Coins From The Roman Through The Venetian Period / by Margaret Thompson

THE
ATHENIAN
AGORA
RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS
CONDUCTED BY
THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS
VOLUME II
COINS
FROM THE ROMAN THROUGH THE VENETIAN PERIOD
BY
MARGARET
fbj
THOMPSON
AP
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THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

PRINCETON,
NEW JERSEY
I954
ALL RIGHTS
PRINTED
IN GERMANY
RESERVED
at J.J.AUGUSTIN
GLOCKSTADT
PREFACE
Between
the years 1931 and 1949 the Americanexcavations in the Athenian Agora produced
55,492 coins of Roman and later periods. The catalogued entriesin this publication, ranging
in date from the last century of the Roman Republic to the declining years of the Republic of
Venice, total 37,090 specimens; the remaining Islamic and Modern Greek pieces have been
listed summarily in order that the tally may be complete. This is an overwhelming amount of
coinage, which in sheer quantity represents a collection comparableto many in the numismatic
museums of the world. Unfortunately very few of the Agora coins are museum pieces, but
lamentable as is their general condition to the eye of the coin collector or the cataloguer, they
do provide for the historian an invaluable record of the money circulating in one of the chief
cities of antiquity from the time of Sulla to our own present.
The Agora Excavations are still in progress. Coins have been unearthed since 1949 and more
will certainly result from successive years of digging until the project is at last finished. However, the area as a whole has been excavated in depth; what remains to be done is more in
the nature of a cleaning-up operation, from which coins emerge in fairly small numbers. There
is no reason to suppose that whatever is found in the future will affect the present picture to
any appreciable extent.
For the classification of the Agora coins an admirable recording system was developed by
Mrs. T. Leslie Shear, who has been in charge of the Coin Department from the beginning of the
excavation program.Each identifiable coin was given a separate envelope on which were typed
details of size, metal, provenance, date of finding, description and reference. These envelopes
were filed chronologically by excavation sections. In every case, the same information was
transcribed on individual catalogue cards, which were arrangedby emperors and types. While
the coins remain in Athens and will eventually form an integral part of the contemplated Agora
Museum,the cards were brought to this country for study purposes and are now located at the
Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. It is from these cards that the present publication
has been compiled.
There is no need to point out the drawbacksinvolved in working from a card catalogue with
the documents themselves five thousand miles distant. Ideally each coin should have been
checked prior to publication. An undertaking of this sort would require someone thoroughly
experienced in excavation material and able to devote several years to a slow and painstaking
reexamination. Perhaps such a person could have been found in the course of time. I confess
that my spirit quails at the very thought of going back over 3775 coins of Manuel and 1855 of
Constantius II, and it seems to me doubtful that the resulting increase in accuracy would be
commensuratewith the labor involved. Without any question there are mistakes in the present
tabulation -mistakes of identification and mistakes of transcription. Many individuals worked
vi
THE ATHENIAN AGORA: COINS
at one time or another on the classification and on the records. We would all, I think, agree
that in the course of our exposure to the swollen, chipped and defaced scraps of metal which
excavations invariably produce, we at times saw things we ought not to have seen and left
unseen those things which we ought to have seen. Yet in all sincerity I do not believe that such
errors are numerous, and I am confident that those which do exist have no real significance
against a background of 37,000 coins.
The inaccessibility of the material has in some cases presented particular problems for a
detailed tabulation. Where criteria of style determine the attribution of issues identical in
type, I have, without the coins before me, been unable even to attempt a distinction between
the differentmints. Such pieces have been listed under the city supplying the greater proportion
of the Agora coinage for the period, and reference has been made in the commentary to the
possibility of an alternative mint. The amount of illustrative materialis admittedly slight. Most
of the coins are well-known types which need none, but I should have liked to reproduce all
variant and unusual specimens. Unfortunately, as will be obvious from even a cursory glance
at the plates, the condition of the average excavation piece is so bad that illustration is almost
useless. Even if it were otherwise, I could not feel justified in imposing so great a burden of
sorting, selecting and cast-making on someone else.
To offset in some measure the handicaps, I have been most fortunate in having the help of
Mrs. William P. Wallace, who spent the first four months of 1952 in Athens and who generously
offered to examine coins whose identification seemed open to question. Mrs. Wallace checked
nearly 300 pieces and her effortshave rectified some uncertain readings and verified others. The
notation "confirmed"in many sections of the commentary derives from her labors.
All of these difficulties were given careful consideration before it was decided to undertake
this tabulation. In the end it was felt by the majority of those directly concerned that the
advantages of prompt publication, even allowing for inevitable shortcomings, overbalanced the
disadvantages. With a few notable exceptions, coins tend to be the stepchildren of excavations.
Their publication, if attempted at all, is often delayed beyond the period of greatest utility.
For those now working on other Agora material and for anyone concerned with the history of
Athens, the coins provide vital evidence for the political and economic vicissitudes of the city,
evidence which cannot safely be disregarded. Bringing this fundamental material out in usable
form at the earliest possible moment has, therefore, seemed highly desirable.
The record in its entirety is here, but it cannot be overemphasizedthat it is intended primarily as a recordand not as a definitive study of the Roman and Byzantine coinage from the
Agora. It is to be hoped that whatever sections seem worthy of further research and interpretation will be expanded into special publications as opportunity arises. Attention should
also be given to the hoard material. Surprisinglyfew closed deposits of Roman and later periods
were found, and in general their chief importance was in dating the contexts in which they
were buried rather than in their intrinsic composition. Nevertheless they should be analyzed
and worked over in connection with the excavation records. In this catalogue such coins have
been included only as individual pieces without reference to their hoard associations.
For the most part the format of the tabulation is borroweddirectly from Alfred R. Bellinger's
excellent and thoroughly usable publication of the coins from Dura-Europos. Every effort has
PREFACE
vii
been made to provide sufficient information to make the record useful without compelling the
reader to refer constantly to the standard catalogues and at the same time to compress the
data into reasonably economical limits. These considerations have influenced the seemingly
inconsistent pattern which the arrangement of the descriptive material presents for different
periods. All issues of any given emperor are grouped together in a silver, antoniniani, bronze
sequence with each category listed chronologically. The catalogue numbers of silver coins are in
italic type and the same convention has been used for plated and billon specimens. An asterisk
following a number indicates that there is some discussion of that entry in the commentary.
Unless otherwise specified, the dates and mint identifications are those of the cited reference
works. In some cases, notably with the British Museumpublications of the Roman period, the
dates suggested in the introductions are at times more specificthan those given in the catalogues
proper. Where such restricted datings seem well-established, they have been adopted in preference to broader chronological divisions. Mention has been made in the commentary of some
articles supplementing or supersedingthe general referencebooks, but undoubtedly many valuable studies have been overlooked, which would need to be consideredin any final study of the
currency.
For the later Roman period, where uncertainty exists as to the nomenclature of the various
denominations, I have followed Pearce's formula of AE1, AE2, AE3 and AE4. This equates
roughly with Cohen and Sabatier in this manner:
AE1
AE2
AE3
AE4
- Cohen GB
- Cohen MB -= Sabatier AE1
-= Cohen PB -= Sabatier AE2
= Cohen PB Q = Sabatier AE3
Such differentiationin size is, of course, only relative within any given period and not absolute
in any sense.
Mint marks have been omitted from this listing although they are recorded on the catalogue
cards. The Agora coins provide additions to the officinae striking certain types, as cited by
Maurice for the Constantinian era and by Wroth for the early Byzantine, but such additions
are of minor significance and it was felt that little useful purpose would be served by a long
and detailed record of the various officinae and their proportionate representation. Where,
however, there is a new or unusual form of the mint mark, it has been noted in the commentary.
There remains the pleasant duty of sharing whatever merit this publication may possess.
The primary credit belongs without question to Mrs. Shear and her co-workersin the Agora
whose composite labors created the overall record. Of the many Americans and Greeks who
spent months and years on the cleaning, identifying and cataloguing of these coins, I know
only a few and it would be unfair to single them out by name, but I cannot forbear a word of
appreciation to MissAziza Kokoni who worked with me in 1948 on the residue of coins from
earlier excavation seasons. Without her competent aid it would have been impossible to complete the classification of this backlog for inclusion in the tabulation. To my associates at the
Agora I should like to express my warm thanks, particularly to Miss Lucy Talcott for her
kindness in providing materials and to Professor Homer A. Thompson for the opportunity of
publishing this report and for helpful advice in connection with its contents. My debt to Pro-
viii
THE ATHENIANAGORA:COINS
fessor and Mrs. William P. Wallace for casts and the checking of dubious coins is a very real
one, for which a brief acknowledgmentsuch as this is entirely inadequate. Mrs. Aline L. A. Boyce,
my colleague at the American Numismatic Society, has given me many valuable suggestions
and has responded with great patience to my many demandson her time. Above all, I am deeply
grateful to Professor Alfred R. Bellinger, whose keen interest helped to initiate this project and
whose encouragement and generous assistance have done much to bring it to fruition.
AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
NEW YORK
MARGARET THOMPSON
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ..................................................
ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINAGE RATIOS

INTRODUCTION
.............
.....................
................................
ABBREVIATIONS IN THE CATALOGUE ...........................
1
8
CATALOGUE
ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE
..............................
ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE ..............................
10
COINAGE..................................
"VANDALIC"
64
BYZANTINE IMPERIAL COINAGE
667
...........................
FRANKISH COINAGE .....................................
76
MINOR COINAGES OF GREECE AND THE ISLANDS ............
78
FRENCH COINAGE .......................................
78
ITALIAN COINAGE ......................................
79
VENETIAN COINAGE
80
....................................
NUMERICAL SUMMARY ......................................
88
COMMENTARY ..............................................
87
INDEX
RULERS ...............................................
119
MINTS................................................
121
ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINAGE RATIOS

The listing below,relatingthe amountof Agoracoinageof any given emperorwith the length of his reign, shows the
fluctuationsof the currencymoreclearlythan a straighttabulationof coin totals. For the Byzantineera, the anonymous
issueshavebeen assignedto definite emperorsin line with the commentarydiscussion. The Romancoinage,becauseof
the complicationsof posthumousissues,joint reignsand anonymousstrikingsof indefinitedate, has at timesbeen grouped
by periodsratherthan individualreigns.
ROMAN
BYZANTINE
APPROXIMATE
APPROXIMATE
EMPEROR
PERIOD
EMPEROR
or
PERIOD
PER YEAR
27 B.C.-14 A.D.
14-37 A.D.
41-54 A.D.
54-68 A.D.
68-69 A.D.
69-79 A.D.
Augustus .............
Tiberius ..............
Claudius ..............
Nero .................
Galba-Otho ..........
Vespasian ............
Titus ...............
Domitian ............
Nerva ................
Trajan...............
Hadrian ..............
AntoninusPius ........
79-81 A.D.
81-96 A.D.
96-98 A.D.
98-117 A.D.
117-138 A.D.
138-161 A.D.
M. Aurelius-L. Verus ...

Commodus
............
Didius JulianusCaracalla ...........
Elagabalus ............
Severus Alexander .....
161-180 A.D.
180-192 A.D.
1/
1/11
1/13
'/7
2
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
1
193-217 A.D.
218-222 A.D.
222-235 A.D.
2
1
3
MaximinusI-Pupienus . 235-288 A.D.

238-244 A.D.
GordianIII ...........
A.D.
244-249
I
Philip ..............
8
9
8
Trajan DeciusHerennius ..........
249-251 A.D.
Trebonianus-Aemilian
.. 251-253 A.D.
15
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
13
49
7
36
16
16
8
11
LiciniusI-Constantine . 307-337 A.D.
25
Valerian I-Gallienus ...

Gallienus .............
Claudius II-Quintillus .
Aurelian ............
Tacitus-Florian .......
Probus ..............
Carus-Numerian .......
Diocletian-Tetrarchies .
253-260
260-268
268-270
270-275
275-276
276-282
282-284
284-307
Sons Constantine- Jovian

Valentinian I-Arcadius .
Honorius-Theodosius II
Theodosius IIValentinian III .....
423-450 A.D.
Marcian..............
Leo I ...............
Zeno .................
450-457 A.D.
457-474 A.D.
474-491 A.D.
"VANDALIC" ......
337-364 A.D.
364-408 A.D.
408-423 A.D.
c. 410-580 A.D.
109
88
4
9
15
9
1/9
40
or CINs
PER YEAR
Anastasius I ..........
Justin I ..............
491-518 A.D.
518-527 A.D.
Justin II ............
Tiberius II ...........
Maurice ..............
Phocas ..............
Heraclius .............
Constans II
............
Constantine IV ........
Justinian II (1st) ......
Tiberius III ...........
Justinian II (2nd) .....
Philippicus ...........
Anastasius II .........
Leo III ..............
Constantine V .........
Leo IV ...............
Constantine VI ........
Irene .................
Leo V ................
565-578
578-582
582-602
602-610
610-641
641-668
668-685
685-695
698-705
705-711
711-713
713-716
717-741
741-775
775-780
780-797
797-802
813-820
Justinian I ...........
527-565 A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
13
5
1
6
8
30
2
MichaelII ............
820-829 A.D.
Theophilus ............
Michael III ...........
Basil I ...............
Leo VI .............
Constantine VII .......
Nicephorus II .........
John I-Basil II and
Constantine .........
Basil II-
829-842
842-867
867-886
886-912
913-959
963-969
ConstantineVIII ....
Romanus III ..........
Michael IV ..... ....
Constantine IX ........
Isaac I ...............
Constantine X ........
Romanus IV ..........
Michael VII ...........
Nicephorus III ........
Alexius I ............
John II
..............
Manuel I .............
Andronicus I .........
Isaac II
............,.
Alexius III ...........
1
1
1/1o
1/7
1
30
2
1
/17
1/5
1/17
1/5
1/7
1/4
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
1
3
5
8
969-989 A.D.
1/
1/26
989-1028 A.D.
13
1028-1034 A.D.
1034-1041 A.D.
1042-1055 A.D.
1057-1059 A.D.
1059-1067 A.D.
1067-1071 A.D.
1071-1078 A.D.
1078-1081 A.D.
1081-1118 A.D.
1118-1148 A.D.
1148-1180 A.D.
.1188-1185 A.D.
1185-1195 A.D.
1195-1203 A.D.
39
21
8
6
13
31
35
345
34
6
102
39
16
2
INTRODUCTION
o one working over the great mass of coinage from Roman and Byzantine Athens could
fail to become interested in its numismatic and historical implications. Any comprehensive
appraisal, even had I the competence to undertake it, has no place within the confines of this
report, but mention might be made of a few noteworthy considerations,whose full significance
can best be appreciated in relation to the outline on the opposite page.'
For the most part the picture presented by the Agora coins is entirely consistent with the
history of Athens as we know it from other sources. The first Roman piece dates from the time
of Sulla; there is nothing from the earlier period of the Republic. Twelve denariihave survived
from the sixty years between Sulla and Augustus-five struck by Antony and seven by various
moneyers. Consideringthe dearth of silver coinage from the Agora, this is a sizable total, especially when contrasted with the yield of the precedingand succeedingcenturies. Of the hundreds
of thousands of New Style coins which must have been issued over the span of a hundred or
more years, the excavations revealed exactly one tetradrachmand one drachm; only six denarii
have come down from the century separating the'reigns of Augustus and Vespasian. Against
this background, the twelve denarii of late Republican date would seem to indicate a substantial amount of Roman silver circulating in Athens between 86 and 27 B.C., and the first
appearance of this money about the time of the sack of the city by the Romans is a factor
which must be taken into account by anyone studying the Athenian New Style and the Athenian Imperial sequences. Other evidence, literary and archaeological,points to a relatively rapid
recovery in Athens from the devastation of 86 B.C. During this period students from Rome
came to attend Athenian schools, and the bond between the two cities was greatly strengthened
by the visit of Pompey c. 63/2 B.C. in the course of which the Roman general made generous
gifts to individual Athenian philosophers and donated fifty talents toward the restoration of
the city (Plutarch XLII, 6). Some of this money may have been expended on the erection of
new civic offices in the Agora area, the addition of a porch to the Tholos and other building
enterprises dating from the first century B.C.
1. The archaeological material in the discussion which follows is derived from the Agora excavation reports appearing
in Hesperia (Vols. I-XX) and to an even greater extent from the observations and suggestions of Professor Homer A. Thompson, Director of the Agora Excavations. For the Byzantine period I am deeply indebted to Professor Kenneth M. Setton for
the generosity with which he has shared his knowledge of the literary sources and made available manuscripts now in process
of publication. To him I owe the reference to the inflation policy of Nicephorus III (G. Ostrogorsky, Vierteljahrschriftf.
Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte,
XX, pp. 66, 69f.) and the tentative association of the iconoclastic decrees with the scarcity.
of coinage for the eighth and ninth centuries. Much of the historical evidence relating to Byzantine Athens is drawn from
two of Professor Setton's published articles ("The Bulgars in the Balkans and the Occupation of Corinth in the Seventh
Century", Speculum, 1950, pp. 502-543 and "Athens in the Later Twelfth Century", Speculum, 1944, pp. 179-207).
While I am aware that there is a difference of opinion as to the date of the occupation of Corinth and the particular
Northern tribe which left evidence of its presence in the form of buckles found in Corinthian graves (see Corinth,XII, The
Minor Objects,p.5, note 8), it seems to me that the proportions of coinage from the Agora do substantiate Professor Setton's
arguments for a Bulgaric invasion in the mid-seventh century.
1
For the first century of the Empire, the number of coins is insignificant although the era was
certainly one of material prosperity as is attested by the construction of the Odeion in the
Agora and the completion of the Market of Caesar and Augustus. Apparently the ordinary
requirementsof the city were adequately met by the local bronze issues, whose chronology and
proportions will be fundamental data in any final evaluation of the currency of early Roman
Athens. During the second century after Christ the Athenian Imperial coinage begins to be
supplemented to a noticeable extent by the silver and bronze of Trajan, Hadrian and the Antonines, a circumstance which undoubtedly reflects the deep interest of those emperors in
Athens and their many contributions to her welfare and embellishment. This was a period of
splendid civic enterprises: the endowment of great libraries, the erection of the Odeion of
Herodes Atticus and the completion of the Temple of Olympian Zeus. In the Agora region it
left its imprint in structural improvements to the Tholos and the Odeion and in new housing
complexes and baths on the outskirts of the market proper.
From the time of Nerva through that of Severus Alexander the coinage shows a consistent
pattern in the correlation of the coin totals with the length of the individual reigns. Under
Maximinus and his successors there is a marked increase in the Roman money in circulation,
culminating during the sole reign of Gallienus in a vast amount of coinage which is not surpassed until the time of Constantius II. One reason for this expansion of the mid-third century
must have been the tapering off and cessation of the Athenian Imperial issues; another factor
may have been the need for strengthening the city against the barbarianthreat from the North.
The high proportion for the sole reign of Gallienus is certainly to be explained by the disaster
of 267 A.D. when the Heruli overwhelmed Athens and left an appalling swath of devastation
throughout the Agora area. In the burned debris of houses destroyed during the holocaust, the
excavators have found Gallienus coins in quantity, unmistakable evidence of the haste with
which the inhabitants fled or were overcome by the invaders.
Extensive as was the damage of 267 A.D., it seems to have had, judging from the coinage,
less lasting and crippling effect on the life of the city than one might suppose. The sole reign
coins of Gallienushave been arrangedchronologicallyonly for the mint of Antioch, but of the
seventy-eight pieces from that city, Alfoldi assigns ten to the final year of Gallienus' rule and
another nine specimens to the 266-268 A.D. period. For Claudius Gothicus' short reign there
is a fair quantity of money, and the proportion for Aurelian is not greatly inferior to that for
Gallienus.
The last quarter of the third century marks a temporary recession in the monetary cycle of
Athens, followed in the course of the next hundred years by the tremendous output of the sons
of Constantine and the only slightly less impressive totals of the Valentinian-TheodosiusArcadiusera. Since Athens as a whole enjoyed a substantial measure of prosperity and academic
renown during the fourth century-the Emperor Julian being only one of many notables whose
ties with the city were close and affectionate-one might logically construe the mass of Constantinian and Valentinian coinage as proof of extensive habitation and activity in the Agora
region. Such seems not to have been the case at all. Under Probus, blocks and capitals from
the celebrated civic buildings were used in the construction of the "Valerian" Wall, a new
defense line for the city. Gradually the population withdrew behind this fortification, and for
most of the fourth century the Agora area was apparently used as a dump! Thousands of
bronzes of the Houses of Constantine and Valentinian would seem to have been tossed away
carelessly with the rubbish thrown into the abandoned marketplace.
INTRODUCTION
According to the excavation record, it was only about 400 A.D. that there was a real expansion of habitation outside the narrow confines of the "Valerian"Wall, in some instances in
areas left desolate from the time of the Herulian invasion. Construction operations involving
the Bouleuterion and the Metroon and the erection of a complex of "University Buildings" on
the site of the Odeion also date from the early fifth century. Here the numismatic evidence is
seemingly at variance with the archaeological,for after the death of Arcadius in 408 A.D. the
imperial issues show a sharp decline. The discrepancy is, I think, merely a superficial one. It
is evident that during most of the fifth century and well into the sixth the medium of exchange
in Athens consisted of the miserable "Vandalic" chips which are omnipresent in the excavations. In the light of the number found in the Agora (4796pieces) it is impossibleto maintain
any longer that all of these coins were struck by the Vandals or any other barbaricpeople. Most
of them must, as is indicated more fully in the commentary, be brought into some kind of
association with the standard imperial issues, and are probably to be regarded as the work of
outlying mints cut off from the direct supervision of the capital during the recurrentbarbarian
crises. In any case, whatever the origin of this coinage, the fact remains that it must be included in the fifth century totals if one is to establish a reasonably accurate picture of the
amount of money circulating in Athens during that period. There are then roughly 5400 coins,
imperial and "Vandalic," representingabout 120 years from Honorius to Justinian, or a yearly
average of some 45 pieces. While this representsa falling-offfrom the proportionsof the fourth
century, the decline is not so pronouncedas to conflict seriouslywith the topographicalevidence.
For the Byzantine era the coins are of special significance because Athenian history during
those centuries is often not clearly defined, but the numismatic material should now be evaluated with added caution in view of the fact that restriking becomes a common practice at
various periods. One cannot be certain how much money of any given emperorwas originally
current, since we have no way of knowing what proportionfrom different parts of the empire
was called in and reissued by a successor. Furthermore,for the early sixth century the "Vandalic" coinage must still be taken into consideration. The long reigns of Anastasius and Justinian I are represented by relatively few of the new imperial denominations. It is reasonable
to assume that the "Vandalic" pieces, many of which belong to the Anastasius-Justinian
period, continued to be used extensively and because of their comparatively slight value were
less carefully handled than the large new pieces from the imperial mints. One also wonders if
the constant pressurefrom the barbariantribes, whose infiltrations apparently extended as far
south as Attica during the reign of Justinian, may not have impoverished Athens to such a
degree that there was little need for the more valuable currency, only small change being
required for the average commercial transaction.
With Justin II there is a decided increase in the number of large flan bronzes found in the
Agora, but this seemingly reflects a deteriorationrather than an improvement of conditions in
the city. The archaeologicalevidence reveals widespread destruction in the Agora area toward
the end of the sixth century, resulting in another withdrawal of the inhabitants behind the
"Valerian" Wall; the literary tradition indicates that in 578 A.D. or shortly thereafter a
mighty horde of Slavs forced the pass at Thermopylae and descended into Attica. In all probability this Slavic invasion was the occasion for the evacuation of the Agora region, and the
Justin coins found there, some in the burned fill of buildings, are to be related to the hasty and
enforced departure of its residents.
The twenty-seven year reign of Constans II left 817 coins in the Agora, a proportionalmost
1*
as striking as that encounteredfour centuries earlier under Gallienus. Several possible explanations are suggested by the historical record. There is good reason to believe that in the late
640's a Bulgaric army invaded Greece, attacking and capturing Corinth. The logical route of
the barbarianswould have been from Thessalonica to Athens and then across the Isthmus to
Corinth. More tangible proof that Athens and the Agora came into direct contact with the
Bulgars is provided by the remains of fire destruction dating from the seventh century and the
discovery of Bulgaric buckles similar to those uncoveredin Corinthiangraves. About 657/8 A.D.
Constans organized a relief expedition for Thessalonica, and an auxiliary force may well have
been dispatched to the aid of Athens and Corinth.Finally the emperorhimself spent some time
in Athens in 662 A.D. prior to his departure for Sicily. The large number of Constans coins
from the Agora may plausibly be associated not only with the original Bulgaric invasion but
also with the later appearance of Constans and his Byzantine soldiery in the city.
After the death of Constans II there is a long period of very scant coinage, broken only once
by the phenomenon of sixty-one coins from the two year reign of Philippicus. Some unusual
circumstance of which we have no knowledge must have been responsible for this disproportionate amount of money. The situation is all the stranger in that, prior to the Agora Excavations, the bronze I denomination of Philippicus was practically unknown and to the best of
my belief specimens have not been found in other excavations. Among the Agora coins there
are three varieties of the general I type and almost without exception they are restruck,
usually over issues of Justinian II. Because of the Athenian provenance of so many of these
coins and their scarcity elsewhere, one is tempted to suggest a local origin. Perhaps some breakdown in communications between capital and province or an attempt on Philippicus' part to
decentralize minting operations would account for Athens being permitted or instructed to
restrike money of Justinian in current circulation with the types of Philippicus.
The remainder of the eighth and most of the ninth century are almost devoid of coinage;
only thirteen specimens have survived from the 125 years between Constantine V and Basil I.
Significantlyenough there is little in the way of Agorahabitation, in the form of either structural
remains or pottery, which can be dated to the same period, and one concludes that Athens had
shrunk in area and population to little more than a village. It is a curious coincidence that the
absence of coinage in Athens occurs at just about the time that the iconoclastic decrees, so
bitterly resented by the Greek iconodules, were being promulgated. It would almost seem as
though the province were deliberately cutting itself off from the capital, but one is still hardpressed to explain how even a moderate sized community could exist for so long without
monetary replenishments.
These "Dark Ages" were not confined to Athens. At Corinth one finds the same lack of
coinage for the entire eighth century, but recovery there begins with the reign of Theophilus
(829-842 A.D.) whereas in Athens it is only toward the middle of the tenth century that the
coins reappear in quantity. The revival of prosperity at Athens may have been delayed by
incursions of the Moslem pirates who harassed the Greek mainland and islands and possibly
occupied Athens for a brief interval during the first half of the tenth century.
After the Aegean had been cleared of piracy through the efforts of Nicephorus II and John
Zimisces, Athens experienced a growth in size and population. The eleventh and twelfth centuries have left remains of extensive house foundations and pottery deposits in the Agora, and
the abundance of the coinage gives further proof of a flourishing Byzantine community. It is
during this period that the Agora coins make what is perhaps their most important contri-
INTRODUCTION
bution of a purely numismaticnature. With the 2200 anonymousissues foundin the excavations,
it has been possible to develop a chronologicalarrangementof the whole series which rests on
a firm basis of overstrike evidence. From the time of John Zimisces to that of Nicephorus III
there are 1512 anonymous pieces and 41 signed coins, a contrast which would seem to imply
that in the Greek provinces and probably throughout the empire as a whole, the anonymous
issues provided the basic currency, the named types representinglittle more than token emissions. Under Nicephorus the situation is reversed in favor of the signed money which now
appears in profusion. In the Agora, 677 named and 359 anonymous coins date from Nicephorus'
three year reign between 1078 and 1081 A.D. This proportion is unique for the entire Roman
and Byzantine period and quite inexplicable in terms of our present knowledge of Byzantine
Athens. Nicephorus, like his successor Alexius, was forced by economic crises to adopt a policy
of planned inflation involving a debasement of the currency, but this in itself would not seem
an adequate explanation of the overwhelming increase in money for this one short period.
The figures for Alexius and Manuel are even higher than those for Nicephorus but less startling because of the longer reigns. Their totals and those of Andronicus and Isaac II point to
an era of sustained prosperity throughout the twelfth century, ending with the occupation
of the city by the Franks in 1204 A.D. For the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the issues
of William of Villehardouinand the de la Roche family and later the Venetian money of Andrea
Contariniand Antonio Venier supply the city with a fair amount of currency. From 1400 A.D.
there is practically nothing until the Ottoman occupation.
Even this cursory attempt to correlate the Agora coinage with the archaeological and historical evidence illustrates the various factors which determine the survival rate of ancient
money. It is evident that peak coinages are at times a measure of the size and prosperity of the
community. When there is extensive habitation of a site over a considerablenumber of years,
as happened in eleventh and twelfth century Athens, a substantial amount of currency is
required and in the course of daily living a sizable proportion finds its way into the streets,
drains and wells of the city. It is equally clear that a sharp increase in coin totals may be the
sign of a sudden catastrophe, such as the Herulian invasion, when money and other possessions
are abandoned in a desperate effort to escape destruction. Apart from such external conditions,
the coinage statistics from any excavation naturally bear a close relationship to the intrinsic
value of the individual coins. One of the startling facts emerging from the tabulation of the
Agora material is the trifling representation of gold and silver. The 37,090 catalogued entries
include exactly one gold piece of Venice and 135 silver coins, among them plated specimens but
no billon. Over the course of fifteen centuries there certainly must have been a fair quantity
of gold and silver circulating in Athens, but when such coins were misplaced, the loss was a
serious one and the search not lightly abandoned. On the other hand the copious bronze issues
of the fourth and fifth centuries were, as contrasted with the silver or even the antoniniani,
of comparatively slight value. Their purchasing power must have been low and an individual
piece, once dropped or mislaid, would probably have seemed scarcely worth the trouble of
retrieval.
One of the major contributions of the Agora coinage is its detailed record of the mints from
which Athens derived her money at differentperiods. From Augustus through Gallienus,Rome
is naturally enough the chief, and at times the only, source of supply, although under Valerian
and Gallienusthe Asia mints are increasingly important. With Aurelian and Severina the shift
is definitely eastward- Siscia furnishing at least 55 pieces and Cyzicus 38 of 174 coins. Of
Probus' 101 specimens, 24 are from Siscia with 27 from Cyzicus; the latter mint provides over
one half of the combined totals for Diocletian and Maximianus.
From the time of Licinius I through Theodosius II, including all emperors represented by
any appreciable amount of coinage, the major identifiable sources are as follows:
Rome
Licinius I................
Licinius II ..............
ConstantineI ............
Urbs Roma ..............
Constantinople...........
Crispus .................
ConstantineII .............
ConstantiusII ..........
ConstansI ..............
ConstantiusGallus .......
Julian II ................
House Constantine .......
ValentinianI ............
Valens ..................
Gratian ................
ValentinianII ...........
TheodosiusI ............
Arcadius ................
Honorius ...............
TheodosiusII ............
ValentinianI-III ........
Aquileia Siscia
1
18
1
1
2
16
4
1
3
8
4
7
10
19
21
10
11
1
1
10
2
1
2
3
8
5
15
2
1
2
1
13
2
5
9
18
6
4
3
8
8
16
8
8
11
3
Thess.
6
44
15
10
4
22
169
60
6
41
40
53
146
47
161
301
173
5
15
46
Heraclea
4
2
21
4
10
3
19
73
15
8
4
16
2
5
7
10
21
21
11
1
2
Const. Nicomedia Cyzicus
84
21
14
25
247
64
19
39
92
381
69
12
73
126
169
41
69
49
19
3
63
6
14
2
18
131
48
12
15
49
7
19
11
28
46
46
19
17
12
6
3
60
18
10
2
27
220
74
16
23
57
18
45
14
37
156
119
44
29
25
Antioch Alexandria
1
2
38
2
2
8
87
8
11
17
12
13
2
15
18
35
11
7
18
1
6
1
3
19
5
1
4
4
4
2
1
7
12
17
8
The aggregate for all mints for the same reigns:

