The Cell Cycle and

Cell Division

The cell cycle

consists of
Interphase
normal cell
activity
The mitotic
phase cell
division

Jackquero Datinguinoo
De La Salle Araneta University

Phases of the Cell Cycle

2

Interphase
G1 - primary growth
S - genome
replicated
G2 - secondary
growth
M - mitosis
C - cytokinesis

G1 - Cells undergo majority of growth

S - Each chromosome replicates (Synthesizes) to
produce sister chromatids
Attached at centromere
Contains attachment site (kinetochore)
G2 - Chromosomes condense - Assemble machinery
for division such as centrioles

Phases of the Cell Cycle

Interphase
3

G2 of Interphase
A nuclear envelope bounds the nucleus.
The nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
(singular, nucleolus).
Two centrosomes have formed by replication of a
single centrosome.
In animal cells, each centrosome features two
centrioles.
Chromosomes, duplicated during S phase,
cannot be seen individually because they have not
yet condensed.
The light micrographs show dividing lung cells from
a newt, which has 22 chromosomes in its somatic
cells (chromosomes appear blue, microtubules
green, intermediate filaments red). For simplicity,
the drawings show only four chromosomes.

100 m

200 m

Reproduction. An amoeba,
a single-celled eukaryote, is
dividing into two cells. Each
new cell will be an individual
organism (LM).

(b) Growth and development. This

micrograph shows a sand dollar
embryo shortly after the fertilized egg
divided, forming two cells (LM).

20 m

G2 OF INTERPHASE

Centrosomes
(with centriole pairs)

Chromatin
(duplicated)
(a)

Nucleolus

Nuclear Plasma
envelope membrane

(c) Tissue renewal. These dividing

bone marrow cells (arrow) will
give rise to new blood cells (LM).

Functions of Cell Division

5

 An integral part of the cell cycle

Results in genetically identical daughter
cells
Cells duplicate their genetic material
Before they divide, ensuring that each
daughter cell receives an exact copy of
the genetic material, DNA

Some haploid & diploid cells divide by mitosis.

Each new cell receives one copy of every chromosome
that was present in the original cell.
Produces 2 new cells that are both genetically identical
to the original cell.
DNA
duplication
during
interphase

Mitosis

Diploid Cell

Cell Division

Mitosis
7

Prophase
The chromatin fibers become more tightly
coiled,
condensing
into
discrete
chromosomes
observable with a light
microscope
The nucleoli disappear.
Each duplicated chromosome appears as
two identical sister chromatids joined
together.
The mitotic spindle begins to form. It is
composed of the centrosomes and the
microtubules that extend from them. The
radial arrays of shorter microtubules that
extend from the centrosomes are called
asters (stars).
The centrosomes move away from each
other, apparently propelled by the
lengthening microtubules between them.

Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell

G2 OF INTERPHASE

PROPHASE

PROMETAPHASE

Centrosomes
Fragments
Early mitoticAster
Kinetochore
(with centriole pairs) Chromatin
Centromere of nuclear
Nonkinetochore
(duplicated) spindle
envelope
microtubules

Nucleolus Nuclear Plasma

envelope membrane

Kinetochore
microtubule

Chromosome, consisting
of two sister chromatids

PROPHASE

Aster
Early mitotic
Centromere
spindle

Chromosome, consisting
of two sister chromatids

Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell

Metaphase
Metaphase is the longest stage of mitosis,
lasting about 20 minutes.
The centrosomes are now at opposite ends of
the cell.
The chromosomes convene on the metaphase
plate, an imaginary plane that is equidistant
between the spindles two poles. The
chromosomes centromeres lie on the metaphase
plate.
For each chromosome, the kinetochores of the
sister chromatids are attached to kinetochore
microtubules coming from opposite poles.
The entire apparatus of microtubules is called
the spindle because of its shape.

