Biology Form 5

Checkpoint 1.2

1. In the human heart ,which valves control blood flow between the
heartupper chambers and lower chambers ?
Tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve control blood flow between the
heartupper chambers and lower chambers.
2. What are the differeces between the arteries,veins, and capillaries in
terms of their structure and function?
Arteries
Carry blood away
from the heart

High pressure
Thick wall
Small lumen
Carry oxygenated
blood (except
pulmonary artery)
Pulmonary artery and
aorta

Veins
Carry blood to the
heart

Capillaries
Allow rapid gaseous
exchange between
blood and cell via
diffusion
Low pressure
Thin wall
Thin wall(one cell
thick)
Large lumen
Carry deoxygenated
Carry oxygenated
blood(except
blood and
pulmonary vein)
deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein and vena cava

3. Describe the structure and function of the human heart.Trace the flow of
blood through the heart and body.Differentiate between pulmonary
circulation and systemic circulation.
Heart is situated between the two lungs in the thoracic cavity.Heart pumps
blood which carries all the vital material that help the body fuction and also
carries waste products that the body does not need.Heart has four chambers

(two upper chamber (atria) receive blood returning to the heart) and( two
lower chambers (ventricle) pump blood out of the heart)
The muscular wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right because the left
ventricle needs to pump blood to all the parts of the body.Valves are present to
allow blood to flow in only one direction.Bicuspid and tricuspid valve prevent
flowing back into the ventricles when the ventricle relax.Oxygenated blood
from the lungs enters the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.Deoxygenated
blood from the rest of the body enters the right atrium via the vena cava. As
blood fills the atria, the atria contract and push the blood into the two ventricles.
When the ventricles begin to contract, the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are
closed,and blood is pushed out through the semi-lunar valves into the
pulmonary arteries and the aorta.Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs
through the pulmonary arteries while oxygenated blood is pumped through the
aorta to the rest of the body. The first sound lub is caused by the closing of the
bicuspid and tricuspid valves.The second sound dub is caused by the closing of
the s

Definition

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

PULMONARY CIRCULATION

Systemic circulation is part

Pulmonary Circulation is

of the cardiovascular
system which helps carries
oxygenated blood away
from the heart to the body,
and returns deoxygenated
blood back to the heart.

the half portion of the

cardiovascular system
which helps carry oxygendepleted blood away from
the heart, to the lungs, and
returns oxygenated blood
back to the heart.

Function

To carry oxygenated blood

to the body.

Help carry oxygendepleted blood to the lungs

and return oxygenated
blood to the heart.

Course

In systemic circulation,
blood leaves through the
left ventricle to the aorta,
which is then sent to
smaller arteries, arterioles,
and finally capillaries.
Waste and carbon in a cell
is replaced by oxygen and
the waste and carried away
by the blood to venious
capillaries, and then the
venae cavae: the lower
inferior vena cava and the
upper superior vena cava,
through which the blood
re-enters the heart at the
right atrium.

In pulmonary circulation,
de-oxygenated blood
leaves the heart, goes to the
lungs and then re-enters the
heart; de-oxygenated blood
leaves through the right
ventricle through the
pulmonary artery to the
capillaries where carbon
dioxide diffuses out of the
blood cell into the alveoli,
and oxygen diffuses out of
the alveoli into the blood.
Blood leaves the capillaries
to the pulmonary vein to
the heart, where it re-enters
at the left atrium.

Deals with which side of

the heart

Left side of the heart.

Right side of the heart.

Biology
e-latihan:Chapter 1
1.Give two reason why blood clotting is necessary when blood vessels are
damaged due to an injury.
Blood clotting is necessary when blood vessels are damaged due to an injury because prevent
excessive blood loss from the body, maintain the blood pressure, prevent the entry of
microorganism and foreign particles into the body and promote wound healing.

Biology
e-latihan:Chapter 1

1.Explain briefly the mechanism of blood clotting.

When you get cut, platelets exposed to air and become sticky then clump together to plug the
wound.Clotting factors are released by platelets and damage tissue called
thromboplastins.Thromboplastins in the presence of calcium ions, converts prothrombin into
thrombin.The formation of prothrombin in the livers requires vitamin K.Thrombin converts
soluble plasma protein, fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin fibres which form a meshwork of
thread over the wound.As the blood flows, erythrocytes and platelets are trapped in the fibrin
fibres and a blood clot are form.