Thessalonica ... 1864
Constantinople . 1244
1003
Cyzicus .......
Nicomedia .....
585
Antioch .......
307
259
Heraclea ......
139
Rome .........
125
Siscia .........
Alexandria ...
Aquileia........57
Sirmium ......
Arles ..........
Treves ........
Lyons .........
Ticinum .......
London .......
95
20
17
7
6
5
1
The proportionsfrom Thessalonica,Constantinopleand Cyzicus give the mint nearest Athens

only a small margin over the other two. Actually for the Constantinianperiod as a whole the
major source of supply is Constantinople,with Cyzicus next and Thessalonicathird. It is only
from the time of Julian II through the reign of Arcadius that Thessalonica gains and holds
preeminence. The only surprising aspect of the general outline is the relative order of Nicomedia, Antioch and Heraclea. One would expect to find Heraclea outranking the two more
distant mints. Its small representation may indicate minor importance as a workshop or a
channeling of its output to the north rather than the south.
During the early Byzantine period the mint marks inscribed on the bronze denominations
show this relationship:
INTRODUCTION
ConstantinopleThessalonica
Anastasiis ......
JustinI .........
JustinianI ......
JustinII ........
TiberiusII ......
Maurice.........
Phocas ..........
Heraclius........
20
11
48
29
6
14
19
157
Nicomedia
7
Cyzicus
Antioch
8
8
108
9
9
13
41
1
10
13
2
1
8
18
3
7
5
3
15
6
3
1
1
The complete tally of all mints:

Constantinople..
Thessalonica ....
Nicomedia ......
Antioch .......
Cyzicus ........
304
188
53
34
18
Carthage .......
Ravenna .......
Rome ..........
Alexandria .....
Sicily ..........
7
4
2
2
1
With the exception of a few Sicilian emissions, the coinage from the reign of Constans II to
the end of the Byzantine empire is attributed in its entirety to the mint of Constantinople. This
is in such sharp contrast to the number of cities striking under the Roman and early Byzantine
rulers as to seem quite incredible. Philip Griersonin the course of an article on the solidi of
Maurice, Phocas and Heraclius (Num. Chron., 1950, pp. 49-70) argues that the term "Constantinople," indicating the source of the gold coinage of the sixth and seventh centuries, must
be understood as meaning Constantinople and other eastern mints, that many of the "Constantinople" issues really belong to Cyzicus, Nicomedia and other workshops. The same situation, it seems to me, is true for the bronze of a somewhat later period. Attempts have been
made to allocate some of the bronze coinage of Constans II to a Cyprusmint and, although as
indicated in the commentary, the extent of the assignment may be untenable, the suggestion
of other sources for Constans' abundant coinage is definitely a step forward. But the need for
rearrangementis not limited to the money of Constans. Surely the copious issues of the eleventh
and twelfth centuries would have been quite beyond the capacity of any one mint apart from
considerations of economy and efficiency in distributing the currency to various parts of the
empire. As regards Athens, one would logically expect that a substantial proportion of her
coinage continued to come from Thessalonica, a city controlled by the capital at almost all
periods and still important enough in the thirteenth century to serve as the seat of an empire
established by the princes of the Byzantine royal house after the fall of Constantinople.
Any final definition of the later Byzantine mints must rely heavily on the first-handevidence
of excavation coins from diverse sections of the eastern empire. As more of this material is
made available, one hopes that the pattern will reveal itself.
ABBREVIATIONS IN THE CATALOGUE

Berytus
Berytus. ArchaeologicalStudies (American University of Beirut, 1934-)
B1.-Dieud.
A. Blanchet et A. Dieudonn6, Manuel de numismatiquefranoaise (1912-1936)
BMC
H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum (1923-)

W. Wroth, Catalogueof the Coins of the Vandals, Ostrogothsand Lombardsand of the Empires of Thessalonica,
Nicaea and Trebizondin the British Museum (1911)
W. Wroth, Catalogueof the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum (1908)
C.
H. Cohen, Description historiquedes monnaies frappgessous l'Empire romain, 2nd Edition (1880-1892)
CNI
CorpusNummorum Italicorum (1910-)
Edwards
Hesperia
K. M. Edwards, Corinth,Volume VI, Coins 1896 -1929 (American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1933)
O. Voetter, Die Minzen der rimischen Kaiser, Kaiserinnen und Caesarenvon Diocletianus bis Romulus. Katalog
der hinterlassenenSammlung und Aufzeichnungendes Herrn Paul Gerin (1921)
Hesperia. Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (1932-)
M.
J. Maurice, Numismatique constantinienne(1908-1912)
NC
Numismatic Chronicle(1838-)
NNM
Numismatic Notes and Monographs (American Numismatic Society, 1920-)
NZ
NumismatischeZeitschrift (1869-)
Pap.
N. Papadopoli, Le Monete di Venezia (1893-1919)
Pearce
J. W. E. Pearce, The Roman Coinagefrom A. D. 364 to 423 (1933)
Gerin
Poeyd'AvantF. Poey d'Avant, Monnaies feodales de France (1858-1862)

RIC
H. Mattingly, E. A. Sydenham, C. H. V. Sutherland and R. A. G. Carson, The Roman Imperial Coinage (1923-)
Sab.
J. Sabatier, Description g6neraledes monnaies byzantines (1862)
Schlumb.
G. Schlumberger, Numismatique de l'Orient latin (1878)
Spinelli
D. Spinelli, Monete cufiche (1844)
Syd.
Edward A. Sydenham, The Coinageof the Roman Republic (1952)
Tolstoi
J. Tolstoi, Monnaies byzantines (1912-1914)
Italic type has been used for the catalogue numbers of silver and billon coins. An asterisk after a number indicates
discussion of the issue in the commentary.
CATALOGUE
ROMANREPUBLICAN COINAGE
(15)
Q. TITIUS
Head of Janus/Prow r.
88 B.C.
1*
As
Rome or Italy
Den.
Rome
Den.
Italy
Den.
(Pl.)
Spain
Den.
Rome
M. AEMILIUS SCAURUS 58 B.C.

King Aretas kneeling r. beside camel/
Jupiter in quadriga 1.
Den.
Rome
CN. PLANCI US c. 54 B.C.

Head of Diana r./Cretangoat r.
Den.
Rome
D. JUNIUS BRUTUS ALBINUS

Head of Pietas r./Clasped hands
Den.
Rome
P. SEPULLIUS MACER c. 44 B.C.

Veiled head of Caesar r./Venus 1.
Syd., p. 178, 1074
9*
Den.
(PI.)
Den.
Ephesus
M. AN TONIUS c. 37-31 B.C.

Galley/Three standards LEGV
Syd., p. 196, 1221
Ephesus
Same/Same with LEGXI
Syd., p. 196, 1229
10
Syd., p. 107, 694a
C. NORBANUS c. 80 B.C.
Head of Venus r. with number XXXVI/
Fasces between corn-ear and caduceus
Syd., p. 118, 739
TI. CLAUDIUS 78-77 B.C.

Bust of Diana r./Victory in biga r.
with number CXXIII
Syd., p. 126, 770a
CN. CORNELIUS LENTULUS MARCELLINUS

Bust of Genius of Roman People r./Globe
c. 76-74 B:C.
Syd., p. 122, 752a
Syd., p. 152, 914
Syd., p. 156, 933
49-48 B.C.
Syd., p. 158, 942
(1 P1.)
11
Den.
Ephesus
Same/Same with LEGXII ANTIQVAE
Syd., p. 196, 1231
12
Den.
Ephesus
Same/Same with LEGXV
Syd., p. 196, 1235
13"
As
Uncertain
Heads of Antony and Octavia r./Galley
Syd., p. 199, 1268
10
ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE

(18,674; 9 imit.)
AUGUSTUS
14
Den.
Rome
17 B.C.
15
As
11-12 A.D.
27 B.C.-14 A.D.
(5)
M SANQVINIVSIIIVIR Head of Julius

Caesar r.
BMC, I, p. 13, 71-73
PONTIFMAXIMTRIBVNPOTXXXIIllII
BMC, I, p. 50, 275f.
F COSDESIG
C L CAESARES
AVGVSTI
PRINCIWENT Gaiusand LuciusCaesar
facing
BMC, I, p. 89, 519-525
AVGVSTVS in wreath
BMC, I, p. 117, 731-733
BMC, I, pp. 126f., 48-60
BMC, I, p. 190, 181
BMC, I, p. 257, 288f.
around SC
Lyons
2 B.C.-11 A.D.
16
Den.
17*
As
The East
After 27 B.C.
Den.
Lyons
c. 26-37 A.D.
14-37 A.D.
TIBERIUS
18
(2)
PONTIF MAXIM Livia seated r.
41-54 A.D.
CLAUDIUS
(1)
Rome
19
Quad. 42 A.D.
PON MTR P IMPPPCOS II aroundSC
NERO 54-68 A.D.

20
Quad.
20a
AE
Rome
64-66 A.D.
PM TR P IMPPP SC
(2)
Laurel branch
Uncertain
Uncertaintype
GALBA
68-69 A.D.
(1)
Den.
Rome
68-69 A.D.
Den.
Rome
69 A.D.
23
24
Den.
Rome
72-73 A.D.
Den.
73 A.D.
25
Den.
75-79 A.D.
PONTIF MAXIM Emperor seated r.

IOVISCVSTOS Jupiter facing
26
27
Den.
As
80-81 A.D.
71 A.D.
EX SC Victory1.
BMC, II, p. 243, 112-116
VICTORIA
AVGVSTI
SC Victoryadvancing1.BMC, II, p. 133,t
1
1
28
As
74 A.D.
AEQVITASAVGVSTSC Aequitas 1.
BMC, II, p. 161, 702
29*
As
Tarraco
71 A.D.
CONCORDIA AVG SC Concordiaseated 1.
BMC, II, p. 191,t
29a
Uncertain
1 AR; 3 AE
21
IMP Emperor riding r.
OTHO 69 A.D.
22
69-79 A.D.
BMC, I, p. 367, 19
BMC, II, p. 11, 64

BMC, II, p. 19, 98
(11)
AVGVRTRI POT Sacrificial implements
Uncertain type
(1)
SECVRITASP R Securitas 1.
VESPASIAN
BMC, I, p. 312, 23
BMC, II, p. 49, 276-278
1
1
11
CATALOGUE
TITUS
30
Den.
30a
AE
Rome
77-78 A.D.
79-81 A.D.
(2)
BMC, II, p. 40, 221
COS VI Mars 1.
Uncertain
1
Uncertain type
31
Den.
Rome
73 A.D.
32
33
Den.
80 A.D.
Den.
34
Den.
35
81-96 A.D.
DOMITIAN
(18)
BMC, II, p. 24, 129-131
BMC, II, p. 239, 92-96
BMC, II, p. 302, 18f.
1
1
81 A.D.
No legend. Prince riding 1.

PRINCEPSIWENTVTIS Altar
TR P COS VIIDES VIIIPP Curule chair
Same. Dolphin around anchor
SALVSAVGVST Salus seated 1.
BMC, II, p. 302, 20

BMC, II, p. 309, 54
Den.
,,
81-84 A.D.
36*
Den.
88-89 A.D.
COS XIIll Minerva fighting r.
37
Den.
90 A.D.
cf. BMC, II, p. 328, 141

(PLATE 1)
BMC, II, p. 333, 166
1
1
38
Den.
90-91 A.D.
IMPXXI COS XV CENS PPP Same but on

prow
Same
39
40
Den.
92 A.D.
IMPXXI COS XVI CENS PPP Minerva 1.
As
80-81 A.D.
41
Quad.
81-96 A.D.
SECVRITASAVGVSTISC Securitas seated 1. BMC, II, p. 275, *

SC Basket of corn-ears
BMC, II, p. 410, 493
41a
AE
Uncertain type
BMC, II, p. 335, 179f.

BMC, II, p. 337, 192f.
1
1
1
Uncertain
NERVA
96-98 A.D.
(3)
42
Den.
Rome
97 A.D.
43
Ses.
Ses.
96 A.D.
ROMA RENASCENSSC Roma seated 1.
97 A.D.
FORTVNAAVGVSTSC Fortuna 1.
45
Den.
Rome
101-102 A.D.
46
Den.
104-107 A.D.
PM TR P COS IIIPP Victory advancing 1.

SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI Three standards
47
Den.
107-111 A.D.
COS V PP SPQR OPTIMO PRINC Aequitas 1. BMC, III, pp. 71f., 281-287
48
Den.
,,
Same. Aequitas seated 1.
BMC, III, p. 72, 288-293
49
Den.
,,
Same. Spes 1.
BMC, III, p. 75, 319-321
50
Den.
,,
Same with VESTAin exergue. Vesta

seated 1.
BMC, III, p. 86, 405-409
51*
Den.
112-117 A.D.
(P1.)
PM TR P COS VI PP SPQR Trajan's column cf. BMC, III, p. 112, 565
52
Den.
116 A.D.
Same. Genius 1.
BMC, III, p. 117, 595-598
53
Den.
117-118 A.D.
No legend. Phoenix r.
BMC, III, p. 245, 49
54
Ses.
98-99 A.D.
COS II PP CONG PR SC Emperor seated 1.

on platform
BMC, III, p. 147, 712
55
As
56
Quad.
c. 98-102 A.D.
SC Boar r.
BMC, III, p. 226, 1062-1067
57
Ses.
102 A.D.
BMC, III, p. 159, 756
58*
Ses.
104-111 A.D.
IMP111iii
COS IIIIDES V PP SC Pax seated 1.
SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPISC Ceres 1.
cf. BMC, III, p. 163, 771
44
FORTVNAAVGVST Fortuna 1.
TRAJAN
,,
98-117 A.D.
BMC, III, p. 6, 37-39

BMC, III, p. 15,*
BMC, III, pp. 19f., 107-109
BMC, III, p. 46, 122f.
BMC, III, p. 67,*
1
1
(46)
TR POT COS II PP SC Victory advancing 1. BMC, III, p. 150, 727f.
12
59
Ses.
60
Ses.
,,
62
Ses.
Ses.
,,
115-116 A.D.
63
Ses.
,,
64
As
,,
65
Dup.
116-117 A.D.
66*
As
115-116A.D.
61*
104-111 A.D.
BMC, III, p. 164, 772f.
BMC, III, p. 165,*

BMC, III, pp. 165f., 782-784
BMC, III, p. 217, 1017
BMC, III, p. 219, 1026
Same without FORT RED. Victory

advancing r.
BMC, III, p. 220, 1030-1032
Same. Emperor with trophies
BMC, III, p. 226, 1062-1067
Same. Roma 1.
Same. Aequitas 1.
Same. Annona 1.
IMPERATORVIIISC Emperor seated r.
on platform
SENATVSPOPVLVSQVEROMANVS FORT
RED SC Fortuna seated 1.
2
1
The East
DAC PARTHICO
PMTR POTXX COSVI PP BMC, III, p. 232, 1092
around SC in wreath
66a
Uncertain
1 AR; 21AE
HADRIAN
67
Den.
68
Den.
Rome
119-125 A.D.
69*
Den.
,,
125-128 A.D.
70
Den.
134-138 A.D.
,,
22
Uncertain type
117-138 A.D.
BMC, III, p. 263, 184f.

Same with PRO AVG in field. Providentia 1. BMC, III, p. 277, 303
COS III Roma seated 1.
cf. BMC, III, p. 287, 372
FIDESPVBLICA Fides r.
BMC, III, pp. 320f., 629-631
MONETA AVG Moneta 1.

BMC, III, p. 326, 680f.
SALVSAVG Salus 1.
BMC, III, p. 331, 726f.
PONT MAX TR POT COS II SC LIBERALITAS
BMC, III, p. 404, 1136
AVG Emperor seated 1. on platform
PONT MAX TR POT COS IIADVENTVS
BMC, III, pp. 404f., 1138-1140
AVG SC Emperor and Roma
PONT MAX TR POT COS IIISC
BMC, III, p. 408, 1153
Felicitas 1.
PONT MAX TR POT COS IIILIBERALITAS BMC, III, p. 408, 1159
AVG SC Emperor seated 1. on platform
PIETASAVGVSTISC Pietas r.
BMC, III, p. 416, 1198f.
PM TR P COS III Genius 1.
71
Den.
72
Den.
73
Ses.
74
Dup.
75
Ses.
76
Ses.
,,
77
Ses.
119-121 A.D.
78
Dup.
,,
Same
79
Dup.
,,
MONETA AVGVSTISC Moneta 1.
80
,,
118 A.D.
,,
119 A.D.
(67)
SALVSPVBLICASC Salus 1.
1
1
1
1
1
1
BMC, III, p. 423, 1248

cf. BMC, III, p. 424, 1256
cf. BMC, III, p. 425, 1263

BMC, III, pp. 431f., 1294 (1).
1300 (1)
BMC, III, p. 436, 1332f.
1
2
1
BMC, III, p. 438,*
BMC, III, p. 445, 1363

BMC, III, p. 450, 1386
81
82*
Ses.
,,
83*
Ses.
,,
84
Ses.
125-128 A.D.
85
Dup.
As
,,
,,
87
Ses.
128-132 A.D.
Same. Similar
88
FELICITATI
AVG SC COS IIIPP Galley r.
COS IIIPP SC FORT RED Fortuna seated 1. BMC, III, p. 455, 1416
CLEMENTIAAVG COS IIIPP SC
BMC, III, p. 458, 1438
Clementia 1.
86
,,
122-125 A.D.
Same. Pegasus advancing r.

Same. Roma seated 1.
BMC, III, pp. 420f., 1233f.

BMC, III, p. 420, 1230
BMC, III, p. 421, 1237f.
Dup.
Sea.
PM TR P COS IIISC Ceres 1.

Same. Spes advancing 1.
Same with VIRTAVG in field. Virtus 1.
COS IIISC Roma seated 1.
1
1
1
1
1
Ses.
132-134 A.D.
89
Ses.
,,
90*
Dup.
or As
,,
91
Dup.
or As
,,
COS IIIPP SC Emperor on horseback r.
BMC, III, p. 460, 1452
92
See.
134-136 A.D.
ADVENTVIAVG GALLIAESC Emperor

and Gallia
BMC, III, p. 491, 1641f.
CATALOGUE
93*
Ses.
134-136 A.D.
94
Ses.
,,
13
AEGYPTOSSC Aegyptos reclining 1.

BRITANNIASC Britannia seated facing
HISPANIASC Hispania reclining 1.
of. BMC, III, p. 504, 1693

BMC, III, p. 508, 1723
cf. BMC, III, p. 511, 1752
BMC, III, p. 524, 1826A
1
1
95*
Dup.
or As
96
97
,,
Dup.
or As
Ses.
134-138 A.D.
RESTITVTORI
MACEDONIAESC Emperor
raising Macedonia
PAX AVG SC Pax 1.
98*
Ses.
,,
ROMA SC Roma 1.
BMC, III, p. 472, 1528

cf. BMC, III, p. 474, 1540
99*
Ses.
,,
SC Nemesis advancing r.
cf. BMC, III, p. 475, 1549
100*
Ses.
,,
Dup.
or As
,,
cf. BMC, III, p. 475, 1552

BMC, III, p. 482, 1595 (1).
1598 (1)
101
Same. Emperor r.
FORTVNAAVG SC Fortuna 1.
102
Dup.
or As
,,
LIBERALITAS
AVG VI SC Liberalitas 1.
BMC, III, p. 483,t
103
Dup.
or As
,,
ROMA SC Roma 1.
BMC, III, p. 484, 1610
103a
1 AR;
Uncertain
26 AE
104
Ses.
Rome
128-134 A.D.
105
Dup.
or As
,,
106
Den.
(2)
PIETASAVG SC Pietas with children

Same
ANTONINUS PIUS
Rome
138 A.D.
27
Uncertain type
SABINA
,,
138-161 A.D.
BMC, III, p. 537, 1875f.

BMC, III, p. 540, 1898f.
BMC, IV, p. 4, 10f.

BMC, IV, p. 132, 899f.
cf. BMC, IV, p. 147,*
BMC, IV, p. 184,*
(46)
AVG PIVSPM TR P COS DES II Minerva 1.
107
Den.
157-158 A.D.
108*
Den.
159-160 A.D.
109
As
139 A.D.
TR POT XXI COS IIII Aequitas 1.

TEMPLDIVIAVG RESTCOS IIII Octastyle
temple
TR POT COS II SC Aequitas 1.
110
As
140 A.D.
AVRELIVS
CAESAVGPIIF COS SC
BMC, IV, p. 196, 1223
PAX AVG SC Pax 1.
of. BMC, IV, p. 203, 1265

BMC, IV, p. 210, 1313-1315
BMC, IV, p. 211, 1318-1320
Bust of M. Aurelius 1.
111*
Ses.
Ses.
140-144 A.D.
112
113
Ses.
,,
114*
Dup.
115
116
Ses.
Ses.
117
118
119
,,
TIBERISSC Tiberis reclining 1.

TR POT COS IIISC Wolf and twins
,,
145-161 A.D.
GENIO SENATVSSC Genius 1.
Dup.
,,
147-148 A.D.
SC Mars advancing r.
HONORI AVG COS III SC Honos 1.
Ses.
155-156 A.D.
Ses.
156-157 A.D.
TR POT XIX COS IIIISC Fides 1.

TR POT XX COS IIIISC Providentia 1.
FELICITAS
AVG SC Felicitas 1.
Same. Jupiter 1.
VOTA SOL DEC II SC COS IIII Emperor
sacrificing 1.
VOTA SVSCEPTADEC IIISC COS IIII
Similar
BMC, IV, p. 214, 1336-1339

BMC, IV, p. 271, 1677-1680
1
1
2
2
BMC, IV, p. 275, 1705f.

BMC, IV, p. 280, 1738
BMC, IV, p. 335, 1995-1997
2
1
BMC, IV, p. 840, 2015

BMC, IV, pp. 340f., 2019-2021
BMC, IV, p. 278, 1723f.
of. BMC, IV, p. 282, 1746
1
1
120
Dup.
121
Sea.
,,
157-159 A.D.
122*
Dup.
,,
123
Dup.
158-159 A.D.
PIETATIAVG COS IIIISC Pietas with

children
BMC, IV, p. 854, 2072
124
As
,,
FORTVNAOPSEQVENSSC COS IIII

Fortuna 1.
BMC, IV, p. 355, 2078f.
14
125
125a
Ses.
AE
161 A.D.
CONSECRATIOSC Funeral pyre
FAUSTINA 1
Den.
126
127
Den.
128*
129
BMC, IV, pp. 525f., 872-875
Uncertain type
Rome
After 147 A.D.
1
23
(14)
AVGVSTA Ceres 1.
BMC, IV, p. 58, 399-402
Same. Vesta seated 1.
BMC, IV, pp. 62f., 443-446

cf. BMC, IV, p. 233, 1442
BMC, IV, pp. 238f., 1482f.

BMC, IV, pp. 239f., 1490-1493
Ses.
,,
141-147 A.D.
PIETASAVG SC Pietas 1.
Ses.
After 147 A.D.
AETERNITASSC Aeternitas seated 1.
130
Ses.
,,
Same. Aeternitas 1.
131*
Ses.
,,
Same.
132
Ses.
VESTASC Vesta 1.
133
Ses.
,,
,,
IVNO SC Juno 1.
Juno 1.
134
Dup.
or As
,,
Same
135
Dup
or As
,,
AETERNITASSC Juno 1.
136*
136a
Den.
IVNONI REGINAE Juno seated 1.
AE
Uncertain type
1
1
cf. BMC, IV, p. 238, 1480

(PLATE 1)
BMC, IV, p. 246, ?

BMC, IV, p. 245, 1531-1535
BMC, IV, p. 255, 1596-1598
1
1
BMC, IV, pp. 246f., 1540f.
Uncertain
MARCUS AURELIUS
Den.
161 A.D.
1
3
161-180 A.D.
Rome
137
(PLATE 1)
CONCORDAVGTR P XV COS III

Concordiaseated 1.
(26)
BMC, IV, p. 386, 2
138
Den.
161-162 A.D.
PROV DEOR TR P XVI COS III

Providentia 1.
BMC, IV, p. 410, 196f.
139
140
Den.
175-176 A.D.
TR P XXX IMPVIIICOS III Genius 1.

COS II SC Roma 1.
BMC, IV, p. 483, 678f.

BMC, IV, p. 290,*
1
1
165-166 A.D.
TR P XX IMPIIICOS IIISC Roma seated 1.

TR P XX IMPIIIICOS IIISC Similar
cf. BMC, IV, p. 591,t

BMC, IV, p. 593, 1295
SALVTIAVG COS IIISC Salus 1.
BMC, IV, p. 614, 1376f.
SALVTIAVGVSTAESC Salus seated 1.
BMC, IV, p. 617, ?

BMC, IV, p. 620, 1402f.
Same. Victory advancing 1.

Same. Jupiter seated 1.
BMC, IV, p. 622, 1416f.

BMC, IV, p. 625, 1431
cf. BMC, IV, p. 633, 1470
2
1
141*
142
145-160 A.D.
Dup.
or As
Dup.
143
Dup.
Ses.
144
Ses.
,,
169-170 A.D.
170-171 A.D.
145
Ses.
,,
146
171-172 A.D.
VOTA SVSCEPDECENN II SC COS III

Emperor sacrificing 1.
IMPVI COS IIISC Roma seated 1.
147
Ses.
As
148"
149
Ses.
Dup.
,,
173-174 A.D.
174-175 A.D.
TR P XXIX IMPVIIICOS IIISC Annona 1.
BMC, IV, p. 641, 1515
150
Ses.
177-178 A.D.
IMPVIII COS IIIPP SC Aequitas 1.
BMC, IV, p. 674, 1678f.
151"
Ses.
178-179A.D.
FELICITAS
AVGIMPVIIIICOS IIIPPSC
cf. BMC, IV, p. 677,t
151a
AE
152
153
154
Den.
Felicitas 1.
Uncertain type
Rome
161-176 A.D.
Den.
,,
147-150 A.D.
Dup.
or As
FAUSTINA 11 (28)
FECVNDITAS Fecunditas r.
SALVS Salus 1.
PVDICITIASC Pudicitia seated 1.
BMC, IV, p. 898, 91-95

BMC, IV, p. 404, 141-145
BMC, IV, p. 875, 2159
CATALOGUE
15
VENVS SC Venus r.
BMC, IV, p. 376, 2164f.
150-152 A.D.
Same. Venus 1.
,,
BMC, IV, p. 377, 2168

BMC, IV, p. 377, 2169
Same. Venus r.
IVNO SC Juno 1.
BMC, IV, p. 380, 2188
VENVS SC Venus leaning on column
BMC, IV, p. 856, add. to p. 381
HILARITASSC Hilaritas 1.
BMC, IV, pp. 531f., 911-913

BMC, IV, p. 532, 917
2
1
155
147-150 A.D.
Dup.
or As
156
Ses.
157
Dup.
or As
158
152-153 A.D.
Dup.
or As
159
Dup.
or As
160
Ses.
161-176 A.D.
,,
161
Ses.
,,
IVNO SC Juno 1.
162
Ses.
,,
IVNONI REGINAESC Same
BMC, IV, p. 533, 919-923

BMC, IV, p. 535, 945-948
BMC, IV, p. 539, 969f.
1
1
163
Ses.
,,
164
Dup.
or As
,,
SALVTIAVGVSTAESC Salus seated 1.