10

METAPHASE
Metaphase
plate
METAPHASE

ANAPHASE

Metaphase
plate

Spindle

TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

Cleavage
furrow

Nucleolus
forming

Centrosome at
one spindle pole

Spindle

11

Centrosome at Daughter
one spindle pole chromosomes

Nuclear
envelope
forming
12

The Mitotic Spindle

Some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of

chromosomes and move the chromosomes to the metaphase
plate
In anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move along the
kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell

The spindle includes the centrosomes, the spindle

microtubules, and the asters
The apparatus of microtubules controls chromosome
movement during mitosis
The centrosome replicates, forming two centrosomes that
migrate to opposite ends of the cell
Assembly of spindle microtubules begins in the centrosome,
the microtubule organizing center
An aster (a radial array of short microtubules) extends from
each centrosome

Aster
Microtubules

Sister
chromatids

Chromosomes

Centrosome
Metaphase
plate
Kinetochores

The Mitotic Spindle

Centrosome

1 m

Overlapping
nonkinetochore
microtubules

Kinetochore
microtubules
0.5 m

13

Telophase
Two daughter nuclei begin to
form in the cell.
Nuclear envelopes arise from the
fragments of the parent cells nuclear
envelope and other portions of the
endomembrane system.
The chromosomes become less
condensed.
Mitosis, the division of one nucleus
into two genetically identical nuclei, is
now complete.

Anaphase
Anaphase is the shortest stage of
mitosis, lasting only a few minutes.
Anaphase begins when the two sister
chromatids of each pair suddenly part.
Each chromatid thus becomes a fullfledged chromosome.
The two liberated chromosomes begin
moving toward opposite ends of the cell,
as
their
kinetochore
microtubules
shorten. Because these microtubules are
attached at the centromere region, the
chromosomes move centromere first (at
about 1 m/min).
The
cell
elongates
as
the
nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen.
By the end of anaphase, the two ends of
the
cell
have
equivalentand
completecollections of chromosomes.

14

ANAPHASE

Daughter
chromosomes

15

Mitosis in a plant cell

Prophase.
1 The chromatin
2
is condensing.
The nucleolus is
beginning to
disappear.
Although not
yet visible
in the micrograph,
the mitotic spindle is
staring to from.

Prometaphase.
3
We now see discrete
chromosomes; each
consists of two
identical sister
chromatids. Later
in prometaphase, the
nuclear envelop will
fragment.

Metaphase. The
Anaphase. The
Telophase. Daughter
spindle is complete, 4 chromatids of each 5 nuclei are forming.
and the chromosomes,chromosome have
Meanwhile, cytokinesis
attached to microtubules
separated, and the
has started: The cell
at their kinetochores, daughter chromosomes
plate, which will
are all at the metaphase
are moving to the endsdivided the cytoplasm
plate.
of cell as their
in two, is growing
kinetochore
toward the perimeter
microtubles shorten. of the parent cell.

Cleavage
furrow

Nucleolus
forming

Nuclear
envelope
forming

16

Chromatine Chromosome
Nucleus
Nucleolus condensing

TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

Cleavage of cell into two halves

Animal cells
Constriction belt of actin
filaments = cleavage
furrow
Plant cells
Cell plate
Fungi and protists
Mitosis occurs within the
nucleus

Cytokinesis
17

18

Cytokinesis In Animal And Plant Cells

Cleavage furrow

Contractile ring
of
microfilaments

100 m

Vesicles Wall of
1 m
forming
patent cell Cell plate
New cell wall
cell plate

Daughter cells

(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM)

(b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM)

19

Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own

kind
Heredity
Is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next
Variation
Shows that offspring differ somewhat in appearance from parents and
siblings

Meiosis and
Sexual Life Cycles

20

Genes are segments of DNA, units of heredity

Offspring acquire genes from parents by
inheriting chromosomes
Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and
hereditary variation

Inheritance of Genes
21

Each gene in an organisms DNA has a specific locus

on a certain chromosome
We inherit one set of chromosomes from our mother
and one set from our father
Two parents give rise to offspring that have unique
combinations of genes inherited from the two parents
- sexual reproduction

22

In asexual reproduction, one

parent produces genetically
identical offspring by mitosis

Parent
Bud

0.5 mm

Inheritance of Genes

Asexual Reproduction
23

24

 Unlike somatic cells, sperm and egg cells are haploid

cells, containing only one set of chromosomes
At sexual maturity the ovaries and testes produce
haploid gametes by meiosis

