CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Character
Character is very important element in literary works such as novel, drama or
even poems. The character can be human, or even animal. We absolutely know
that characters are the most important elements in a film. Characters can easily
help the director to convey the themes or the main ideas as well as view to the
watches. A director usually uses characters in their works to identify the people,
the situation, or to unfold the ideas in the movies by using dialogues and actions.
The personality of the character will lead the character to act such emotional,
behavioral, and all the logical things that deals with the problems which be faced
by the character.
Abrams (1981:20) stated that character is the persons presented in dramatics
of narrative work who are interpreted by reader as being endowed with moral and
dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say and what they do in
action. According to Barsam (2010), character is another essential element of film
narrative, play functional roles within the plot, either acting or being acted on.
In character there is a trait, a trait is a quality of mind or habitual mode of
behavior, such as avoiding eye contact, or always thinking oneself the center of
attention. Sometimes, of course, the traits we encounter are minor and therefore
negligible. But often a trait may be a persons primary characteristic. Character
may be ambition or lazy, serene or anxious, aggressive or fearful. According to the

British novelist and critic E. M. Forester there are two kinds of character, they are:
round character (main character) and flat Character (minor character).

2.1.1 Main Character and Minor Character

A character in a movie is not a real human being and has no life outside the
literary composition; however the director has created the illusion of reality. There
are some characters may dominate the entire story, and the other characters may
not. The characters whose appearance is the most frequently appear in the story
usually hold the most important part of the story in the novel, and their traits as
the center of the action and the theme of the story.
According to Kennedy (1991), major characters of a movie, the personalities
of the character become familiar to us. If the true story seems true to life we
generally find that the characters act in a reasonably consistent manner, and the
director has provided them with motivation, sufficient reasons to behave as they
do.
Main character is a character which is very important and usually dominating
the whole story in a literary works. Main character in a movie can be more than
one; however its superiority values are not always to be the same. Its superiority is
determined by its domination, and its influence to the development of plot as a
whole. A main character is also complex one and several adjectives will be needed
to describe it. At the end of every complete story, the main character will be faced
with an important decision: either continues to solve problems the way he or she
always has, or change their approach and attempt to solve the problem differently.

On other hand, there are characters who appear once or sometimes in a movie
and may be relatively in short portion. It is called minor character often provide,
support, and illuminate the protagonist. Sometimes minor characters are
prominent in certain types of literature, such as cowboy, police, and detective
stories, where the focus is less on character than on performance. These kinds of
characters might be lively and engaging, even though they do not develop or
change.

2.2 Motivation
Motivation is naturally a specific need that motivates the organism to do
some kind of action. It is the interaction between environment, person and
behavior factors that influence action. According to Rubin and McNeil in Gross
(2010), motives are a special kind of cause that energize, direct and sustain a
persons behavior (including hunger, thirst, sex and curiosity). While, according
to Passer and Smith (2009) motivation is a process that influences the direction,
vigor, and persistence of goal-directed behavior. In short, motivation is the
internal knowledge and will for the person to act. Motivation occurs whether we
are aware about it or not. That means we can be motivated at any time and do
anything. Whether the motivation that comes from outside or within us. For
example, we will be motivated to be better than ever because we know will get a
reward in our job.

2.2.1 Kinds of Motivation

Feldman (2011) distinguish motivation in two divisions: those intrinsic and

extrinsic motivations. The explanation of each will be described below:

2.2.1.1 Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation refers to rewards provided by an activity itself, it can
be said that someone playing hours playing basketball because you wish to
excel at the sport. It means intrinsically motivated because his purpose of
playing just for fun or he wants to get an enjoyment in playing basketball.
According to Kasschau (2003), intrinsic motivation refers to
engaging in activities because those activities are personally
rewarding or because engaging in them fulfills our beliefs or
expectations. It is known that intrinsic motivation deals with rewards,

however, the reward are much concerned to obtain the enjoyment from the
activity itself.
2.2.1.2 Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic motivation refers to reward that are obtained not from the
activity, but as a consequence of the activity. If she works hard to make a lot
of money, extrinsic motivation underlies her efforts.
According to Feldman (2011), extrinsic motivation causes us to do
something for money, a grade, or some other concrete, tangible reward. It is
known that extrinsic motivation deals with rewards too, however, the rewards
is much concerned the effect of the activity itself.
2.2.2 The Factors Affect on Motivation
Several theorists have attempted to explain the nature of motivation. In their
speculation, each of theorists has had account for factors that influence students
motivation. They to the internal and external factors influence motivation.

2.2.2.1 The factors Affecting Intrinsic Motivation

According to Woolfolk (2004), the factor influencing intrinsic
motivation are need for self-esteem, self-fulfillment, self-determination,
belief, attribution for success and failure, expectations, engaged participation
in learning communities, and maintaining self-identify through participation
in activity or group.
1. Self-esteem
Self-esteem is the need to cultivate, strengthen, and maintain a high
opinion of the one self.
2. Self-fulfillment
Self-fulfillment describes about the realization of personal potential.
Indeed, it is the process that happens on individuals periods, it can be
developed through humans potential and awareness of their identities.
3. Self-determination
Self-determination is the need to experience choice and control in
what and how the activities are done. Here, they are more likely to be
intrinsically motivated when they have sense of determination.
4. Beliefs
When they hold on an entity of theory ability, absolutely that believe
that ability is fixed; they tend to set the best performance goals and
strive to protect every activity from failure.
5. Attribution for Success and Failure
Attribution theories describe peoples explanation for success and
failure in the some situation.

6. Expectation
The effects or outcomes of behavior and the cognitivists interest in the
impact of individual thinking. In brief, expectation is supporting
feeling to reach their desire successfully.
7. Engaged Participation in Learning Communities
As part of society, peoples need to socialite with their surrounding
such as learning activities that influence by certain condition. For
example, the people are motivated when they became leader or
responsible of their family.
8. Maintaining Self-Identify Through Participation in activity or Group
Generally, peoples are part of home member that need to participate
their selves in every activities, such as personal and group in order to
socialize with others and as part of socialization is moving from
legitimate peripheral participation in group. Here, the people are not
only able to build appreciation with the other, even with stranger.
2.2.2.2 The factors Affecting Extrinsic Motivation
According to Woolfolk (2004), the factor influencing extrinsic motivation
are reinforces, reward, incentive, and punishment.
1. Reinforces
Reinforces is a consequence that increases the probability that a
behavior will occur. For example, the frequency of response increases
because it is followed by stimulus. It is usually pleasure as when a
parent prizes a childs work. And than the child have good response
with it.

2. Reward
Reward is a kind of positive reinforcement that has to be given
appropriately in order to create nice situation and increase the
peoples desire to learn.
3. Incentive
An incentive is an object or event that encourages or discourages
behavior. The form of incentive can be tangible rewards. Actually,
incentive has important role in social approval at the achievement and
it appears when to influence the learning by making the people focus
more effectively in learning, especially in language learning.
4. Punishment
Punishment is sequences that decrease the probability the behavior
will occur.

2.3 Motivation in Getting the Dream

In this study, dream is not in our sleep but dream is vision for future. It means
dream is a goal of life. Seifert (2009) stated that one way motives vary is by the
kind of goals that students set for themselves, and by how the goals support
students academic achievement. As we might suspect, some goals encourage
academic achievement more than others, but even motives that do not concern
academics explicitly tend to affect learning indirectly. Its mean sometimes the
motivation that come from outside the academic much effect on student learning.
For example, some students want to get the maximum score for the study with
pushing him to learn a lot of theory relating to materials. But there are the

opposite, students who wish to gain maximum results without much attention to
the theories needed, because the students are more 'exploration-what happens in
everyday life with the study.
Everyone have a goal of life. Someone will be motivated to reach his goal to
get influences from outside or inside the person, such a person aspiring to be an
entrepreneur. In this case there must be the influence of motivation from within
the person and even from a friend, spouse, or the environment. According to
Seifert (2009), motives as goal influences by intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
Intrinsic motivation of the goal is sustaining students interest in a subject.
Extrinsic motivation of the goal is focus in gaining recognition as the best among
peers, encourage competition among peers. Its mean we need an intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation to reach the goal of life. As described previously intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation has a big influence for our life.