CONCORDIA SC Concordiaseated 1.
165
Dup.
or As
,,
LAETITIASC Laetitia r.
BMC, IV, p. 541, 987
166
Dup.
or As
,,
TEMPORFELICSC Felicitas 1.
BMC, IV, pp. 542f., 996-998
167
Ses.
AETERNITASSC Aeternitas seated 1.
168
Ses.
BMC, IV, p. 652, 1566

BMC, IV, p. 655, 1589f.
BMC, IV, p. 656, 1593f.
169
Dup.
or As
169a
AE
After 175 A.D.

,,
,,
SIDERIBVSRECEPTASC Faustina 1.
SC Crescent and stars
Uncertain type
LUCIUS VERUS
161-169 A.D.
(11)
170
Den.
171
Den.
165-166 A.D.
TR P V IMPII COS II Roma advancing 1.

PAX AVG TR P VI COS II Pax 1.
172*
Ses.
161 A.D.
FELTEMPCOS II SC Felicitas 1.
173
Ses.
174*
As
163-164 A.D.
175
Ses.
165-166 A.D.
176*
Ses.
167-168 A.D.
177
Ses.
,,
177a
AE
BMC, IV, p. 437, 381f.

BMC, IV, p. 443, 420
cf. BMC, IV, p. 522,*
(PLATE 1)
CONCORD
AVGVSTOR
TRP SCCOSII
BMC,IV,p. 523,856f.
Emperors clasping hands

TR P IIIIIMPII COS II SC
Emperor riding r.
cf. BMC, IV, p. 567, 1131
BMC, IV, p. 596, 18308f.
cf. BMC, IV, p. 604, 1341
BMC, IV, p. 604, 1343
TR POT VI IMPIIIICOS II SC
Victory with shield
TR POT VIIIIMPV COS IIISC
Aequitas seated 1.
Same with FORT RED in exergue. Fortuna
seated 1.
LUCILLA
Den.
179
Ses.
,,
180
,,
Dup.
or As
Ses.
After 169 A.D.
178
181
182
Den.
(5)
CONCORDIA Concordiaseated 1.
SALVSSC Salus seated 1.
BMC, IV, p. 430, 83833-335

BMC, IV, p. 576,*
BMC, IV, p. 579, 1222f.
1
1
VENVS SC Venus 1.
BMC, IV, pp. 571f., 1167-1171
BMC, IV, p. 700, 70-72
CONCORDIA SC Same
COMMODUS 176-192 A.D.

Rome
181-182 A.D.
Uncertain type
Rome
164-169 A.D.
Rome
164-165 A.D.
,,
(15)
LIBAVG V TR P VII IMPIIIICOS IIIPP

Liberalitas 1.
16
183
Den.
181-182 A.D.
TR P VII IMPV COS IIIPP Roma 1.

IMPII COS II PP SC Minerva 1.
VIRTVTIAVGVSTITR P VII IMPIIIICOS III
PP SC Emperor riding r.
TR P VIIIIMPVI COS IIIIPP SC Pax 1.
PM TR P XI IMPVIICOS V PP SC Roma 1.
184
Ses.
179 A.D.
185
Ses.
181-182 A.D.
186
Ses.
183 A.D.
187
Ses.
186 A.D.
188
Ses.
,,
189
Ses.
186-189 A.D.
190
Sea.
190 A.D.
191
As
192 A.D.
192*
As
192a
AE
,,
193*
Dup.
or As
194
Dup.
or As
194a
AE
,,
LIBAVGVIIIPMTR P XVIICOS VIIPPSC

Liberalitas 1.
PM TR P XVII IMPVIIICOS VII PP SC
Victory advancing 1.
Uncertain type
1
4
193 A.D.
197
Den.
PM TR P XIIIICOS IIIPP Annona 1.
198
Den.
209 A.D.
LIBERALITAS
AVG VI Liberalitas 1.
199
Den.
200*
Den.
,,
210 A.D.
RESTITVTORVRBIS Roma seated 1.
201*
(Pl.)
194 A.D.
Ses.
202*
195 A.D.
PM TR P IIICOS II PP SC Fortuna 1.
196 A.D.
PM TR P IIIICOS II PP SC Jupiter 1.
VICTORIAEBRIiTTANNICAE
SC
Two Victories with shield
(1)
PM TR P COS SC Fortuna 1.
BMC, V, p. 16, 25-27
BMC, V, p. 17, 32-36
(1)
IVNO REGINASC Juno 1.
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS
193-211 A.D.
PM TR P XVIIICOS Ill PP Salus seated 1.

AFRICASC Africa r.
(13)
BMC, V, pp. 252f., 489-492
BMC, V, p. 220, 351
BMC, V, p. 222, 360

of. BMC, V, pp. 360f., 20-22
of. BMC, V, p. 127, 504

of. BMC, V, p. 142, 580
BMC, V, p. 145, 590
1
1
BMC, V, p. 325, 811
JULIA DOMNA
Den.
206
Ses.
211-215 A.D.
207*
Ses.
,,
1
1
Uncertain type
Rome
215-217 A.D.
205
cf. BMC, IV, p. 841, 11
Rome
206 A.D.
AE
BMC, IV, p. 769, 439
Ses.
204a
BMC, IV, p. 841,t
Uncertain type
210 A.D.
VENVS SC Venus 1.
MANLIA SCANTILLA
204
Rome
193 A.D.
Sea.
Sea.
Ses.
cf. BMC, IV, pp. 768f., 433f.
Ses.
203
IVNO LVCINASC Juno 1.
DIDIUS JULIANUS
196
BMC, IV, p. 786, 515
(3)
Rome
193 A.D.
195
BMC, IV, p. 804,*

SAEC FELPM TR P XI IMPVII COS V PP SC BMC, IV, p. 806, 584
Victory r. with shield
VICTORIAEFELICISC COS V PP
BMC, IV, pp. 814f., 611f.
Victory flying 1.
TEMPORFELICPM TR P XV IMPVIIICOS
BMC, IV, p. 827, 655f.
VI SC Caduceus and crossed cornucopiae
CRISPINA
Rome
180-183 A.D.
BMC, IV, p. 704, 93

BMC, IV, p. 678, 1699f.
BMC, IV, p. 777, 480
(6)
1
IVNO SC Juno 1.
BMC, V, p. 434, 23B-26

BMC, V, pp. 468f., 206f.
IVNONEMSC Same
BMC, V, p. 469, 208f.
VENVSGENETRIX Venus seated 1.
CATALOGUE
208
208 a
Seos.
211-215 A.D.
MATAVGGMATSENM PATRSC
211
BMC,V, p. 469, 213f.
Domna seated 1.
AE
Uncertain type
Den.
Rome
209 A.D.
Den.
210 A.D.
212
Den.
210-213 A.D.
(P1.)
211 A.D.
Den.
213
Den.
214
215
Ant.
,,
Ant.
,,
216*
Ant.
217
Ses.
218*
Ant.
218a
AE
215 A.D.
,,
210-213 A.D.
1
2
CARACALLA 198-217 A.D.

209
210*
17
(12)
PONTIFTR P XII COS III Virtus r.
BMC, V, p. 358, 13
PONTIFTR P XIIICOS III Concordiaseated 1. cf. BMC, V, pp. 363f., 34-36
MARTIPACATORI Mars 1.
BMC, V, pp. 371f., 81-86
PM TR P XIIIiCOS IIIPP Pax advancing 1.

PM TR P XVIIICOS IIIIPP Aesculapius 1.
BMC, V, p. 420, 4f.
BMC, V, pp. 451f., 103f.

BMC, V, p. 459, 150
Same. Lion advancing 1.

Same. Sol 1.
Same. Serapis 1.
SECVRITATIPERPETVAESC
Securitas seated r.
1
1
BMC, V, p. 456, 135

cf. BMC, V, p. 455, 126
BMC, V, p. 411, 250-252
of. BMC, V, p. 451(e)
Uncertain
PM TR P XVII COS tiIIPP Sol 1.
Uncertain type
PLAUTILLA
219
Den.
220
Den.
Rome
202-205 A.D.
,,
(2)
PIETASAVGG Pietas r.
VENVS VICTRIX Venus r.
GETA 209-212 A.D.

221
Ses.
Rome
210 A.D.
222
Ses.
210-212 A.D.
223
Ses.
211 A.D.
223a
AE
224
Den.
225
Den.
226*
Den.
,,
221 A.D.
227*
Ses.
,,
PONTIFTR P II COS II SC
Emperors sacrificing
LIBERALITAS
AVGG VI ET V SC
Emperors seated on platform
VICT BRITTR P IIICOS II SC
Victory seated r.
Uncertain type
Sea.
229*
Den.
Rome
222 A.D.
230
See.
,,
228
BMC, V, p. 407, 234
BMC, V, p. 416, 268
(4)
VICTORIAAVG Victory advancing 1.

PM TR P IIIICOS IIIPP
Emperor 1. sacrificing
Same with SC. Sol advancing 1.
BMC, V, p. 560, 193f.

BMC, V, p. 566, 237-239
cf. BMC, V, p. 569, 256-258
of. BMC, V, p. 610, 439
BMC, V, p. 599, 395
(1)
PVDICITIASC Pudicitia seated 1.
SEVERUS ALEXANDER
BMC, V, p. 401, 214f.
ABVNDANTIA AVG Abundantia 1.
JULIA MAESA
Rome
218-222 A.D.
(5)
ELAGABALUS 218-222 A.D.

Rome
220-222 A.D.
BMC, V, pp. 237f., 422-426

BMC, V, p. 238, 428-430
222-235 A.D.
PIETASAVG Pietas 1.
PM TR P COS PP SC Mars advancing r.
(26)
RIC, IV,, p. 84, 170
RIC, IV,, p. 103, 390
1
1
18
231
Sea.
223 A.D.
PONTIF MAX TR P II COS PP SC

Pax seated 1.
RIC, IV,, p. 104, 402
232
Ses.
,,
225 A.D.
Same. Securitas seated 1.
RIC, IV2, p. 104, 407

RIC, IV2, p. 115, 560
RIC, IV,, p. 114, 547

RIC, IV2, p. 117, 591
RIC, IV2, p. 118, 602
RIC, IV,, p. 110, 500

RIC, IV2, p. 119, 616
RIC, IV2, p. 119, 618
RIG, IV2, p. 114, 549

RIC, IV2, p. 120, 628
233
234
Ses.
235
Ses.
Ses.
236
Ses.
237
Ses.
Ses.
238
227 A.D.
,,
228 A.D.
PM TR P VIIIICOS IIIPP SC Sol 1.
ANNONA AVGVSTISC Annona 1.
239
Ses.
Ses.
,,
241
Ses.
242
Ses.
Ses.
As
245
ROMAEAETERNAESC Roma seated 1.

VICTORIAAVGVSTISC Victory r.
Same. Victory 1.
240
244
AEQVITASAVGVSTISC Aequitas 1.
PAX AVG SC Pax advancing 1.
230 A.D.
,,
231 A.D.
243
IOVIVLTORISC Jupiter seated 1.
IOVI PROPVGNATORISC
Jupiter advancing 1.
PM TR P X COS IIIPP SC Sol 1.
Same. Annona 1.
,,
Ses.
232 A.D.
246
Ses.
233 A.D.
247
Ses.
Ses.
234 A.D.
248
249*
Den.
250*
Den.
,,
Antioch
228-231 A.D.
PONTIF MAX TR P X COS IIIPP SC PROF

AVG Emperor riding r.
PM TR P XI COS IIIPP SC Sol 1.
RIC, IV2, p. 111, 515

RIC, IV2, p. 112, 520
RIGC,IV, p. 112, 524
RIC, IV2, p.
PM TR P XII COS IIIPP SC Sol advancing 1. RIC, IV,, p.
PM TR P XIIICOS IIIPP SC Same
RIC, IV2, p.
SPESPVBLICASC Spes advancing 1.
RIC, IV2, p.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
112, 528
113, 535
113, 538
121, 648
LIBERTASAVG Libertas 1.
RIC, IV,, p. 92, 285
VENVS CEL Venus seated 1.
(PLATE 1)
Uncertain
(Pl.)
JULIA MAMAEA
(13)
251
Den.
Rome
226 A.D.
252
Den.
229-231 A.D.
FECVNDAVGVSTAE Fecunditas seated 1.
,,
228 A.D.
VESTA Vesta 1.
FELICITASPVBLICASC Felicitas 1.
RIC,
,,
229-231 A.D.
Same. Felicitas seated 1.
RIC,
253
Den.
254
Ses.
255
Ses.
256
Ses.
257
IVNO CONSERVATRIX Juno 1.
RIC, IV2,p. 98, 343
RIC, IV2, p. 98, 332

RIC, IV,, p. 99, 360
1
1
1
IV,, p. 125, 676

IV,, p. 125, 679
IV,, p. 124, 668
IV2, p. 125, 683
Ses.
,,
FECVNDITASAVGVSTAESC Fecunditas 1. RIC,

IVNO AVGVSTAESC Juno seated 1.
RIC,
258
Ses.
,,
VENERIFELICISC Venus r,
RIC, IV2, p. 126, 694
259
Ses.
,,
,,
VENVS FELIXSC Venus seated 1.
RIC, IV,, p. 126, 701

RIC, IV,, p. 127, 708
260
260a
Ses.
AE
Uncertain type
Rome
235 A.D.
MAXIMINUS I 235-238 A.D.
261
262
Den.
,,
PROVIDENTIAAVG Providentia 1.
263
Den.
,,
264
Sea.
,,
265
Sea.
,,
SALVSAVGVSTI Salus seated 1.

FIDESMILITVMSC Fides 1.
PAX AVGVSTISC Pax l.
Ses.
Sea.
,,
,,
Dup.
,,
266
267
268
Den.
VESTASC Vesta 1.
1
1
(21)
PAX AVGVSTI Pax 1.
SALVSAVGVSTISC Salus seated 1.

VICTORIAAVG SC Victory advancing r.
Same
RIC, IV,, p. 140, 12

RIC, IV,, p. 141, 13
1
1
RIC, IV2, p. 141, 14
RIC, IVs, p. 144, 48

RIGC,IV,, p. 145, 58
RIC, IV,, p. 145, 64
RIC, IV2, p. 145, 67
3
8
1
RIC, IV,, p. 145, 68
CATALOGUE
269
Ses.
270
271
272
273
286 A.D.
FIDESMILITVM
SC Fides 1.
RIC, IV2,,p. 146, 78

RIC, IV,, p. 146, 81
RIG, IV,, p. 147, 85
RIC, IV2, p. 147, 90
Ses.
,,
PAX AVGVSTISC Pax 1.
Ses.
Ses.
,,
SALVSAVGVSTISC Salus seated 1.

VICTORIAGERMANICASC Victory 1.
Ses.
Rome
236 A.D.
MAXIMUS
274a
Ses.
AE
Rome
288 A.D.
CONCORDIA AVGG SC Concordiaseated 1. RIC, IV2, p. 175, 20

Uncertain type
238 A.D.
(2)
276
277
Ant.
Ant.
278
Ant.
279
Ant.
,,
241-243 A.D.
280
281
Ant.
,,
Ant.
282
Ant.
283
Ant.
,,
243 A.D.
284
Ant.
243-244 A.D.
PMTR P VI COS II PP Emperor r.

FORT REDVX Fortuna seated 1.
CONCORDIA MILIT Same

AETERNITATIAVG Sol 1.
IOVISTATORI Jupiter r.
LAETITIAAVG N Laetitia 1.
VIRTVTIAVGVSTI Hercules r.
285
Ant.
,,
MARSPROPVG Mars advancing r.
286
287
Ant.
,,
SECVRITPERP Securitas 1.
Ant.
,,
288
Ant.
289
Ses.
290
Ses.
,,
238-239 A.D.
240 A.D.
291
Ses.
,,
292
Ses.
293*
Ses.
,,
241-243 A.D.
294
VICTORAETER Victory 1.
VICTORIAAETER Same
PM TR P II COS PP SC Emperor
sacrificing 1.
PM TR P IIICOS PP SC Same
VIRTVSAVG SC Virtus 1.
AETERNITATIAVG SC Sol 1.
Ses.
,,
AVG SC Felicitas 1.
FELICITAS
295
Ses.
,,
SECVRITASAVG SC Securitas seated 1.
296
Ses.
Dup.
,,
LAETITIAAVG N SC Laetitia 1.
297
298
,,
248 A.D.
Same
PM TR P VI COS II PP SC Emperor r.
FELICIT
TEMPORSC Felicitas 1.
299
Ses.
Sea.
300
Ses.
,,
FELICITAS
TEMPORVMSC Same
Ses.
Sea.
,,
,,
MARSPROPVGNATSC Mars advancing r.

MARTEMPROPVGNATOREMSC Same
301
302
303
304
Ses.
Sea.
305*
Ant.
306
Ant.
2*
243-244 A.D.
(52)
SALVSAVGVSTI Salus r.
PMTR P II COS PP Victory advancing 1.
CONCORDIA AVG Concordiaseated 1.
Den.
,,
275
289 A.D.
240 A.D.
RIC, IV2, p. 156, 13
GORDIAN 111 288-244 A.D.

Rome
241 A.D.
6
1
(2)
PRINCIPIIWENTVTISSC Prince 1.
PUPIENUS
274
19
RIC, IV3, p. 28, 129A

RIC, IV3, p. 17, 19
8
1
RIC, IV3, p. 19, 35

RIC, IV3, p. 23, 65
1
1
RIC, IV3, p. 24, 83

RIC, IV3, p. 25, 84
RIC, IV3, p. 25, 86
RIC, IV3, p. 25, 95
RIC, IV3, p. 25, 94

RIC, IV3, p. 31, 143
RIC, IV3, p. 31, 145
RIC, IV3, p. 31, 151

RIC, IV3, p. 31, 154
RIC, IV3, p. 31, 155
RIC, IV3, p. 43, 254a
RIC, IV,, p. 45, 271
3
2
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
RIC, IV3, p. 47, 292a

RIC, IV3, p. 47, 293a
RIC, IV3, p. 48, 297a
RIC, IV3, p. 49, 310a

RIC, IV3, p. 49, 311a
RIC, IV3, p. 48, 300a

RIC, IV3, p. 48, 300c
RIC, IV3, p. 49, 308a

RIC, IV,, p. 51, 328a
RIC, IV3, p. 51, 330
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
RIC, IV3, p. 52, 332a
,,
SECVRITASPERPETVASC Securitas 1.
RIC, IV3, p. 52, 333

RIG, IV3, p. 52, 336
1
1
,,
VICTORIAAETERNA Victory 1.
RIC, IV,, p. 52, 338a
RIC, IV,, p. 16, 4 or p. 35, 193

RIC, IV3, p. 18, 30
Rome or Antioch
288-289 A.D.
PM TR P II COS PP Serapis 1.
239-240 A.D.
20
307
Ant.
308
Ant.
309*
243-244 A.D.
244 A.D.
FORTVNA REDVX Fortuna seated 1.

PM TR P VIICOS II PP Mars advancing r.
1
RIC, IV3, p. 31, 144 or p. 37, 210
or
1
207
RIC, IV3, p. 32, 167A p. 36,
Ant.
VIRTVSAVG Virtus 1.
RIC, IV3, p. 39, 229
310
Ant.
ANNONA AVGG Annona 1.
RIC, IV3, p. 39, 281
310a
AE
Uncertain type
Uncertain
1
1
1
PHILIP 1 244-249 A.D.
(31)
Rome
244 A.D.
LAETITFVNDAT Laetitia 1.
VICTORIAAVG Victory advancing r.
SECVRITORBIS Securitas seated 1.
311
Ant.
312
Ant.
313
Ant.
,,
244-245 A.D.
314
Ant.
245 A.D.
LIBERALITAS
AVGG II Liberalitas 1.
RIC,
315
Ant.
FELICITAS
TEMP Felicitas 1.
RIC,
316
317
Ant.
,,
245-247 A.D.
Ant.
248 A.D.
318
Ant.
319
320
RIC, IV3, p. 72, 36b

RIC, IV3, p. 74, 49b
RIC, IV3, p. 73, 48b
IV3, p. 72, 38b

IV,, p. 72, 31
IV3, p. 71, 27b
IV3, p. 71, 24c
AEQVITASAVGG Aequitas 1.
SAECVLARES
AVGG Column with COS III
RIC,
SAECVLVMNOWM
Ant.
,,
248-249 A.D.
Ses.
244 A.D.
RIC, IV3, p. 71, 25b

RIC, IV3, p. 75, 62
RIC, IV3, p. 90, 172a
RIC,
Hexastyle temple
FIDESEXERCITVS Four standards
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
321
Ses.
FELICITAS
TEMPSC Felicitas 1.
RIC, IV3, p. 91, 187a

RIC, IV,, p. 90, 169a
Ses.
,,
245 A.D.
SALVSAVG SC Salus 1.
322
323
Ses.
245-247 A.D.
Ses.
248 A.D.
AEQVITASAVGG SC Aequitas 1.
SAECVLARES
AVGG SC Lion r.
RIC, IV3, p. 89, 166a (2). 166c (1)

RIC, IV3, p. 89, 158
324
325*
Ant.
Antioch
247-249 A.D.
AEQVITASAVG Aequitas 1.
326
327
Ant.
249 A.D.
PM TR P VI COS PP Felicitas 1.
Same. Emperor sacrificing 1.
cf. RIC, IV3, p. 78, 82

(PLATE 1)
RIC, IV3, p. 78, 78
RIC, IV3, p. 78, 79a (1). 79b (1)
328*
328a
Ant.
ROMAEAETERNAE Roma seated 1.
RIC, IV3, p. 81, 106A
Ant. (3) AE (1)
Uncertain type
Ant.
,,
Uncertain
4
OTACILIA SEVERA
329
Ant.
Rome
245 A.D.
(9)
PVDICITIAAVG Pudicitia seated 1.
RIC, IV3, p. 83, 123c

RIC, IV3, p. 83, 127
RIC, IV3, p. 82, 116b
330
Ant.
246-248 A.D.
IVNO CONSERVAT Juno 1.
331
Ant.
248 A.D.
332
Ses.
245-247 A.D.
333
Ses.
248-249 A.D.
SAECVLARES
AVGG IIII Hippopotamus r.
CONCORDIA AVGG SC Concordiaseated 1. RIC, IV3, p. 94, 203a (2).
203e (1). 204 (1)
PIETASAVGVSTAESC Pietas 1.
RIC, IV3, p. 94, 208a
334*
Ant.
1
1
1
4
1
Uncertain
CONCORDIA AVGG Concordiaseated l.
Rome
249-251 A.D.
TRAJAN DECIUS
249-251 A.D.
335
Ant.
336
337
Ant.
,,
DACIA Dacia 1.
Ant.
,,
338
Sea.

DACIA SC Dacia 1.
c. 249 A.D.
ABVNDANTIA AVG Abundantia r.
RIC, IV3, p. 86, 143
(10)
1
1
RIC, IV,, p. 121, 10b

RIC, IV3, p. 121, 12b
RIC, IV,, p. 123, 29o
RIC, IV,, p. 133, 101a
CATALOGUE
21
FELICITAS
SAECVLISC Felicitas 1.
RI,
IV3,,p. 135, 115a
,,
PANNONIAE SC Two Pannoniae
,,
VICTORIAAVG SC Victory advancing 1.

AVG SC Liberalitas 1.
LIBERALITAS
RIC, IV3, p. 136, 124a

RIC, IV3, p. 136, 126d
RBIC,IV3, p. 136, 120a
2
1
339
Dbl.
Ses.
249-251 A.D.
340
Ses.
341
342
Ses.
As
342a
Ant.
,,
Uncertain
1
Uncertain type
HERENNIA ETRUSCILLA
Rome
249-251 A.D.
FECVNDITASAVG Fecunditas 1.
343
Ant.
344
Ant.
,,
PVDICITIAAVG Pudicitia 1.
345
Ant.
,,
Same. Pudicitia seated 1.
346
Ant.
347
Ant.
Rome
c. 250-251 A.D.
(5)
HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS
RIC, IV,, p. 127, 55b

RIC, IV3, p. 127, 58b
RIC, IV,, p. 127, 59b
251 A.D.
PRINCIPIIWENTVTIS Apollo seated 1.

Same. Prince 1.
TREBONIANUS GALLUS 251-253 A.D.

348
Ant.
Rome
251-253 A.D.
ANNONA AVGG Annona r.
2
2
1
(2)
RIC, IV3, p. 139, 146
RIC, IV3, p. 139, 147c
1
1
(17)
RIC, IV3, p. 162, 31
RIC, IV3, p. 162, 35
1
2
1
2
349
Ant.
,,
IVNO MARTIALIS Juno seated 1.
350
Ant.
,,
LIBERTASAVGG Libertas 1.
351
Ant.
,,
PIETASAVGG Pietas 1.
352
Ant.
,,
PROVIDENTIAAVGG Providentia 1.
RIC, IV3, p. 163, 37

RIC, IV3, p. 163, 41
RIC, IV,, p. 163, 44
353
354
Ses.
Ses.
AVGGSC Liberalitas1.
LIBERALITAS
PMTR P IIIICOS IIPPSC Emperor
RIC, IV3,p. 171, 113

RIC, IV3,p. 170, 100
1
1
3
2
,,
253 A.D.
sacrificing 1.
Milan
251-253 A.D.
356
Ant.
,,
LIBERTASPVBLICA Libertas 1.
357
Ant.
,,
RC, IV,, p. 166, 69

RIC, IV3, p. 166, 70
RIC, TIV,p. 166, 72
358*
Ant.
Antioch
251-253 A.D.
359
Ant.
,,
MARTIPACIFERO Mars advancing 1.
RIC, IV,, p. 168, 80

RIC, IV,, p. 168, 85
355
Ant.
IVNO MARTIALIS Juno seated 1.
VOLUSIAN
360
Ant.
Rome
251-253 A.D.
361
Ant.
,,
362
363
Ant.
Ses.
253 A.D.
251-253 A.D.
364*
Ant.
364a
Ant. (2) AE (1)
251-253 A.D.
(8)
1
IVNONI MARTIALI Juno seated in temple
RIC, IV3, p. 178, 167

RIC, IV,, p. 178, 173
PMTR P IIIICOS II Emperor1.

SC Juno in temple
IVNONIMARTIALI
RIC, IV3,p. 175, 140

RIC, IV3,p. 188, 252a
1
1
PVBL Felicitas1.
FELICITAS
RIC, IV3,p. 183, 217
CONCORDIA AVGG Concordia1.
Antioch
251-253A.D.
Uncertain
Uncertaintype
22
253 A.D.
AEMILIAN
365
Ant.
Rome
253 A.D.
366
Ant.
,,
367
Ant.
(4)
DIANAEVICTRI Diana 1.
PM TR P I PP Emperor sacrificing 1.
SPESPVBLICA Spes advancing 1.
VALERIAN I
253-260 A.D.
368*
Ant.
Rome
253 A.D.
369
Ant.
254 A.D.
FELICITAS
AVGG Felicitas 1.
PM TR P II COS II PP Jupiter 1.
FELICITAS
AVGG Felicitas 1.
370
Ant.
371
Ant.
,,
255-256 A.D.
372
Ant.
,,
373
Ant.
374
375
FIDESMILITVM Fides1.
RIC, IV3, p. 194, 2b

RIC, IV,, p. 195, 7
1
1
RIGC,IV, p. 195, 10
RIC, Vx, p. 45, 89

RIC, V1, p. 45, 86
(38)
FIDESMILITVM Fides 1.
RIC, V1, p. 49, 141

RIC, V1, p. 45, 87
RIC, V1, p. 46, 90
Ant.
,,
257 A.D.
VICTORIAAVGG Victory 1.
ORIENSAVGG Sol 1.
RIC, V1, p. 48, 126

RIC, V1, p. 47, 106
Ant.
258 A.D.
IOVICONSERVAT Jupiter 1.
RIC, Vx, p. 46, 94
376*
Ant.
Milan
257 A.D.
CONCORDIA MILIT Concordia1.
377
Ant.
257-259 A.D.
SALVSAVGG Salus r.
378
Ant.
258 A.D.
SECVRITPERPET Securitas 1.
RIC, V1, p. 56, 238

p. 57, 252f.
RIC,
V1,
RIC, V1, p. 57, 256
379*
Ant.
Antioch
254-256 A.D.
380
Ant.
,,
Ant.
382
Ant.
,,
,,
Berytus, IV, Pl. V, 1lf.

