
Tvy|
yuv|y|m\
yuWm|n\
yuWm|i;
4th
tuym\
yuv|y|m\
yuWmym\
5th
Tvt\
yuv|y|m\
yuWmt\
6th
tv
yuvyo;
yuWm|km\
7th
Tviy
yuvyo;
yuWm|su
81
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 53
Translate into English or Sanskrit:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tv|m\
aSm|km\
miy
vym\
mm
6. we two
7. you many
8. of you
9. by me
10. in you two
EXERCISE 54
In each sentence, choose the correct form from the two in brackets. Next, write
out the correct Sanskrit sentence, then translate the sentence into English.
1.
ajRun; c|pm\ mm\ m|m\ add|t\
2.
aSm|i; aSm|km\ gu; f|D; it izWy|; avdn\
3.
r|xs; Tvm\ Tv|m\ atudt\
4.
ahm\ a|v|m\ z|Ntnun| sh yum\ kroim
5.
aho aho zr; miy mt\ aiSt it np; aFozt\
82
Year 6, Term 3
6.4
Agreement of Verbs with ahm\ and Tvm\
A verb can be expressed in one of three Persons. In Sanskrit grammar

these are known as:
First Person (FP)

Middle Person (MP)
Best Person (BP)
SINGULAR
he/she/it
you
I
DUAL
they two
you two
we two
PLURAL
they
you
we
Later languages (for example, Latin and French) deal with these Persons in
the opposite order:
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
SINGULAR
I
you
he/she/it
DUAL
we two
you two
they two
PLURAL
we
you
they
In this course, we use the Sanskrit system.
In English, we always use personal pronouns to show the doer of a verb, for
example I eat, you go. However, in Sanskrit, personal pronouns do not
need to be used with verbs. The personal endings on the verbs are all that are
needed. You might, however, use a personal pronoun to show emphasis. For
example:
ahm\ |d|im
Tvm\ gCis
|d|im
gCis
I eat
you go
83
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 55
State the Person and Number of each verb, and translate into Sanskrit. For
example:
you (sing.) become
MP: vis
1. they two become
6. I become
2. they become
7. we two become
3. we become
8. you two become
4. you (sing.) become
9. you (pl.) become
5. she becomes
EXERCISE 56
Using the table on the preceding page, give the Person and Number of each of
the forms below, transliterate and then translate: For example:
vis second Person singular you become

[second Person singular may be abbreviated to 2nd s.]
1. vit
6. v|im
2. v
7. v;
3. vt;
8. vis
4. viNt
9. v|m;
5. v|v;
84
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 57
Translate into English, stating the Person and number of each verb:
1.
vym\ ghm\ gimWy|m;
2.
Tvm\ hStgn vxm\ atud;
3.
ahm\ tuym\ lm\ dd|im
EXERCISE 58
Translate into Sanskrit, stating the Person and number of each verb:
1. We (pl.) will go to the forest.
2. You made food with your two hands.
3. I speak with my mouth.
4. You (pl.) will drink water.
5. I hit the ground with my hand.
85
Year 6, Term 3
EXTENSION WORK
Optional Oral Conversation Exercise
Below are some ideas which can be used for Sanskrit conversation in
the class:
1. My name is __________.
David / Katherine
n|m ahm\
2. I am a pupil.
ahm\ izWy; izWy|;

3. What is your name?
Ikm\ tv n|m
4. Where do you live?
kn] Tvm\ vsis

5. I live in __________.
ahm\
Camden
ngrf vs|im
6. I have a horse / dog (etc.).
mm aZv; knKknr; aiSt

7. What do you have in your house?
Ikm\ tv ghf aiSt
86
Year 6, Term 3
Note to teachers: This continues the methodical approach to English to Sanskrit

translation. It should be pointed out that the Sixth Case Endings work in a
similar manner to the s or s in English.
6.5
The Sixth Case Ending
The Sixth Case Ending is normally expressed in English by an apostrophe or

of. For example:
Sixth Case Ending
Vicitravryas
wife
is named
Ambik.
ivic]vIyRSy
|y|R
n|m
aiMbk|
ivic]vIyRSy
|y|R
aiMbk|
n|m
Sixth Case Ending
Ka
goes
by the chariot
of Arjuna.
W~;
gCit
rgn
ajRunSy
W~;
ajRunSy
rgn
gCit
EXERCISE 59
Give two translations for the following Sanskrit phrases. For example:
nrSy aZv;
the mans horse / the horse of the man
1. |y|Ry|; pu]|;
2. nr|~|m\ buy;
3. sGinkSy rG;
4. tSy im]|y
5. n|; tIrf
87
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 60
1. The mans dog ran.
2. The dog of the man ran.
3. The Lords house is large.
4. The elephant eats the fruit of the tree.
5. Bhmas mother is named Gag.
88
Year 6, Term 3
6.6
Special Use of the Sixth Case Ending
In Sanskrit, the verb to have does not exist. Instead, we use the Sixth Case
Ending. For example:
Sixth Case Ending
npSy
k|m;
a|sIt\
of the king
desire
there was
Literally: Of the king there was a desire.

We would say: The king had a desire.
Sixth Case Ending
g|y|;
pu]|;
siNt
of Gag
sons
there are
Literally: Of Gag there are sons.

We would say: Gag has sons.
EXERCISE 61
1. nrSy pu]; a|sIt\
2. pu]Sy jnk; aiSt
3. kNy|y|; sodr|; a|sn\
4. ghSy |rf St;
5. np|~|m\ r|Jy|in siNt
89
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 62
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The brave men walk.

The bird saw the soldiers.
Go quickly to the house, she said.
Once there was a certain king named Hari.
Having eaten, the sage stood.
The king had a palace.
Note to teachers: This diagram further develops the family tree shown on page 72.

Gag
married
ntanu
married
Satyavat
d
marrie
Bhma
Vicitravrya
Ambik
married
marrie
d
married
Vysa
Ambalik
Dhtarra
90
Pu
Year 6, Term 3
6.7
Year 6, Term 3
NOUNS
Vy|s; (m)
Vysa
tr|?; (m)
p|u; (m)
Dhtarra
pit; (m)1
mum\ (n)
husband
face / mouth
Pu
PRONOUNS
aNy)
other / another (declines like tt\ s; and s| )
ADJECTIVES
aN)
mu)
p|u)
INDECLINABLES
tSm|t\
blind
therefore
freed
pale
DHAATUS
VERBS
l\
in finding
in imw\ in closing the eyes
ltg 2
inimwit
Tv|
ENDINGS
lBv| having found

3
he closes his eyes inimWy having closed
he finds
the eyes
1
2
3
pit has an irregular declension.

Note the vRtg verb endings (see page 121).
Notice the y ending instead of Tv|
91
Year 6, Term 3
6. 8
7
Story 6
Who Will Be King?

Vicitravrya dies before he has children. So Bhma arranges for
another husband, a sage called Vysa, to take his place. When
Ambik and Ambalik see the sage, they are shocked.
Unfortunately, their negative reactions cause deformity in their
unborn children.
1. ivic]vIyR; aicre~ mt; avt\

