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Tenses Geostticas
Tenses Total, Poropresso, Tenso Efetiva
Fora de Percolao
Tenso horizontal
Capilaridade
Tenses Efetivas na Zona de Ascenso Capilar
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1- Introduo
O conhecimento das tenses atuantes em um macio de terra, de vital
importncia no entendimento do comportamento de todas as obras de
engenharia geotcnica.
Podem ser advindas:
(a) Peso Prprio do solo;
(b) Carregamentos em Superfcie,
(c) Alvio de Cargas provocado por escavaes.
H necessidade de se conhecer a distribuio de tenses (presses) nas
vrias profundidades abaixo do terreno para a soluo de problemas de
recalques, capacidade de carga no solo, empuxo de terra, etc.
F
T
F
T
N F
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Transmisso de Foras :
Partcula a Partcula
Suportada pela gua dos vazios
Depende do tipo de mineral
Solos mais Granulares:
Contato direto gro a gro- mineral a
mineral
Gros de pedregulho, areia e silte.
Argilas:
Nmero grande e foras de contato pequenas
Transmisso pode ser por gua quimicamente adsorvida
Transmisso nos contatos reas muito reduzidas em relao
a rea total envolvida
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rea
A somatria das foras tangenciais, dividida pela
rea, denominada tenso cisalhante, dada por:
rea
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2 -Tenses Geostticas
So as tenses devidas ao Peso Prprio.
tm valores considerveis, e no podem ser desconsideradas.
Determina as presses atuantes na massa de solo, nas diversas
profundidades de um macio, qdo consideramos apenas peso prprio (i.e,
apenas sujeito ao da gravidade), sem cargas exteriores atuantes.
N V A h
h
A
A
A
h
X
ZA
Zw
ZB
NA
B
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Exemplo
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3 - Poropresso
Tenses na gua
Poropresso
Presso Neutra
u hw w
hw
A
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Exemplo
u hw w
LEMBRAR
1g/cm = 10kN/m = 1000kg/m
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4 -Tenses Efetivas
a tenso suportada pelos gros do solo, ou seja, a tenso transmitida pelos contatos entre
as partculas. Ou, mesmo: a tenso efetiva aproximadamente a fora por unidade de rea
suportada pelo esqueleto do solo.
Terzarghi identificou que a tenso normal total () num plano qq a soma de 2 parcelas:
Tenso transmitida pelos contatos entre partculas, chamada tenso efetiva ( ou
u
OBS.:
Em uma massa de solo a tenso efetiva controla sua mudana de volume e resistncia.
Assim, Todos os efeitos resultantes de variaes de tenses no solo (compresso, distoro
e resistncia ao cisalhamento) so devidos a variaes de tenso efetiva.
Pode-se dizer que, aumentar a solo muda p/ estado de compactao mais denso.
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NA
NA
z
A
= sat * z + w * h
u = w * (h+z)
= z (sat - w)
= z * sub
Considerando sat
Situao: Chuva + Lenol
= sat * z
u = w * z
= z (sat - w)
= sub * z
LEMBRAR
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NA
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5 - Fora de Percolao
= F /A F = *A
Sem Percolao
= z *
Ento
P1 = z * * A
i = h / l
h = carga hidrulica
l = comprimento
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Situao: Chuvas
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Exemplo 1
NA
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Exerccio
40
80
120
Areia Fina
NA
n = 19 kN/m3
-3
Argila mole
n = 16 kN/m3
-7
Pedregulho
n = 21 kN/m3
-10
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160
200
Exemplo 2
Dados:
e = 0,52 ; G = 2,67
a) Calcular , e u
b) Calcular a fora de percolao por unidade de volume de solo
Percolao ascendente.
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6- Relao entre Tenso Efetiva horizontal (h) e Tenso Efetiva vertical (v)
No caso geoesttico
K0 = h / v
Varia entre 0,3 a 3 : dependendo da histria de
tenso, do tipo de solo, da plasticidade, etc
Valores Tpicos :
Tipo de Solo
areia fofa
areia densa
argila de baixa plasticidade
argila muito plstica
argila pr-adensada
solos compactados
K0
0,5
0,4
0,5
0,65
>1
>1
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Peso prprio
Sobrecarga
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9 - Efeito da Capilaridade
Conceitos : Tenso Superficial e Capilaridade
T
NA
ar
vidro
gua
a) Tenso Superficial
b) Contato slido-gua-ar
c) Equilbrio de Presses
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9 - Efeito da Capilaridade
Conceitos : Tenso Superficial e Capilaridade
h
hc * w
Peso da gua:
hc
P = (w *V) = * r2 * hc * w
D
F = (P*) = 2 * * r * T
Igualando expresses:
hc = 2 * T
r * w
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9 - Efeito da Capilaridade
Quanto menor for o dimetro do tubo capilar, maior ser a ascenso capilar.
hc = 2 * T
r * w
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Aproximao possvel
considerando-se os
ndices fsicos
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argila
rocha
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H1 = 2 m ; H2 = 1,8 m ; H3 = 3,2 m
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Considerando
ascenso capilar
da
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Calculados
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