Berytus, IV, P1. V, 23
Berytus, IV, Pl. V, 20f.
381
FORTVNA REDVX Mercury 1.

VENVSVICTRIX Venus 1.
VICTORIAEAVGG Soldier r.
383
Ant.
384
Ant.
256-258 A.D.
257 A.D.
AETERNITATI
AVGG Sol l.
AVGG Felicitas 1.
FELICITAS
PM TR PV COS IIIIPP Emperors facing
Berytus, IV, P1. VI, 10f.

Berytus, IV, P1. VIII, 6f.
Berytus, IV, P1. VIII, 16-19
385
Ant.
Asia Uncertain
255-258 A.D.
386
Ant.
VIRTVSAVGG Emperors facing

PIETASAVGG Emperors sacrificing
Berytus, IV, P1. X, 1-5

Berytus, IV, P1. X, 14f.
387
Ant.
,,
VOTA ORBIS Victories with shield
388
Ant.
,,
RESTITVTORIENTIS Emperor and Orient
Berytus, IV, P1. X, 23-XI, 1

Berytus, IV, P1. XI, 7-10
389
Den.
Rome
260-268 A.D.
390
Ant.
253 A.D.
PAX AVGG Pax 1.
RIC, Vx, p. 161, 346

RIC, Vx, p. 81, 155
391
Ant.
254 A.D.
CONCORDIA EXERCIT Concordia1.
RIC,
392
Ant.
255-256 A.D.
PROVIDENTIAAVGG Providentia 1.
393
394
Ant.
257-258 A.D.
Ant.
260-268 A.D.
VICTORIAGERM Victory 1.
395
396
Ant.
,,
Ant.
397*
Ant.
,,
,,
398
Ant.
,,
399
Ant.
400
401*
Ant.
,,
,,
Ant.
,,
GALLIENUS
253-268 A.D.
AETERNITASAVG Sol l.
ANNONA AVG Annona r.
CONSERVATPIETAT Emperor 1.
DIANAE CONS AVG Doe
Same. Stag
FELICIAVG Felicitas 1.
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
4
3
1
4
(349)
p. 80, 132
V1,
V1,
p. 82, 159
RIC,
p. 82, 175
RIC,
V1,
RIC, V,, p. 144, 157
RIC, V1, p. 144, 159
RIC,
p. 144, 160
V1,
RIC, Vx, p. 145, 161
RIC, Vx, p. 145, 171a
RIC, V,, p. 146, 177
RIC, V,, p. 146, 179
RIG, V,, p. 147, 187
2
1
1
1
2
7
8
7
2
1
1
1
2
CATALOGUE
402
Ant.
403*
Ant.
,,
Same. Felicitas 1.
404
Ant.
,,
FELICITPVBL Felicitas seated 1.
405
Ant.
,,
406*
Ant.
,,
FORTVNA REDVX Fortuna 1.
260-268 A.D.
FELICITAVG Felicitas r.
407
Ant.
,,
Same. Fortuna seated 1.
408
Ant.
409
Ant.
,,
,,
INDVLGENTAVG Indulgentia seated 1.

INDVLGENTIAAVG Indulgentia leaning
on column
410
Ant.
411
Ant.
,,
,,
412
Ant.
,,
413"*
414
Ant.
Ant.
415
Ant.
416
Ant.
417*
Ant.
418
Ant.
419
Ant.
PRINC IVVWENT
Youth 1.
420
Ant.
,,
,,
421
Ant.
,,
SECVRITORBIS Securitas seated 1.
422
Ant.
,,
423*
424
Ant.
,,
VBERITASAVG Uberitas 1.
Ant.
,,
VICTGAL AVG Three Victories
425
Ant.
,,
426*
Ant.
,,
VICTORIAAET Victory 1.
VICTORIAAVG Same
427
Ant.
428
Ant.
429*
Ant.
430*
Ant.
431*
Ant.
Milan
257 A.D.
432*
Ant.
258 A.D.
433
Ant.
434*
Ant.
,,
266 A.D.
435
Ant.
260-268 A.D.
436
Ant.
,,
RIC, V1, p. 147, 189

RIC, V1, p. 147, 191
RIC, V1, p. 147, 192
RIC, V1, p. 147, 192a
RIC, V1, p. 147, 193
1
2
3
5
2
RIC, V1, p. 147, 194a

RIC, V1, p. 148, 205
RIC, V1, p. 148, 206
IOVICONSERVA Jupiter 1.
IOVISTATOR Jupiter r.
RIC, V1, p. 149, 208

RIC, V1, p. 149, 216
IOVIVLTORI Jupiter advancing 1.

LAETITIAAVG Laetitia 1.
,,
MARTIPACIFERO Mars 1.
RIC, V1, p. 150, 221

RIC, V1, p. 150, 226
RIC, V1, p. 151, 236
,,
,,
,,
ORIENSAVG Sol 1.
PAX AVG Pax 1.
,,
Same. Pax seated 1.
,,
PAX PVBLICA Same

PROVIDAVG Providentia 1.
RIC, V1, p. 152, 249

RIC, V1, p. 153, 256
RIC, V1, p. 153, 258
RIC, V1, p. 153, 260
RIC, V1, p. 154, 265
RIC, V1, p. 154, 267 (2). 270 (2)
RIC, V1, p. 155, 278 (2). 279 (1)
RIC, V1, p. 155, 280
cf. RIC, V1, p. 156, 287
RIC, V1, p. 156, 294
RIC, V1, p. 157, 297
2
2
5
5
14
5
6
3
2
1
4
3
4
11
1
6
VICTORIAAVG III Victory advancing 1.

VIRTVSAVG Mars 1.
RIC, V1, p. 157, 299

RIC, V1, p. 157, 305
RIC ,V1, p. 158, 317 (3).
,,
Same. Soldier 1.
RIC, V1,p. 159, 325
,,
VIRTVSAVGVSTI Mars 1.
cf. RIC, V1, p. 159, 330
3
2
VICTGERM Victory advancing 1.

LEGIIIIFLVI P VI F Lion running r.
RIC, V1, p. 99, 404

cf. RIC, V1, p. 94, 343
(PLATE 1)
RIC, V1, p. 96, 357
,,
LEGX GEMVI P VI F Bull r.

PM TR P VIICOS Emperor seated 1.
AETERNITASAVG Sol. 1.
437
Ant.
,,
APOLLO CONSER Apollo r.

Same. Apollo 1.
438
Ant.
,,
FORT REDVX Fortuna seated 1.
439
440
Ant.
,,
MARTIPACIFERO Mars advancing 1.
441
Ant.
,,
,,
ORIENSAVG Sol. 1.
442
Ant.
,,
Ant.
23
443
Ant.
,,
444
Ant.
,,
445*
Ant.
Lyons
258-259 A.D.
320(2).321(2)
RIC, V1, p. 171, 457

RIC, V1, p. 171, 466
RIC, V1, p. 172, 467
RIG, V,, p. 172, 468
RIC, V,, p. 173, 483 (1). 484 (1)
RIC, V,, p. 174, 492
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
3
SALVSAVG Aesculapius 1.
RIC, V1, p. 174, 495

RIC, V1, p. 176, 511b
RIC, V1, p. 176, 516
3
1

VIRTVSAVG Soldier 1.
RIC, V1, p. 176, 523

RIC, V1, p. 177, 534
GERMANICVSMAX V Trophy
RIC, V,, p. 70, 18
24
446*
447*
Ant.
Siscia
260-268 A.D.
Ant.
,,
448
Ant.
,,
PAX AVG Pax advancing 1.

SPESPVBLICA Spes advancing
449
Ant.
Ant.
,,
ANNONA AVG Annona 1.
450
,,
PROVIDENAVG Providentia 1.
451
Ant.
,,
452
Ant.
,,
VICTORIAAVG Victory 1.
CONCORDIA AVG Concordia1.
453
Ant.
,,
454
Ant.
,,
455
Ant.
,,
456
Ant.
,,
457*
Ant.
Asia Minor
266-268 A.D.
458
Ant.
459
Ant.
460
Ant.
Antioch
254-256 A.D.
,,
461
Ant.
462
Ant.
463*
Ant.
464
Ant.
465
Ant.
466
Ant.
467
Ant.
468
Ant.
469
470
471
472
473
ANNONA AVG Annona r.
,,
262-263 A.D.
,,
VICTORIAAVG Victory advancing r.
RIC, V1, p. 183, 588
AETERNTT(sic) AVG Wolf and twins
cf. Berytus, V, p. 61, 4

(PLATE 1)
Berytus, V, p. 61, 5
FELICITAS
SAECVLI Diana advancing r.
VIRTVSAVGG Soldier 1.
DIANA LVCIFERA Diana r.
LIBERALITAS
AVGG Liberalitas 1.
AETERNITATI
AVG Sol 1.
Ant.
264 A.D.
PM TR P XIII C VI PP Lion 1.
264-267 A.D.
Ant.
,,
Ant.
Ant.
,,
,,

VIRTVSAVGVSTI Hercules r.
474
Ant.
,,
475
Ant.
,,
476
Ant.
477*
Ant.
,,
264-266 A.D.
Ant.
,,
,,
480
Ant.
,,
481
Ant.
VIRTVSAVG Mars 1.
AETERNITATIAVG Sol 1.
IOVI STATORI Jupiter r.
MINERVAAVG Minerva r.
MARSVICTOR Mars advancing r.
VIRTVSAVG Emperor r.
AETERNITASAVG Wolf and twins
PAX FVNDATA Trophy
IOVICONSER AVG Jupiter 1.
Berytus, IV, P1. VII, 2f.

Berytus, IV, Pl. VII, 5
Berytus, IV, P1. VII, 9
cf. Berytus, IV, P1. VII, 13
Berytus, IV, P1. VIII, 11f.
Berytus, V, p. 48, 3 (obv. a)
Berytus, V, p. 48, 3 (obv. b)

Ant.
,,
IOVI CONSERVAT Same
SOLI INVICTO Sol 1.

VIRTVSAVG Mars r.
AETERNITASAVG Saturn r.
,,
,,
,,
486
Ant.
487
Ant.
488
Ant.
,,
266-268 A.D.
489
Ant.
,,
Ant.
,,
490
FIDESAVG Mercury 1.
VIRTVSAVG Mars r.
IVBENTVSAVG Emperor 1.
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
Ant.
Ant.
483
Ant.
Berytus, V, p. 48, 6; P1. XV, 14

482
485
,,
266 A.D.
484
1
2
Ant.
Ant.
RIC, V1, p. 183, 586

RIC, V1, p. 181, 572
AETERNITATI
AVG Sol 1.
VICTORIAAET Victory 1.
IOVISTATORI Jupiter r.
PM TR P XII COS V PP Serapis 1.
479
,,
263 A.D.
478
RIC, V1, p. 180, 557

RIC, V1, p. 182, 580
RIC, V., p. 183, 587

RIC, V1, p. 180, 563
RIC, V1, p. 180, 555
CONSERVATORAVG Aesculapius 1.
MINERVAAVG Minerva r.
,,
256-258 A.D.
RIC, Vx, p. 180, 556

RIC, V1, p. 182, 576
RIC, Vx, p. 182, 584
3
6
4
3
2
2
2
1
1
3
4
3
2
2
1
1
1
CATALOGUE
491
Ant.
266-268 A.D.
492
Ant.
,,
IOVICONSERVATORI Jupiter 1.
493
Ant.
,,
MINERVAAVG Minerva 1.
494
Ant.
495
Ant.
,,
268 A.D.
496
Ant.
,,
497
Ant.
,,
498
Ant.
,,
499
Ant.
,,
500
Ant.
,,
501*
Ant.
,,
502
Ant.
503
504
Ant.
505
Ant.
Ant.
SOLI INVICTO Sol 1.
506
Ant.
,,
507
Ant.
,,
508
Ant.
,,
509
Ant.
510
Ant.
511
Ant.
512
VIRTVSAVG Mars r.
CONSERVATORAVG Aesculapius 1.
VENERVICTRICI Venus 1.
PROVIDENTIAAVG Mercury1.
SOLI INVICTO Sol 1.
LVNA LVCIFERA Diana advancing r.

AETERNITATI
AVG Sol 1.
cf. Berytus, V, p. 48, 7 and
p. 56
(PLATE 1)
Asia Uncertain
255-258 A.D.
VIRTVSAVGG Emperors facing
259 A.D.
PIETASAVGG Emperors sacrificing
,,
260 A.D.
25
Berytus, IV, Pl. X, 8-12

Berytus, IV, P1. XII, 6. 14
Berytus, IV, P1. XIII, 10
VICTORIAGERMAN Emperor and Victory

IOVICONSERVATORI Emperor and Jupiter Berytus, IV, Pl. XIII, 20
Same
Berytus, IV, P1. XIV, 8f.
VICTORIAAVG Emperor and Victory
Berytus, IV, P1. XIII, 26. XIV, 1
VIRTVSAVG Emperor and Roma
Berytus, IV, Pl. XIV, 6
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
4
Uncertain
AEQVITASAVG or AVGG Aequitas 1.
2
1
Ant.
IOVISTATORI Jupiter 1.
MARTIPACIFERO Mars 1.
513
Ant.
ORIENSAVG Sol 1.
514
Ant.
515
Ant.
516*
Ant.
LAETITIAAVGG Laetitia 1.
516a
Ant.
Uncertain type
(83)
517*
Ant.
518
Ant.
519
Ant.
520
521
Ant.
,,
FECVNDITASAVG Fecunditas 1.
Ant.
,,
,,
260-268 A.D.
(PLATE 1)
49
SALONINA
Rome
256-257 A.D.
FECVNDITASAVG Fecunditas r.
CONCORD AET Concordiaseated 1.
522
Ant.
,,
IVNO CONSERVAT Juno 1.
523
524
Ant.
,,
IVNO REGINA Similar
Ant.
,,
525
Ant.
,,
IVNONI CONS AVG Doe advancing 1.

PAX AVG Pax 1.
526
Ant.
,,
PIETASAVG Pietas 1.
527
528
Ant.
,,
PVDICITIA Pudicitia 1.
Ant.
,,
Same. Pudicitia seated 1.
529
Ant.
530
Ant.
,,
,,
531
Ses.
255-256 A.D.
IVNO REGINASC Juno 1.
VESTA Vesta seated 1.
RIC, V1, p. 111, 26

RIC, V1, p. 111, 33
RIC, V1, p. 192, 2

RIC, V1, p. 192, 5
RIC, V1, p. 193, 9
RIC, V1, p. 193, 11

RIC, V1, p. 193, 12
RIC, V1, p. 193, 16
RIC, V1, p. 193, 19
RIC, V1, p.
RIC, V1, p.
RIC, V1, p.
RIC, V1, p.
193, 21
194, 24
1
8
2
4
1
2
2
1
2
194, 25
194, 31
RIC, V1, p. 194, 32

RIC, V1, p. 112, 46
3
1
26
532
Ant.
Milan
260-268 A.D.
VENVS FELIX Venus 1.
RIC, V1, p. 198, 65
533*
Ant.
Siscia
260-268 A.D.
CONCOR AVG Concordiaseated 1.
Ant.
,,
535
Ant.
RIC, V1, p. 198, 71

RIC, V1, p. 199, 76
RIC, V1, p. 199, 75
534
536
Ant.
,,
PIETASAVG Pietas 1.
RIC, V1, p. 199, 78
537
Ant.
Antioch
256-258 A.D.
Ant.
,,
IVNO REGINA Juno 1.

PVDICITIAAVG Pudicitia 1.
Berytus, IV, P1. VII, 19f.

Berytus, IV, P1. VII, 21
538
539
Ant.
262-267 A.D.
IVNOREGINA Junol.
Berytus,V, p. 48, 10
540
Ant.
CERERIAVG Ceres seated 1.
Ant.
542
Ant.
266-268 A.D.
541
264-266 A.D.
266 A.D.
543
Ant.
Asia Uncertain
255-258 A.D.
544
Ant.
259 A.D.
545
Ant.
546*
Ant.
547
Ant.
IVNOREGINA Juno 1. with and
547a
Ant.
without peacock
Uncertain type
,,
Uncertain
253-260 A.D.
548
Ant.
Rome
254-255 A.D.
549
Ant.
Antioch
256-257 A.D.
Ant.
Asia Uncertain
258-259 A.D.
551
Ant.
Asia Uncertain
260-261 A.D.
552
Ant.
,,
553
554
Ant.
,,
Ant.
,,
IVNO REGINA Juno 1.
VENVSAVG Venus 1.
SALVSAVG Salus r.
CONCORDIA AVGG Emperor and empress Berytus, IV, P1. XI, 15-19
CONCORDIA AVG Same
Berytus, IV, P1. XII, 7
ROMAEAETERNAE Emperor and Roma
Berytus, IV, Pl. XIII, 16-18
VENVS VICTRIX Venus 1.
RIC, V1, p. 115, 68
VALERIAN 1I
Asia Uncertain
260-261 A.D.
2
2
2
1
1
1
(2)
RIC, V1, p. 118, 20
VICTORIAPART Prince and Victory
Berytus, IV, P1. IX, 12f.
Berytus, IV, P1. XII, 1-3. 23f.
Berytus, IV, P1. XIV, 15f.

Berytus, IV, P1. XV, 1-3
Berytus, IV, PI. XV, 5
Berytus, IV, PI. XV, 10f.
Berytus, IV, PI. XIV, 17f.

Berytus, IV, P1. XIV, 22-24
Berytus, IV, P1. XV, 9
1
1
RIC, V,, p. 344, 89
(1)
SPESPVBLICA Prince and Spes
MACRIAN
260-261 A.D.
(4)
SOL INVICTO Sol 1.

APOLINICONSERVA Apollo 1.
SPESPVBLICA Spes 1l.
QUIETUS
260-261 A.D.
Ant.
556
557
Ant.
,,
IOVICONSERVATORI Jupiter seated 1.

Ant.
,,
SPESPVBLICA Spes 1.
Ant.
Lyons
259-265 A.D.
POSTUMUS
259-268A.D.
1
1
(3)
555
558*
PIETASAVGG Sacrificial implements
SALONINUS
550
(1)
CATALOGUE
VICTORINUS
268-270 A.D.
Ant.
Cologne
268-270 A.D.
560
Ant.
Gaul Uncertain
270-273 A.D.
561
Ant.
IrregularMint
270-273 A.D.
562
Ant.
Rome
268-270 A.D.
563
564
Ant.
,,
FIDESEXERCI Fides 1.
Ant.
,,
GENIVSEXERCI Genius 1.
559
27
(1)
INVICTVS Sol advancing 1.
RIC, V2, p. 396, 114
PAX AVG Pax 1.
RIC, V,, p. 409, 103
Blundered legends. Victory advancing 1.
of. RIC, V,, pp. 412 f.
RIC, V1, p. 213, 18

RIC, V1, p. 214, 36
TETRICUS
270-273 A.D.
(2)
CLAUDIUS 11 268-270 A.D.
(23)
ANNONA AVG Annona 1.
565
Ant.
,,
566
Ant.
,,
567
Ant.
Siscia
268-270 A.D.
568*
569
Ant.
Asia Minor
268-269 A.D.
Ant.
,,
570
Ant.
Antioch
268-269 A.D.
571
Ant.
,,
572*
Ant.
,,
573*
Ant.
Various Mints
After 270 A.D.
574*
Ant.
,,
574a
Ant.
RIC, V1, p. 215, 48

RIC, V1, p. 219, 104
RIC, V1, p. 219, 109
RIC, V1, p. 226, 181 (1). 182 (1)
VIRTVTIAVG Mars 1.
FORTVNAAVG Fortuna 1.
NEPTVN AVG Neptune 1.

CONSER AVG Serapis 1.
CONSECRATIO Eagle 1.
RIC, V1, p. 234, 266

(PLATE 2)
RIC, V1, pp. 233f., 261f.
Same. Altar
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
5
4
Uncertain
Uncertain type
Ant.
Rome
270 A.D.
576
577
Den.
Rome
274-275 A.D.
Ant.
272-273 A.D.
578
Ant.
,,
579*
Ant.
,,
580
Ant.
274-275 A.D.
581*
Ant.
,,
582
Ant.
,,
583
Ant.
Milan
272-273 A.D.
584
Ant.
,,
575
QUINTILLUS
270 A.D.
(1)
RIC, V, p. 242, 31
RIC, V1, p. 273, 78

RIC, V1, p. 270, 48
RIC, V1, p. 271, 53
RIC, V1, p. 271, 56

CONCORDIA MILITVM Emperor, Concordia RIC, V1, p. 271, 60
SECVRITAVG Securitas 1.
AURELIAN
270-275 A.D.
(163)

IOVICONSER Emperor and Jupiter
RESTITVTORBIS Emperor, woman
VIRTMILITVM Emperor, soldier
ORIENSAVG Sol advancing 1.
Same. Sol advancing r.
RIC, V1, pp. 271f., 61 (1). 62 (2)

RIC, V1, p. 272, 64
CONCORDIA MILITVM Emperor, Concordia RIC, V1, p. 278, 120

RIC, V,, p. 279, 128
2
1
2
3
4
1
1
28
585
Ant.
586
Ant.
272-273 A.D.
587
Ant.
588
Ant.
589
Ant.
,,
590
Ant.
Siscia
270-271 A.D.
591
Ant.
592*
Ant.
,,
272-273 A.D.
593
Ant.
,,
594
Ant.
,,
595*
Ant.
,,
596
Ant.
,,
597
Ant.
,,
Ticinum
274-275 A.D.
598
Ant.
,,
599
Ant.
600*
Ant.
,,
274-275 A.D.
601
Ant.
,,
602
Ant.
,,
603
Ant.
Serdica
272-273 A.D.
604
Ant.
274-275 A.D.
605*
Ant.
606
Ant.
607
Ant.
608
Ant.
,,
609
Ant.
610
Ant.
,,
IOVICONSER Emperor, Jupiter

RESTITVTORIENTIS Emperor, woman
VIRTVSMILITVM Emperor, soldier
RIC, V1, p. 279, 129

RIC, V1, p. 280, 140
RIC, V1, p. 281, 147
RIC, V1, p. 281, 151

RIC, V1, p. 282, 154
SOLI INVICTO Same
RIC, V1, p. 286, 192

RIC, V1, p. 287, 199
CONCORDIA MILITVMEmperor, Concordia RIC, V1, p. 288, 215 (6). 216 (3)
RIC, V1, p. 289, 220
CONCORDIA MILI Concordiawith ensigns

CONCORDIA MILIT Two Concordiae
RIC, V1, p. 289, 225

RIC, V1, p. 290, 227
RESTITVORIENTIS Emperor raising woman RIC, V1, p. 290, 233
RESTITVTORORIENTIS Same
RIC, V1, p. 290, 233

IOVICONSERVATORI Same

Same. Victory soaring

ORIENSAVG Sol 1.
Same. Emperor, Sol
PROVIDENDEOR Fides, Sol
1
1
9
1
13
6
1
1
1
V1, p. 291, 237

V1, p. 291, 238
V1, p. 292, 244
V1, p. 293, 255
RIC, V1, p. 294, 257
RIC, V1, p. 294, 259 (1). 261 (1)
RIC, V1, p. 296, 278

RIC, V1, p. 297, 283
RIC, V1, p. 297, 284
RIC,
RIC,
Concordia
CONCORDIA MILITVM Emperor,
RIC,
RIC,
SOLI INVICTO Sol l.
1
9
2
1
4
SOLI INVICTO Soll.
RIC, V1, pp. 297-299, 289 (1).

290 (1). 295 (1). 299 (1)
RIC, V1, p. 299, 308
Cyzicus
270-271 A.D.
PM TR PP Lion r.
RIC, V1, p. 302, 325
,,
272-273 A.D.
IOVISTATORI Jupiter 1.
FIDESMILITVM Emperor, Jupiter
RIC, V1, p. 302, 333

RIC, V1, p. 303, 344
611
Ant.
612*
Ant.
,,
613*
Ant.
,,
614"
Ant.
,,
615
Ant.
,,
616
Ant.
274-275 A.D.
617
Ant.
,,
618
Ant.
,,
619
Ant.
Antioch
274-275 A.D.
620
Ant.
621
Ant.
622
Ant.
IOVICONSER Similar
RIC, V1, p. 304, 346

RIC,
p. 304, 348
V],
RESTITVTORORBIS Same
RIC, V1, p. 304, 347 (2). 348 (2).
349 (2)
(PLATE 2)
RESTITVTORIENTIS Emperor raising woman RIC, V1, p. 304, 351
ORIENSAVG Sol 1.
RIC, V1, pp. 305f., 360 (5).

361 (1). 365 (1)
EXERCITI Emperor, Mars

RESTITVTOR
RESTITVTOR
ORBIS Emperor, Victory
RIC, V1, p. 306, 366

RIC, V1, p. 306, 368 (5). 369 (7)
RIC, V1, p. 308, 386
UnattributedMint
272-273 A.D.
RESTITVTORBIS Same
RIC, V',, p. 310, 399
,,
ROMAEAETERNAE Emperor, seated Roma RIC, V1, p. 311,405
,,
VIRTVSMILITVM Emperor, soldier
RIC, V1, p. 311, 408
1
6
2
12
1
1
2
29
CATALOGUE
Uncertain
623
624
Ant.
CONCORDIA MILITVM Emperor, Concordia
Ant.
625
Ant.
626
Ant.

IOVICONSERVATORI Same
5
1
627
Ant.
628
Ant.
or RESTITVTOR
ORBIS
RESTITVT
629
Ant.
629a
Ant.
Emperor, woman
Uncertain type
630
Den.
Rome
274-275 A.D.
631
632
Ant.
,,
Ant.
,,
633
Ant.
634
10
SEVERINA(11)
VENVS FELIX Venus 1.
RIC, V1, p. 316, 6

RIC, V1, p. 315, 3
RIC, V1, p. 315, 4
CONCORDIA AVGG Emperor, empress

CONCORDIAE MILITVM Concordia1.
Ticinum
274-275 A.D.
Same
RIC, V1, p. 316, 8
Ant.
Siscia
274-275 A.D.
Same
RIC, V1, p. 317, 13
635
Ant.
Cyzicus
274-275 A.D.
Same
RIC, V1, p. 318, 18
636
Ant.
Antioch
274-275 A.D.
Same
RIC, V1, p. 318, 20
637
Ant.
Ticinum
275-276 A.D.
Ant.
,,
RIC, V1, p. 340, 139

RIC, V1, p. 341, 152
638
639
Ant.
Siscia
275-276 A.D.
Ant.
,,
SALVSAVG Salus 1.
RIC, V1, p. 344, 186

RIC, V1, p. 345, 189
640
641
Ant.
Serdica
275-276 A.D.
Ant.
,,
RIC, V1, p. 345, 193

RIC, V1, p. 346, 197
642
CONSERVATMILIT Emperor, Jupiter

PROVIDENDEOR Providentia r.
643
Ant.
Cyzicus
275-276 A.D.
SPESPVBLICA Emperor, Victory
RIC, V1, p. 347, 207
644
Ant.
Rome
276 A.D.
VIRTVSAVG Emperor r.
RIC, V1, p. 354, 47
645
Ant.
Ticinum
276 A.D.
AVG Felicitas 1.
FELICITAS
RIC, V1, p. 355, 60 (1). 61 (1)
646
Ant.
,,
PROVIDEAVG Providentia 1.
RIC, V1, p. 857, 88
2
1
647
648*
Ant.
Serdica
276 A.D.
Ant.
,,
649
Ant.
TACITUS
275-276 A.D.
FELICITAS
SAECVLI Felicitas 1.
PAX AVGVSTI Pax 1.
276 A.D.
(7)
PROVIDEAVG Providentia l.
FLORIAN
(9)
PROVIDENDEOR Providentia, Sol

RIC, V1, p. 360, 111f.
VICTORIAPERPETVAAVG Emperor,Victory
(PLATE 2)
CONCORDIA MILITVM Same
Cyzicus
276 A.D.
RIC, V1, p. 360, 116
30
PROBUS
276-282 A.D.
(101)
650*
Ant.
Rome
276 A.D.
651
Ant.
277 A.D.
652
Ant.
278 A.D.
SOLI INVICTO Sol in spread quadriga

Same. Sol in quadriga 1.
653
Ant.
654
Ant.
,,
279 A.D.
ADVENTVSAVG Emperor riding 1.

ROMAEAETER Roma seated in temple
655*
Ant.
281 A.D.
656
657*
Ant.
Ant.
,,
282 A.D.
658
Ant.
,,
SOLI INVICTO Sol in quadriga 1.