2. |yRyo; pu]; n a|sIt\
3. IWm; aicNtyt\ km\ npm\ lPSyf it
4. s; |y|Ry|m\ aNym\ pitm\ alt
5. pit; Aiw; a|sIt\
6. s; Aiw; Vy|s; n|m
7. Aiwm\ d| tu aiMbk| inimwit Sm
8. tSm|t\ tSy|; pu]; aN; a|sIt\
9. s; pu]; tr|?; n|m
10. yd| aMbilk| Aiwm\ apZyt\ td| tSy|; mum\ p|u avt\
11. tSm|t\ tSy|; pu]; p|u; n|m
lPSytg future of ltg
92
Year 6, Term 3
Ambik and Ambalik shocked when they see the sage Vysa.
93
Year 6, Term 3
CHAPTER SEVEN
7.1
Epic Civilization: The Wise
In Sanskrit literature, the help of a sage or wise person often

solves a difficult situation. For example, in the last story,
Bhma has the difficulty of finding a husband for the two widowed princesses. The sage Vysa steps in and offers to marry
them.
The qualification for being wise is the deep understanding of
the unity of all things: the mind is free from all concern and
dwells on the true nature of the One Self.
The wise retain detachment and are able to help with difficult
situations because they are free from all ties. Therefore, they
can approach problems from a different standpoint and see
solutions that ordinary people would not.
94
Year 6, Term 3
7.2
Words ending in t
A t ending word has the sense of a completed action. Like an adjective, its
ending is modified in case, number and gender so that it agrees with the noun it
describes. For example, r|m; gt; Rma (is) gone. Here is a list of some
t words:
t ENDING WORDS
MEANING
t)
made / done
gm\
gt)
gone
a| gm\
a|gt)
come
mt)
dead
hn\
ht)
killed / struck
ut)
heard / listened to
pz\ *
d)
seen
|d\
|idt)
eaten
ap H
apHt)
carried off
g/h\ *
ghIt)
grabbed / seized
vc\ *
\
pt\
said / spoken
pitt)
fallen
DHTUS
* Has irregular forms.
95
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 63
A t ending word can often be used with a form of aiSt understood.
1. IWm; gt; a^St
2. lm\ |idtm\
3. kNy| apHt|
4. kpI dO
5. gurv; ut|;
EXERCISE 64
Translate into Sanskrit using t ending words. Remember that, in Sanskrit
sentences, a form of the verb aiSt is understood. Thus, the bracketed words
in the following sentences do not get translated into Sanskrit:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
96
The desire (is) gone.

The marriage (was) made by the sage.
The dead king (had) fallen to the ground.
The demoness (was) seen by him.
The wind (was) heard in the trees.
Year 6, Term 3
7.3
The Passive Sentence
There are two ways to say a sentence. One is in an active way, such as:
The boy kicks the football.
Another is in a passive way, such as:
The football is kicked by the boy.
What do you notice about the verbs used in both sentences?
EXERCISE 65
Here are some English sentences. Say whether they are active or passive.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The warrior hits the demon.

The demon is hit by the warrior.
Bhma goes to do battle.
A song is sung by the lady.
The play was performed by the actors.
EXERCISE 66
Here are some active sentences. Rewrite them in the passive.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The soldier kills the dragon.

The lady finds the man.
Bhma sees the snake.
The queen walks to the palace.
The boy throws a ball.
97
Year 6, Term 3
7.4
The Passive Sentence in Sanskrit
Passive sentences in Sanskrit often use t ending words such as ht d

and ut Note that the simple verb is, or was, usually is assumed but not
stated. Here are some examples:
r|xs;
nre~
demon
by man
Ending Word
ht;
killed
The demon is killed by the man.
vx|;
ajuRngn
trees
by rjuna
Ending Word
d|;
seen
The trees are seen by rjuna.
zBd;
n|y|R
sound
by lady
Ending Word
ut;
heard
The sound is heard by the lady.
98
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 67
Translate the following sentences into English. Some are active and some are
passive.
1. b|lk; gun\ agCt\
2. gu; b|lk|n\ agCt\
3. gu; b|lkn ut;
4. gurv; b|lkn ut|;
5. nOk| kNyy| d|
7.5
The Seventh Case Ending
The Seventh Case Ending is used to show the place where the action happens.
It can be translated as in/on, at and among. For example:
Seventh Case Ending
In the tree
there was
a monkey.
a|sIt\
kip;
vxf
English order:
vxf
Sanskrit order:
kip;
a|sIt\
Seventh Case Ending
In the tree
English order:
a monkey
eats
a fruit.
kip;
|dit
lm\
vxf
vxf
Sanskrit order:
kip;
lm\
|dit
Seventh Case Ending
Ka
English order:
Sanskrit order:
W~;
W~;
stood
on the body
of the demon.
aitt\
dfhf
r|xsSy
r|xsSy
dfhf
aitt\
99
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 68
1. The prince lives in the palace.
2. The boy dwelt in the forest.
3. The goddess stands on the mountain.
4. In the sky, there were many birds.
5. At the svayamvara, the king shoots an arrow.
Note to teachers: This diagram further develops the family tree shown on page 90.

Gag
married
ntanu
married
Satyavat
d
marrie
Bhma
Ambik
Vicitravrya m
arried
marrie
d
married
Vysa
Ambalik
Dhtarra
100
Kunt
married
Pu
Year 6, Term 3
7.6
NOUNS
mg; (m)
deer
zr; (m)
z|p; (m)
arrow
vnm\ (n)
knNtI (f)
forest
Kunt
curse
m|I (f)
Mdr
chosen
itIy)
second
ADJECTIVES
vt)
tuidt)
hit
INDECLINABLES
ySm|t\ ... tSm|t\
since ... therefore
t]
there
DHAATUS
VERBS
Tv|
in doing/making
anu|v\ in running after
kroit he does/makes
anu|vit he runs after
Tv| having done/made

anu|Vy * having run after
ENDINGS
* Notice the y ending instead of Tv|
101
Year 6, Term 3
7. 7
7
Story 7
A Deer Curses Pu
Pu becomes king, and Kunt chooses him as a husband. While
hunting, Pu accidentally kills a sage who is disguised as a deer.
The sage curses Pu, saying that when he embraces his wife, he
will die.
1. ySm|t\ tr|/; aN; tSm|t\ p|u; np; avt\

2. p|u; aicNtyt\ k| mm |y|R ivWyit it
3. s; knNTy|; Svy,vrm\ agCt\
4. p|u; knNTy| vt;
5. IWm; p|vf itIy|m\ |y|Rm\ alt
6. s| m|I n|m
7. ivv|hm\ Tv| p|u; |y|Ry|m\ sh vnm\ agCt\
8. t] p|u; mgm\ anu|vit Sm
9. zrf~ tuidt; mg; z|pm\ avdt\ yid Tvm\ |y|Rm\ pIrWvjsg
tIhR mt; ivWyis it

pIrWvjsg you embrace pIr Svj\
102
Year 6, Term 3
The deer cursing Pu.

103
Year 6, Term 3
CHAPTER EIGHT
8.1
Epic Civilization: Mantras
Mantras are special words having special powers. Some

mantras can summon gods, like the mantra Kunt uses in
the next story. Others can lead to attainment of a particular goal, such as the gaining of a power, or union with
God.
Mantras can be single syllables, a word, or a group of
words. The correct pronunciation of a mantra is very
important. If wrongly pronounced, it can have the wrong
effect. Mantras are often repeated. They are most powerful when repeated mentally rather than aloud.
A person who wishes to attain a happy life which is fully
successful, spiritually, mentally and physically, is often
given a simple mantra on which to meditate. This mantra
will purify the mind.
A girl being given a mantra.

104
Year 6, Term 3
8.2
Revision of the Conjugation of vRtg
There are some verbs that take a different set of endings to vit As an
example, we shall use vRtg meaning grows.
The paradigm of the Present Tense of vRtg is:
Singular
Dual
Plural
vRtg
vRgtg
vRNtg
he, she, it grows
they two grow
vRsg
they grow
vgRg
you grow
vRvf
you two grow
you grow
vgR
v|Rvhf
v|Rmhf
I grow
we two grow
we grow
Note: The endings of vRtg are translated in exactly the same way as vit
EXERCISE 69
Conjugate the following stems in the Present Tense, using the vRtg endings:
(a)
(finds)
(b)
Svj
(embraces)
The paradigm of the Past Tense of vRtg is:
Singular
Dual
Plural
avRt
avRgt|m\
avRNt
he, she, it grew
they two grew
they grew
avR|;
avgR|m\
avRvm\
you grew
you two grew
you grew
avgR
av|RvIh
av|RmIh
I grew
we two grew
we grew
105
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 70
Conjugate the following stems in the Past Tense, using the above paradigm:
(a)
8.3
(finds)
(b)
Svj
(embraces)
Present Passive Verbs
We have already learned the way in which a passive sentence can be constructed
using a t ending word For example:
ajRun; knNTy| d;
Arjuna is seen by Kunt.
Another way to form a passive sentence is by using a passive verb. This is

formed simply by adding the ending y directly on to the root. The vRtg
endings are then added instead of those for vit For example:
Dhtus
|d\
tud\
Passive Verbs
|d\ y tg
tud\ y tg
|tg
tutg
is eaten
is hit
Here are some sentences using these passive verbal forms:

Passive Verb
r|xs;
Sanskrit order:
English order:
106
demon
zre~
by an arrow
The demon is hit by an arrow.
tutg
is hit
Year 6, Term 3
Passive Verb
Sanskrit order:
nr;
is,hfn
|tg
man
by the lion
is eaten
The man is eaten by the lion.
English order:
Here is a list of several dhtus with their present active and passive
verb forms. Some are irregular.
DHTUS
PRESENT ACTIVE
PRESENT PASSIVE
d|
dd|it
gives
dIytg
he/she/it is given
p|
Ipbit
drinks
pIytg
he/she/it is drunk
tud\
tudit
hits
tutg
he/she/it is hit
|d\
|dit
eats
|tg
he/she/it is eaten
pQ\
pQit
reads
pQtg
he/she/it is read
~oit
hears
Uytg
he/she/it is heard
kroit
IFytg
he/she/it is made/done
icNt\
icNtyit
thinks
icNTytg
he/she/it is thought
gm\
gCit
goes
gMytg
he/she/it is gone to
l\
ltg
finds
lytg
he/she/it is found
vd\
vdit
speaks
tg
he/she/it is spoken
k\
kyit
tells
kytg
he/she/it is told
dz\
pZyit
sees
dZytg
he/she/it is seen
makes / does
107
Year 6, Term 3
Note to Teachers: The following four rules should be learnt and tested.
RULES FOR PASSIVE VERBS
1. The object (the done to) is expressed in the First Case and the
subject is in the Third Case.
2. The verb (the action) has a
y after the dhtu.
3. The ending of the verb takes a vRtg form.

4. The ending of the verb agrees in number with the word in the
First Case, i.e., with the object of the action.
Here is an example of the paradigm of the Present Tense Passive:
Singular
Dual
Plural
|tg
|ftg
|Ntg
he, she, it is eaten
|sg
you are eaten
they two are eaten
|fg
they are eaten
|vf
you two are eaten
you are eaten
|f
||vhf
||mhf
I am eaten
we two are eaten
we are eaten
EXERCISE 71
Translate into English. Pay close attention to whether the verb is active
or passive.
1. pIytg
6. |dit
2. icNTytg
7. icNtyit
3. dZygtg
8. kytg
4. UyNtg
9. ltg
5. pQtg
10. Ntg
108
Year 6, Term 3
Note to Teachers: The three First Person forms of avRt should be practised.
8.4
Past Passive Verbs
Past passive verbs are formed by adding the prefix a on to the passive stem,
and the avRt endings are used. For example:
Dhtus
Past Passive Verbs

Passive Stem
|d\
tud\
a | t
a tu t
a|t
atut
was eaten
was hit
Here are examples showing the passive verb in the present and past tenses:
Dhtus
Present Passive
Past Passive
pIytg
apIyt
it is drunk
it was drunk
p|
gMygtg
gm\
agMygt|m\
they two are gone to
they two were gone to
UyNtg
aUyNt
they are heard
they were heard
EXERCISE 72
Read each pair and say what they mean:
1. tutg atut
2. IFygtg
aIFygt|m\
3. icNTyNtg aicNTyNt
aUyNt
5. gMytg agMyt
4. UyNtg
109
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 73
Turn the following Present Passive verbs into Past Passive verbs:
1. kytg
4. lygtg
2. pQetg
5. dIyNtg
3. |Ntg
EXERCISE 74
1. Im; knNTy| adZyt
2. yu|in b|lkA; aiFyNt
3. |yRd p|un| alygt|m\
4. npSy sGink; zrf~ atut
5. aMb| IWmg~ aTyJyt
EXERCISE 75
Translate the following into Sanskrit. Use passive verbs when appropriate.
1. The lion finds the river.
2. The river is found by the lion.
3. The two teachers eat two fruits.
4. The two fruits were eaten by two teachers.
5. The story was heard by the girl.
110
Year 6, Term 3
A river is found by a lion.
8.5
Passive Verbs in the Future Tense
Passive verbs can be put into the Future Tense by using the normal active future
stem plus vRtg endings. You can recognise them by the characteristic Wy
or Sy signs. For example:
Dhtus
|d\
Present Passive
|tg
it is eaten
gm\
gMygtg
they two are gone to
cr\
cyRNtg
they are walked to
Future Passive
|idWytg
it will be eaten
giMyWygtg
they two will be gone to
cIrWyNtg
they will be walked to
111
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 76
Write the active and passive forms of the following future verbs. Then,
translate both.
For example:
kIrWyit
kIrWytg
it will be done to
1. gimWyit
4. Xyit
2. kIrWyt;
5. |idWyit
3. icNtiyWyiNt
EXERCISE 77
1. g; spRd~ |idWytg
2. acl|; Aiwy|m\ gimWyNtg
3. r|jghm\ r|jpu]f~ kIrWytg
4. sGink|y|m\ vx|; XyNtg
5. l|in kNy|i; zI/m\ |idWyNtg
112
it will do
Year 6, Term 3
Note to teachers: This diagram further develops the family tree shown just before Story 7.

Gag
married
married
ntanu
Satyavat
d
marrie
Bhma
Vicitravrya
Ambik
married
marrie
d
married
Vysa
Ambalik
Dhtarra
Kunt
Yudhihira
(by
Dharma)
Bhma
(by
Vyu)
married
Pu
Arjuna
(by
Indra)
married
Nakula
(by the
Avins)
Mdr
Sahadeva
(by the
Avins)
113
Year 6, Term 3
8.6
NOUNS
mN]; (m)
dfv; (m)
mantra
sUyR; (m)
Yudhihira
sun
yuiir; (m)
Im; (m)
ajRun; (m)
k~R; (m)
Kara
nknl; (m)
Nakula
vcnm\ (n)
word
shdfv; (m)
Sahadeva
abandoned
p{c)
god
Bhma
Arjuna
ADJECTIVES
Ty)
j|t)
born
DHAATUS
VERBS
d|
dd|it
114
five
in giving
Tv|
he gives
d>v|
ENDINGS
having given
Year 6, Term 3
8. 7
7
Story 8
The Pavas Are Born

Because of the deers curse, Pu cannot have children. However,
when Kunt was a teenager, she had been given a magical word
(mantra) to give birth to three sons. Yudhihira is fathered by
Dharma, the god of law. Bhma is fathered by Vyu, the god of the
wind. Arjuna is fathered by Indra, the king of the gods. Kunt also
shares the magical word with Mdr, who gives birth to the twins
Nakula and Sahadeva, who are fathered by the Avins, the twin
gods of the dawn.
1. mgSy vcn|in uTv| p|u; du;gn aicNtyt\ km\
mm pu]|; ivWyiNt it
2. pur| tu yd| kuNtI kNy| td| Aiw; tSyG km\ aip mN]m\
add|t\
3. tgn mN]f~ k; cn dfv; tuym\ pu]m\ d|Syit it Aiw;
avdt\
4. sUyRm\ icNtiyTv| knNtI mN]m\ avdt\
5. sUyR; t|m\ a|gMy tSyG pu]m\ add|t\
6. s; pu]; k~R; n|m
7. s; tu knNTy| Ty;
8. vm\ p{c pu]|; mN]f~ j|t|;
9. tgw|m\ jnk|; dfv|;
10. tg yuiir; Im; ajRun; nknl; shdfv; c
d|Syit will give
115
Year 6, Term 3
The Pavas are born through gods and a mantra.

