Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HYDROMECHANICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
II
Dr. Bertu Akntu
Department of Civil Engineering
Middle East Technical University
Northern Cyprus Campus
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
1/54
Overview
2.2 Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits
2.2.1 Derivation of Darcy-Weisbach Equation
2.2.2 Laminar Flow in Pipes
2.2.3 Turbulent Flow in Pipes
2.2.4 Moody Chart
2/54
V1=V2=V
A1=A2=A
1=2=1
1=2=1
Assumptions:
- Fully developed flow (uniform)
- Circular tube (pipe)
- Steady Flow
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
- Incompressible fluid
- Constant diameter
3/54
Q = V1 A1 = V2 A2 = VA = constant
Momentum Equation
0, since 1= 2
W sin = AL sin
= A( z1 z 2 )
and
F f = w PL
P: wetted perimeter
4/54
p1 A1 p2 A2 + A( z1 z 2 ) w PL = 0
w LP w L
=
=
z1 + z 2
A
RH
p1
p2
A D 2 4 D R
=
RH = =
P
D 4 2
W sin = AL sin
= A( z1 z 2 )
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
P: wetted perimeter
5/54
wL
z1 + z 2
=
RH
p1
p2
z1 +
p1
z2
p2
= hL
wL
hf =
RH
2 L
hf = w
R
4 w L
hf =
D
Note that the above equation is applicable for both laminar and
turbulent flows and for open channel flows as well.
6/54
w = F (V , D, , , )
shear stress
w
= f
1 =
2
V
dynamic pressure
VD VD
=
Reynolds Number
2 =
3 = Relative Roughness
D
1 = ( 2 , 3 )
VD
w
=
,
2
V
D
w = f V 2
7/54
f=
= function Re,
2
V
D
w = f V 2
V 2L
4 w L 4 f
=
hf =
D
D
let 8f'=f and g=/
L V2
f = function Re,
hf = f
D
D 2g
8/54
Assumptions:
- Fully developed flow (uniform)
- Circular tube (pipe)
- Steady Flow
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
- Incompressible fluid
- Constant diameter
9/54
Momentum Equation
p1r 2 ( p1 p )r 2 2rl = 0
p 2
=
l
r
10/54
2 w r
=
D
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
4l w
p =
D
p
du
=
r =
2l
dr
The negative sign is included to give > with du/dr < 0 ( the
velocity decreases from the pipe centerline to the pipe wall)
12/54
p
du
r
=
dr
2 l
p 2
)r + C1
integration yields u ( r ) = (
4 l
Velocity:
Vc=(pD2/(16l)).
2
2r 2
pD 2 2r
1 = Vc 1
u (r ) =
D
16l D
13/54
Q = udA = u (r )2rdr =
0
R 2Vc
2
R 2Vc Vc pD 2
V=
= =
2
2 R
2
32 l
D 4 p
Q=
128l
14/54
Flowrate:
D 4 p
Q=
128l
15/54
p l sin 2
(p l sin ) D 2
(p l sin ) D 4
=
V=
Q=
32 l
128l
l
r
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
16/54
17/54
p = f (V , l , D, )
# of variables = 5 and # of dimensions = 3 (M,L,T)
According to the result of dimensional analysis
(CVE 371), this flow can be described in terms of 5-3=2 dimensionless
Group. One such represents
Dp
l
= ( )
V
D
C
pD
(
/
4
)
=
Q = AV =
2
D
V
l
D
l
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
18/54
( / 4C )pD 4
Q = AV =
l
Recall average velocity was found to be
D 2 p
V =
32l
We can divide both sides by the dynamic pressure
(recall from Chapter 3)
1
V 2
2
l 64 l
32 lV / D 2
=
=
= 64
1
1
VD D Re D
V 2
V 2
2
2
p
19/54
l V 2
p = f
D 2
where the dimensionless quantity
D 2
f = p
2
l V
f =
64
Re
8 w
f =
V 2
20/54
p2
V 22
V 21
+ 1
+ z1 =
+ 2
+ z2 + hL
2g
2g
p1
where alpha values (always >=1) compensate for the fact that
velocity profile across the pipe is not uniform (Chapter 5).