ADVENTVSAVG Emperor riding 1.
ROMAEAETER Roma in temple
659
Ant.
Ticinum
276 A.D.
660
Ant.
277 A.D.
RIC, V2, p. 95, 726

RIC, V2, p. 39, 204
RIC, Vs, p. 39, 202

RIC, V2,,p. 34, 155
RIC, V2, p. 37, 185
1
1
2
cf. RIC, V2, p. 36, 169

RIC, V2, p. 39, 203
of. RIC, V,, p. 35, 157

RIC, V,, p. 37, 187
HERCVLIPACIF Hercules 1.
RIC, V2, p. 64, 435

RIC, V,, p. 58, 375
1
2
661
Ant.
277-278A.D.
AVG Providentia1.
PROVIDENT
RIC, V2,p. 61, 399
662
Ant.
278 A.D.
Ant.
,,
RIC, V1, p. 53, 335

RIC, V,, p. 57, 366
663
664
CONCORD MILIT Emperor, Concordia

FIDESMILIT Fides 1.
Ant.
,,
279 A.D.
RIC, V,, p. 64, 436

RIC, V,, p. 74, 541
RIC, V2, p. 77, 575
Ant.
665
666
Ant.
,,
667
Ant.
668
Ant.
,,
281 A.D.
669
Ant.
,,
670
Ant.
,,
671
Ant.
Lyons
277-280 A.D.
672
Ant.
282 A.D.
673
Ant.
,,
674
Ant.
,,
675
Ant.
Siscia
276 A.D.
676
Ant.
276-277 A.D.
MARTIPACIF Mars advancing 1.

SECVRITPERP Securitas 1.
1
1
1
1
1
PAX AVG Pax 1.
RIC, V,, p. 75, 551

RIC, V,, p. 70, 490
RIC, V,, p. 72, 517
SALVSAVG Salus r.
RIC, V2, p. 71, 501
TEMPORFELICI Felicitas r.
RIC, V,, p. 29, 103

RIC, V2, p. 31, 129
RIC, V,, p. 80, 119

RIC, V,, p. 30, 124
PROVIDENTAVG Providentia 1.
Same
TEMPORFELICIT Same
PAX AVG Pax 1.
SALVSAVG Salus 1.

AVG Felicitas 1.
FELICITAS
PROVIDEAVG Providentia 1.
677
Ant.
678
Ant.
,,
277 A.D.
679
Ant.
,,
680
Ant.
,,
681
Ant.
,,

ORIGINIAVG Wolf and twins
682
Ant.
6883
684
685
Ant.
,,
278 A.D.

PAX AVGVSTI Pax 1.
Ant.
,,
Ant.
,,
686
Ant.
279 A.D.

VIRTVSPROBIAVG Mars advancing r.
687
Ant.
280 A.D.
688
689
Ant.
,,
Ant.
,,
PAX AVGVSTI Pax 1.
690
691*
Ant.
,,
Ant.
,,
692
Ant.
282 A.D.
PM TR P COS PP Emperor 1.
ADVENTVSPROBIAVG Emperor riding 1.

CONSERVATAVG Sol 1.
RIC, V,, p. 87, 651

RIC, V,, p. 90, 675 (1). 682 (1)
RIC, V,, p. 94, 716
RIC, V,, p. 82, 607
1
1
1
2
1
1
RIC, V,, p. 85, 632 (1). 634 (1)

RIC, Vs, p. 88, 657
RIC, V,, p. 92, 703

RIC, V,, p. 101, 776
RIC, V,, p. 98, 713
RIC, V,, p. 96, 783

RIC, Vs, p. 105, 810
RIC, Vs, p. 100, 769 (1);
p. 101, 774 (1)
RIC, V,, p. 87, 650
1
3
1
2
2
1
1
PROVIDENTAVG Providentia 1.
RIC, Vs, p. 89, 670

RIC, V,, p. 98, 712
RIC, V,, p. 94, 720
SALVSAVG Salus seated 1.

of. RIC, V,, p. 98, 756

RIC, V2, p. 95, 731
1
1
1
1
CATALOGUE
693*
Ant.
Serdica
277 A.D.
81
RIC, V2, p. 29, 101 (2); p. 112,
RIC, V2, p. 113, 877 (1); p. 114,

878 (1). 880 (1)
RIC, V,, p. 114, 887
694
Ant.
,,
VIRTVSPROBIAVG Emperor galloping r.
695
Ant.
,,
Same. Emperor riding 1.
696*
Ant.
697
Ant.
698
Ant.
699
Ant.
700
Cyzicus
276 A.D.
861 (1). 862 (1); p. 113,

869 (1)
276-277 A.D.
CLEMENTIATEMP Emperor, Jupiter

ADVENTVSPROBIAVG Emperor riding 1.
RIC, V,, p. 117, 905

RIC, V,, p. 116, 903 (1); p. 117,
904 (1)
280 A.D.
CONCORDIA MILITVM Emperor, Victory
Ant.
,,
280-281 A.D.
VIRTVSPROBIAVG Emperor riding 1.

RIC, V,, p. 117, 907 (2). 908 (2)

RIC, V,, p. 118, 913
RIC, V,, p. 118, 911
701
Ant.
Antioch
280 A.D.
702
Ant.

RIC, V,, p. 120, 922

RIC, V,, p. 120, 925
703
Ant.
704
Ant.
CONCORDIAMILITVMEmperor,Victory
705
Ant.
ROMAEAETERNAE Roma in temple
706
Ant.
SALVSAVG Salus 1.
6
2
4
1
14
1
1
Uncertain
707
Ant.
708
Ant.

Same. Sol in spread quadriga
708a
Ant.
Uncertain type
CARUS
709
Ant.
Rome
282-283 A.D.
710
Ant.
711
712
(4)
283 A.D.
AETERNITIMPERI Sol advancing 1.

VIRTVSAVGG Soldier 1.
RIC, V2, p. 139, 35

RIC, V2, p. 140, 45
Ant.
Ticinum
282-283 A.D.
PAX EXERCITI Pax 1.
Ant.
,,
RIC, V,, p. 143, 75

RIC, V,, p. 144, 82
Ant.
Rome
283-284 A.D.
SPESPVBLICA Spes advancing 1.
CARINUS
713
282-283 A.D.
283-285 A.D.
1
1
1
1
(10)
1
714
Ant.
284-285 A.D.
AEQVITASAVG Same
715
Ant.
,,
AETERNITAVG Aeternitas 1.
716
717
Ant.
,,
FIDESMILIT Fides 1.
Ant.
,,
FIDESMILITVM Same
RIC, V,, p. 170, 250

RIC, V,, p. 170, 252
718
Ant.
Ticinum
283-285 A.D.
FELICITPVBLICA Felicitas 1.
RIC, V,, p. 175, 295
719
720
Ant.
Ant.
PRINCIPI
IWENT Prince1.
VOTAPVBLICAEmperorssacrificing
RIC, V2,p. 162, 197

RIG, V,, p. 177, 315
1
2
721
Ant.
RIC, V,, p. 169,238

RIC, V,, p. 169, 236
RIC, V,, p. 170, 243
1
1
Siscia
282-283 A.D.
283-284
Uncertain
FIDESMILITVMFides 1.
32
MAGNIA URBICA
Ant.
Rome
283-285 A.D.
723
Ant.
Rome
282-283 A.D.
724
Ant.
725
726
722
RIC, V,, p. 184, 343
PRINCIPI
IWVVENTPrince 1.
RIC, V,, p. 188, 362
Siscia
283-284 A.D.
VOTA PVBLICA Emperors sacrificing
RIC, V2, p. 200, 461
Ant.
Cyzicus
283-284 A.D.
RIC, V2, p. 201, 463
Ant.
Antioch
283-284 A.D.
VIRTVSAVGG Same
RIC, V,, p. 202, 467
IOVICONSERVATAVGG Jupiter 1.
RIC, V,, p. 240, 193
RIC, V2, p. 238, 180

RIC, V2, p. 236, 162
1
1
Same. Jupiter r.
SACRA MON VRB AVGG ET CAESSNN
Moneta 1.
RIC, V2, p. 237, 165

RIC, V2, p. 237, 166
C., 434; NZ, 1925, p. 12
NUMERIAN
DIOCLETIAN
727*
(1)
Rome
285 A.D.
283-284 A.D.
(4)
284-305 A.D.
(72)
728
Quin.
(Pl.)
Ant.
729
Ant.
,,
285-286 A.D.
730
Ant.
287 A.D.
731
Ant.
292 A.D.
732
AE2
301-305 A.D.
733
Ant.
Ticinum
285 A.D.
IOVICONSERVAT Emperor, Jupiter
RIC, V2, p. 243, 220
734
Den.
Thessalonica
296-300 A.D.
VIRTVSMILITVM Camp gate
C., 521; Gerin, p. 333, 1
735
Ant.
Heraclea
291-292 A.D.
CONCORDIA MILITVM Emperor, Jupiter
736
AE3
296-305 A.D.
737
AE2
,,
738*
AE3
739
Same. Similar with eagle
1
1
Same
RIC, V2, p. 249, 284

C., 34; Gerin, p. 111, 4
GENIO POPVLIROMANI Genius i.
C., 106; Gerin, p. 111, 6-9
Cyzicus
296-305 A.D.
C., 34; Gerin, p. 131, 9-11
25
Ant.
Antioch
293-295 A.D.
Same
RIC, V2, p. 256, 322
740
AE3
Alexandria
296--305 A.D.
Same
C., 82; Gerin, p. 9, 18
741
Uncertain
Ant. or AE3
Same
C., 84
741a
Ant. or AE3
Uncertain type
MAXIMIAN
742
Ant.
Rome
285-286 A.D.
743
Ant.
285-289 A.D.
27
1
2
285-805 A.D.
(108)
IOVICONSERVATORIAVG (or AVGG)
Same
RIC, V,, p. 278, 506

RIC, V,, p. 278, 508f.
1
1
CATALOGUE
744
Ant.
Ticinum
285-288 A.D.
745
Ant.
33
HERCVLICONSERVAT Hercules r.
RIC, V2, p. 288, 545
287 A.D.
VIRTVS
AVGVSTORVMSimilar
RIC, V2,p. 289, 591
746
Ant.
288 A.D.
CONSERVATORAVGG Emperor, Hercules RIC, V2, p. 287, 579
747
AE2
Thessalonica
296-305 A.D.
GENIO POPVLIROMANI Genius 1.
C., 184; Gerin, p. 333, 2
748
Ant.
292-295A.D.
CONCORDIAMILITVMEmperor,Jupiter
RIC, V,, p. 289, 595
749
AE3
296-305 A.D.
Same
C., 54; Gerin, p. 112, 3
20
750
Ant.
Cyzicus
c. 293 A.D.
Same
751
AE3
296-305 A.D.
Same
RIC, V2, p. 291, 606f.

C., 54; Gerin, p. 132, 8
752
Ant.
285 A.D.
753
Ant.
285-295A.D.
754
754a
Siscia
Heraclea
Antioch
71
IOVICONSERVATORI
AVGG Emperor,
Jupiter
IOVETHERCVCONSERAVGG
Jupiter,Hercules
RIC, V2,p. 294, 623
RIC, V2,p. 294, 622
Ant. or AE3
C., 54
Ant. or AE3
Uncertain type
Uncertain
Aquileia
300-301A.D.
5
1
CONSTANTIUS CHLORUS 805-806 A.D.
(22)
GENIOPOPVLIROMANI Genius1.
C., 61; NZ, 1923,pp. if.
SACRAMONETAVGGETCAESSNOSTR
Moneta1.
C., 264; Gerin,pp. 320f., 14-16
C., 89; Gerin,p. 334, 2f.
755
AE2
756
AE2
301-305A.D.
757
AE2
296-305 A.D.
758
AE3
296-305 A.D.
C., 20; Gerin,p. 1183,3
759
Ant.
Cyzicus
293-295 A.D.
Same
RIC, V2, p. 302, 672
760
AE3
296-305 A.D.
Same
C., 20; Gerin, p. 133, 2f.
11
761
762
AE2
AE2
,,
305-306A.D.
NN Genius1. C., 58; Gerin,p. 133, 5f.

GENIOAVGGETCAESARVM
ROMANI
Same
POPVLI
M., III, p. 90, II. 1
GENIO
1
1
763
Ant. or AE3
CONCORDIAMILITVMEmperor,Jupiter C., 20
Ticinum
Thessalonica
Heraclea
Uncertain
GALERIUS
Carthage
296-297A.D.
764*
AE2
765
AE8
296-8305A.D.
766
AE3
296-805A.D.
305-311 A.D.
(51)
ADVENTAVGGNN Africa1.
FELIX
of. C., 28; Gerin,p. 129, 8

(PLATE2)
C., 22; Gerin,p. 113, 2
Same
C., 22; Gerin,p. 184, 2f.
34
Heraclea
Cyzicus
3
34
Alexandria
296-305A.D.
767
AE3
768
769
770
Ant. or AE3
AE2
AE2
Same
C., 22; Gerin,p. 15, 17
Same
SACRAMONETAVGGETCAESSNOSTR
Moneta1.
C., 22
C., 90
C., 188
6
2
1
M., II, p. 423, IV; p. 425
GENIOPOPVLIROMANI Geniusl.
M.,II, p. 554, II. 4
Same
M., III, p. 230, VIII. 3

M., III, p. 232, XIII. 3
1
1
GENIOCAESARISGenius1.
VIRTVTI
EXERCITVSMarsadvancingr.
IOVICONSERVATORIJupiter1.
cf. M., II, p. 422, I. 2

M., II, p. 423, II. 3
M., II, p. 428, III. 4
1
1
1
GENIOAVGVSTI
CMH Genius1.
M., III, p. 12, II. 3
GENIOCAESARISSame
VIRTVTI
Marsadvancingr.
EXERCITVS.
M., III, p. 96, I. 2

M., III, p. 98, IV. 2
1
1
GENIOAVGVSTI Genius1.
M., III, p. 174, V. 1.
Same
C., 17
C., 9
1
1
SOLIINVICTOCOMITI Sol i.
M., I, p. 210, I. 2
IOVICONSERVATORI
AVG Jupiteron
eagler.
LICINIAVGaroundVOTISXX
M., II, p. 160, VII
M., II, p. 167, IX
Uncertain
GALERIA
Thessalonica
771
AE2
308-811 A.D.
(2)
VENERI
VICTRICIVenus1.
SEVERUS 11 306-307 A.D.

Heraclea
772
AE2
773
774
AE3
AE3
305-306A.D.
(3)
Alexandria
305-306A.D.
306-307 A.D.
Thessalonica
775
776
777
AE2
AE2
AE2
778
AE2
779
780
AE2
AE2
781
AE2
782
783
AE2
AE3
308-309A.D.
,,
311-312A.D.
MAXIMINUS 1I
808-313 A.D.
(9)
Nicomedia
309-311A.D.
Cyzicus
308-309A.D.
,,
Antioch
311-312 A.D.
Uncertain
Rome
784
AE3
A.D.
318-3817
785
AE3
786
AE3
787
788
AE2
AE3
812-818A.D.
320-323A.D.
789
790
AE2
AE2
808-311A.D.
812-318A.D.
Arles
317-820A.D.
320-828 A.D.
LICINIUS I 307-328 A.D. (50)
Siscia
IOVICONSERVATORI
AVGGNN Jupiter1. M., II, p. 317, I. 1
DN LICINIAVGVSTIWreathwith VOTXX M., II, p. 345, VIII
1
1
GENIOAVGVSTI Genius1.
M., II, p. 423, III. 2; p. 425, I. 2
IOVICONSERVATORI
AVGGNN Jupiter1. M., II, p. 431, I. 2
1
4
Thessalonica
CATALOGUE
791
AE3
792
793
794
795
AE2
AE2
AE3
796
320-323A.D.
35
DN LICLICINIAVGVSTIWreathwith
VOTXX
M., II, p. 445, VI
AE8
812-818A.D.
813-817A.D.
817-320A.D.
820-828 A.D.
AVGG Jupiter1.
IOVICONSERVATORI
Same
PROVIDENTIAE
AVGG Campgate
M., II, p. 567, IV. 3

M., II, p. 568, I. 1; p. 579, IV. 1
M., II, p. 584, I. 2
M., II, p. 590, I. 1
1
1
1
1
AE2
Nicomedia
318-814 A.D.
IOVICONSERVATORI Similar
M., III, p. 27, I. 1
797*
798
AE8
AE8
815-318A.D.
318-828A.D.
AVGG Similar
IOVICONSERVATORI
IOVICONSERVATORISimilar
M., III, p. 84, V. 1; p. 88, I. 1

M., III, p. 44, I. 1
799
AE2
Cyzicus
318-317 A.D.
Same. Similar
Heraclea
3
12
800
AE8
,,
Same
M., III, p. 111, I. 1; p. 117, I. 1;

p. 118, I. 2
M., III, p. 111, I. 1
801
AE
3817-318A.D.
IOVICONSERVATORI
AVGG Similar
M., III, p. 119, I. 1
802
AE8
Antioch
815-317 A.D.
Same. Similar
M., III, p. 187, II. 1
803
AE8
Same. Similar
M., III, p. 268, I. 1
804
AE2
C., 70
805
AE3
Same. Similar
C., 74 (1). 86 (1)
806
806a
AE8
AE
IOVICONSERVATORI
AVGG Similar
Uncertaintype
C., 112
3
1
CAESS
NOSTRORVM
DOMINORVM
Wreathwith VOTV
M., II, p. 272, V. 4
Alexandria
817-818A.D.
Uncertain
LICINIUS 11 (14)
Ticinum
807
AE3
808
AE3
320-328 A.D.
CAESARVM
NOSTRORVMSame
M., II, p. 166, V. 3
809
AE3
Siscia
820-823 A.D.
Same
M., II, p. 845, VI. 3
810*
AE3
PROVIDENTIAE
CAESS Campgate
M., II, p. 584, II. 1
811
AE3
3818-828A.D.
M., III, p. 45, I. 3
812
AE3
Cyziczus
3817-318A.D.
IOVICONSERVATORICAESS Similar
813
AE3
318-828 A.D.
IOVICONSERVATORI Similar
M., III, p. 120, II. 1

M., III, p. 128, I. 4
814"
AE3
Antioch
c. 817 A.D.
PROVIDENTIAECAESS Camp gate
C., 43
815
AE3
817-818A.D.
IOVICONSERVATORI
CAESS Jupiter1.
M., III, p. 193, II. 3
816
AE3
C., 21
320-823A.D.
Arles
Heraclea
817-320A.D.
Nicomedia
Uncertain
3*
86
CONSTANTINE 1 307-337 A.D.

817
Rome
312-313 A.D.
818*
AE3
AE3
819
AE3
320-324 A.D.
820
AE3
Aquileia
320-324 A.D.
821
AE3
,,
822
AE3
333-335 A.D.
312-317 A.D.
(527; 3 imit.)

SOLI INVICTOCOMITI Sol 1.
DN CONSTANTINI MAX AVG Wreath
with VOT XX
Same
M., I, p. 204, IV. 1

M., I, p. 203, II. 1; p. 210, I. 1
M., I, p. 226, IV. 1
1
15
2
M., I, p. 322, III

M., I, p. 322, IV. 1
M., I, p. 333, III. 1
SOLIINVICTOCOMITI Sol 1.
DN CONSTANTINI
MAXAVG Wreath
with VOTXX
EXERCITStandard,captives
VIRTVS
M., II, p. 249, I. 3

M., II, p. 271, III. 1
2
1
M., II, p. 264, II. 1
VICTORIAE
LAETAE
PRINCPERP Two
cf. M., I, p. 426f., I. 2 (1) and
VIRTVSEXERCIT Standard between

captives
GLORIAEXERCITVS Soldiers with two
standards
Ticinum
823*
824
AE3
AE3
313-317 A.D.
320-324 A.D.
825
AE3
,,
826*
AE3
320-324 A.D.
Treves
Victories
I. 5 (1)
London
827
AE3
313-317A.D.
828
829*
AE3
AE3
Lyons
313-317 A.D.
317-320 A.D.
830*
AE3
320-324 A.D.
831
AE3
317-324A.D.
832*
833*
AE3
AE3
320-324 A.D.
335-337A.D.
834
AE3
M., II, p. 39, I. 8
Same
VICTORIAELAETPRINC PERP Two
Victories
M., II, p. 102, IV. 1

cf. M., II, p. 108, I. 4
1
1
SARMATIA
DEVICTAVictoryadvancingr.
cf. M., II, p. 117, VI
VICTORIAE
LAETAE
PRINCPERP Two
Victories
SARMATIA
DEVICTAVictoryadvancingr.
GLORIAEXERCITVSSoldierswith one
standard
M., II, p. 161, X. 1; p. 165, I
cf. M., II, p. 167, X

cf. M., II, p. 194, II. 1
1
1
IOVICONSERVATORI
AVGGNN
M., II, p. 317, I. 4
1
4
1
1
Arles
Siscia
312-313 A.D.
Jupiter 1.
835*
AE3
317-324A.D.
VICTORIAE
LAETAE
PRINCPERP Two
Victories
836
837
838
839*
AE3
AE3
AE3
AE4
324-826 A.D.
330-837 A.D.
335-337A.D.
After 337 A.D.
PROVIDENTIAE
AVGG Campgate
GLORIAEXERCITVSTwo standards
Same. Onestandard
VN MR Pietas r.
M., II, p. 336, V. 2 and 4;

p. 344, II
M., II, p. 352, I
M., II, p. 358, I. 1; p. 361, I. 1
M., II, p. 362, IV. 1
C., 716
840
AE4
No legend.
C., 760
841
AE2
812-813 A.D.
M., II, p. 431, I. 5
842
843
844*
845
AE2
AE3
AE3
AE3
313-320A.D.
317-320A.D.
320-324 A.D.
,,
IOVICONSERVATORI
AVGGNN
Jupiter1.
IOVICONSERVATORISame
VICTORIA
AVGGNN Victoryadvancing1.
DN CONSTANTINI
AVGaroundVOTXX
DN CONSTANTINI
MAXAVG Wreath
with VOTXX
846
AE8
,,
VIRTVS
EXERCITStandard,captives
M., II, p. 448, X. 1
,,
Quadriga r.
4
1
Thessalonica
M., II, p. 433, II. 2; p. 486, I. 2

M., II, p. 437, V. 2
C., 119
M., II, p. 444, III
2
1
1
15
4
CATALOGUE
37
847
AE3
324-326 A.D.
PROVIDENTIAEAVGG Camp gate
M., II, p. 461, I. 1 (5); p. 461,

I. 2 (1)
848
AE3
333-337 A.D.
GLORIAEXERCITVS Two standards
849
AE3
335-337 A.D.
After 337 A.D.
Same. One standard
M., II, p. 473, III. 1 and p. 475, I

(6); C., 255 (2)
M., II, p. 476, IV. 1
C., 716
C., 760
IOVICONSERVATORIAVGG Jupiter 1.
with VOT XX
M., II, p. 567, IV. 2
M., II, p. 596, II
Same. Wreath with VOT XXX
VN MR Pietas r.
850*
AE4
851
AE4
,,
852
AE2
Heraclea
312-313 A.D.
853
AE3
324-326 A.D.
854
AE3
,,
855
AE3
833-337 A.D.
856
AE3
Same. One standard
857
AE4
3885-337A.D.
After 337 A.D.
M., II, pp. 598f., VIII. 1 (1) and

3 (1)
M., II, p. 604, III. 1 and p. 606,
I. 1 (6); C., 255 (1)
M., II, p. 607, II. 1
VN MR Pietas r.
M., II, p. 608, II
858
AE4
,,
M., II, p. 608, III
859
AE3
M., II, p. 492, I; p. 503, I. 1

M., II, p. 505, V. 1
No legend.
No legend.
Quadriga r.
Quadriga r.
860
AE3
Constantinople
324-330 A.D.
326-330 A.D.
861
AE3
330-337 A.D.

GLORIAROMANORVM Roma seated 1.
862
AE3
863
AE4
335-837 A.D.
After 337 A.D.
VN MR Pietas r.
864
AE4
,,
865
AE3
Nicomedia
315-318 A.D.
866*
AE3
317-324 A.D.
867
AE3
324-326 A.D.
868
AE3
,,
,,
869*
AE3
870*
AE3
335-337 A.D.
871
AE3
,,
872
AE4
873
AE4
874*
AE2
875
AE2
After 337 A.D.

,,
Cyzicus
c. 307 A.D.
Same. One standard

No legend.
Quadriga r.
7
2
1
23
M., II, p. 518, III. 1; p. 529,

III. 1; p. 533, I. 1
M., II, p. 534, IV. 1
M., II, p. 548, II. 1
23
M., II, p. 548, I. 1
23
12
IOVICONSERVATORIAVGG Jupiter 1.
VICTORIAELAETAEPRINC PERP Two
Victories
M., III, p. 34, V. 2; p. 38, I. 2

C., 635

with VOT XXX
M., III, p. 56, VII

PROVIDENTIA(sic) CAESS Same
M., III, p. 53, I. 1

cf. C., 462
M., III, p. 73, I. 1 (16);

C., 255 (1)
M., III, p. 74, IV. 1
17
M., III, p. 81, XV

M., III, p. 82, XVI
13
Same. One standard

VN MR Pietas r.
No legend.
Quadriga r.
CONSERVATORESKART SVAE Woman

in temple
GENIO AVGVSTI Genius 1.
8
13
C., 73
M., III, p. 112, II. 2

M., III, p. 112, I. 2; p. 118, I. 1
M., III, p. 119, I. 2
876
AE2
877
AE3
313-314 A.D.
313-317 A.D.
317-318 A.D.
878*
AE3
320-324 A.D.
DN CONSTANTINI MAX AVG

Wreath with VOT XX
C., 123
879
AE3
324-326 A.D.
PROVIDENTIAE
AVGG Camp gate
M., III, p. 126, I. 1 f. (6);

p. 127, I. 3 (2)
880
AE3
333-337 A.D.
881
AE3
335-337 A.D.
Same. One standard
M., III, p. 133, III. 2 (1); p. 133,

III. 4 and p. 137, III. 1 (10)
M., III, p. 138, IV. 1
IOVICONSERVATORI Jupiter 1.
IOVICONSERVATORIAVGG Similar
11
2
38
After 337 A.D.
882
AE4
883
AE4
,,
884
AE3
315-317A.D.
885
AE3
,,
886*
AE3
317-324A.D.
887
AE3
324-326 A.D.
888
AE3
333-337 A.D.
889
AE3
890
AE4
891
AE4
892
AE3
VN MR Pietas r.
No legend.
M., III, p. 141, II

M., III, p. 140, I
Quadriga r.
21
11
Antioch
AVGG Jupiter1.
IOVICONSERVATORI
M., III, p. 187, II. 2
PROVIDENTIAE
AVGG Camp gate
M., III, p. 188, IV
VICTORIAE
LAETAE
PRINCPERP Two
C., 640
M., III, p. 202, I. 1 (5); p. 202,

I. 2 (1)
335-337 A.D.

Same. One standard
M., III, p. 210, I. 1; p. 212, I

M., III, p. 212, II. 1
After 337 A.D.
VN MR Pietas r.
M., III, p. 217, II

M., III, p. 217, I
Victories
,,
Alexandria
c. 307 A.D.
No legend.
Quadriga r.
13
4
7
2
M., III, p. 232, XIII. 4
893*
AE3
313-317 A.D.
SOLIINVICTOCOMITI Sol l.
C., 546
894
AE3
335-337 A.D.
GLORIAEXERCITVS One standard

VN MR Pietas r.
M., III, p. 278, IV. 1

M., III, p. 281, II
After 337 A.D.
895
AE4
896
AE3
C., 558
897
898
AE3
AE2
C., 536
C., 283
6
2
Uncertain
899
AE3
Same
C., 291
900
AE2
AVGG Similar
IOVICONSERVATORI
C., 297
901
AE3
Same
C., 301
902
903
AE3
AE3
Altar
BEATATRANQVILLITAS
PRINCPERP Two
VICTORIAE
LAETAE
C., 15
C., 635 (2). 638 (1). 640 (1)
1
4
C., 123
Victories
904
DN CONSTANTINI
MAXAVG Wreath
AE3
with VOT XX
905
AE3
Same. Wreath with VOT XXX
906
VIRTVSEXERCIT Standard, captives
cf. C., 129

C., 690
AE3
907
908
909
910
AE4
AE3
AE3
AE3
VOTXX MVLTXXX in wreath

PROVIDENTIAE
AVGG Campgate
PROVIDENTIAE
CAESS Same
GLORIAEXERCITVSTwostandards
C., 737 (1). 741 (1)

C., 454
C., 462
C., 254
2
6
1
4
911
AE3
Same. One standard
C., 250 (8). C? (5)
13
912
AE4
IVSTVENMEM Aequitas1.
C., 313 (4). 314 (2)
913
AE4
VN MR Pietas r.
C., 716
71
914
AE4
28
AE
AE
No legend. Quadriga r.
Uncertain type
Barbarous imitation of VICTORIAE
LAETAEPRINC PERP
C., 760
914a
915
FAUSTA
916"
AE3
Cyzicus
324-326 A.D.
AE3
Siscia
324-326 A.D.
917
7
3
(1)
SALVS REIPVBLICAEEmpress and children C., 6

HELEN
(17)
SECVRITASREIPVBLICESecuritas 1.
M., II, p. 353, III
CATALOGUE
39
918
AE3
Heraclea
324-326 A.D.
Same
M., II, p. 597, VI
919
AE4
Constantinople
335-337 A.D.
PAX PVBLICA Pax 1.
M., II, p. 535, VI
920*
AE4
Cyzicus
335-337 A.D.
Same
C., 4
921
AE4
Same
C., 4
M., II, p. 536, VII. 2
Uncertain
THEODORA (1)
AE4
Constantinople
335-337 A.D.
923*
AE3
Rome
After 333 A.D.
No legend. Wolf and twins
M., I, p. 255, II
924
AE3
Treves
After 330 A.D.
Same
M., I, p. 479, II
925
AE3
Siscia
After 330 A.D.
Same
M., II, p. 359, III; p. 362, III
926
AE3
Thessalonica
After 333 A.D.
Same
M., II, p. 473, II; p. 475, III
15
927
AE3
Heraclea
After 333 A.D.
Same
M., II, p. 603, I; p. 605
928
AE3
Constantinople
After 330 A.D.
Same
929
AE3
335-340 A.D.
M., II, p. 518, II; p. 528, I;

p. 534, II
M., II, p. 538, XII. 1
930
AE3
Nicomedia
After 335 A.D.
931*
AE4
After 337 A.D.