116
Appendix 1
APPENDICES
1.
TRANSLITERATION
P.
118
2.
PARADIGMS
P.
120
3.
ENGLISHSANSKRIT VOCABULARY
P.
136
4.
SANSKRITENGLISH VOCABULARY
P.
147
117
Appendix 1
APPENDIX 1
Transliteration
The word Transliteration here means the writing of Sanskrit using English letters. This
Appendix shows all the Sanskrit Devangar letters together with the English letters used to
represent them.
a|
ao aO
ai
au
k|
ik
kI
ku
kU
k<
kE
ko
kO
ka
ki
ku k
ke kai ko kau
VOWELS
1.
ka
ca
ta
pa
kha
cha
ha
tha
pha
ga
ja
da
ba
gha
jha
ha
dha
bha
na
ma
ha
ya
ra
la
va
sa
;
NANTS
118
2. CONSO-
Appendix 1
3. HALANTA CONSONANTS
For halanta letters, the a of the letter is dropped. Examples:
k\
m\
nta
Lp
lpa
Wp
pa (a)
q\
gh
z\
4. JOINED CONSONANTS
Sy sya
Gn gna
Nt
Standard Examples
k kka
(b)
dva
ga
Double-decker Examples
tra
pra
kra
g/
gra
b/
bra
tR
rta
pR
rpa
kR
rka
gR
rga
bR
rba
(c)
Examples of Consonants Joined with r
ka
ra
ja
kta
hra
119
Appendix 2
APPENDIX 2
Paradigms
A paradigm is an example of all the forms and endings of a word set out as a list or chart,
and which is often used as a pattern for other words of a similar kind. All the paradigms
used in this volume, as well as those of the earlier Sanskrit textbooks in this series, are
included in this Appendix for easy reference.
VERBS
vit
Present Tense:
Singular
Dual
Plural
vit
vt;
viNt
he, she, it becomes
they two become
they become
vis
v;
you become
you two become
you become
v|im
v|v;
v|m;
I become
we two become
we become
Dual
Plural
vit
Future Tense:
Singular
ivWyit
ivWyt;
ivWyiNt
he, she, it will become
they two will become
they will become
ivWyis
ivWy;
ivWy
you will become
you two will become
you will become
ivWy|im
ivWy|v;
ivWy|m;
I shall become
we two shall become
we shall become
120
Appendix 2 Verbs
vit
Past Tense:
Singular
Dual
Plural
avt\
avt|m\
avn\
he, she, it became
they two became
they became
av;
avtm\
avt
you became
you two became
you became
avm\
av|v
av|m
I became
we two became
we became
vRtg
Present Tense:
Singular
Dual
Plural
vRtg
vRgtg
vRNtg
he, she, it grows
vRsg
you grow
vRtg
they two grow
vgRg
they grow
vRvf
you two grow
you grow
vgR
v|Rvhf
v|Rmhf
I grow
we two grow
we grow
Singular
Dual
Plural
viRWytg
viRWygtg
Future Tense:
he, she, it will grow
viRWysg
they two will grow
viRWygg
viRWyNtg
they will grow
viRWyvf
you will grow
you two will grow
viRWyg
viRRWy|vhf
viRWy|mhf
we two shall grow
we shall grow
I shall grow
you will grow
121
Appendix 2 Verbs
vRtg
Past Tense:
Singular
Dual
Plural
avRt
avRgt|m\
avRNt
he, she, it grew
they two grew
they grew
avR|;
avgR|m\
avRvm\
you grew
you two grew
you grew
avgR
av|RvIh
av|RmIh
I grew
we two grew
we grew
ltg
Future Tense:
Singular
Dual
Plural
lPSytg
lPSygtg
lPSyNtg
he, she, it will find
lPSysg
you will find
|dit
lPSygg
you two will find
they will find
lPSyvf
you will find
lPSyg
lPSy|vhf
lPSy|mhf
I shall find
we two shall find
we shall find
Present Tense Passive:
Singular
Dual
Plural
|tg
|ftg
|Ntg
he, she, it is eaten
|sg
you are eaten
122
they two will find
they two are eaten
|fg
you two are eaten
they are eaten
|vf
you are eaten
|f
||vhf
||mhf
I am eaten
we two are eaten
we are eaten
Appendix 2 Verbs
aiSt
aiSt
Present Tense:
Singular
Dual
Plural
aiSt
St;
siNt
he, she, it is
they two are
they are
ais
S;
you are
you two are
you are
a^Sm
Sv;
Sm;
I am
we two are
we are
Singular
Dual
Plural
a|sIt\
a|St|m\
a|sn\
he, she, it was
they two were
they were
a|sI;
a|Stm\
a|St
you were
you two were
you were
a|sm\
a|Sv
a|Sm
I was
we two were
we were
Past Tense:
For nouns, see next page.
123
Appendix 2 Nouns
NOUNS
r|m;
(Rma): paradigm for masculine nouns ending in
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
Singular
Dual
Plural
r|m;
hf r|m
r|mm\
r|mO
hf r|mO
r|mO
r|m|y|m\
r|m|y|m\
r|m|y|m\
r|myo;
r|myo;
r|m|;
hf r|m|;
r|m|n\
r|mg~
r|m|y
6th
r|m|t\
r|mSy
7th
r|mg
5th
im]m\
(friend): paradigm for neuter nouns ending in
r|mF;
r|mgy;
r|mgy;
r|m|~|m\
r|mgwu
am\
Singular
Dual
Plural
6th
im]m\
hf im]
im]m\
im]f~
im]|y
im]|t\
im]Sy
im]|i~
hf im]|i~
im]|i~
im]F;
im]fy;
im]fy;
im]|~|m\
7th
im]f
im]f
hf im]f
im]f
im]|y|m\
im]|y|m\
im]|y|m\
im]yo;
im]yo;
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
124
im]fwu
Appendix 2 Nouns
sIt|
(St): paradigm for feminine nouns ending in
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
ndI
Voc.
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Singular
Dual
Plural
sIt|
hf sItg
sIt|m\
sIty|
sIt|yH
sIt|y|;
sIt|y|;
sIt|y|m\
sItg
hf sItg
sItg
sIt|y|m\
sIt|y|m\
sIt|y|m\
sItyo;
sItyo;
sIt|;
hf sIt|;
sIt|;
sIt|i;
sIt|y;
sIt|y;
sIt|n|m\
sIt|su
(river): paradigm for feminine nouns ending in
1st
2nd
a|
Singular
Dual
Plural
ndI
hf nid
ndIm\
n|
nH
n|;
n|;
n|m\
nO
hf nO
nO
ndIy|m\
ndI|y|m\
ndI|y|m\
no;
no;
n;
hf n;
ndI;
ndIi;
ndIy;
ndIy;
ndIn|m\
ndIwu
125
Appendix 2 Nouns
hIr;
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
gu;
(Lord): paradigm for masculine nouns ending in
Singular
Dual
Plural
hIr;
hf hrf
hIrm\
hIr~|
hryg
hrf;
hrf;
hrO
hrI
hf hrI
hrI
hIry|m\
hIry|m\
hIry|m\
hyoR;
hyoR;
hry;
hf hry;
hrIn\
hIri;
hIry;
hIry;
hrI~|m\
(teacher): paradigm for masculine nouns ending in
hIrwu
Singular
Dual
Plural
6th
gu;
hf guro
gum\
gu~|
gurvf
guro;
guro;
7th
gurO
gu
hf gu
gu
guy|m\
guy|m\
guy|m\
guvoR;
guvoR;
gurv;
hf gurv;
gun\
gui;
guy;
guy;
gu~|m\
guwu
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
126
Appendix 2 Nouns
|t
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
(creator): paradigm for masculine nouns ending in
Singular
Dual
Plural
|t|
hf |tr\
|t|rm\
|]|
|]g
|tu;
|tu;
|tIr
|t|rO
hf |t|rO
|t|rO
|ty|m\
|ty|m\
|ty|m\
|]o;
|]o;
|t|r;
hf |t|r;
|t<n\
|ti;
|ty;
|ty;
|t<~|m\
|twu
For pronouns, see next page.
127
Appendix 2 Pronouns
PRONOUNS
The neuter paradigm for the pronoun
tt\
(that):
Singular
Dual
Plural
tt\
tg
t|in
that
those two
those
tt\
tg
t|in
that (2nd)
those two (2nd)
those (2nd)
tgn
t|y|m\
tG;
by that
by those two
by those
tSmI
t|y|m\
tgy;
for that
for those two
for those
tSm|t\
t|y|m\
tgy;
from that
from those two
from those
tSy
tyo;
tgw|m\
of that
of those two
of those
t^Smn\
tyo;
tgwu
in that
in those two
in those
Note: In the dual and plural, 2nd Ending onwards,

sometimes tt\ is translated as them.
128
Appendix 2 Pronouns
The masculine paradigm for the pronoun
tt\
(he / that):
Singular
Dual
Plural
s;
tO
tg
he, that
those two
those
tm\
tO
t|n\
him, that (2nd)
those two (2nd)
those (2nd)
tgn
t|y|m\
tG;
by him, by that
by those two
by those
tSmI
t|y|m\
tgy;
for him, for that
for those two
for those
tSm|t\
t|y|m\
tgy;
from him, from that
from those two
from those
tSy
tyo;
tgw|m\
of him, of that
of those two
of those
t^Smn\
tyo;
tgwu
in him, in that
in those two
in those