Key

Fertilization and meiosis

alternate in sexual life cycles
A life cycle is the
generation-to-generation
sequence of stages in the
reproductive history of an
organism

Sexual
Reproduction

Haploid
Diploid
n

Gametes
n

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Zygote
2n
Diploid
multicellular
organism

2n

Mitosis
(a) Animals

Sex Cells - Gametes

25

MEIOSIS

Haploid gametes (n = 23)

During
fertilization,
sperm and ovum fuse
forming a diploid zygote
The zygote develops into
an adult organism

Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)

Ovum (n)

Reduces the chromosome number such that each

daughter
Consists of 2 successive nuclear divisions
Cell has a haploid set of chromosomes
Ensures that the next generation will have:
Diploid number of chromosome
Exchange of genetic information (combination of
traits
that differs from that of either parent)

Sperm
Cell (n)
FERTILIZATION

MEIOSIS

Ovary

Testis

Diploid
zygote
(2n = 46)

Mitosis and
development

Sexual Reproduction
The Human Life Cycle

26

Multicellular diploid
adults (2n = 46)

27

MEIOSIS

28

MEIOSIS

Only diploid cells can

divide by meiosis.
Prior to meiosis I, DNA
replication occurs.
During meiosis, there will
be two nuclear divisions,
and the result will be four
haploid nuclei.
No replication of DNA
occurs between meiosis I
and meiosis II.

Meiosis reduces the number

of chromosome sets from
diploid to haploid
Meiosis takes place in two
sets of divisions

29

Meiosis I reduces the

number of chromosomes
from diploid to haploid
Meiosis II produces four
haploid daughter cells

Interphase
Homologous pair
of chromosomes
in diploid parent cell

Chromosomes
replicate
Homologous pair of replicated chromosomes

Sister
chromatids

Diploid cell with

replicated
chromosomes

Meiosis I

1 Homologous
chromosomes
separate

Haploid cells with

replicated chromosomes
Meiosis II
2 Sister chromatids
separate

Haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes

30

 Prophase I occupies more than 90% of the time required for meiosis
Chromosomes begin to condense
In synapsis, the 2 members of each homologous pair of chromosomes
line up side-by-side, aligned gene by gene, to form a tetrad consisting
of 4 chromatids
During synapsis, sometimes there is an exchange of homologous parts
between non-sister chromatids. This exchange is called crossing over
Each tetrad usually has one or more chiasmata, X-shaped regions
where crossing over occurred

Phases of Meiosis
Meiosis involves the same four phases seen in mitosis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
They are repeated during both meiosis I and meiosis II.
The period of time between meiosis I and meiosis II is called
interkinesis.
No replication of DNA occurs during interkinesis because the
DNA is already duplicated.

Nonsister
chromatids

Prophase I
of meiosis

Tetrad

Chiasma,
site of
crossing
over

Prophase I
31

32

PROPHASE I

At metaphase I, tetrads line up at the

metaphase plate, with one chromosome facing
each pole
Microtubules from one pole are attached to the
kinetochore of one chromosome of each tetrad
Microtubules from the other pole are attached
to the kinetochore of the other chromosome

METAPHASE I

ANAPHASE I
Sister chromatids
remain attached

Centromere
(with kinetochore)
Chiasmata

Sister
chromatids

Metaphase
plate

Spindle

Microtubule
attached to
kinetochore

Tetrad

Homologous chromosomes
(red and blue) pair and
exchange segments; 2n = 6
in this example

Metaphase I

Homologous
chromosomes
separate

Tetrads line up

Pairs of homologous
chromosomes split up

Metaphase I
33

34

PROPHASE I

In anaphase I, pairs of homologous chromosomes

separate
One chromosome moves toward each pole, guided
by the spindle apparatus
Sister chromatids remain attached at the
centromere and move as one unit toward the pole

METAPHASE I

ANAPHASE I
Sister chromatids
remain attached

Centromere
(with kinetochore)
Sister
chromatids

Tetrad

Chiasmata
Spindle

Microtubule
attached to
kinetochore

Homologous chromosomes
(red and blue) pair and
exchange segments; 2n = 6
in this example

