Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Contents
What is referencing? .................................................................................. 7
What is referencing, and why should I do it? .................................................... 7
Paraphrasing .......................................................................................... 7
Quoting ................................................................................................ 8
Punctuation and Quotations........................................................................ 8
Quotations and Turnitin ............................................................................ 8
Citations .............................................................................................. 9
Bibliographies or Cited Works/Reference List ................................................... 9
Avoiding plagiarism ................................................................................. 10
Which style do I use? ............................................................................... 12
Harvard ............................................................................................ 12
RefWorks .......................................................................................... 12
Harvard in-text citations ........................................................................ 13
Layout for quotations............................................................................ 13
Examples of in-text citation: 1 author ........................................................ 14
Examples of in-text citation: 2 authors ....................................................... 15
Examples of in-text citations: 3 or more authors ........................................... 15
Bibliography or Cited Works/Reference List ....................................................16
Common Issues ........................................................................................17
Multiple authors and et al. ...................................................................... 17
Multiple places of publication .................................................................... 17
Reprint, copyright or published date ............................................................ 17
Published, printed or produced by ............................................................... 17
No date ............................................................................................... 17
No author ............................................................................................ 18
Secondary referencing ............................................................................. 18
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What is referencing?
What is referencing, and why should I do it?
As members of the University of Roehampton you are part of an academic community and
as such it is essential that you make yourself familiar with the conventions of academic
writing. Every member of the academic community, staff and student alike, is expected to
follow these academic conventions in any piece of work they produce. In academic writing
referencing is one of these conventions. Referencing is used to acknowledge the use of
other peoples work and ideas in your own work.
Paraphrasing
When you include the arguments, ideas, or theories of anyone other than yourself in your
assignment and put them into your own words, this is called paraphrasing. Paraphrasing
can be used in a number of situations in your essays:
You
You
You
You
You
Whenever you paraphrase, you will need to acknowledge the source you originally
obtained the information from. If you do not include an acknowledgement or it is
incorrectly, then this is plagiarism.
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Quoting
You might be more familiar with this element of referencing. When you include the exact
words of someone elses work in your essay you are quoting. You must indicate that the
words you are using are not your own. To do this, you will either use speech marks or
single inverted commas around the words you are quoting. Whether you use speech marks
or single inverted commas depends on the referencing style you are using.
When quoting from sources within your text, use the following conventions:
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Citations
With each quotation or paraphrase that appears in your assignments there must be some
acknowledgement of where that information came from. In academic writing we call this
acknowledgement a citation. The form the citation takes will vary depending on the type
of referencing style you are using. In the Harvard referencing style, for example, we use
an in-text citation i.e. the citation appears within the sentences and paragraphs of your
assignment. This citation is a brief summary of the source used, noting the authors
surname and/or a date/page number depending on the style you are using, surrounded by
round brackets (parentheses).
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Avoiding plagiarism
Plagiarism occurs when attempting to present another persons work as your own. When
you include the arguments, ideas, or theories of someone else without referencing them,
or use the exact words they have used and present them as your own argument, then this
is considered plagiarism.
These can be written words or ideas, an artefact, musical composition, choreography,
image or string of computer code etc..., depending on your programme of study. The term
plagiarism is derived from the Latin Plagiarius, which means kidnapper. Plagiarism in
written work can occur intentionally (e.g. you copy a section from a book without
referencing it) or unintentionally (e.g. you paraphrase another person's work or ideas but
fail to acknowledge them as the source).
A lack of awareness of the rules of referencing is not an acceptable excuse for plagiarism
so please double check all of your quotations and paraphrases and make sure every source
is listed correctly in your bibliography/works cited list.
Please note: just changing one or two words somewhere in the quotation does not mean it
becomes your own work and you do not need to reference it. This is still a form of
plagiarism.
The University of Roehampton takes plagiarism very seriously. The following is taken from
Section 5 of the Student Disciplinary Regulations:
a) No student shall represent the work of another person as his or her own in
any academic material submitted for assessment.
b) No student shall contribute any work to another student with the knowledge
that the latter may submit the work in part or whole as his or her own.
The university has a number of systems in place to find plagiarism in students work
including software such as Turnitin which detects how original your work is. If you
plagiarise you may face disciplinary proceedings, fail your module and even, at worst, be
expelled from university. You should always ensure that you reference your work properly
and carefully.
Find out more about Turnitin and how to use the Turnitin practice tool by going to the
Library Research Skills Moodle site and looking at the Plagiarism and Referencing section.
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Quoting very long passages (unless the point being made is particularly complex and needs
an extensive quotation) is not exactly plagiarism but it is poor practice.