129
Appendix 2 Pronouns
The feminine paradigm for the pronoun
tt\
(she / that):
Singular
Dual
Plural
s|
tg
t|;
she, that
those two
those
t|m\
tg
t|;
her, that (2nd)
those two (2nd)
those (2nd)
ty|
t|y|m\
t|i;
by her, by that
by those two
by those
tSyG
t|y|m\
t|y;
for her, for that
for those two
for those
t|y|m\
t|y;
from those two
from those
tSy|;
tyo;
t|s|m\
of her, of that
of those two
of those
tSY||m\
tyo;
t|su
in her, in that
in those two
in those
tSy|;
from her, from that

130
Appendix 2 Pronouns
The paradigm of the question word
Ikm\
(what? / which?), neuter:
Singular
Dual
Plural
Ikm\
k|in
what? / which?
which two?
which?
Ikm\
k|in
to what? / to which? (2nd)
to which two? (2nd)
to which? (2nd)
kn
k|y|m\
kA;
by what? / by which?
by which two?
by which?
kSmH
k|y|m\
ky;
for what? / for which?
for which two?
for which?
kSm|t\
k|y|m\
ky;
from what? / from which?
from which two?
from which?
kSy
kyo;
kw|m\
of what? / of which?
of which two?
of which?
k^Smn\
kyo;
kwu
in what? / in which?
in which two?
in which?
131
Appendix 2 Pronouns
k;
(who? / which?), masculine:
Singular
Dual
Plural
k;
kO
who? / which?
km\
which two?
kO
which?
k|n\
to whom? / to which?
to which two? (2nd)
kn
k|y|m\
kA;
by whom? / by which?
by which two?
by which?
kSmH
k|y|m\
ky;
for whom? / for which?
for which two?
for which?
kSm|t\
k|y|m\
ky;
from whom? / from which?
from which two?
from which?
kSy
132
to which? (2nd)
kyo;
kw|m\
of whom? / of which?
of which two?
of which?
k^Smn\
kyo;
kwu
in whom? / in which?
in which two?
in which?
Appendix 2 Pronouns
k|
(who? / which?), feminine:
Singular
Dual
Plural
k|
k|;
who? / which?
which two?
which?
k|m\
k|;
to whom? / to which? (2nd)
to which two? (2nd)
to which? (2nd)
ky|
k|y|m\
k|i;
by whom? / by which?
by which two?
by which?
kSyG
k|y|m\
k|y;
for whom? / for which?
for which two?
for which?
kSy|;
k|y|m\
k|y;
from whom? / from which?
from which two?
from which?
kSy|;
kyo;
k|s|m\
of whom? / of which?
of which two?
of which?
kSy|m\
kyo;
k|su
in whom? / in which?
in which two?
in which?
133
Appendix 2 Pronouns
The paradigm of
ahm\
Singular
Dual
Plural
ahm\
a|v|m\
vym\
we two
we
m|m\
a|v|m\
aSm|n\
me (2nd)
134
(I):
us two (2nd)
us (2nd)
my|
a|v|y|m\
aSm|i;
by me
by us two
by us
mm\
a|v|y|m\
aSmym\
for me
for us two
for us
mt\
a|v|y|m\
aSmt\
from me
from us two
from us
mm
a|vyo;
aSm|km\
of me
of us two
of us
miy
a|vyo;
aSm|su
in me
in us two
in us
Appendix 2 Pronouns
The paradigm of
Tvm\
(you):
Singular
Dual
Plural
Tvm\
yuv|m\
yUym\
you
you two
you
Tv|m\
yuv|m\
yuWm|n\
you (2nd)
you two (2nd)
you (2nd)
Tvy|
yuv|y|m\
yuWm|i;
by you
by you two
by you
tuym\
yuv|y|m\
yuWmym\
for you
for you two
for you
Tvt\
yuv|y|m\
yuWmt\
from you
from you two
from you
tv
yuvyo;
yuWm|km\
of you
of you two
of you
Tviy
yuvyo;
yuWm|su
in you
in you two
in you
135
Appendix 3
APPENDIX 3
Vocabulary: English Sanskrit
This EnglishSanskrit vocabulary comprises in alphabetical order the appropriate English
renderings of all the Sanskrit words used in the exercises and stories found in this volume, as well as
those used in the earlier Sanskrit textbooks, The Stories of Krishna and The Story of Rma.
Ai
It)
pun;
pun; pun;
afraid
again
again and again
Agha, name of
a;
h| h|
d|hyit
svR)
v
a demon
alas! alas!
(sets) alight
all
alone, only
Arjuna
army
arrow
as if, like
asked
asks
asks for
Aoka trees
ate
Ayodhy
ajRun;
shn|
zr;
v
apCt\
pCit
f|Ryit
azok
vx|;
a|dt\
ayoy|
(emphasises
previous word)
also
and
angry
are they (plural) are
they two are
i we (plural) are
i we two are
i you (sing.) are
i you (plural) are
i you two are
136
aip
c
kpipt)
siNt
St;
Sm;
Sv;
ais
S
S;
Bi
battle
beautiful
became
be!, become!
(having) become
(will) become
yum\
rm~Iy)
icr)
avt\
v (sg.),
vt (pl.)
PTv|
ivWyit
Appendix 3
becomes
belly
best
Bharata
Bhma
binds
bird
black
bliss
blood
blue
boat
body
book
(having)
bound
bow [the noun]