2.4 The Elements of Movie

Movie is a motion picture: a series of still images that, when viewed in rapid
succession (usually 24 images per second), the human eye and brain see as fluid
movement. Every movie is a complex synthesisa combination of many
separate, interrelated elements that form a coherent whole (Barsam, 2010).
According to Klarer (2004) the most essential elements of film can be subsumed
under the dimensions of space, time and sound.
A. Spatial Dimension
Spatial Dimension is umbrella term for a number of heterogeneous aspects
in film, such as film stock, lighting, camera angle, camera movement, point of

view, editing, and montage.

1. Film Stock
The deliberate choice of film stock, including black and white or color,
high-contrast or low-contrast, sensitive or less sensitive material produces
effects which directly influence the contents of a film.
2. Lighting
Lighting is indirectly connected to film stock for certain light conditions
have to be fulfilled according to the sensitivity of the film.
3. Camera Angle
An important consideration is the camera angle from which a certain scene
is to be filmed. It is possible to distinguish between high angle, straighton angle, or low angle shots depending on the position of the camera.
4. Camera Movement
Camera movement is linked to camera angle and allows for a change of
perspective.
5. Point of View
In the majority of films, the perspective is that of an omniscient narrator
who at times borrows subjective points of view of characters in the film. In
a few rare cases, a subjective perspective or point of view is consistently
maintained.
6. Editing
Editing is one of the major cinematic techniques which have contributed to
the flexibility of the medium.
7. Montage
Montage is a filmic technique which creates effects similar to the use of
the rhetorical figures of metaphor and simile in literature.
B. Temporal Dimension
Temporal dimension are includes aspects such as slow motion, fast
motion, plot time, length of film, flashback, and foreshadowing.
1. Slow and Fast Motion

Fast motion and slow motion use to draw attention to everyday situations
such as city traffic or the changes of the seasons, stressing the importance
of an ecological awareness on an endangered planet.
2. Plot Time
Aspects of plot which have already been mentioned, such as
foreshadowing and flashback, or interwoven levels of action and time, can
be translated into film. The uses of clocks, calendars, newspapers, signs
of aging, or fashion are only some of the many ways to indicate the
passage of time in film.
3. Length of Film
The cinema has other ways to create a discrepancy between the time span
portrayed and the actual time.
4. Flashback
Flashback is device in the structuring of plot which introduces events from
the past in an otherwise linear narrative.
5. Foreshadowing
Foreshadowing is device in the structuring of plot which brings
information from the future into the current action.
C. Acoustic Dimension
Acoustic Dimension most recently acquired feature of film. Not
developed until the 1920s, it radically changed the medium because
information no longer had to be conveyed merely by means of visual effect,
such as facial expression, gestures, or subtitles, but could also rely on
language (dialogue and monologue), recorded music, or sound effects.
1. Dialogue
Dialogue is one of narrative films most compelling devices, stitching the
actor to the character and rendering that character knowable through the
texture of the voice to the audience.
2. Music

Film music assumes a special position and usually supports the plot.
Volume, sound, rhythm, and pace of the music change according to the
situation and underscore levels of meaning with acoustic effects.
3. Sound Effects
Sound effects are shaped sounds and scores to fit the images on offer in
early theaters and nickelodeons, melding later into larger musical
ensembles to accompany ever-longer films. The idea of sound alongside
film convinced spectators; Inventors needed to surmount immense
technological and aesthetic obstacles to widespread and cost-effective
recording of cinematic sound.