Anaphase I

Metaphase
plate

Homologous
chromosomes
separate

Tetrads line up

Pairs of homologous
chromosomes split up

Anaphase I
35

36

 Meiosis II is very similar to mitosis

In prophase II, a spindle apparatus forms
In late prophase II, chromosomes (each still composed of two
chromatids) move toward the metaphase plate

In the beginning of telophase I, each half of the cell has a

haploid set of chromosomes; each chromosome still consists
of two sister chromatids
Cytokinesis usually occurs simultaneously, forming two
haploid daughter cells
In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms; in plant cells, a cell
plate forms
No chromosome replication occurs between the end of
meiosis I and the beginning of meiosis II because the
chromosomes are already replicated

TELOPHASE I AND
CYTOKINESIS

PROPHASE II

METAPHASE II

II AND
ANAPHASE TELOPHASE
II
CYTOKINESIS

Haploid daughter cells

Sister chromatids
forming
separate

Cleavage
furrow

Prophase II

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

37

At metaphase II, the sister chromatids are at the metaphase plate

Because of crossing over in meiosis I, the two sister chromatids of each
chromosome are no longer genetically identical
The kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to microtubules extending from
opposite poles
TELOPHASE I AND
CYTOKINESIS

PROPHASE II

METAPHASE II

ANAPHASE II

At anaphase II, the sister chromatids separate

The sister chromatids of each chromosome now move
as two newly individual chromosomes toward opposite
poles

TELOPHASE II AND
CYTOKINESIS

TELOPHASE I AND
CYTOKINESIS

Haploid daughter cells

Sister chromatids forming
separate

Cleavage
furrow

38

PROPHASE II

METAPHASE II

Cleavage
furrow

Metaphase II

II AND
ANAPHASE TELOPHASE
II
CYTOKINESIS

Haploid daughter cells

Sister chromatids
forming
separate

Anaphase II
39

In telophase II, the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles

Nuclei form, and the chromosomes begin decondensing
Cytokinesis separates the cytoplasm
At the end of meiosis, there are four daughter cells, each with a haploid set of
unreplicated chromosomes
Each daughter cell is genetically distinct from the others and from the parent cell
TELOPHASE I AND
CYTOKINESIS

PROPHASE II

Cleavage
furrow

METAPHASE II

ANAPHASE II

Sister chromatids
separate

40

Mitosis conserves the number of chromosome sets,

producing cells that are genetically identical to the
parent cell
Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes sets
from two (diploid) to one (haploid), producing cells that
differ genetically from each other and from the parent
cell
The mechanism for separating sister chromatids is
virtually identical in meiosis II and mitosis

TELOPHASE II AND
CYTOKINESIS

Haploid daughter cells

forming

Telophase II and Cytokinesis

A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis

41

42

 Three events are unique to meiosis, and all three occur in

meiosis l:
Synapsis and crossing over in prophase I: Homologous
chromosomes physically connect and exchange genetic
information
At the metaphase plate, there are paired homologous
chromosomes (tetrads), instead of individual replicated
chromosomes
At anaphase I of meiosis, homologous pairs move toward
opposite poles of the cell. In anaphase II of meiosis, the
sister chromatids separate

MEIOSIS
DNA duplication
followed by 2 cell
divisions
Sysnapsis
Crossing-over
One diploid cell
produces 4 haploid
cells
Each new cell has
a unique
combination of
genes

MITOSIS

Homologous
chromosomes do not
pair up

No genetic exchange
between homologous
chromosomes

One diploid cell

produces 2 diploid cells
or one haploid cell
produces 2 haploid cells

New cells are genetically

identical to original cell
(except for mutation)

43

Basis of
Comparison

Mitosis

Meiosis

Cell type

Somatic cell and

germ cell

Sex cell
(gametes)

Number of Karyokinesis

Daughter cell
formed

2 (2N)

4 (N)

Duplication of homologues

YES

YES

Pairing of chromosomes

Absent

present

44

END
THANK YOU!

COMPARISON BETWEEN MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

45