VOT XX MVLTXXX in wreath
M., III, p. 74, III; p. 75, V

C., 10
932
AE3
Cyzicus
After 333 A.D.
M., III, p. 132, I; p. 137, I
18
933
AE3
Antioch
After 333 A.D.
Same
M., III, p. 210, II; p. 213, III
934
AE3
Same
935
AE3
C., 17
C., 1
922
PIETASROMANA Pietas r.
URBS ROMA (90)
4
14
7
4
Uncertain
936
AE4
VOT XX MVLTXXX
in wreath
CONSTANTINOPLE
937*
AE3
Arles
After 330 A.D.
938
AE3
Thessalonica
After 333 A.D.
Same
939
AE4
After 335 A.D.
Same
C., 10
11
4
5
(74)
No legend. Victory 1.
M., II, p. 188, II; p. 190, II;

p. 195, III
M., II, p. 472, I

M., II, p. 475, II
5
5
40
941
AE3
Heraclea
After 333 A.D.
335-340 A.D.
942*
AE3
After 337 A.D.
VOT XX MVLTXXX
943
AE3
Constantinople
After 330 A.D.
944
AE3
335-340 A.D.
945*
AE4
After 330 A.D.
M., II, p. 518, I. 1; p. 529, II. 1;

p. 534, III
M., II, p. 538, XII. 2
C., 24
946
AE3
Nicomedia
After 335 A.D.
947
AE3
M., III, p. 74, II

M., III, p. 75, IV. 8
13
335-340 A.D.
948
AE3
Cyzicus
After 333 A.D.
M., III, p. 133, II; p. 137, II
10
949
AE3
Antioch
After 333 A.D.
Same
M., III, p. 210, III
950
AE3
Alexandria
After 335 A.D.
Same
M., III, p. 277, III
951
AE3
Same
952
AE3
C., 21
C., 4f.
953
AE3
VOT XX MVLTXXX
C., 20
953a
AE
Uncertain type
940
AE3
Same
M., II, p. 603, II

M., II, p. 607, II. 7
C., 20
in wreath
6
3
1
7
6
1
Uncertain
in wreath
POPULUS ROMANUS
954
AE4
Constantinople
After 335 A.D.
AE3
Rome
320-324 A.D.
Aquileia
317-320A.D.
(1)
M., II, p. 536, IX
M., I, p. 233, XI. 1
IWENTVTISPrince1.
PRINCIPIA
M., I, p. 318, III
Altar
BEATATRANQVILLITAS
M., I, p. 431, V. 24
M., II, p. 160, VIII

C., 154; cf. M., II, p. 162, XII. 1
1
1
M., II, p. 168, XI. 1
Same
M., II, p. 348, XIII. 1
3
1
Star in wreath
CRISPUS
955
(33)
CAESARVMNOSTORVM Wreath with
VOTX
956
AE3
957
AE3
320-324 A.D.
958
AE3
Arles
317-320 A.D.
959*
AE3
317-324 A.D.
PRINCIPIAIVVENTVTIS Prince 1.
VICTORIAELAETAEPRINC PERP Two
Victories
960
AE3
320-324 A.D.
CAESARVMNOSTRORVM Wreath with
Treves
VOTX
Siscia
961
AE3
320-324 A.D.
962
AE3
,,
VICT LAETAEPRINC PERP Two Victories
963
AE3
,,
M., II, p. 343, I. 7

M., II, p. 346, X. 1
964*
AE3
Thessalonica
317-326 A.D.
BEATATRANQVILLITAS Altar
C., 19
965
AE3
320-324 A.D.
M., II, p. 449, XI. 1
VOTX
CATALOGUE
966
AE3
967
AE3
320-324 A.D.
,,
968
AE3
Heraclea
317-320 A.D.
969
AE3
324-326 A.D.
970
AE3
971
AE3
972
AE3
973*
41
M., II, p. 443, I. 1
M., II, p. 449, X. 4
Same. Wreath with VOT V

1
1

DOMINOR NOSTROR CAESS Wreath
with VOT X
M., II, p. 584, II. 2

M., II, p. 596, III. 1
Nicomedia
324-326 A.D.
PROVIDENTIAE
CAESS Camp gate
M., III, p. 54, II. 1
Cyzicus
324-326 A.D.
Same
M., III, p. 127, II. 1 (1); C.,

116 (1)
IOVICONSERVATORICAESS Jupiter 1.
PRINCIPIIWENT Prince advancing r.
C., 80 (1). 81 (1)

cf. C., 87
C., 110
AE3
Uncertain
1
974
AE3
PRINCIPIAIWENTVTIS Prince r.
975
AE3

VOT V
C., 30
976
AE3
Same. Wreath with VOT X
977
AE3
VICT LAETAEPRINC PERP Two Victories
C., 46
C., 140
978
AE3
C., 167
979
AE3

C., 115 (1). 125 (1)
M., I, p. 238, II. 2

VOT V
M., I, p. 322, I. 5
M., I, p. 481, III. 2
VICTORIAELAETPRINC PERP Two

Victories
M., II, p. 108, I. 11
VICTORIAELAETAEPRINC PERP Same
M., II, p. 337, V. 8

M., II, p. 343, I. 8
CONSTANTINE 11 337-340 A.D.

980
AE3
Rome
324-326 A.D.
981
AE3
Aquileia
320-324 A.D.
982
AE3
Treves
330-333 A.D.
983
AE3
Lyons
317-320 A.D.
984
AE3
Siscia
317-320 A.D.
(168)
985
AE3
320-324 A.D.
986
AE3
,,

VOT V
M., II, p. 345, VI. 2
987
AE3
,,
988
AE3
324-326 A.D.

M., II, p. 347, X. 3

M., II, p. 352, II. 2
1
1
989
AE3
330-337 A.D.
990
AE3
335-337 A.D.
Same. One standard
M., II, p. 358, I. 3; p. 362, I. 2

M., II, p. 362, IV. 2
991
AE3
Thessalonica
320-324 A.D.

VOT V
M., II, p. 443, I. 4
992*
AE3
,,
Same. Wreath with VOT X
,,
324-326 A.D.

M., II, p. 449, XI. 2

M., II, p. 449, X. 5
3
1
3
333-337 A.D.
335-337 A.D.
M., II, p. 461, II. 2

M., II, p. 473, III. 2; p. 475, I
M., II, p. 476, IV. 2
993
AE3
994
AE3
995
AE3
996
AE3
VICT LAETAEPRINC PERP Same
Same. One standard
2
1
42
997*
AE3
337-340 A.D.
998
AE3
Heraclea
324-326 A.D.
999
AE3
1000
AE3
333-337 A.D.
335-337 A.D.
337-340 A.D.
Same
C., 244 (1). 246 (7) (under

Constantine I)
PROVIDENTIAE
CAESS Camp gate
M., II, p. 597, V. 2

M., II, p. 604, III. 2; p. 606, I. 2
M., II, p. 607, II. 2
Same. One standard
7
3
1001
AE3
1002
AE3
1003
AE3
Constantinople
324-330 A.D.
1004
AE3
330-337 A.D.

1005
AE3
335-337 A.D.
Same. One standard
1006
AE3
337-340 A.D.
Same
C., 244 (5). 246 (1). 249 (8) (all

Constantine I)
1007
AE3
Nicomedia
317-318 A.D.
1008
AE3
,,
IOVICONSERVATORICAESS Jupiter 1.
PROVIDENTIAECAESS Same
1009
AE3
335-337 A.D.
M., III, p. 38, II. 2

M., III, p. 40, III. 6
M., III, p. 74, I. 2
1010
AE3
AE3
,,
337-340 A.D.
Same
M., III, p. 75, IV. 2

C., 246 (2). 249 (5) (Constantine I)
1011
1012
AE3
Cyzicus
324-326 A.D.
M., III, p. 127, II. 3
1013
AE3
333-337 A.D.
GLORIAEXERCITVSTwo standards
M., III, p. 134, III. 5; p. 137,

III. 2
1014
AE3
Same. One standard
1015
AE3
335-337 A.D.
337-340 A.D.
M., III, p. 138, IV. 2

C., 246 (1). 249 (4) (Constantine I)
1016
AE3
Antioch
324-326 A.D.
1017
AE3
333-337 A.D.

1018
AE3
337-340 A.D.
1019
AE3
Alexandria
335-337 A.D.
1020
1021
AE3
AE3
1022
AE3
Same. Two standards

Same. One standard
,,
Same.
One standard
Same
C., 253 (Constantine I)

M., II, p. 493, II. 2; p. 503, II. 1

M., II, p. 518, III. 2; p. 529,
III. 2; p. 533, I. 2
M., II, p. 535, IV. 2
7
3
14
1
1
8
7
10
8
5
3
4
Same
M., III, p. 202, II. 2

M., III, p. 210, I. 2; p. 212, I
Same
M., III, p. 276, I. 2
BEATATRANQVILLITAS
Altar
C., 133
C., 16
1
1
C., 38
Uncertain
VOTX
1023
AE3
AE3

C., 246
C., 165
1024
1025
AE3
C., 122
1026
AE3
Same

C., 114
1027
AE3
Same. One standard
1028
AE3
Same
1029"
1030
AE3
Rome
324-326 A.D.
AE3
337-340 A.D.
CONS TANTIUS 11 337-361 A.D.

C., 244 (2). 246 (3). 247 (1).

249 (6) (all Constantine I)
3
12
(1855; 3 imit.)
M., I, p. 238, II. 3
C., 99
1
1
CATALOGUE
1031
AE3
337-361 A.D.
SPESREIPVBLICEEmperor 1.
1032
AE4
340-348 A.D.
1033
AE4
343-348 A.D.
VICTORIAEDD AVGGQ NN
1034
AE2
348-353 A.D.
1035
AE3
1036
AE3
43
C., 188
Two Victories C., 293
C., 335
FELTEMPREPARATIO Soldier, fallen

horseman
C., 44
348-361 A.D.
Same
C., 45 (2). 47 (4)
Aquileia
337-361 A.D.
C., 188
C., 196
1037
AE3
1038
AE4
,,
340-348 A.D.
1039
AE3
348-361 A.D.
VICT AVG Victory advancing 1.

VICTORIAEDD AVGGQ NN Two Victories C., 293
FELTEMPREPARATIO Fallen horseman
C., 45 (2). 47 (4)
1040
AE3
Siscia
330-337 A.D.
1041
AE3
337-361 A.D.
1042
AE4
1043
AE2
340-348 A.D.
348-353 A.D.
M., II, p. 358, I. 2; p. 362, I. 3

C., 188
C., 44 (1). 46 (1)
1044
AE3
348-361 A.D.
Same
C., 45 (3). 47 (6)
1045
AE3
Sirmium
8337-361A.D.
1046
AE2
1047
AE3
348-353 A.D.
348-361 A.D.

Same
C., 188
C., 46
C., 45 (3). 47 (6)
1048
AE3
Thessalonica
324-326 A.D.
1049
AE3
AE3
Same. One standard
M., II, p. 461, II. 3

M., II, p. 473, III. 3; p. 475, I
M., II, p. 476, IV. 3
1050
3383-337A.D.
835-337 A.D.
AE3
AE3
Same
C., 94
1052
887-340 A.D.
A.D.
33887-361
AE3
1054
AE4
,,
340-348 A.D.
C., 188
C., 196
33
1053
1051


C., 335
C., 44 (2). 46 (7)
Same
C., 45 (30). 47 (52)
1055
AE4
343-348 A.D.
1056
AE2
348-353 A.D.
1057
AE3
348-361 A.D.
1058
AE4
,,
Same
1059
AE3
,,
1060"
AE3
,,
Same. Emperor 1. on ship

Same. Emperor 1., foot on captive
1061
AE3
1062
AE3
Heraclea
324-326 A.D.
3388-337A.D.
1064
AE8
AE3
835-337 A.D.
A.D.
33887-340
1065
AE3
337-361 A.D.
1066
AE3
1067
AE4
,,
343-348 A.D.
1068
AE2
348-353 A.D.
1069
AE2
,,
1070
AE3
348-361 A.D.
1063
C., 48
C., 33 (4). 36 (6)
cf. C., 38
1
1
6
1
4
2
2
1
1
1
20
1
9
82
3
10
1
M., II, p. 597, V. 3

M., II, p. 604, III. 3; p. 606, I. 3
M., II, p. 607, II. 3
Same
C., 95 (3). 96 (2). 99 (1). 102 (1).

103 (1)
C., 188
C., 196
10
C., 335
11
FELTEMPREPARATIO Emperor 1., two

seated captives
C., 39
Same. Fallen horseman
C., 44 (3). 46 (2)

C., 45 (15). 47 (13)

Same. One standard
Same
6
1
28
44
Constantinople
326-330 A.D.
1072
AE3
330-337 A.D.

1073
AE3
335-337 A.D.
Same. One standard
1074
AE3
Same
1075
AE3
337-340 A.D.
337-361 A.D.
1076
AE3
1077
1071
AE3
C., 99 (2). 102 (19)

C., 188
AE4
,,
340-348 A.D.

VICTORIAEDD AVGGQ NN Two
Victories
1078
AE4
343-348 A.D.
VOT XX MVLTXXX
1079
AE2
348-353 A.D.
1080
AE2
1081
AE3
,,
348-361 A.D.
FELTEMPREPARATIO Emperor driving

captives
1082
AE3
Nicomedia
324-326 A.D.
1083
1084
AE3
AE3
,,
335-337 A.D.
1085
AE3
Same. One standard
in wreath
Same
PROVIDENTIAECAES Camp gate
PROVIDENTIAECAESS Same
1086
AE3
,,
337-340 A.D.
1087
AE3
337-361 A.D.
1088
AE3

FELTEMPREPARATIO Emperor driving
captives
1089
AE4
,,
343-348 A.D.
1090
AE2
348-353 A.D.
1091
AE2
,,
M., II, p. 503, II. 2

M., II, p. 519, III. 3; p. 529,
III. 3; p. 533, I. 3
M., II, p. 535, IV. 3
1
9
3
21
42
C., 196
C., 293
C., 335
C., 41
28
C., 44 (11). 46 (3)

C., 45 (36). 47 (89)
14
M., III, p. 55, III. 4

M., III, p. 54, II. 4f.
M., III, p. 74, I. 3
M., III, p. 75, IV. 4
125
3
3
5
2
Same
C., 95 (5). 98 (1). 99 (1). 100 (1).

102 (11)
19
C., 188
C., 196
12
C., 335
24
C., 41
1092
AE3
348-361 A.D.
1093
AE3
Same
,,
1094
AE3
,,
Same.
1095
AE3
Cyzicus
324-326 A.D.
1096
AE3
333-337 A.D.
Phoenix

C., 44 (2). 46 (1)

C., 45 (14). 47 (41)
C., 33
3
55
1
C., 57
M., III, p. 128, II. 5

M., III, p. 134, III. 8; p. 138,
1
13
III. 3
1097
AE3
AE3
335-337 A.D.
337-340 A.D.
Same. One standard
1098
Same
M., III, p. 139, IV. 3

C., 98 (1). 99 (2). 100 (1). 101 (1).
10A2(11)".103 (1)
17
1099
AE3
337-361 A.D.
C., 188
49
1100
AE3
,,
VICT AVG
C., 196
1101
AE3
,,
VICTORIAAVGG Same
C., 209
1102
AE4
1103
AE4
340-348 A.D.
343-348 A.D.
1104
AE2
348-353 A.D.
VICTORIAE DD AVGGQ NN
VOT XX MVLT XXX
FEL TEMP REPARATIO
seated captives
1105
AE2
,,
Same.
1106
AE3
348-361 A.D.
Same
1107
AE3
,,
1108*
AE3
1109
AE3
Antiochl
324-326 A.D.
333-337 A.D.
Same.
Two Victories
in wreath
Emperor 1., two
Fallen horseman
C., 293
C., 335
39
C., 39
C., 44 (1). 46 (2)

C., 45 (31). 47 (55)
Phoenix

3
86
C., 57
M., III, p. 202, II. 3

M., III, p. 210, I. 3; p. 212, I
1
4
45
CATALOGUE
1110
AE3
1111
AE3
337-340 A.D.
337-361 A.D.
Same. One standard
1112
AE4
343-348 A.D.
1113
AE2
348-353 A.D.
1114
AE3
348-361 A.D.
1115
AE3
1116
C., 95 (3). 98 (4). 99 (1)

C., 188
8
5
29
C., 335
C., 44
Same
C., 45 (13). 47 (25)
38
Alexandria
335-337 A.D.
AE3
337-340 A.D.
Same. One standard
1117
AE3
1118
AE4
337-361 A.D.
343-348 A.D.
M., III, p. 276, I. 3

C., 97 (1). 99 (1)
C., 188
C., 335
1119
AE3
348-361 A.D.
C., 45 (6). 47 (5)
1120
AE3
1121
AE3
2
3
2
11
Uncertain
1122
AE3
1123
AE3
1124
AE3
1125
AE3
1126
AE4
1127
AE4
1128
1129
PROVIDENTIAECAESor CAESS Camp gate cf. C., 167f.

C., 104
Same. One standard
C., 92 (1). 95-103 (32)
C., 188
VICTORIAAVGG Same
2
33
179
5
1
113
AE2

C., 335
C., 44. 46
AE3
Same
C., 45. 47
472

C., 33
Uncertain type
Barbarous imitation FELTEMPREPARATIO
Fallen horseman
1130
AE3
1130a
AE
1131
AE
CONS TANS 1 337-350 A.D.

1132
C., 196
C., 209
AE3
Rome
337-340 A.D.
5
16
1
22
3
(434)
C., 60
C., 102
1133
AE4
337-350 A.D.
1134
AE3
340-348 A.D.
SECVRITASREIP Securitas facing

1135
AE3
Aquileia
337-340 A.D.
1136
AE3
340-348 A.D.
1137"
1138
AE3
Arles
337-340 A.D.
AE4
343-348 A.D.
VOT XX MVLTXXX
1139
AE4
Siscia
337-350 A.D.
1140
AE3
340-348 A.D.
AE4
343-348 A.D.
VICTORIAEDD AVGGQ NN Two Victories C., 176 (3). 179 (1)

C., 197
1141
1142
AE3
Thessalonica
333-337 A.D.
1143
AE3
335-337 A.D.
Same. One standard
1
1
1144
AE3
1145
AE4
337-340 A.D.
337-350 A.D.
1146
AE3
340-348 A.D.
Same
C., 54 (6). 59 (1)
C., 106
C., 54
in wreath
cf. C., 62
C., 197
(PLATE 2)
C., 106
M., II, p. 473, III. 4; p. 475, I

M., II, p. 476, IV. 4
1
2
1
1
7
1
26
46
1147
AE4
1148
AE2
343-348 A.D.
348-350 A.D.
1149
AE3
,,
1150
AE3
Heraclea
337-340 A.D.
1151
AE4
343-348 A.D.
VOT XX MVLTXXX
1152
AE3
Constantinople
333-337 A.D.
1153
AE3
1154
AE3
335-337 A.D.
337-340 A.D.
1155
AE4
337-350 A.D.
1156
AE4
,,
1157
AE4
1158
AE3
,,
340-348 A.D.
VOT XX MVLTXXX
in wreath
FELTEMPREPARATIO Emperor 1. on ship

Same
in wreath
C., 197
C., 11
C., 10
20
C., 59 (2). 60 (1). 68 (1)

C., 197

Same. One standard
M., II, p. 529, III. 4; p. 533, I. 4

C., 47 (2). 49 (2). 50 (1)
Same
C., 54 (1). 59 (5). 60 (21)

C., 102

C., 106
4
11
3
5
27
1
1
1
1159
AE4
1160
AE2
343-348 A.D.
348-350 A.D.
1161
AE3
,,
VICTAVG Victory advancing 1.

C., 119
C., 197
FELTEMPREPARATIO Soldier dragging
C., 18
captive r.
C., 10
1162
AE3
,,
C., 16
1163
AE3
Nicomedia
335-337 A.D.
M., III, p. 75, IV. 5 (4); C., 50 (2) 6

16
C., 54 (2). 58 (1). 59 (5). 60 (8)
197
26
C.,
1164
AE3
1165
AE4
337-340 A.D.
343-348 A.D.
VOT XX MVLTXXX
1166
AE3
Cyzicus
383-337 A.D.
1167
AE3
1168
AE3
835-337 A.D.
337-340 A.D.
1169
AE3
AE4
340-348 A.D.
343-348 A.D.
1170
Same
in wreath
M., III, p. 1834,III. 11; p. 138,

III. 4
M., III, p. 139, IV. 4

Same
C., 54 (3). 59 (9). 60 (12). 65 (1).
68 (3)
C., 197
Same. One standard
4
12
2
1
7
4
5
28
2
31
C., 18
C., 15
C., 16
1
2
M., III, p. 218, II. 4

C., 196
1
2
C., 197
C., 53 (1). 59 (1). 67 (1)

1
1
1171
AE2
348-350 A.D.
1172
AE2
,,
FELTEMPREPARATIO Soldier dragging

captive r.
1173
AE3
,,
Same
1174
AE3
Antioch
335-337 A.D.
348-348 A.D.

VOT XV MVLTXX
in wreath
1175
AE3
1176
AE4
,,
1177
AE3
1178
AE3
Alexandria
387-340 A.D.
340-348 A.D.
1179
AE4
343-348 A.D.
1180
AE3
1181
AE3
Same. One standard
VOT XX MVLTXXX
in wreath
C., 197
Uncertain
C., 72 (1). 75 (1)
C., 47 (1). 49 (1). 50 (1). 58 (1).
54 (4). 59 (5). 60 (11). 62 (1).
65 (1). ? (2)
2
28
CATALOGUE
1182
AE4
1183
AE4
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
47
AE3
C., 102
C., 106
22
AE3
AE4
AE2
VOTXV MVLTXX in wreath

VOTXX MVLTXXX
in wreath
FELTEMPREPARATIOSoldierdragging
C., 196
C., 197
C., 18
1
62
1
AE2
C., 11
C., 10
1189
AE3
captive r.
Same
1190
AE3
C., 16
1191
AE3
Same. Phoenix
C., 22
1191 a
AE
Uncertain type
DELMA TIUS
1192
AE3
1193*
Constantinople
(4)
335-337A.D.
GLORIAEXERCITVSOnestandard
M., II, p. 535, IV. 5
AE3
Nicomedia
335-337 A.D.
Same
cf. M., III, p. 75, IV. 6
1194
AE3
Uncertain
335-337 A.D.
Same
1195
,,
C., 6
C., 11
AE3
C., 1
cf. C., 70
Same. Two standards
VETRANJO
350 A.D.
Thessalonica
1196
AE2
350A.D.
CONCORDIAMILITVMEmperorl.
MAGNENTIUS
Treves
1197*
AE2
1197a
AE
350-358A.D.
(1)
350-3538A.D.
(2)
VICTORIAE
DD NN AVGETCAES Two
Victories
Uncertain
Uncertaintype
CONSTANTIUS
Rome
1198
AE3
851-354A.D.
GALLUS (123)
FELTEMPREPARATIOFallenhorseman
C., 9
Siscia
1199
AE8
851-354 A.D.
Same
C., 10 (1). 12 (1). 14 (1). 18 (1)
1200
AE3
Sirmium
351-854 A.D.
Same
C., 14
1201
AE2
CONCORDIAMILITVMEmperor1.
C., 3
C., 12 (3). 14 (1). ? (1)
Same
C., 9 (2). 10 (1). 14 (1). 18 (2).
C., 8 (8). 11 (1)

C., 9 (6). 12 (4). 14 (1). 18 (2)
of. C., 36
Thessalonica
851-354 A.D.
1202
AE3
,,
1203"
AE3
Heraclea
351-354 A.D.
1204
AE2
1205
AE8
AE3
1206*
of. 16 (2)
Constantinople
351-854 A.D.
,,
,,
Same
Same
18
2
48
Nicomedia
351-354 A.D.
1207
AE2
1208
AE3
,,
1209
AE2
Cyzicus
351-354 A.D.
Same
1210
AE3
,,
Same
C., 8 (3). 11 (1)

C., 9 (2). 12 (4). 14 (2). 18 (2).
cf. 16 (2)
1211
AE3
Alexandria
351-354 A.D.
Same
C., 18
1212
AE2
CONCORDIA MILITVM Emperor 1.
1213
AE2
1214
AE3
Same
1215
AE3
1215 a
AE
Uncertain type
C., 1
C., 7 (1). 8 (5). 11 (2)
C., 9 (12). 12 (8). 14 (5). 18 (5).
of. 16 (1). ? (6)
cf. C., 36

Same
C., 7 (1). 16 (1)

C., 9 (6). 10 (1). 18 (2). cf. 16 (1)
2
10
4
12
Uncertain
JULIAN 11 361-363 A.D.

1216
AE3
Rome
355-360 A.D.
1217
AE3
,,
1218
AE3
Aquileia
355-360 A.D.
1219*
AE3
Lyons
355-360 A.D.
1220
AE3
361-363 A.D.
1221
AE3
Siscia
355-360 A.D.
1222
AE3
1223
1
8
37
4
5
(283)
2
C., 14 (1). 18 (1)

C., 45
C., 14
Same
cf. C., 47
C., 50

VOT X MVLTXX in wreath
C., 14
C., 151
361-363 A.D.
AE3
Sirmium
355-360 A.D.
AE3
,,
C., 13
C., 41 (1). 42 (2)
1224
1225
AE3
Thessalonica
355-360 A.D.
1226*
AE3
,,
1227
AE1
AE3
861-363 A.D.
1228
1229
AE3
1230
AE3
1231
AE3
,,
361-363 A.D.
1232
AE3
Constantinople
355-860 A.D.
1233
AE3
1234
1235
1236
AE3
AE1
AE3
,,
Hera lea
355-360 A.D.
,,
361-363 A.D.
,,
,,
C., 9 (1). 16 (1). 19 (8)

C., 41 (1). 43 (1). 45 (5). 47 (1).
? (1)
C., 38
10
C., 151
20
C., 10
C., 45 (1). ? (1)

C., 151

SECVRITASREIPVB Bull r.
VOT X MVLTXX
VOT X MVLTXX
in wreath
in wreath
9
2
C., 14 (2). 16 (1). 18 (1). 19 (7)
11
C., 42 (2). 43 (1). 45 (7). 47 (1).
15
Same
C., 48 (1). 51 (2)

C., 38
C., 151
? (4)
49
CATALOGUE
1237*
AE3
Nicomedia
355-360 A.D.
1238*
AE3
,,
1239
AE3
861-363 A.D.
1240
AE1
,,
C., 9 (2). 10 (1). 14 (1). 19 (1).

C. NOT (1)
C., 41 (1). 43 (1). ? (2). C. NOT

(1) (PLATE 2)
50
C.,
C., 38
5
2
C., 151
Same
1241
AE3
,,
1242
AE3
Cyzicus
355-360 A.D.
1243
AE3
1244
AE3
,,
361-363 A.D.
Same
1245
AE1
1246
AE3
,,
1247
AE3
Antioch
355-360 A.D.
1248
AE3
1249
AE3
,,
361-363 A.D.
1250
AE3
Alexandria
361-363 A.D.
1251
AE3
,,
1252*
AE3
C., 9 (1). 10 (4). 14 (9). 16 (4).

18 (2). 19 (19). ? (13). C.
54
1253*
AE3
C., 41 (2). 42 (1). 43 (7). 44 (1).

45 (8). 47 (4). 48 (4). 50 (2).
51 (2). 2 (30). C. NOT (3)
C., 52
64
in wreath
VOT X MVLTXX

in wreath
VOT X MVLTXX
Same
C., 13 (1). 14 (1). 15 (1). 16 (2).