bowed
(having) bowed
bows [the verb]
boy
Brahm weapon
brave
breakfast
breast
bring!
brings
brother
brought
built
vit
dr;
.m)
rt;
Im;
bn|it
g;
W~)
a|nNd;
rm\
nIl)
nOk|
dfh;
puStkm\
b\v|
c|p;
anmt\
nTv|
nmit
b|lk;
b/|S]m\
vIr)
f|tr|z;
Stn;
a|ny
a|nyit
sodr;
a|nyt\
akrot\
burn
burned
(will)
burns
(having)
burnt
but
butter
Xyit
adht\
dhit
dGv|
tu
nvnItm\
Ci
calf
came
Cra
carried off
causeway
cave
chair
chariot
cheating; sin
chin
city
climbs
closes (the eyes)
cloud
colour
come
(having) come
(will) come
comes
vTs;
a|gCt\
c|~Nr;
apHt)
sgtu;
guh|
pIQm\
r;
amR;
icbukm\
ngrm\
a|rohit
inimwit
mg;
v~R;
a|gt)
a|gMy
a|gimWyit
a|gCit
137
Appendix 3
a|gC
ijt) ajyt\
conquers, is victorious jyit
contented
s,tu)
cowherd
gop|l;
Creator, the
ipt|mh;
cried out
aFozt\
cried; wailed
arodt\
cries out
Fozit
cries; wails
rodit
crossed
atrt\
crosses
trit
curse
z|p;
cursed
zPt)
cut
In)
come!
conquered
(will)
138
do, make
done, made,
put on Tv|
koKkor;
|rm\
aipbt\
drink!
ipb (sg.), ipbt (pl.)
drinks
ipbit
drunk
pIt)
(having) drunk
pITv|
dwells
vsit
dwelt
avst\
dog
door
drank
Ei
Daaratha
daughter
dead
deer
demon
demoness
destroyed
destroys
(they pl.) did, made
did, made
(having)
kroit
t)
does, makes
done
dzr;
kNy|
mt)
mg;
r|xs;
r|xsI
an|zyt\
n|zyit
akovRn\
akrot\
kIrWyit
ear
k~R;
eat!
|d (sg.), |dt (pl.)
eaten
|idt)
eats
|dit
(will) eat
|idWyit
elephant
gj;
entered
f|ivzt\
(having) entered
fivZy
enters
fivzit
everything
svRm\
everywhere
svR]
Appendix 3
evil
experienced
eye
as|u) du)
anuQt)
nh]m\
friend
fruit
im]m\
lm\
Gi
Fi
garden
falls
(having)
fallen
falls in love
far away
father
fear
fearless
fell
fell in love
(will) find
finds
fire
first
fish
flower
flute
(like a) fool
forest
form
found
freed
ptit
pitTv|
isit (+7th)
dUrg
jnk;
ym\
ay)
aptt\
aist\ (+7th)
lPSyth
lth
aiGn;
fm)
mTSy;
puWpm\
v,z;
mPvt\
vnm\
arym\
pm\
alt
mu)
gave
give!
gives
(will) give help
|nm\
add|t\
dhIh (sg.)
dd|it
s|h|Yym\ kIrWyit
go!
gC (sg.), gCt (pl.)
gimWyit
(will) go
goes
gCit
goes down
avgCit
goes forward
fgCit
golden
suv~R)
gone
gt)
(having) gone
gTv|
good
s|u)
good! good!
s|u s|u
grabbed
ghIt)
(having) grabbed
ghITv|
green
hIrt)
grew
avRt
grief
zok;
ground
Pimm\ (2nd)
grows
vRth
139
Appendix 3
(will)
grow
viRWyth
hits
home
horrible
house
how?
Hi
hair
kz;
hand
hSt;
Hanumn, son of the wind
happiness, pleasure
happy
he
heard
(having)
heard
hears
heart
help
(will give)
help
her (2nd)
(to) her (4th)
her, of her (6th)
here
hidden
him (2nd)
(by) him (3rd)
(to) him (4th)
his, of him (6th)
140
v|yupu];
sum\
suit)
s;
ut)
uTv|
z~oit
Hdym\
s|h|Yym\
s|h|Yym\
kIrWyit
t|m\
tSyI
tSy|;
a]
itroIht)
tm\
thn
tSmJ
tSy
tudit
ghm\
or)
ghm\
km\
I
I am
if
Indra
Indrajit
inside
is
ahm\
a^Sm
yid
N;
Nijt\
aNt;
aiSt
Jayu
Janaka
jewel
jump
jq|yu;
jnk;
Nw~m\
5vnm\
Kabandha
Kasa
kbN;
k,s;
Appendix 3
Kliya,
a serpent demon
kill!
(will)
kill
kills
killed
(having)
killed
king
kingdom
Kubera, the god
of wealth
Ka
Kaikey
Kausaly
k|ily;
Vy|p|dy
Vy|p|diyWyit
Vy|p|dyit
ht)
hTv|
np;
r|Jym\
knbgr;
W~;
kAkyI
kOsLy|
Lakmaa
Lak,
Rvaas island
lady
large
laughed
laughs
leads
(will) lead
leaf-house
(having) left
lXm~;
l|
n|rI
ivz|l)
ahst\
hsit
nyit
ngWyit
p~Rghm\
Ty|
leave alone!
leaves
led
lifted up
lifts, lifts up
like, as if
like a fool
like Rma
likewise; thus
limitless
lion
listen!
z~u (sg.),
listened
listens
lives, dwells
long
long ago
(for a) long time
Lord, the
Tyj
Tyjit
anyt\
dhrt\
rit
v
mOvt\
r|mvt\
vm\
anNt)
is,h;
z~ut (pl.)
az~ot\
z~oit
vsit
dIR)
pur|
bhuk|lm\
hIr;
made, did
(they pl.) made, did
magic
(will) make, do
makes, does
man
akrot\
aknvRn\
m|y|
kIrWyit
kroit
nr;
141
Appendix 3
bhu)
m|rIc;
me (2nd)
m|m\
(by) me
my|
(for) me
mm\
(in) me
miy
meets
imlit (+ 3rd)
messenger
dUt;
met
aimlt\ (+ 3rd)
myh (+ 6th)
(in the) middle of
Mithil
imil|
monk
muinjn;
monkey
kip; v|nr;
moon
cN;
mother
jnnI
mountain
acl;
mouth
a|Sym\ mum\
my
mm
many
Mrca
not
nowhere
n
n kn]ict
O!
ocean
old
O my!
once
one, a certain
only, alone
(emphasises
previous word)
orange
other, another
hg
smu;
v)
aho
kd|
k)
v
n|r)
aNy)
name, by name
Nrada, a sage
near
never
Nla,
a monkey architect
nose
142
n|m
n|rd;
smIph (+ 6th)
n kd| aip
nIl;
n|isk|
palace
person
person
pillar
places, puts
plays (an instrument)
pleasure, happiness
poison
possessing
r|jghm\
puw;
jn;
StM;
S|pyit
v|dyit
sum\
ivwm\
yu) (+ 3rd)
Appendix 3
prince
protect!
proud
punish!
pupil
pure
Ptan, a demoness
(having)
put on
r|jpu];
rx
givRt)
dy
izWy;
zu)
pUtn|
Tv|
quickly
zI/m\
rains
Rma
ran
Rvaa
red
rejoiced
rejoices
ring
river
road
rock
rope
vw|R;
r|m;
a|vt\
r|v~;
a~)
armt
rmth
aolIym\
ndI
m|gR;
izl|
sU]m\
runs
|vit
du;it)
mqinjn; Aiw;
said, spoke
avdt\
(having) said
idTv|
sang
ag|yt\
atrughna
z]un;
saved
rixt)
saw
apZyt\
says
vdit
searched after
aNvHCt\
second
itIy)
see!
pZy (sg.), pZyt (pl.)
Xyit
(will) see
seen
d)
(having) seen
d|
sees
pZyit
serpent demon
k|ily;
(having) set alight
dGv|
set light to
ad|hyt\
sets light to
d|hyit
she
s|
shines
|it
shoots
ixpit
short
Sv)
sad
sage
143
Appendix 3
tUW~Im\
amR;
g|yit
sIt|
sits down
pivzit
iva
izv;
Sumitr
su im]|
rpanakh
zNpRn|
sky
ggnm\
small
aLp)
(with a) smile
s^Smtm\
snake
spR;
soldier
sHink;
son
pu];
soon
aicrf~
sound
zBd;
speaks
vdit
special
iviz)
stands
itit
star
t|rk|
stood
aitt\
stop!
prm
stops
prmit (+ 5th)
straight away
anNtrm\
strong
fbl)
Sugrva
sug/Iv;
sun
sU yR;
Supreme Lord, the prmiZvr;
sword
;
silently
sin; cheating
sings
St
144
puCm\
a|c|yR; gu;
vNdnm\
tt\ (neut.)
s; (masc.)
s| (fem.)
that, him (2nd)
tm\ (masc.)
t^Smn\
(in) that, (in) him
then
td|
there
t]
there is
a^St
therefore
tSm|t\
they two are
St;
they (plural) were
a|sn\
thinks
icNtyit
(he, she) thought
aicNtyt\
those
th
tail
teacher
thank you
that
those (plural) (2nd masc.) t|n\

three (fem.)
it;
threw
aixpt\
throat
kQ;
throws
ixpit
thus
it
thus; likewise
vm\
together with
sh (+ 3rd)
told
akyt\
tormented
pIit)
Appendix 3
towards (used after