Roehampton does not accept any of the reasons below as excuses for plagiarism:
a) Lack of time/poor time management.
b) Not understanding the nature of plagiarism. First, if you do any of the things listed
above you have plagiarised. Second, if you are in any doubt consult your tutor
before submitting an essay: they will be happy to offer you advice.
c) Not being able to complete or not understanding a piece of work.
d) Muddled notes leading to confusion between original material and quotes.
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Referencing Style
Harvard
Harvard
Harvard
Harvard
MLA
Harvard
Harvard
Harvard
APA and Harvard (Check your handbook)
Harvard
Harvard
Harvard referencing is a citation style where the in-text citations contain a minimal
amount of information about the source (mostly authors surname, date of publication and
sometimes page number), e.g. (Smith, 1985:130).
There is no universal Harvard Referencing style. Harvard referencing is an adaptable style
used by many universities across the world; therefore you can potentially access a number
of different Harvard guides online. At the University of Roehampton we recommend you
use the style in this guide only.
RefWorks
The University of Roehampton uses an online citation and reference management software
called RefWorks. It enables you to:
import references from online resources such as databases, library catalogue, etc.
To access this software go to the Librarys Refworks page. Please contact your Librarian
for information about Refworks.
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If quoting longer quotations (50 words or more), set out the quotation in a new
paragraph with no quotation marks. Indent the quote on the left-hand side and use
single spacing between the lines, e.g.
Conjunctions have the semantic role of indicating in which way the new
information links to the previous sentence. It may be additional (additive),
conflicting (adversative), explanatory (causal) or simply the next thing that
is to be said on the subject (continuative).
(Smith, 1985:150)
The citation can come at the beginning or at the end of the sentence containing the
quotation or paraphrase. For readability, there is no need to repeat the authors name if
you have already mentioned it in the sentence, you can just cite the date and the page
number/s in brackets.
On the following pages are some common examples of in-text citation in the Harvard
style.
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Source used
(bibliography entry)
(Smith, 2003:62).
name in sentence
play
name in sentence
according to Smith(2003:62):
I have never known a playgroup in which children
fail to thrive. There can be no doubt that all
children learn through play.
name in sentence
in sentence
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name in sentence
name in sentence
name in sentence
name in sentence
name in sentence
in sentence
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Example:
Ball, C. & Gettinger, M. (2009) Monitoring childrens growth in early literacy skills.
Education & Treatment of Children. 32(3) pp.189-212. Available at:
http://web.ebscohost.com (Accessed: 15/06/09).
Butroyd, R.(2008) Relationships with children and young people. In: Denby, N. (ed.) How
to Achieve your QTS: A Guide for Students. London: Sage. pp.25-46.
Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000. Elizabeth II. (Chapter 16) London: The Stationery
Office.
Cooper, H. (2002) History in the Early Years. (2nd ed.) London: Routledge.
McGoldrick, T. (2007) Email to Joyce Millan. 7th September.
NSPCC (2009) Signs of Safety in England. Available at:
http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/research/findings/signs-of-safety-pdf_wdf94939.pdf
(Accessed: 14/08/14).
Shakespeare, W. (1967) Alls Well that Ends Well. Edited by Edwards, P. London:
Routledge.
Should I eat meat? How to feed the planet. Horizon. [Television programme]. Directed by
Lachmann, M. UK: BBC2. Broadcast: 20/08/14. 60mins.
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Common Issues
Multiple authors and et al.
If you have used et al. in your text for multiple authors, you must always list all the
authors names in full in the bibliography.
In-text example: (Smith et al., 2014)
Reference example: Smith, R., Jones, B., Brown, T. & Williams, M. (2014)
No date
If no date of publication (books/journals, etc.) or last updated date (websites) exists, use
(no date) instead.
Example: Smith, J. (no date) What Year is it? A Guide for the Confused. London:
Penguin.
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No author
Some sources do not have a clear author. Sometimes these sources will have a corporate
author, e.g. company/government name, which you can use as the author of the source.
Example: BBC (2014) Alcohol Tax Urged to Fund Abstinence-Based Rehab. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28820589 (Accessed: 18/08/14).
If there is no author or corporate author, you must always question whether the source is
reliable enough to use, especially for academic work. Why does no one want to claim this
work as their own? You might want to find the information from another source instead.
If you do want to reference a source without a clear author, replace the author with the
Title of the Work, followed by the (Year).
Example: How to be a Famous Author (2011). Available at: www.howtobefamous.com
(Accessed: 01/04/14).
Secondary referencing
Citing a source that is cited within another source is called secondary referencing. Always
try to read the original source if possible so that you understand the original source in
context, rather than another authors personal interpretation of it.
