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Laboratory Report
AT JAFTA
(Student No -201427383)
DECLARATION
I .. hereby declare that this laboratory report is wholly
my own work and has not been submitted anywhere else for academic credit, either by myself
or another person.
I understand what plagiarism implies and declare that this report embodies my own ideas,
words, phrases, arguments, graphics, figures, results and organization except where reference
is explicitly made to another work.
I understand further that any unethical academic behaviour, which includes plagiarism, is
seen in a serious light by the University of Johannesburg and is punishable by disciplinary
action as stipulated by the university rules and regulations.
Finally, I understand that fulfilment of this laboratory task complies with the objective of the
ECSA ELO 4 and it must therefore be passed. I declare that this is not the product of a group
work but is my own individual work.
Name: ..
Student No: . .
Signature: ..................................................
Date: ..............................................
]
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
Aim..............................................................................................................................4
1.2.
1.3.
Apparatus.....................................................................................................................5
SECTION TWO
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13
LIST OF FIGURES
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SECTION ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
Aim
Critical Velocity
Critical Pressure
After the values for the mass of flow rate of steam, critical velocity and pressure are obtained,
the experimental values are then compared to the experimental values then conclusions
whether then values correlate or not can be made.
1.2.
According to Eastop & McConkey, a nozzle is a duct with a varying cross-sectional area in
which a steadily flowing fluid can be made to accelerate by a pressure drop along a duct.
It can be assumed that the flow through a duct is subsonic since M<1 through a converging
duct followed by a diverging duct after the throat which is supersonic. It can hypothetically
be deduced that in a nozzle, as the cross-sectional area decreases, the pressure drops whilst
the velocity increases on the contrary.
Equations that will be used for calculations include
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1.3.
Apparatus
in addition to the apparatus listed above, a barometer is used to determine the ambient
temperature.
Page | 5
1.4 Procedure
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Insert the open end of the probe into the converging end of nozzle and take the
gauge pressure reading.
Open the valve to let compressed steam flow through the nozzle. Observe the
gauge pressure readings as you move the probe further into the nozzle along
the nozzle centre line. Record the gauge pressure every 2.5cm marked off on
the profile of the nozzle on the outside of chamber.
Plot a graph of M/A Vs Absolute pressure along the profile of the nozzle.
From the graph determine the pressure at the throat (critical pressure)
SECTION TWO
RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS
Table 1: Recorded Pressures and Absolute Pressures
Mark Point
Pgauge (KPa)
Pabsolute (KPa)
Pabsolute (KPa)
220
308
310
220
308
310
220
308
310
220
308
310
220
308
310
220
308
310
220
308
310
220
308
310
220
308
310
10
220
308
310
11
200
288
290
12
180
268
270
13
160
248
250
14
150
238
240
15
140
228
230
16
135
223
220
17
120
208
210
18
120
208
210
19
110
198
200
20
105
193
190
21
100
188
190
22
100
188
190
23
100
188
190
24
95
183
180
25
90
178
180
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= 95C
Patmos = 660 mm Hg
2.1 Results
1 mm Hg = 133.322 Pa
Therefore, Patmos
2.1.2
Theoretical Calculations
Pa
Page | 8
= 0.968
vc=xcvg@180
= 0.968 x 0.9772
= 0.94593 m3/kg
hc = hf@180 + xc x hfg@180
= 491 + 0.968 (2211)
= 2631.25 kJ/kg
Cc =
=
= 439.04 m/s
Ac =
=
= 1.8096 x 10-5 m2
mc x vc= Ac x Cc
mc
8.3297 x 10-3kg/s
x11 =
=
=
0.996
=
= 148.3 m/s
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238.195 kg/m2.s
figure 4: Ms Excel Spreadsheet sample used to draw the m/a vs absolute pressure graph
= 455 kg/m2.s
Ac =
=
= 1.8096 x 10-5 m2
Therefore,
mc = Ac x 455
= 1.8096 x 10-5 x 455
= 8.23368 x 10-3kg/s
Experimental Values
Theoretical Values
mc=8.23368 x 10-3kg/s
2.3 Conclusions
The aim of comparing the experiments and theoretical methods has been achieved. The
experimental values to a large degree correlate with the theoretical values with a minute
percentage error of 1.1% for mc and 2.8% for the pressure at the critical region P c, the minute
difference in the theoretical and practical could be caused by parallax error when taking
readings.
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REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
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