a 2nd-case word)
town
tree
true
fit
ngrm\
vx;
sTy)
wailed, cried
wails, cries
walked
(having) walked
walks
arodt\
rodit
acrt\
cIrTv|
crit
was
a|sIt
(I was)
a|sm\
water
jlm\
we (plural)
vym\
we/us two
a|v|m\
went
agCt\
(they plural) were
a|sn\
(they two) were
a|St|m\
(we plural) were
a|Sm
(we two) were
a|Sv
(you plural) were
a|St
(you singular) were
a|sI;
(you two) were
a|Stm\
what?
Ikm\
wheel
ax;
where?
kn]
Whirlwind demon, the cFv|t;
wife
|y|R
wine
mm\
wing
px;
wise
f|D)
(he/she/it was)
unburnt
unhappiness
us (plural, 2nd)
(by) us (plural)
(for) us (plural)
(from) us (plural)
(in) us (plural)
(of) us (plural)
us/we two
adG)
du;m\
aSm|n\
aSm|i;
aSmym\
aSmt\
aSm|su
aSm|km\
a|v|m\
very
(is) victorious
Vivmitra
voice
vulture
atIv
jyit
ivZv|im];
Svr;
g/;
145
Appendix 3
wish
with, together with
wood, forest
writes
vr;
sh (+3rd)
vnm\ arym\
ilit
Yaod
yellow
you (singular)
you (plural)
you (plural, 2nd)
you two (1st & 2nd)
(by) you (singular)
(for) you (singular)
(for) you (plural)
(from) you (plural)
(from) you (singular)
(in) you (singular)
(in/of) you two
(of) you (singular)
your
146
yzod|
pIt)
Tvm\
yUym\
yuWm|n\
yuv|m\
Tvy|
tuym\
yuWmym\
yuWmt\
Tvt\
Tviy
yuvyo;
tv
tv
Appendix 4
APPENDIX 4
Vocabulary: Sanskrit English
This SanskritEnglish vocabulary comprises in alphabetical order all Sanskrit words, with their
appropriate English renderings, used in the exercises and stories found in this volume, as well as
those used in the earlier Sanskrit textbooks, The Stories of Krishna and The Story of Rma.
akyt\
told
akrot\
made, did, built
aknvRn\
they (pl.) made, did
aFozt\
cried out
ax;
wheel
aixpt\
threw
a|dt\
ate
agCt\
went
ag|yt\
sang
aiGn;
fire
a;
Agha, name of a demon
aolIym\
ring
acrt\
walked
acl;
mountain
aicNtyt\
(he/she) thought
aicrf~
soon
ajyt\
conquered
atrt\
crossed
aitt\
stood
atIv
very
atudt\
hit
a]
adG)
add|t\
adht\
ad|hyt\
amR;
a|vt\
anNt)
anNtrm\
anmt\
anyt\
an|zyt\
anuPt)
aNt;
aNth
aNy)
aNvHCt\
aptt\
apZyt\
apHt)
aip
n kd| aip
aipbt\
here
unburnt
gave
burned
set light to
cheating, sin
ran
limitless
straight away
bowed
led
destroyed
experienced
inside
in the end
other, another
searched after
fell
saw
carried off
also
never
drank
147
Appendix 4
apCt\
ay)
avt\
aimlt\ (+3rd)
ayoy|
arym\
armt
a~)
arodt\
ajRun;
alt
aLp)
avgCit
avdt\
avRt
avst\
az~ot\
azokvx|;
as|u)
ais
a^St
aS|pyt\
aist\
aSmt\
aSmym\
aSm|km\
aSm|n\
aSm|i;
aSm|su
148
asked
fearless
became
met
a^Sm
ahm\
ahst\
aho
I am
I
laughed
O my!
Ayodhy
forest
rejoiced
red
cried, wailed
Arjuna
found
small
goes down
said
grew
dwelt
listened
Aoka trees
evil
you (sing.) are
is
placed, put
fell in love
(from) us (plural)
(for) us (plural)
(of) us (plural)
us (plural, 2nd)
(by) us (plural)
(in) us (plural)
a|
a|gC
a|gCt\
a|gCit
a|gt)
a|gimWyit
a|gMy
a|c|yR;
a|nNd;
a|ny
a|nyt\
a|nyit
a|rohit
a|vyo;
a|v|y|m\
a|v|m\
a|sn\
a|sm\
a|sI;
a|sIt\
a|St
a|Stm\
come!
came
comes
come
will come
having come
teacher
bliss
bring!
brought
brings
climbs
(of/in) us two
(by/for/from) us two
we/us two
(they, plural) were
I was
you (sing.) were
he/she/it was
you (plural) were
you two were
Appendix 4
a|St|m\
a|Sm
a|Sym\
a|Sv
they two
were
we (plural) were
mouth
we two
prmit (+5th) stops

pivzit
sits down
iwTv|
having lived, dwelt
were
it
N;
Nijt\
v
Aiw;
sage
thus
Indra
Indrajit
like, as if
k)
kd|
v
one, a certain
once
alone, only
(emphasises
previous word)
vm\
thus; likewise
.m)
dr;
dhrt\
idTv|
|nm\
rit
prm
best
belly
lifted, lifted up
having said
garden
lifts, lifts up
stop!
k,s;
kQ;
Kasa
throat
149
Appendix 4
km\
kyit
kd| aip
kNy|
kip;
kbN;
kIrWyit
kroit
k~R;
k|ily;
Ikm\
knknr;
kn]
knipt)
knbgr;
t)
Tv|
how?
tells
(when after n ) never
daughter
monkey
Kabandha
will do, make
does, makes, puts on
ear
Kliya, a serpent demon
what?
dog
where?
angry
Kubera, god of wealth
done, made
having done,
having made,
having put on
W~)
W~;
kz;
kAkyI
kOsLy|
Fozit
ixpit
150
black
Ka
hair
Kaikey
Kausaly
cries out
throws, shoots
g;
;
|d
|dt
|dit
|idt)
|idWyit
bird
sword
eat! (singular)
eat! (plural)
eats
eaten
will eat
ggnm\
gC
gCt
gCit
gj;
gt)
gTv|
gimWyit
givRt)
g|yit
gu;
guh|
g/;
ghm\
ghIt)
sky
go! (singular)
go! (plural)
goes
elephant
gone
having gone
will go
proud
sings
teacher
cave
vulture
house
grabbed
Appendix 4
ghITv|
gop|l;
having grabbed
cowherd
or)
horrible
cN;
crit
cIrTv|
c|~Ur;
c|p;
icNtyit
icbukm\
Jayu
person
Janaka
father
mother
is victorious,
conquers
water
conquered
and
the Whirlwind
demon
moon
walks
having walked
Cra
bow
thinks
chin
In)
jq|yu;
jn;
jnk;
jnk;
jnnI
jyit
jlm\
ijt)
c
cFv|t;
cut
tt\
t]
td|
tm\
tyo;
trit
tv
tSm|t\
t^Smn\
tSmJ
tSy
tSy|;
tSyJ
that
there
then
that, him (2nd)
(of/in) those two
crosses
your, of you
therefore
in that, in him
to that, to him
his, of him
her, of her
to her
151
Appendix 4
t|qk|
t|n\
t|m\
t|rk|
itroIht)
itit
it;
tu
tudit
tuym\
tUW~Im\
th
thn
tO
Ty|
Tyj
Tyjit
Tvt\
Tvm\
Tvy|
Tviy
Tak
those (many) (2nd m.)
her (2nd)
star
hidden
stands
three (fem.)
but
hits
for you (sing.) (4th)
silent
those (many) (m.)
by him / by that
those two (m.)
having left
leave alone!
leaves
from
dzr;
dhit
d|hyit
dIR)
du)
du;m\
du;it)
dUt;
dUrm\
dUrf
d)
d|
dhh;
dhIh
|rm\
itIy)
Xyit
Daaratha
burns
sets light to
long
evil
unhappiness
sad
messenger
a long way
far away
seen
having seen
body
give! (sing.)
door
second
will see
you (sing.)
you (sing.)
by you (sing.)
in you (sing.)
Xyit
|vit
will burn
runs
dGv|
dy
dd|it
152
having burnt,
having set alight
punish!
gives
n
not
n kd| aip never
Appendix 4
n ku] ict\
ngrm\
nTv|
ndI
nmit
nyit
nr;
nv)
nvnItm\
n|m
nowhere
town, city
having bowed
river
n|r )
n|rd;
n|rI
n|zyit
n|isk|
inimwit
nIl)
nIl;
orange
Nrada, a sage
lady
bows
leads
man
new
butter
a name;
by name
destroys
nose
closes the eyes
blue
Nla (a monkey
architect)
np;
nh]m\
nhWyit
nOk|
king
eye
will lead
boat
px;
ptit
wing
falls
pitTv|
prmeZvr;
p~Rghm\
pZy
pZyt
pZyit
ipt|mh;
ipb
ipbt
ipbit
pIQm\
pIit)
pIt)
puCm\
pu];
pun;
pun; pun;
pur|
puw;
puWpm\
puStkm\
pUtn|
pCit
fgCit
fit (+ 2nd)
fm)
fbl)
fivZy
f|D)
fallen
the Supreme
Lord
leaf-house
see! (singular)
having
see! (plural)
sees
the Creator
drink! (singular)
drink! (plural)
drinks
chair
tormented
yellow; drunk
tail
son
again
again and again
long ago
person
flower
book
Ptan, a demoness
asks
goes forward
towards
first
strong
having entered
wise
153
Appendix 4
f|tr|z;
f|Ryit
f|ivzt\
5vnm\
breakfast
asks for
entered
a jump
lm\
fruit
vit
ivWyit
|it
|y|R
It)
Im;
PTv|
Pimm\ (2nd)
PMy|m\
Pw~m\
becomes
will become
shines
wife
afraid
Bhma
become
ground
on the ground
jewel
having
b\v|
bn|it
bh)
bhk|lm\
b|lk;
b/|S]m\
having bound
binds
many
for a long time
boy
the Brahm
weapon
ym\
rt;
v
vt
154
fear
Bharata
be!, become! (sing.)
be!, become! (plural)
mt\
mTSy;
mm\
myh (+6th)
mm
my|
miy
mm\
m|m\
m|y|
m|rIc;
m|gR;
im]m\
imil|
from me
fish
wine
in the middle of
my, of me
by me
in me
for me
me (2nd)
magic
Mrca
road
friend
Mithil (a city)
Appendix 4
imlit (+ 3rd)
mr) (+ 5th)
mrm\
mrinjn;
mOvt\
mg;
mt)
mh;
meets
freed
mouth
monk, sage
like a fool
deer
dead
cloud
yId
yzod|
yu) (+ 3rd)
yum\
yuvyo;
yuv|y|m\
yuv|m\
if
Yaod
possessing
battle
of / in you two
by / for / from
you two
you two
rm\
rx
rixt)
r;
rm~Iy)
rmth
r|xs;
r|xsI
r|jghm\
r|jpu];
r|Jym\
r|m;
r|mvt\
r|v~;
blood
protect!
saved
chariot
beautiful
rejoices
demon
demoness
palace
prince
kingdom
Rma
like Rma
Rvaa, king
of the demons
icr)
pm\
rodit
beautiful
form
cries; wails
(1st or 2nd)
yuWmt\
yuWmym\
yuWm|km\
yuWm|n\
yuWm|i;
yuWm|su
yUym\
you (plural)
for you (plural)
of you (plural)
from
you (plural) (2nd)