1 = 2
1V12 / 2 g = 2V22 / 2 g
Hence
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
p1
p2
+ z1 + z 2 = hL
21/54
p1r 2 ( p1 p )r 2 2rl = 0
p 2
=
l
r
p1
+ z1 ) (
p2
2l
hL = h f =
r
+ z 2 ) = hL
4l w
hf =
D
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
No minor loss
max. velocity
2
pD 2 2r
1
u (r ) =
16 l D
Vc = umax
2r 2
or u (r ) = Vc 1
D
Average Velocity:
Vc pD
V= =
2
32 l
1V12 / 2 g = 2V22 / 2 g
23/54
pD
w =
4l
or
8V
w =
D
Shear Stress:
du
=
dr
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
or
2r
=w
D
24/54
D 4 p
Q = VA =
128l
Friction Loss:
4l w
hf =
D
Friction Factor:
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
64
f =
Re
32lV
hf =
D 2
f =
l V2
hf = f
D 2g
8 w
V 2
25/54
T (C)
(kg/m3)
(N.s/m2)
15
1067
1.9152
25
1062
0.9097
40
1057
0.1819
50
1051
0.0211
60
1046
0.0044
70
1041
0.0011
2m
10 cm
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
26/54
27/54
28/54
u = u + u'
Average velocity:
Fluctuations are equally
distributed on either side of
the average. However, the
square of fluctuation is
always greater than zero.
1
(u ' ) =
T
2
1
u=
T
t o +T
u ( x, y, z, t )dt
to
t o +T
2
(
u
u
)
dt > 0
to
29/54
(u ' ) 2 T
=
u
u
u
dt
(
)
t
t o +T
30/54
du
=
u ' v' = lam + turb
dy
If the flow is laminar, then fluctuations vanish and we recover the
viscosity expression for Newtonian fluids. The second term is called the
turbulent shear stress and it is always positive. Hence the shear stress in
turbulent flow is always greater than shear stress in laminar flow.
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
31/54
turb is
dominant
Structure of turbulent flow in a pipe. (a) Shear stress. (b) Average velocity.
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
32/54
33/54
u
yu
=
*
u
where
y = Rr
w
u =
friction velocity
s =
u*
35/54
yu
u
+ 5.0
= 2.5 ln
*
u
where
y = Rr
R
y
u =
friction velocity
R
Vc u
= 2.5 ln
*
u
y
or
1/ n
u r
= 1
Vc R
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
Figure 8.17
Exponent, n, for power-law velocity profiles.
38/54
39/54
hL = hLmajor + hLminor
Note that major and minor losses do not necessarily reflect the magnitude
of the energy losses
40/54
p = F (V , D, l , , , )
41/54
p
~ VD l
= (
, , )
2
1 / 2 V
D D
Reynolds number
Dynamic pressure
42/54
l
= (Re, )
2
1 / 2 V
D
D
Recall that
f =
pD
is
the
friction
factor.
Then
we
have
f
=
(Re,
)
2
D
lV / 2
p1
1V 21
2g
+ z1 =
p2
2V 2 2
2g
+ z 2 + hL
43/54
hLmajor
l V2
= f
D 2g
p1 p2 = ( z1 z 2 ) + hLmajor
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
l V2
= ( z1 z 2 ) + f
D 2g
44/54
2.51
1
= 2 log
Re f
f
/ D
1
2.51
= 2 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
1
/ D
= 2 log
f
3. 7
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
46/54
47/54
48/54
Conservation of mass
A1V1 = A3V3
Conservation of momentum
p1 A3 p3 A3 = A3V3 (V3 V1 )
Note that:
Conservation of energy
V 21 p3 V 2 3
+
=
+
+ hL
2g
2g
p1
K L = hL /(V1 / 2 g )
A1 2
K L = (1 )
A2
49/54
50/54
D=10 mm
Entrance K=0.5
Given Q=3.6 lt/min
L=2 m
51/54
52/54
53/54
54/54