19 (3). ? (2)
45
C.,
(1). 47 (3). ? (1)
10
5
C., 51
C., 38
C., 151
C., 14 (1). 18 (1). 19 (2)

C., 42 (1). 45 (1). ? (1)
C., 150 (1). 151 (3)
C., 151
C., 51
3
4
Uncertain
NOT(2)
1254
AE3
1255
AE3
VICTORIAAVGG Victory advancing 1.

1255 a
AE
Uncertain type
C., 151
3
6
6
HOUSE OF CONSTANTINE
(1419)
Rome
Same. One or two standards
1
2
1

4
1

VICTORIAEDD AVGGQ NN Two Victories
VOT XV MVLTXX in wreath
Aquileia
VOT XX MVLTXXX
in wreath
1
2
1
1
Siscia
1
2
Thessalonica
17
4
2
1
9
3
4
Sirmium

Heraclea
4
5
2
2
VICTAVG or VICTORIAAVGG
1
1
5
50
Constantinople
45
Same. Emperor1. on ship

Same. Onestandard
1
2
13
Same. Onestandard
Same. Oneor two standards
22
1
4
2
Same. Onestandard
21
1
7
SPESREIPVBLICE
Emperor1.
7
1
2
1
1
CONCORDIAMILITVMEmperor1.
Same. Emperor1. on ship
Same. Onestandard
CAESS Campgate
PROVIDENTIAE
1
517
2
8
62
22
2
SPESREIPVBLICE
Emperor1.
DD AVGGQNN TwoVictories
VICTORIAE
17
1
10
Nicomedia
SPESREIPVBLICE
Emperor1.
VICTORIAE
Cyzicus
7
2
11

SPESREIPVBLICE
Emperor1.
1
13
14
AVGG
VICTAVGor VICTORIA
Victoryadvancing1.
Antioch
Alexandria
SPESREIPVBLICE
Emperor1.
1
1
Uncertain
JOVIAN
Thessalonica
363-364A.D.
1256
AE1
1257
AE3
363-364 A.D.
1258
AE3
,,
1259
AE3
1260*
AE3
1261
AE3
1262
1263
1263a
AE3
AE3
AE
SPESREIPVBLICE
Emperor1.
AVGG
VICTAVGor VICTORIA
Victoryadvancing1.
VICTORIAE
PRINCPERP TwoVictories
VICTORIAE
LAETAE
Uncertaintype
8638-364A.D.
363-364 A.D.
Cyzicus
868-864A.D.
ROMANORVMEmperorr.
VICTORIA
C., 23
VOTV in wreath
C., 31 (1). 32 (1)
VOT V MVLTX in wreath
C., 34
VOTV in wreath
C., 32
VOTV MVLTX in wreath
C., 35
VOTV in wreath
C., 31
Same
Uncertaintype
C., 81 (1). 32 (1)

C., 35
2
1
1
Antioch
863-364 A.D.
Uncertain
Rome
1264
AE3
364-867A.D.
1265
AE3
364-375A.D.
14
1
146
26
(13)
Heraclea
Constantinople
319
4
VALENTINIAN 1 864-375 A.D.
GLORIAROMANORVMEmperor
draggingcaptiver.
REIPVBLICAE
SECVRITAS
Victory
advancing1.
(224; 1 imit.)
RIC, IX, p. 119, 15a
RIG, IX, pp. 120f., 17a. 24a
CATALOGUE
1267
AE3
Aquileia
364-867 A.D.
364-375 A.D.
1268*
AE8
Siscia
864-367 A.D.
1269
AE3
1270
AE3
1271*
AE8
,,
1272
AE3
Thessalonica
864-867 A.D.
,,
1266
AE8
,,
867-875 A.D.
51
Same
RIC, IX, p. 95, 9a
GLORIAROMANORVM Emperor, captive
RIC, IX, pp. 95f., 7a. 11a
Same
Same
RIC, IX, p. 146, 5a

RIC, IX, p. 146, 7a
RIC, IX, p. 147, 15 a
GLORIA ROMANORVM Emperor, captive
RIC, IX, p. 147, 14a
RESTITVTORREIP Emperor r.
SECVRITASREIPVBLICAEVictory
Same
RIC, IX, p. 176, 17a

RIC, IX, p. 176, 16a
13
RIC, IX, p. 176, 18a

RIC, IX, p. 178, 27 a
18
RIC, IX, p. 178, 26a
12
2
2
1273
AE3
1274
AE8
1275
AE8
,,
367-375 A.D.
1276
AE8
,,
1277
AE8
Heraclea
864-367 A.D.
Same
RIC, IX, p. 191, 3a
1278
AE1
Constantinople
8
A.D.
364-367
RESTITVTORREIPVBLICAEEmperor r.
1279
AE3
RIC, IX, p. 214, 15

RIC, IX, p. 215, 20a
1280
1281
,,
RESTITVTORREIP Same
AE3
,,
RIC, IX, p. 214, 16a

RIC, IX, p. 215, 21a
12
AE3

Same
RIC, IX, p. 221, 42a
Same
RIC, IX, p. 252, 12a

RIC, IX, p. 252, 9a

RESTITVTORREIP Emperor 1.
RIC, IX, p. 240, 10a

RIC, IX, pp. 240f., 8a. 12a
RIC, IX, p. 241, 11a. 13a
RIC, IX, p. 274, 11 a

RIC, IX, p. 274, 10a; p. 281, 35a
RIC, IX, p. 275, 12a; p. 281, 86a
1282
AE3
,,
367-375 A.D.
1283
AE3
Nicomedia
364-867 A.D.
1284
AE3
1285
,,
1286
Cyzicus
A.D.
AE3 864-867
AE8
864-875 A.D.
1287
AE3
,,
1288
AE3
Antioch
364-867 A.D.
1289
AE3
864-375 A.D.
1290
AE3
,,
1291
AE3
1292
AE3
Alexandria
864-367 A.D.
864-375 A.D.
1293
13
3
1
7
10
1
7
4
1
RIC, IX, p. 298, 2a

RIC, IX, pp. 298f., 3a. 5a
AE3
AE3
C., 21
C., 12
AE3
AE
AE
C., 87
Uncertain
1294
1295
1295a
1296
Uncertain type
Barbarous imitation of SECVRITAS
REIPVBLICAE
VALENS
1297*
AE3
1298
AE3
4*
Rome
364-367 A.D.
364-378 A.D.
36
43
1
1
864-378 A.D. (521)

RIC, IX, p. 119, 15b

RIC, IX, pp. 120-122, 17b.
24b. 28b
1
6
52
1299*
AE3
Treves
367-375 A.D.
Same
RIC, IX, p. 20, 32b
1300
AE3
Arles
375-378 A.D.
RIC, IX, p. 66, 18a
1301*
AE3
Siscia
364-367 A.D.
Same
AE3
Same
RIC, IX, p. 146, 5b

RIC, IX, p. 146, 7b
1302
RIC, IX, p. 147, 15b

RIC, IX, p. 147, 14b
1303
AE3
,,
367-375 A.D.
1304
AE3
,,
1305
AE3
Thessalonica
364-367 A.D.
1306
AE3
,,
1307
AE3
1308
AE3
1309

Same
2
1
RIC, IX, p. 176, 16b

RIC, IX, p. 176, 18b
RIG, IX, p. 178, 27b
62
3867-375A.D.
,,
Same
RIC, IX, p. 178, 26b
36
AE3
Heraclea
364-367 A.D.
Same
1310
AE3
,,
RIC, IX, pp. 191f., 3b-c

RIC, IX, p. 192, 5b-c
1311*
Arg.
Constantinople
864-367 A.D.
VOT V in wreath
cf. RIC, IX, p. 211, 11 h-i
1312
AE3
364-367 A.D.
1313
AE3
RIC, IX, p. 214, 16b-c

RIC, IX, p. 216, 21b-c
1314
AE3
,,
367-375 A.D.

Same
1315
AE3
,,
RIC, IX, p. 221, 42b

RIC, IX, p. 220, 41b
1316
AE3
Nicomedia
364-367 A.D.
AE3
,,
RIC, IX, p. 252, 9b-c

RIC, IX, p. 252, 11b
10
1317
1318
AE3
,,
RIC, IX, p. 252, 12b-c
1319
AE3
Cyzicus
364-367 A.D.
364-375 A.D.
RIC, IX, p. 241, 10b

RIC, IX, pp. 240f., 8b. 12b
RIC, IX, p. 241, 11 b. 13b
(PI.)
1320
AE3
1321
AE3
,,
1322
1323
AE3
AE3
Antioch
364-367 A.D.
364-375 A.D.
1324
1325
AE3
AE3
1326
AE3

Same
33
15
25
31
5
17
27
Same
RIC, IX, p. 275, 12b

RIC, IX, p. 274, 10b-c; p. 281,
35b
6
7
Same
RIG, IX, pp. 298f., 1b. 4b

RIC, IX, pp. 298f., 3b. 5b
1
1
C., 29
C., 11
Uncertain type
C., 47
Alexandria
364-375 A.D.
,,
Uncertain
1327
AE3
1328
AE3
1328 a
AE
PRO COPIUS
1329
AE3
1330"
AE4
Constantinople
365-366 A.D.
,,
365-366 A.D.
REPARATIOFELTEMP Emperor r.
No legend. Cross in wreath
80
111
3
(5)
RIC, IX, p. 215, 18
Pearce, p. 78, 150
1
3
CATALOGUE
AE3
Cyzicus
365-366 A.D.
1332
AE3
Rome
367-375 A.D.
1333
AE2
378-383 A.D.
1334*
Sil.
Aquileia
378-383 A.D.
1331
(P1.)
REPARATIOFELTEMP Emperor r.
RIC, IX, p. 240, 9
REPARATIOREIPVB Emperor raising
woman
RIG, IX, p. 121, 24c

RIC, IX, p. 125, 43a
2
8
GLORIA ROMANORVM Roma seated
RIC NOT (PLATE 2)
RIC, IX, p. 100, 30a

RIC, IX, p. 101, 32a
RIC, IX, p. 102, 38a
REPARATIOREIPVB Emperor, woman
RIG, IX, p. 67, 20a

RIG, IX, p. 147, 14c-d

RIC, IX, p. 147, 15c
REPARATIO
REIPVBEmperor,woman
RIC, IX, p. 150, 26a
VOT XV MVLTXX
RIC, IX, p. 152, 31a
RIC, IX, p. 178, 26c

RIC, IX, p. 178, 27c
RIC, IX, p. 181, 37a

RIC, IX, p. 182, 42
27
RIC, IX, p. 182, 43
RIC, IX, p. 196, 18a

RIC, IX, p. 196, 20a

RIC, IX, p. 220, 41 c

RIGC,IX, p. 221, 42c
RIC, IX, p. 229, 64a
RIC, IX, p. 257, 27a

RIC, IX, p. 258, 30a
4
1
RIC, IX, p. 259, 37 a

RIC, IX, p. 259, 39a
2
4
RIC, IX, p. 241, 12c

RIC, IX, p. 241, 13c
1
1
RIC, IX, p. 244, 21a

RIGC,IX, p. 244, 22a
RIC, IX, p. 281, 36c

RIC, IX, p. 289, 56a
GRATIAN 367-383A.D. (165)
1335
AE2
,,
1336
AE3
,,

CONCORDIA AVGGG Roma seated
1337
AE4
,,
VOT XV MVLTXX
1338
AE2
Arles
378-383 A.D.
1339
AE3
Siscia
367-375 A.D.
1340
AE3
,,
378-383A.D.
1341
AE2
1342
AE4
,,
1343
AE3
Thessalonica
367-375 A.D.
1344
AE3
,,
378-383 A.D.
in wreath
in wreath

1345
AE2
1346
AE3
,,
VIRTVSROMANORVM Roma seated
1347
AE4
,,
-VOT XV MVLTXX
1348
AE4
Heraclea
378-383 A.D.
1349
AE4
1350
1351
AE3
AE3
1352
AE4
,,
378-383 A.D.
1353
AE2
Nicomedia
378-383 A.D.
,,
Constantinople
367-375 A.D.
53
in wreath
VOT V in wreath
VOT XX MVLTXXX
in wreath
1354
AE3
,,

1355
AE4
,,
VOT V in wreath
1356
AE4
,,
VOT XX MVLTXXX
1357
AE3
Cyzicus
367-375 A.D.
1358
AE3
,,
1359
AE4
378-383 A.D.
1360
AE4
,,
1361
AE3
Antioch
367-375 A.D.
1362
AE4
378-383 A.D.
VOT X MVLTXX
in wreath

VOT X MVLTXX
in wreath
VOT XX MVLTXXX
in wreath
in wreath
6
1
54
1363
AE2
1364
1365
Alexandria
378-383 A.D.
RIC, IX, p. 300, 8a
AE3
C., 23
10
AE3
SECVRITAS
REIPVBLICAE
Victory
C., 34
13
Uncertain
1366
AE2
C., 30
1367
AE3
CONCORDIAAVGGG Romaseated
C., 3
1368
AE4
VOT V in wreath
C., 64
1369
AE4
C., 75
1370
AE4
VOT XX MVLTXXX
C., 77
1370a
AE
Uncertain type
VALENTINIAN
in wreath
II
375-392 A.D.
Rome
1371
1372
AE2
AE3
378-383A.D.
1373
AE4
383-388 A.D.
1374
AE2
1375
1376
(514)
REPARATIO
REIPVBEmperor,woman
VICTORIA
AVGGG, Victoryadvancing1.
RIC, IX, p. 126, 43b-c

RIC, IX, p. 127, 48b
5
1
Same. Two Victories
RIC, IX, p. 130, 57a-b
13
378-383A.D.
REPARATIO
REIPVBEmperor,woman
RIC, IX, p. 100, 30b-c
AE4
383-388 A.D.
VICTORIAAVGGG Two Victories
388-392 A.D.
SALVS REIPVBLICAEVictory dragging

cap tive 1.
RIC, IX, p. 104, 47a

RIC, IX, p. 106, 58a
AE4
1377
AE2
Siscia
378-383 A.D.
AE4
1379
AE4
,,
384-387 A.D.
VICTORIAAVGGG Victory 1.
RIC, IX, p. 150, 26b

RIC, IX, p. 151, 29b
RIC, IX, p. 155, 39a
1378
1380
AE2
Thessalonica
378-383 A.D.
1381
AE3
RIC, IX, p. 181, 37b-c

RIC, IX, p. 182, 41
1382
AE4
,,
383-384 A.D.

1383
AE3
384-388 A.D.
1384
AE3
,,
VIRTVSAVGGG Emperor 1. on ship

GLORIA REIPVBLICECamp gate
1385
AE4
,,
Same
1386
AE4
,,
1387
AE4
388-392 A.D.
1388
AE4
1389
AE4
Heraclea
378-383 A.D.
388-392 A.D.
1390
AE2
Constantinople
378-383 A.D.
,,
Aquileia

in wreath
VOT V MVLTX
VOT X MVLTXX
in wreath
RIC, IX, p. 184, 49a

RIC, IX, p. 186, 61a
RIC, IX, p. 186, 59a
1
4
16
1
3
48
21
29
VICTORIAAVG Two Victories
RIC, IX, p. 186, 62a

RIC, IX, p. 187, 63a
SALVSREIPVBLICAE
Victory,captive
RIC, IX, p. 188, 65a
31
VOT X MVLTXX
SALVS REIPVBLICAEVictory, captive
RIC, IX, p. 196, 19b

RIC, IX, p. 198, 26a
8
7
RIC, IX, p. 226, 54b

RIC, IX, p. 229, 62a
2
1
10
1
in wreath
12
1391
AE4
,,

VOT V in wreath
1392
AE4
,,
1393
AE4
AE4
,,
383-388 A.D.

RIC, IX, p. 228, 59a

RIC, IX, p. 229, 63a
RIC NOT
AE4
388-392 A.D.
SALVSREIPVBLICAEVictory, captive
RIC, IX, p. 234, 86a
58
1396
AE2
Nicomedia
378-383 A.D.
AE4
,,
RIC, IX, p. 257, 27b

RIC, IX, p. 259, 37b
1397

VOT V in wreath
1394"
1395
CATALOGUE
1398
AE4
378-383 A.D.
1399
AE4
388-392 A.D.

1400
AE4
Cyzicus
378-383 A.D.
VOT X MVLTXX
1401
AE4
,,
55
RIC, IX, p. 259, 38a
RIC, IX, p. 262, 45a
in wreath
VOT XX MVLTXXX
in wreath
5
20
RIC, IX, p. 244, 21 b

RIC, IX, p. 244, 22b
14
22
1402
AE4
388-392 A.D.
RIC, IX, p. 246, 26a
1403
AE2
AE4

RIC, IX, p. 284, 42c
1404
Antioch
378-383 A.D.
378-388 A.D.
1405
AE4
383-392 A.D.
RIC, IX, p. 289, 56b; p. 292, 65a

RIC, IX, p. 292, 67a
1406
AE2
Alexandria
378-383 A.D.
1407
AE4
378-388 A.D.
1408
AE4
,,
388-392 A.D.
13
RIC, IX, p. 300, 8b

RIC, IX, pp. 301f., 13b. 19a
RIC, IX, p. 301, 14
RIC, IX, p. 303, 20a
C., 26. 28
C., 46
13
C., 73
C., 75
26

VOT XX MVLTXXX
in wreath
1409
AE4
1410
AE2
1411
AE4
Emperor, woman
1412
AE4
VOT X MVLTXX
1413
AE4
VOT XX MVLTXXX
1414
AE4
C. NOT
1415
AE4
AE
Uncertain type
C., 30
1415 a
Uncertain
REPARATIOREIPVB
in wreath
in wreath
THEODOSIUS 1 379-395 A.D.

1416
AE2
1417
AE4
Rome
379-383 A.D.
3
3
2
86
18
(1055)

VOT XV MVLTXX in wreath
RIGC,IX, p. 126, 43d

RIC, IX, p. 128, 51 d
4
13
1418
AE4
,,
383-387 A.D.
RIC, IX, p. 131, 57c
1419
AE4
388-395 A.D.
RIC, IX, p. 133, 64b; p. 136, 69
1420
AE4
RIC, IX, p. 102, 36d

RIC, IX, p. 100, 30d; p. 103, 42b

RIC, IX, p. 104, 45b
RIC, IX, p. 104, 47b

RIC, IX, p. 106, 58b
1421
AE2
Aquileia
379-383 A.D.
379-388 A.D.
1422
AE3
383-388 A.D.
1423
AE4
,,
1424
AE4
388-393 A.D.
1425
AE3
Siscia
379-383 A.D.

VOT X MVLTXX
1426
AE4
1427
AE4
,,
379-387 A.D.
1428
AE3
384-387 A.D.
1429
AE4
1430"
AE4
1431
AE2
Thessalonica
379-383 A.D.
1432
AE3
,,
,,
388 A.D. and
(?)later

in wreath


CONCORDIA AVGGG Constantinople
seated
RIC, IX, p. 151, 27d

RIC, IX, p. 152, 29d
RIC, IX, p. 152, 30b; p. 154, 37b
RIC, IX, p. 154, 38b
RIC, IX, p. 155, 39b
RIC NOT
RIC, IX, p. 181, 37d

RIC, IX, p. 182, 38
2
5
1
2
4
2
1
1
6
1
56
1433
AE4
383-384 A.D.
384-388 A.D.
in wreath
1434
AE3
1435
AE3
,,
1436
AE3
,,

VIRTVSAVGGG Emperor on ship
1437
AE4
,,
Same
1438
AE4
1439
AE4
,,
388-393 A.D.
1440
AE4
Heraclea
379-383 A.D.
1441
AE2
383-388 A.D.
1442
AE4
388-392 A.D.
1443
AE2
Constantinople
379-383 A.D.
1444*
AE4
1445
VOT X MVLTXX

in wreath
VOT X MVLTXX
RIC, IX, p. 184, 49b

RIC, IX, p. 186, 60b
RIC, IX, p. 186, 61b
4
12
133
RIC, IX, p. 186, 59b

RIC, IX, p. 187, 62b
29
RIC, IX, p. 187, 63b

RIC, IX, p. 188, 65b
50
34
32
RIC, IX, p. 196, 19c

RIC, IX, p. 197, 24b
VIRTVSEXERCITI Emperor r., foot on

captive
RIC, IX, p. 198, 26b
13
RIC, IX, p. 226, 54c

RIC NOT
,,

VOT V in wreath
AE4
,,
VOT V MVLTX
1446
AE4
,,
VOT X MVLTXX
1447
AE4
,,
VOT XX MVLTXXX
RIC, IX, p. 229, 64b
1448*
AE3
383-388A.D.
AVGGG Emperoron ship

VIRTVS
RIC NOT
1449
AE4
388-395 A.D.
1450
AE3
392-395 A.D.
GLORIA ROMANORVM Emperor on
horseback
RIC, IX, p. 234, 86b; p. 236, 90a 104

1
RIC, IX, p. 236, 89a
1451
AE4
Nicomedia
379-383 A.D.
VOT X MVLTXX
1452
AE2
379-388 A.D.
1453
AE4
388-395 A.D.
GLORIA ROMANORVM Emperor on ship

RIC, IX, p. 259, 38b

RIC, IX, p. 257, 25c; p. 260, 40b
RIC, IX, pp. 262f., 45b. 48a
1454
AE4
Cyzicus
379-383 A.D.
VOT V in wreath
1455
AE4
,,
VOT X MVLTXX
1456
AE4
,,
VOT XV MVLTXX
1457
AE4
1458
AE2
,,
379-388 A.D.
1459
AE4
1460
AE3
388-395 A.D.
392-395 A.D.
1461
AE2
Antioch
379-383 A.D.
1462
AE4
1463
in wreath
in wreath
in wreath
in wreath
in wreath
in wreath
VOT XX MVLTXXX
in wreath
GLORIA ROMANORVM Emperor on ship

horseback
RIC, IX, p. 228, 59b

RIC, IX, p. 229, 63b
RIC, IX, p. 244, 20c

RIC, IX, p. 244, 21 c
RIC, IX, p. 244, 19
RIC, IX, p. 244, 22c
RIC, IX, p. 242, 14c; p. 245, 23
RIC, IX, pp. 246f., 26b. 30a
1
1
15
13
2
31
1
43
1
9
1
100
RIC, IX, p. 247, 29a
379-388 A.D.

VOTX MVLTXX in wreath
RIC, IX, p. 284, 42d

RIC, IX, p. 289, 560; p. 292, 65b
AE4
383-395 A.D.
SALVSREIPVBLICAE
Victory,captive
RIC, IX, p. 293, 67b; p. 295, 70a 13
1464
AE4
Alexandria
379-388 A.D.
VOT X MVLTXX
1465
AE4
388-395 A.D.
RIC, IX, pp. 301f., 13c. 19b

RIC, IX, pp. 303f., 20b. 23a
1466
AE3
392-395 A.D.
RIC, IX, p. 304, 22a
1467
AE2
REPARATIO
REIPVBEmperor,woman
C., 27
1468
AE3
1469
AE3
CONCORDIA AVGGG Constantinople seated C., 6

Same. Roma seated
C., 14
in wreath
horseback
Uncertain
2
CATALOGUE
57
1470
AE4
C., 65
C., 68
1471
AE4
VOT X MVLTXX
1472
AE4
VOT XV MVLTXX
1473
AE4
VOT XX MVLTXXX
1474
AE4
VOT? MVLT? in wreath
1475
1476
AE3
AE3
1477
AE4

1478
AE4
Same. Two Victories
1479
AE4
VICTORIAAVG or AVGGG Same
1480
AE4
1480a
AE
Uncertain type
in wreath
in wreath
in wreath
THEODOSIUS I or 11
AE
C. NOT
40
1
5
8
Uncertain
1481
C. NOT
C., 23
C., 51
3
12
C., 41
C., 43
C., 30
211
6
7
22
(12)
12
Uncertain type
FLACCILLA
(13)
1482
AE4
Constantinople
383 A.D.
1483
AE4
Heraclea
383 A.D.
Same
1484
AE2
383-388 A.D.
Same. Empress facing
RIC, IX, p. 196, 17

RIC, IX, p. 197, 25
1485
AE4
Nicomedia
383 A.D.
Same. Victory seated r.
RIC, IX, p. 259, 36
1486
AE4
Antioch
383-388 A.D.
Same
RIC, IX, p. 289, 54; p. 291, 64
1487
AE4
Same
C., 5
SALVSREIPVBLICAEVictory seated r.
RIC, IX, p. 229, 61
3
1
Uncertain
MAXIMUS
384-388 A.D.
(5)
1488
AE4
Aquileia
387-388 A.D.
1489
AE4
Lyons
384-388 A.D.
Same
RIC, IX, p. 50, 36a
1490
AE4
Arles
384-388 A.D.
Same
RIC, IX, p. 69, 29a
1491
AE4
Same
C., 7
SPESROMANORVM Camp gate
RIC, IX, p. 105, 55b
Same
C., 3
RIC, IX, p. 134, 65b
SPESROMANORVM Camp gate
RIC, IX, p. 105, 55a
Uncertain
VICTOR
1492
AE4
1493
AE4
Aquileia
387-388 A.D.
384-388 A.D.
(4)
Uncertain
EUGENIUS
1494
AE4
Rome
393-394 A.D.
392-394 A.D.
(4)
SPESROMANORVM Victory advancing 1.
58
Aquileia
393-394 A.D.
Same
RIGC,IX, p. 107, 59
AE4
Same
C., 5
C., 3
AE4
RIC, IX, p. 131, 57 d-e
VRBS ROMA FELIX Roma r.
RIC, IX, p. 133, 64c; p. 136, 69

RIC, IX, p. 135, 67c
RIC, IX, p. 104, 45c

RIC, IX, p. 106, 58c
RIC, IX, p. 155, 39 c-d

RIC NOT
RIC, IX, p. 184, 48b

RIC NOT
1495
AE4
1496
1497*
Uncertain
ARCADIUS
383-408 A.D.
(1012)
1498*
AE4
1499
AE4
Rome
383-387 A.D.
388-400 A.D.
1500
AE3
394-395 A.D.
1501
AE3
Aquileia
383-387 A.D.
1502
AE4
388-400 A.D.

1503
AE4
Siscia
384-387A.D.
1504*
AE4
388 A.D. and
(?) later
1505
AE4
Thessalonica
383 A.D.
VOT V in wreath
1506*
AE4
1507
AE3
,,
384-388 A.D.
1508
AE3
,,

1509
AE3
,,
,,
1510
AE4
1511
AE4
1512
AE4
,,
388-400 A.D.
1513
AE4
Heraclea
383 A.D.
1514
AE4
388-400 A.D.
1515
AE3
395-400 A.D.
1516
AE4
400-408 A.D.
1517
AE3
Constantinople
383 A.D.
1518
AE4
1519
AE4
VOT X MVLTXX
in wreath
Same
RIC, IX, p. 186, 60c

RIC, IX, p. 186, 61 c
RIC, IX, p. 186, 59c
65
RIC, IX, p. 187, 62c

RIC, IX, p. 187, 63c
RIC, IX, p. 188, 65 c
22
VOT V in wreath
RIC, IX, p. 196, 18b

RIC, IX, p. 198, 26c
VIRTVSEXERCITI Victory crowning emperor Pearce, p. 81, 19
CONCORDIA AVGGG Cross in wreath
Pearce, p. 81, 20
3
20
32
29
5
10
1
5
1520
AE3
395-400 A.D.
CONCORDIA AVGGG Constantinople seated RIG, IX, p. 228, 57f.

