10/5/2014

RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

RESPIRATION
Respiration is used several different
ways:
Cellular respiration is the aerobic breakdown
of glucose in the mitochondria to make ATP.
Respiratory systems are the organs in animals
that exchange gases with the environment.
Respiration is an everyday term that is often
used to mean breathing.

Respiratory systems allow animals to

move oxygen (needed for cellular
respiration) into body tissues and
remove carbon dioxide (waste
product of cellular respiration) from
cells.

Why do we breathe? Think of all

the reasons why we need a
respiratory system.

Four Respiration Processes

Breathing (ventilation): air in to and out

of lungs
External respiration: gas exchange
between air and blood
Internal respiration: gas exchange
between blood and tissues
Cellular respiration: oxygen use to
produce ATP, carbon dioxide as waste

What is Human Respiration?

The human respiratory system allows one to

obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide.
Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration
and expiration
Inspiration- the process of taking in air
Expiration- the process of blowing out air

Respiratory system function

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Gas exchange by
Diffusion
Some animals simply
allow gases to diffuse
through their skins.
These animals have a
low metabolic rate.
Why?
All of these are
aquatic
animals.
Why?

Human Respiratory System

Specialized structures
Structures
specialized for
gas exchange
include:
gills (aquatic
animals)
spiracles
(terrestrial
insects)
lungs (most
terrestrial
vertebrates)

Organs in the Respiratory System

STRUCTURE
nose / nasal cavity

Upper respiratory
tract

pharynx (throat)

Lower respiratory
tract

trachea (windpipe)

larynx

bronchi

Components of the Upper

Respiratory Tract

FUNCTION
warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled
passageway for air, leads to trachea
the voice box, where vocal chords are located
keeps the windpipe "open"
trachea is lined with fine hairs called cilia which filter
air before it reaches the lungs
two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to a
lung

bronchioles

a network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi

into the lung tissue & ultimately to air sacs

alveoli

the functional respiratory units in the lung where gases

are exchanged

Upper Respiratory Tract

Functions

Passageway for respiration

Receptors for smell
Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign
material
Moistens and warms incoming air
Resonating chambers for voice

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Components of the Lower

Respiratory Tract

Lower Respiratory Tract

Functions:
Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes
food and air appropriately, assists in sound
production
Trachea: transports air to and from lungs
Bronchi: branch into lungs
Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas
exchange

Respiratory Cycle

During inspiration
(inhalation),
the
diaphragm
and
intercostal muscles
contract.
During exhalation,
these
muscles
relax.
The
diaphragm domes
upwards.

Moving air in and out

Gas Exchange Between the

Blood and Alveoli

The alveoli are moist,

thin-walled
pockets
which are the site of gas
exchange.
A slightly oily surfactant
prevents the alveolar
walls from collapsing
and sticking together.

Alveoli

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There
is
an
interconnection
between circulation
and the respiratory
system.
Gas exchange at
the lungs and in
the
body
cells
moves oxygen into
cells and carbon
dioxide out.

Circulation and Gas Exchange

Air entering the lungs

contains more oxygen
and less carbon dioxide
than the blood that flows
in
the
pulmonary
capillaries.

Gas exchange

Carbon dioxide can

dissolve in plasma,
and about 70%
forms bicarbonate
ions.
Some carbon
dioxide can bind to
hemoglobin for
transport.

Carbon dioxide transport

The
respiratory
surface is made up
of the alveoli and
capillary walls.
The walls of the
capillaries and the
alveoli may share
the
same
membrane.

In the alveolus

Hemoglobin binds
to oxygen that
diffuses into the
blood stream.

Oxygen transport

Cells use up oxygen quickly for cellular

respiration.
Cells create carbon dioxide during cellular
respiration, so CO2 levels in the cell are
higher than in the blood coming to them.

At the cells

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Inhaled smoke
contains:
CO2, which affects
the CO2 diffusion
gradient.
carcinogenic
chemicals that can
trigger tumors.
toxic nicotine, which
paralyzes cilia that
normally clean the
lungs.

Gross, isnt it?

Effects of smoking

END
THANK YOU!