However if you cannot access the original source you can include the secondary reference
as a citation in your work, as cited in but in the bibliography list the source you read it
in.
In-text citation example:
Many of the parents appeared entirely indifferent to the childs success either in school
or even in later life (Burt, 1975, cited in Pringle, 1986:96).
Bibliography example:
Pringle, M.K. (1986) The Needs of Children. (3rd ed.) London: Routledge.
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Note: Page numbering on ebooks may vary from the hardcopy, or even be absent
altogether. Instead, you should use section numbers or section titles, where available, to
indicate the location of any quotations, e.g. (Mills, 2007, Section 1.1).
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Edited play
Author (Year of edited text) Title of Play. Edited by Editor (ed.) Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Example: Shakespeare, W. (1967) Alls Well that Ends Well. Edited by Edwards, P.
London: Routledge.
The Classics
Author, Title of Work in English. Translated by Translator. (Date of Translation) Place of
publication: Publisher.
Example: Homer, The Iliad. Translated by Fagles, R. (1990) London: Penguin.
Religious texts
Citations from religious texts should include the book, chapter and verse/s.
In-text citation examples:
(Ecclesiastes 2:4) -this refers to Ecclesiastes chapter 2, verse 4.
(1 Corinthians 15:55-57) - this refers to St Pauls first letter to the Corinthians, Chapter
12, verses 55-57.
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Wiki/Wikipedia
Title of wiki (Year last updated) Title of Article. Available at: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Example: Wikipedia (2014) Business Ethics. Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethics (Accessed: 20/06/11).
Blog
Author (Year last updated) Title of post. Title of Website. Day Month. Available at: URL
(Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Example: Yale Law Library (2010) The two faces of American freedom. Yale Law Library Reference Blog. 10th December. Available at: http://blogs.law.yale.edu/blogs/reference/
(Accessed: 20/06/11).
Facebook
Author (Year) Title of Page [Facebook].Day Month posted. Available at: URL (Accessed:
dd/mm/yy).
Example: University of Roehampton (2013) Roehampton Postgraduate [Facebook]. 19th
August 2013. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/RoehamptonPostgraduate
(Accessed: 20/08/13).
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Twitter
Title of twitter page (twitter user name in brackets) (Year) Full Text of Tweet [Twitter].
Date of tweet. Available at: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Example: MCL (@MCL_Roehampton) (2014) Deborah Jermyn of MCL @RoehamptonUni
Writes About True Detective - Will The Show Deliver on the Hype? [Twitter]. 18 March.
Available at: https://twitter.com/MCL_Roehampton/status/445903395388674049
(Accessed: 20/08/14).
Interviews, in person
Name of person being interviewed (Year) Interviewed by: Name of Interviewer. Day Month.
Example: Allen, M. (2013) Interviewed by Celada, S. 15th April.
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Audio-visual
Film, viewed at cinema/DVD
Title of Film (Year of distribution) Directed by Name of Director [Motion Picture/Motion
Picture, DVD]. Place of Production: Production company.
Cinema example: The Caretaker (1963) Directed by Clive Donner [Motion Picture]. London:
BFI Films.
DVD example: Educating Rita (1983) Directed by Lewis Gilbert [Motion Picture, DVD].
London: Rank Organisation.
Television programme
Name of episode. Title of Series. (Year of broadcast) [Television programme].
Directed/Produced by Director/Producer. Country: Name of broadcaster. Broadcast:
dd/mm/yy. Duration.
Example: Should I eat meat? How to feed the planet. Horizon. [Television programme].
Directed by Michael Lachmann. UK: BBC2. Broadcast: 20/08/14. 60mins.
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Radio programmes
Title of Programme (Year of broadcast) [Radio programme]. Directed/Produced by
Director/Producer. Name of Radio station. Broadcast: dd/mm/yy. Duration.
Example: Womans Hour (2011) [Radio programme].Produced by Kat Wong. BBC Radio 4.
Broadcast: 20/06/11. Duration: 58mins.
If online: use [Radio programme, online] and add Available at: URL (Accessed:
dd/mm/yy).
Interview, Broadcast
Name of person being interviewed (Year) Interviewed by Name of Interviewer. Title of
Programme. Place of Production: Production. Broadcast: dd/mm/yy. Duration.
Example: Thatcher, M. (1983) Interviewed by Brian Walden. Weekend World. Broadcast:
16/01/1983. 45mins.
Audio, CD
Artist (Year of Production) Title of Album [CD]. Place of Distribution: Distribution
Company.
Example: Madonna (2005) Confessions on a Dancefloor [CD]. USA: Maverick.
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Song lyrics
Lyricist (Year of distribution) Title of Song. Place of Distribution: Distribution Company.