by you (plural)
in you (plural)
you (plural) (1st)
lXm~;
l|
Lakmaa
Lak,
Rvaas island
lPSyth
lth
will find
finds
155
Appendix 4
ilit
writes
vTs;
vdit
vnm\
vNdnm\
vym\
vr;
v~R;
vRth
viRWyth
vw|R;
v,z;
vsit
v|dyit
calf
speaks
forest
thank you
we (plural)
wish
colour
grows
will grow
rains
flute
dwells
plays (an
instrument)
v|nr;
v|yupu];
monkey
Hanumn, son
of the wind
ivwm\
ivz|l)
iviz)
ivZv|im];
ivsgR;
156
poison
large
special
Vivmitra
a release of the
breath, shown
by :, as in r|m;
vIr)
vx;
v)
Vy|p|dyit
Vy|p|dy
Vy|p|diyWyit
brave
tree
old
kills
kill!
will kill
z]un;
zPt)
zBd;
zr;
z|p;
izl|
izv;
izWy;
zI/m\
zu)
zUpRn|
z~u
z~ut
z~oit
zok;
I
ut)
uTv|
atrughna
cursed
sound, voice
arrow
curse
rock
iva
pupil
quickly
pure
rpanakh
listen! (singular)
listen! (plural)
hears
grief
light
heard
having heard
Appendix 4
sTy)
siNt
s,tu)
smIph (+ 6th)
smu;
spR;
svR)
svR]
true
they (plural) are
contented
near
ocean
snake
all
everywhere
svRm\
all, everything
s^Smtm\
with a smile
sh (+ 3rd)
together with
s;
he
s|
she
s|u)
good
s|u s|u
good! good!
s|h|Yym\
help
s|h|Yym\ kIrWyit
give help
lion
St
happiness,
pleasure
happy
Sugrva
Sumitr
golden
rope, string
will
is,h;
sIt|
sum\
suit)
sug/Iv;
suim]|
suv~R)
sP]m\
sPyR;
shtu;
shn|
sodr;
sIink;
Stn;
StM;
St;
S
S;
S|pyit
isit (+7th)
Sm;
Svr;
Sv;
sun
causeway
army
brother
soldier
breast
pillar
they two are
you (plural) are
you two are
places
falls in love
we (plural) are
voice
we two are
ht)
hTv|
hIrt)
hIr;
hsit
hSt;
h| h|
Hdym\
hg
Sv)
killed
having killed
green
the Lord
laughs
hand
alas! alas!
heart
O!
short
157
Appendix 4
158
Appendix 4
159

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STORIES FROM THE

A SANSKRIT COURSE FOR SENIOR STUDENTS

St James Independent Schools, London

The Marking-Roman and Sanskritpada fonts are designed and distributed by

COVER DRAWING: Gag, the river goddess

DRAFT, prepared October 2007

2007 St James Publishing

Teaching Sanskrit to Senior Students

The Sanskrit language is a new element in todays education. It is an ideal study

In Chapter One, a new method of sentence analysis is introduced. Previously,

Advice to the teacher is indicated in italics.

The Sanskrit Alphabet and its Pronunciation

A sound made with the tip of

* with the tongue raised to the roof

A noun is a person, place or thing.

A verb is an action word.

The case ending of a noun shows the role of that

often the doer

Agreement means that adjectives agree in case,

A masculine word names something considered to be

The tense of a verb shows the time in which the

First Person (FP)

Later languages (for example, Latin and French) deal with

In this course, we shall use the Sanskrit system.

The Sanskrit Language

FINDING PINI ON THE INTERNET

Epic Civilization: Paan-ini

When Pini was a boy, he was not very good

One.key feature of Pinis grammar is his explanation

The Great Lord (Narja) who appeared to Pini.

Uym\ more, numerous

Utm\ living being

There are over 2,000 dhtus in Sanskrit,

Stems (The Expansion of Dhaataus)

There are three stages in the formation of a word:

3. The Final Word

What changes do you notice at each stage?

Tv| WORDS AND DHAATA US

Agreement of Doer and Verb

he, she or it eats

A bird (singular) eats.

np|; ndIm\ gCit gCiNt

The king walks.

The king walked.

Note to teachers: These are to be learnt and tested.

Here is a list of abbreviations used in the method

The Golden Rules of Translation

other details. Add the English beneath.

add the English beneath.

Finally, TRANSLATE THE SENTENCE directly into English.

Further Rules of Translation

the ending of the verb.

vit aiSt there is no object. For example:

it in a sentence, indicating the end of a statement or

a and have past

F If a verb is in the past tense, it will usually begin with an

in its present form, unless it is a special case.

Vocabulary for Story 1

INDECLINABLES (words that do not change their ending) etc.

* The past tense of aiSt is a|sIt\ (he was, there was).

Gag, the river goddess

1. a|sIt\ np; z|Ntnu; n|m

tSy dow; k|m;

4. kd| z|Ntnu; n|; smIpg acrt\