Example: John, E. (1972) Tiny Dancer. US: UNI.
Classical recording
Composer (Year of performance) Full Title of Recording. Performed by Name of
Performer. Conducted by Name of Conductor [Format]. Place of Distribution: Record
Company.
Example: Elgar (2010) Violin Concert: Violin Concerto/ Polonia/ Interlude From The
Crown Of India. Performed by Tasmin Little. Conducted by: Andrew Davis. [CD]. UK:
Chandos.
Music score
Composer (Year) Full Title of Score. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Debussy (1968) Images, 2e Srie: Piano Solo. London: Wise Publications Ltd.
Audio download
Artist (Year of Production) Title of Album [Audio download]. Available at: URL (date
Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Example: Madonna (2005) Confessions on a Dancefloor [Audio download]. Available at:
http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B01F3FJF2/ref=dm_dp_trk5 (Accessed: 20/06/11).
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Youtube
Name of person posting video (Year video added) Title of Video [YouTube]. Available at:
URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Example: TED (2012) Susan Cain: The Power of Introverts [YouTube]. Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0KYU2j0TM4 (Accessed: 07/07/14).
Podcast
Title of Podcast (Year) Presented by Name of Presenter [Podcast]. Available at: URL
(Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Example: We Need to Publicise Sport to Disabled Children (2009) Presented by Melanie
Easter [Podcast]. Available at: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/audio/
(Accessed: 11/06/09).
Audiobook
Author/Artist (Year) Title of Audiobook [Audiobook]. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Potter, S. (2001) Macbeth: Student SmartPass Edition Audio Education Study
Guide [Audiobook]. Brighton: Smart Pass Ltd.
Television advertisement
Company/product (Year produced) Title/Description of Advert [Television advertisement]
Place of Production: Production company. Broadcast:dd/mm/yy. Duration.
Example: Cadbury Schweppes (2007) Gorilla [Television advertisement]. London: Blink
Productions. Broadcast: 31/08/07. 1min 32sec.
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Museum Exhibition
Name of museum (Year) Title of Exhibition. Town/City of museum: Name of museum.
Example: Design Museum (2010) Brit Insurance Designs of the Year 2010. London: Design
Museum.
Photography, online
Photographer (Year) Title of Photo, Name of Collection [Photograph]. Available at: URL
(Accessed:dd/mm/yy).
Example: Stowar, J. (2012) London Parks, Flickr [Photograph]. Available at:
www.flickr.com/londonphotographs2012 (Accessed:10/04/12).
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Performance
Classical music, live performance
Composer (Year of performance) Title of Performance. Conducted by Name of Conductor.
Performed by Music Performers [Location: Venue]. Date performance viewed: Day Month.
Example: Williams, V. (2010) Suite for Viola and Small Orchestra. Conducted by Ji
Blohlvek. Performed by BBC Symphony Orchestra. [London: Royal Albert Hall]. Date
performance viewed: 10th September.
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Government publications
Country. Department (Year) Title of Report. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food (2000) Our
Countryside, the Future: A Fair Deal for Rural England. London: The Stationery Office.
If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
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Ofsted Report
Author/Corporate author (Year) Title of Document and Dates Inspection Took Place. Place
of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Ofsted (2010) Rye Oak School Inspection Report 13-14th May 2010. London:
H.M.S.O.
If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Press release
Author/organisation (Year) Title of Press Release [Press release]. Place of Publication:
Company.
Example: TFL Press Office (2011) Oyster Pay as You Go Confirmed as the Ticket of Choice
for Millions of National Rail Commuters in London. [Press release]. London: TFL.
If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
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Presentations
Author (Year) Title of Presentation. Presented at: Name of conference, Location of
conference.
Example: Hayes, D. (2009) From Flagellation to Therapy: What are Students Learning
Today?. Presented at: ALDinHE Conference, Bournemouth University.
If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Lecture/module materials
Lecturer (Year) Title of Lecture [Medium type for Module code]. Date. Name of
Organisation (Accessed dd/mm/yy).
Example: Riley, M. (2013) Surveillance and Social Control [PowerPoint presentation for
PHT020C105A]. 13th October 2013. University of Roehampton (Accessed 09/07/04).
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British Standards
British Standards Institute, (Year ) Number and Title of Standard. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Example: British Standards Institute (2008) BS EN ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management
Systems Requirements. London: British Standards Institute.
Archive material
The majority of materials found in archives, that are not books, are housed in some sort of
container and within the container the various items are separated in files. Archival
references should include the following information (where available):
Creator/Author. Title of Document. Page, Section, Date (if available). Box/File Number.
Name of Collection. Name of Repository. Name of Institution.
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