1
VOT V in wreath
11
RIC, IX, p. 229, 62b
RIC, IX, p. 234, 86c; p. 236, 90b 125
VIRTVSEXERCITI Emperor, Victory
8
Pearce, p. 78, 137
1521
AE3
395-408 A.D.
CONCORDIA AVGG Roma seated
Pearce, p. 76, 126
1522
1523
AE4
AE4
,,
,,
CONCORDIA AVG Cross in wreath

CONCORDIA AVG or AVGGG Same
Pearce, p. 78, 138
15
1
1524
AE4
400-408 A.D.
CONCORDIA AVGGG Same
Pearce, p. 78, 139a
1525
AE4
Nicomedia
383 A.D.
VOT V in wreath
1526
AE4
1528
AE3
AE4
RIC, IX, p. 259, 37c

RIGC,IX, pp. 262f., 45c. 48b
1527
888-400 A.D.
395-400 A.D.
400-408 A.D.
Pearce, p. 88, 83
Pearce, p. 88, 36
1529
AE4
,,
GLORIA ROMANORVM Three emperors
Pearce, p. 88, 39
,,
388-400 A.D.
3
32
1
9
1
CATALOGUE
Cyzicus
383 A.D.
1530
AE4
1531
AE4
1532
AE4
1533
AE3
,,
388-400 A.D.
395-400 A.D.
1534
AE3
395-408 A.D.
1535
AE4
,,
GLORIA ROMANORVM Two emperors

with shields
1536
AE4
400-408 A.D.
1537
AE4
,,
1538
AE4
1539
AE4
1540
AE4
Antioch
383 A.D.
,,
VOT V in wreath
VOT X MVLTXX
in wreath
59
RIC, IX, p. 244, 20d
RIC, IX, p. 244, 21 d
RIC, IX, pp. 246f., 26c. 30b
Pearce, p. 83, 23
29
3
51
2
Pearce, p. 82, 11
Pearce, p. 84, 25
Same. Three emperors

Pearce, p. 84, 27
Pearce, p. 83, 24
VOT V in wreath
RIC, IX, p. 289, 55

RIC, IX, p. 289, 56d
RIC, IX, p. 289, 58c
VOT X MVLTXX
in wreath

21
1
15
2
1541
AE4
,,
388-400 A.D.
1542
AE3
395-400 A.D.
RIC, IX, p. 293, 67d; p. 295, 70b 11

4
Pearce, p. 95, 52
1543
AE4
400-408 A.D.
Pearce, p. 96, 55
1544
AE4
Alexandria
383 A.D.
1545
AE4
388-400 A.D.
1546
AE4
1547
AE4
895-408 A.D.
400-408 A.D.
RIC, IX, pp. 301f., 13d. 19c-d

RIC, IX, pp. 303f., 20c. 23b
Pearce, p. 98, 20
Pearce, p. 98, 21
1548
AE4
VOT V in wreath
Sab., 47
23
1549
AE4
Sab., 48
18
1550
AE3
AE4

Same. Two Victories
Sab., 36
Sab. NOT
Uncertain
1551
1552
AE4
1553*
AE4
1554
AE2
1555
AE3

Sab., 41
GLORIA ROMANORVM Emperor with globe Sab., 35 or 37
Sab., II, p. 341
1556
AE3
1557
AE4
1558
AE4
CONCORDIAAVGor AVGGG Same
1559
AE4

with shields
Sab. NOT
1560
AE4
1561
AE4
Same. Three emperors

Sab., 38
Sab., 32
1561 a
AE
Uncertain type
ARCADIUS or HONORIUS
Constantinople
1562
AE3
1563
AE3
1564
1565
AE3
AE4
895-400A.D.
400-408 A.D.
1566
AE4
,,
395-400A.D.
cf. Sab., 31
Sab. NOT
3
4
266
2
7
4
3
16
4
6
21
39
(21; 2 imit.)
VIRTVS
EXERCITIEmperor,Victory
Same
Same
GLORIAROMANORVMThreeemperors
2
2
Nicomedia
395-400 A.D.
Sab. NOT
Antioch
60
Alexandria
400-408 A. D.
1567
AE4
Same
1568
AE3
1569
AE
Barbarous imitation of VIRTVSEXERCITI
Uncertain
EUDOXIA
1570
AE4
Constantinople
895-404 A.D.
1571
AE4
Cyzicus
395-404 A.D.
1572
AE3
13
2
(6)
SALVSREIPVBLICAEVictory seated
Pearce, p. 78, 144
Same
Pearce, p. 84, 29
GLORIAROMANORVMEmpressseated
Sab., 5
RIC, IX, pp. 133f., 64d-e;

p. 136, 69
Pearce, p. 24, 83; p. 57, 83
Pearce, p. 22, 70
Pearce, p. 57, 70a
Uncertain
HONORIUS
393-423 A.D.
(304)
1573
AE4
Rome
393-400 A.D.
1574
AE4
395-400 A.D.
1575
AE3
395-408 A.D.
1576
AE3
,,
VICTORIAAVGG Victory 1.
GLORIA ROMANORVM Emperor, two
captives
Same. Emperor with shield
1577
AE4
Aquileia
393-400 A.D.
RIC, IX, p. 107, 58d
1578
AE4
Thessalonica
395-408 A.D.

with shields
Pearce, p. 41, 41
1579
AE4
Heraclea
395-408 A.D.
Same
AE4
400-408 A.D.
Pearce, p. 81, 21
Pearce NOT
1580*
1581*
AE4
408-423 A.D.

with globe
Pearce NOT
1582
AE4
Constantinople
393-400 A.D.
1583
AE3
395-400 A.D.
RIC, IX, p. 236, 90c

Pearce, p. 78, 137
1584
AE4
395-408 A.D.

with shields
Pearce, p. 78, 141
1585
AE4
400-408 A.D.
1586
AE4
,,
Pearce, p. 78, 139a

Pearce, p. 78, 142
1587
AE4
408-423 A.D.
Same. Two emperors with globe
Pearce, p. 78, 140
13
1588
AE4
Nicomedia
393-400 A.D.
1589
AE3
395-400 A.D.
RIC, IX, p. 263, 48c

Pearce, p. 88, 33
1590
AE4
395-408 A.D.
with shields
Pearce, p. 88, 37
1591
AE4
400-408 A.D.
AE4
1593
AE4
,,
408-423 A.D.

Pearce, p. 88, 36
Pearce, p. 88, 39
Pearce, p. 88, 38
1592
1593 a
AE
Uncertain type
14
1
4
4
1
CATALOGUE
1594
AE4
Cyzicus
393-400 A.D.
1595
AE3
395-400 A.D.
1596
AE4
1597
61
RIC, IX, p. 247, 300

Pearce, p. 83, 23
395-408 A.D.
GLORIAROMANORVM Two emperors

with shields
Pearce, p. 84, 25
AE4
400-408 A.D.
15
,,
408-423 A.D.
GLORIAROMANORVM Three emperors
Pearce, p. 83, 24
Pearce, p. 84, 27

Uncertain type
Pearce, p. 84, 26
GLORIAROMANORVM Emperor on
horseback
RIC, IX, p. 295, 69e
RIC, IX, p. 295, 70e

Pearce, p. 96, 57
RIC, IX, p. 304, 23c

Pearce, p. 98, 20
1598
AE4
1599
AE4
1599 a
AE
1600
AE3
Antioch
393-395 A.D.
1601
AE4
393-400 A.D.
1602
AE4
400-408 A.D.
1603
AE4
Alexandria
393-400 A.D.
1604
AE4
395-408 A.D.
1605
AE4
1606
AE4
,,
400-408 A.D.
Pearce, p. 98, 23
1607*
AE4
VOT V in wreath
AE3
GLORIAROMANORVM Emperor on
horseback
C. NOT (PLATE 2)
C., 23
1608
1609
AE3
Same. Emperor with standard, globe

C., 21
C., 32
C., 56
6
1
CONCORDIA AVG or AVGGG Same
5
1
Uncertain
1610
AE4
1611
AE3
1612
AE3
1613
AE3
1614
AE4

GLORIA ROMANORVM Emperor with
shield
C. NOT
Same. Emperor, two captives

Same. Two emperors with shields
1615
AE3
1616
AE4
1617
AE4
VICTORIAAVGG or AVGGG Victory 1.

CONCORDIA AVG or AVGGG Cross
1618
AE4
1619
C., 24
C., 26
45
9
1
2
16
C., 4
cf. C., 39
C. NOT
AE4
10
1620
AE4
1621
AE4

SPESROMANORVM Cross
C., 28
C., 27
C., 33
1621 a
AE
Uncertain type
1622
AE4
Thessalonica
400-408 A.D.
1623*
AE4
1624"
THEODOSIUS II
1
2
31
18
400-450 A.D.
(334)
5
GLORIAROMANORVM Two emperors

with shields
Pearce, p. 41, 41
425-450 A.D.
Pearce NOT
10
AE4
Heraclea
400-408 A.D.
Pearce NOT
1625
AE4
Constantinople
400-408 A.D.
Same
AE3
Pearce, p. 78, 189a

Pearce, p. 76, 127
1626
,,
GLOR ORVISTERRAR Emperor with

standard and globe
62
1627
AE4
400-408 A.D.
1628
AE4
Same. Two emperors with shields
1629
AE4
,,
408-450 A.D.
1630*
AE4
425-450 A.D.
1631
AE4
,,

Same. Monogramin wreath
1632
AE4
,,
VT XXX V in wreath
1633
AE4
Nicomedia
400-408 A.D.
1634*
AE4
408-450 A.D.
425-450 A.D.
1635
AE4
1636*
AE4
,,
1637
AE4
Cyzicus
400-408 A.D.
1638
AE4
1639
AE4
,,
425-450 A.D.
1640
AE4
Antioch
400-408 A.D.
1641*
AE4
1642
1643

with globe
CONCORDIA AVGG Victory with wreaths
Pearce, p. 78, 142

Pearce, p. 78, 141
Pearce, p. 78, 140

Pearce NOT
45
Pearce, p. 78, 151

Pearce, p. 78, 149
Pearce, p. 88, 36
Pearce NOT
1
2
cf. Pearce, p. 88, 36a

Pearce NOT
cf. Pearce, p. 83, 24

Pearce, p. 84, 27
Pearce, p. 84, 34
20
Pearce NOT
Pearce NOT
AE4
Same
AE4
Sab., 29
Sab., 26
35
1644
AE4

with shields
Sab., 28
12
1645
AE4
1646
AE4

CONCORDIA AVGG Victory with
wreaths
Sab. NOT
Sab. NOT
1647
AE4
VICTORIAAVGG Same
1648
AE4
Sab., 30
Sab., 32f.
1649
AE4

VT XXX V in wreath
,,
Uncertain
1649 a
AE
AE4
421-450 A.D.
AE4
Uncertain
421-450 A.D.
EUDOCIA
AE4
Rome
423-425 A.D.
1653"
AE4
Rome
425-455 A.D.
1654
AE4
,,
SALVSREIPVBLICAEVictory seated
Sab., 6
VALENTINIAN
C., 111
423-425 A.D.
(1)
SALVSREIPVBLICEVictory, captive
VOT XX
10
(1)
SALVSREIPVBLICAECross
JOHANNES
1652
2
112
(2)
PLACIDIA
1651
12
Uncertain type
Uncertain
1650
Sab., 31
111 425-455 A.D.
in wreath
VICTORIAAVGG Two Victories
Pearce Add., p. 107, 78
of. Pearce Add., p. 108

(PLATE 2)
C., 15f.
(9)
CATALOGUE
1655
AE4
Thessalonica
425-455 A.D.
1656
AE4
Cyzicus
425-455 A.D.
1657*
AE4
,,
1658
AE4
1659
AE4
1660
AE4
63
C., 16
Same
CONCORDIA AVGG Victory with wreaths Pearce Add., p. 4, before 24

Pearce NOT; C. NOT

with globe
SALVSREIPVBLICAEVictory with trophy
dragging captive 1.
VICTORIAAVGG Two Victories
cf. Pearce, p. 78, 140
cf. C., 5 ("wreath")
C., 15f.
Uncertain
MARCIAN
450-457 A.D.
(107)
1661
AE4
Ravenna
450-457 A.D.
1662
AE4
Thessalonica
450-457 A.D.
Same
Sab., 11
1663*
AE4
Heraclea
450-457 A.D.
Same
Sab., 11
1664
AE4
Constantinople
450-457 A.D.
Same
Sab., 11
29
1665
AE4
Nicomedia
450-457 A.D.
Same
Sab., 11
12
1666*
AE4
Antioch
450-457 A.D.
Same
Sab., 11
1667
AE4
Same
Sab., 11 (54). 12 (1)
Monogramin wreath
Sab., 11
Uncertain
LEO I
Constantinople
457-474 A.D.
1668
AE4
1669
AE4
,,
,,
,,
1670
AE4
1671
AE4
1672*
AE4
1673
AE4
1674
AE4
1675
AE4
1676
AE4
1676 a
AE
457-474 A.D.
55
(152)
Emperor and captive

Emperor with long cross
Sab., 14
Sab., 16
Lion 1.
Sab., 19 (2). 20 (19). ? (6)

Sab., 18
Monogram
6
1
27
3
Uncertain
Emperor and captive
Emperor with sceptre
Emperor with long cross
Lion 1.
Monogram
Uncertain type
SEVER US III
AE4
Uncertain
461-467 A.D.
1678"
AE4
Thessalonica
474-491 A.D.
1679
AE4
1677*
461-465 A.D.
Sab., 14
Sab., 15
Sab., 16
48
Sab., 19 (26). 20 (10). ? (8)

Sab., 17 (3). 18 (4)
44
6
7
1
(1)
cf. C., 18 (PLATE 2)
Monogram
cf. Sab., 19
Similar
Sab., 19
Monogram
ZENO 474-491 A.D.
(2)
Uncertain
64
VALENTINIAN
I -
VALENTINIAN
111 (1014)
Rome
VICTORIA
AVG,AVGGor AVGGG
] Campgate
Two Victories
Aquileia
SALVSREIPVBLICAE
Victory,captive
VICTORIA
AVG,AVGGor AVGGG
Two Victories
Thessalonica
GLORIAREIPVBLICE
Campgate
GLORIAROMANORVMEmperor,captive
Victory,captive
SALVSREIPVBLICAE
REIPVBLICAE
SECVRITAS
Victory1.
VICTORIA
AVG,AVGGor AVGGG
TwoVictories
VIRTVS
AVGGG Emperoron ship
5
8
4
10
1
17
1
Heraclea
SALVSREIPVBLICAE
Victory,captive
Constantinople
CONCORDIAAVGor AVGGG Cross

3
8
SALVSREIPVBLICAE
Victory,captive
SECVRITAS
REIPVBLICAE
Victory1.
Same. Emperor on horseback

GLORIAROMANORVMTwo emperorswith
shields
3
1

Same. Threeemperors
Same. Uncertaintype
1
4
1
1
SALVSREIPVBLICAE
Victory,captive
4
9
VOT X MVLTXX
in wreath
28
8
1
Nicomedia
Cyzicus
SALVSREIPVBLICAE
Victory,captive
SECVRITAS
REIPVBLICAE
Victory1.
VICTORIA
AVGGG Victory1.
3
4
1
REPARATIO
REIPVBEmperor,woman
SALVSREIPVBLICAE
Victory,captive
SECVRITAS
REIPVBLICAE
Victory1.
1
9
6
2
SECVRITAS
REIPVBLICAE
Victory1.
Antioch
Uncertain

GLORIAROMANORVMEmperoron ship
Same. Emperor,captive
Same. Emperor,two captives
Same. Twoemperorswith shields
Same. Twoemperorswith globe
Same. Threeemperors
Same. Uncertaintype
REPARATIO
REIPVBEmperor,woman
RESTITVTOR
REIP Emperor1.
SALVSREIPVBLICAE
Victory,captive
FirstandsecondcenturiesA.D.
ThirdcenturyA.D.
FourthcenturyA.D.
VANDAL KINGS
26
1
187
1
6
8
15
9
10
4
295
ROMANIMPERIALUNCLASSIFIED (6485)
38
Late fourthand fifth centuriesA.D.
146
3354
Uncertainperiod
AE
191
1
27
13
7
1
13
4
23
4
12
2869
28
"VANDALIOC"COINAGE
(4796)
HILDERIC
1680
SECVRITAS
REIPVBLICAE
Victory1.
VRBSROMAFELIX Emperorwith standard
VICTORIA
AVG,AVGGor AVGGG
TwoVictories
VICTORIA
AVGGG Victory1.
VOTV in wreath
VOTX MVLT
XX in wreath
VOT? MVLT? in wreath
Cross (? with or withoutlegend)
Bust of Hildericr./Crosspotent
523-530 A.D.
(2)
BMC,p. 14, 9f.
CATALOGUE
GELIMER
AE
1681
530-538 A.D.
65
(6)
Bust of Gelimer r./Monogramof Gelimer
BMC, p. 16, 4-6
VANDAL PERIOD
1682*
AE
1683*
AE
1684
AE
1685*
AE
1686
AE
1687*
AE
1688*
AE
Victory (310)
Bust of Honorius r./Victory advancing 1.
Bust of Valentinian III r./Same
Uncertain bust r./Similar
Bust of Theodosius II r./Victory facing with wreaths
Uncertain bust r./Similar
1689*
AE
Bust of Theodosius I r./Victory, captive

Bust of Valentinian III r./Same
Bust of Leo I r./Same
1690*
AE
Uncertain bust r./Two Victories
1691
AE
Uncertain bust r./Roma(?) seated
1692
AE
Emperor (88)
Bust of Theodosius I r./Emperor r. with labarum
1693
AE
1694
AE
1695
AE
Roma (5)
Bust of Valentinian III r./Emperor 1.

Uncertain bust r./Emperor 1. or r.
Uncertain bust r./Two emperors with globe
BMC, pp. 17f., 1-11

BMC, p. 18, 12-14
118
BMC, pp. 19-22, 15-41

BMC, p. 22, 42
121
BMC, p. 22, 43
BMC NOT (PLATE 2)
14
4
1
1
48
BMC, pp. 22f., 44-48

BMC NOT
BMC NOT
BMC, p. 23, 49f.
BMC, p. 24, 52
BMC, pp. 24f., 53 (2). 56 (4)

BMC, pp. 24f., 54-55. 57-60
6
23
BMC, p. 25, 61f.
BMC, p. 26, 63f.
1696
AE
Uncertain bust r./Emperor, captive
1697
AE
Uncertain bust r./Lion 1. or r.
BMC, p. 26, 65f. (2). 67 (3)
1698
AE
Palm tree (7)

Uncertain bust r./Palm tree with fruit
BMC, pp. 26f., 68-72
1699
AE
AE
BMC, p. 27, 73-80

BMC, p. 27, 81f.
1700
Camp gate (12)

Bust of Valentinian III r./Camp gate
Uncertain bust r./Same
1701
AE
1702
AE
Lion (5)
1703
AE
1704
AE
Inscription (14)
in
I
Bust of Justinian r./VOT XIII wreath
Uncertain bust r./ OT
XXT in wreath
X
Uncertain bust r./XX
Uncertain bust r./VOT (blundered) in wreath
V
BMC, pp. 28f., 86-93
11
BMC NOT, of. p. 28, 85
BMC NOT
BMC NOT
1
1
1705
AE
Monogramor Letter (706)

Bust of Theodosius II r./Monogramof Theodosius
1706
AE
Bust of Marcian r./Monogram of Marcian
BMC, pp. 30f., 98-105 (110).

106-108 (11). 109 (1).? (12)
134
1707*
AE
Bust of Leo I r./Monogram of Leo
BMC, p. 31, 110-117 (99).

118 (29)
128
1708
AE
Bust of Zeno r./Monogram of Zeno
BMC, p. 32, 119-122 (21).

123-126 (17). 127 (9)
47
BMC, pp. 29f., 94 (1). 97 (1)
66
1709*
AE
Bust of Anastasius r./Monogram of Anastasius
BMC, pp. 32f., 128-134 (193).
1710*
AE
Bust of Justinian I r./Monogram of Justinian
BMC, p. 33, 139 (22). 140 (6).
1711*
AR
1712*
AE
Bust r. ?/Monogramof (?) Justinian I

Uncertain bust r./1
1713*
AE
BMC NOT (PLATE 2)

3BMCNOT (PLATE 2)
BMC NOT
135-138(47).? (3)
243
(PLATE2)
1714
AE
1715
AE
? (1)
Uncertain bust r./RD in wreath

Uncertain bust r./(3 (?)
3BMCNOT
Uncertain bust r./Traces of monogram

Bust of Justinian I r./ ;
29
1
6
1
1
15
1716
AE
1717
AE
1718
AE
1719
AE
1720
AE
Uncertain bust r./P\

Uncertain bust r./N
1721
AE
Uncertain bust r./IT
BMC, p. 36, 154f.

BMC, p. 36, 156
Uncertain bust r./Same, pellets in angles

Bust of Justinian I r./A
BMC, p. 37, 159f.

BMC, p. 37, 161-163
12
BMC, p. 34, 141-148

BMC, p. 35, 153
51
4
7
9
2
1722
AE
A/*
BMC, p. 37, 164
1723
AE
BMC, p. 38, 165-172
12
BMC, pp. 38f., 178-178

BMC, p. 39, 179-181
24
Cross (118)
1724
AE
Bust of Theodosius II r./Crosspotent
1725
AE
Bust of Masuna (?) r./Same

Bust of Valentinian III (?) r./Same
1726
AE
1727
AE
1728
AE
1729
AE
1730
AE
BMC, p. 40, 182

BMC, pp. 40f., 188-194

Uncertain bust r./Plain cross
BMC, p. 41, 195-200

BMC, p. 41, 201
Uncertain bust r./Cross patt6e with pellets

Uncertain bust r./Cross of uncertain form
3
1
49
21
4
16
OSTROGOTH KINGS
1731
AE
ODOVACAR 476-493 A.D.

Bust of Odovacarr./Monogramof Odovacar
(18)
THEODORIC 493-526 A.D.
(36)
1732
AE
Bust of Anastasius r./Star
1733
AE
Bust of Justin I r./
1734
AE
Same/V
1735
AE
A THALARIC 526-584 A.D.

Bust of Justinian I r./Monogramof Athalaric
E+
THEODAHAD
1736
AE
584-586 A.D.
Bust of Justinian I r./Monogram of Theodahad
1737
AE
BAD UILA 541-552A.D.

Bust of Anastasius r./Monogramof Baduila
BMC, p. 45, 10f.
13
BMC, p. 51, 85f.

BMC, p. 52, 87-40
3
25
BMC, pp. 52f., 41-51
BMC, pp. 66f., 47-56
BMC., p 74, 15
(4)
(3)
(22)
BMC, p. 89, 24-27
10
CATALOGUE
67
1738
AE
Same/DNREX
B
BMC, p. 90, 28f.
1739
AE
Bust of Baduila facing/Lion advancing r.
BMC, p. 94, 50-52
"VANDALIC" UNCLASSIFIED
(8495)

(11,240; 87 imit.)
ANASTASIUS I
1740a*
Constantinople
498-518 A.D.
491-518 A.D.
(31)
,,
M star 1., crescent r.

star 1., star r.
BMC, I, p. 4, 17
BMC, I, p. 4, 18-29
1741 a
,,
,,
BMC, I, p. 5, 80-88
BMC, I, p. 6, 42-49
BMC, I, p. 7, 54-58
BMC, I, p.9, 69-78
star 1., cross r.,
BMC, I, p. 14, 25
BMC, I, p. 14, 29-82
long cross 1.
Monogram of Christ in center, e r.
Tolstoi, p. 240, 57
BMC, I, p. 16, 40-48
M star 1., star r.
BMC, I, p. 17, 51
cf. Sab., I, p. 166, 49
1742
,,
1743
Antioch
498-518 A.D.
long cross 1.
long cross 1., star above and below
1
7
Uncertain
1744
JUSTIN I
1745a
b
Constantinople
518-527 A.D.
518-527 A.D.
(18)
M star 1., star r.
,,
1746
,,
1747
,,
1748
Nicomedia
518-527 A.D.
Uncertain
1749*
JUSTINIAN
1750 a
b*
1751a
b
1752*
1753*
1754"
5*
Constantinople
527-538 A.D.
M star 1., cross r.
588-565 A.D.
527-538 A.D.
540-559 A.D.
539-565 A.D.
527-565 A.D.
I
e
Thessalonica
568-565 A.D.
1 527-565 A.D.
(182)
7
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, pp. 29f., 28-32

BMC, I, pp. 30-35, 39-101
16
long cross 1.
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, pp. 35f., 102-106

BMC, I, pp. 86f., 112. 119
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, pp. 88f., 126-138

BMC, I, pp. 39f., 139-145 (11).
146-159 (3). ? (1)
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, p. 41, 160-162
7
15
68
Nicomedia
539-556 A.D.
M ANNO 1.
1756*
541-542 A.D.
1757
556-564 A.D.
1758
Cyzicus
539-547 A.D.
M ANNO 1.
1759*
541-542 A.D.
1760a
Antioch
529-539 A.D.
M star 1., star r.
1755*
b
c*
1761 a
b
,,
548-562 A.D.
529-539 A.D.
539-552 A.D.
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, pp. 45-47, 190-215

cf. BMC, I, p. 48, 221-226
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, p. 49, 228. 232
BMC, I, pp. 50f., 235. 247

cf. BMC, I, p. 52, 259
star 1., crescent r.
BMC, I, p. 54, 270

BMC, I, p. 55, 282
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, pp. 56f., 295-310
long cross 1.
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, p. 58, 314 f.

BMC, I, p. 59, 316. 320
1
3
ANNO 1.
1762
Carthage
534-539 A.D.
M star 1., cross r.
1763
539-540 A.D.
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, pp. 64f., 360-374

BMC, I, p. 66, 380
1764
Sicily
538 A.D. or later
star 1., star r.
BMC, I, p. 69, 399
1765*
Rome
536-538 A.D.
star 1., cross r.
BMC (Vandals), p. 110, 18-23
1766
Ravenna
563-564 A.D.
ANNO 1.
1767 a
555-565 A.D.
BMC, I, p. 71, 409

BMC (Vandals), p. 119, 77
BMC NOT (PLATE 3)
b*
,,
(smaller denomination)
1
1
Uncertain
1768
1769
2
(monogram on obverse)
1770*"
JUSTIN 11 565-578 A.D.
BMC, I, pp. 72f., 414-428 (33).

429f. (2)
35
23
(172)
1771"
Constantinople
565-577 A.D.
M ANNO 1.
1772"
567-575 A.D.
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, pp. 78-82, 28-81

BMC, I, pp. 82f., 85-96
1773a*
Thessalonica
566-569 A.D.
b*
568-578 A.D.
ANNO 1. (Justin bust)

ANNO 1. (Justin and Sophia)
BMC, I, p. 84, 101-104

BMC, I, pp. 84-86, 105-124
100
BMC, I, pp. 86-88, 129-149
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, pp. 88f., 160-166
1774*
Nicomedia
567-575 A.D.
M ANNO 1.
1775"
566-575 A.D.
1776*
Cyzicus
567-577 A.D.
574-576 A.D.
M ANNO 1.
K ANNO 1.
BMC, I, pp. 89f., 167-184

BMC, I, p. 91, 188-191
1777*
1778*
Antioch
569-578 A.D.
M ANNO 1.
BMC, I, pp. 92-94, 193-212
CATALOGUE
1779
Rome
565-578 A.D.
69
BMC, I, p. 102, 284
XX
Uncertain
1780
1781
1781 a
Uncertain type
TIBERIUS 11 578-582 A.D.

1782*
1783
Constantinople
578-582 A.D.
(20)
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, pp. 108f., 25-36

BMC, I, p. 110, 43-46
BMC, I, pp. 111f., 55-57
BMC, I, pp. 112f., 59-64
1784
,,
XX
Li
1785*
Thessalonica
578-582 A. D.
1786
Nicomedia
579-581 A.D.
m ANNO 1.
BMC, I, p. 113, 65. 67
1787
Antioch
578-580 A.D.
ANNO 1.
581-582 A.D.
XX
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, pp. 116f., 83. 94

BMC, I, p. 119, 117
1788
1789*
Constantinople
582-602 A.D.
,,
ANNO 1.
MAURICE TIBERIUS
582-602 A.D.
M ANNO 1.
(25)
1790*
,,
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, pp. 130-134, 26-66

BMC, I, pp. 134-137, 70-98
1791*
Thessalonica
584-597 A.D.
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, pp. 138f., 112-120
1792
Nicomedia
587-588 A.D.
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, p. 140, 130
1793
Antioch
595-596 A.D.
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, p. 145, 184
BMC, I, p. 165, 39
BMC, I, p. 166, 42-46
1
10
BMC, I, p. 167, 49-54
BMC, I, p. 168, 60f.

BMC, I, p. 169, 62-66
PHOCAS
602-610 A.D.
(48)
1794"
1795"
Constantinople
603-604 A.D.
605-609 A.D.
XXXX
1796"
602-610 A.D.
XX
1797"
Thessalonica
605-607 A.D.
XXXX
1798"
1799
602-610 A.D.
XX
602-603 A.D.
ANNO 1.
BMC, I, p. 170, 67f.
ANNO 1.
XXXX
BMC, I, p. 170, 70
BMC, I, p. 171, 71-76
1801"
Nicomedia
602-603 A.D.
605-607 A.D.
1802
Cyzicus
602-603 A.D.
1803
604-605 A.D.
XXXX
1800
ANNO 1.
ANNO above
ANNO above
ANNO above
ANNO 1.
ANNO above
BMC, I, pp. 172f., 81-84

BMC, I, p. 173, 85
1
1
70
1804a
b
602-610 A.D.
608-604 A.D.
1805
Antioch
604-605 A.D.
1806
602-610 A.D.
Carthage
MTANNO 1.
BMC, I, p. 175, 105
XX star 1., 6 r.
BMC, I, p. 179, 186
(three figures)
BMC, I, pp. 196f., 109-115

BMC, I, pp. 197-206, 116-169
BMC, I, pp. 206-210, 170-201
40
(two figures)
BMC, I, pp. 211f., 206-212
16
(two figures)
BMC, I, pp. 212f., 213-218

BMC, I, p. 213, 219-221
20
BMC NOT (PLATE 8)

BMC, I, p. 214f., 223-228
(Phocas bust)
HERACLIUS
1807a*
b*
c*
Constantinople
610-613 A.D.
612-640 A.D.
629-680 A.D.
1809a*
614-618 A.D.
610-641 A.D.
(232)
(Heraclius bust)
(two standing figures)
615-640 A.D.
1808*
BMC, I, p. 174, 97
BMC, I, p. 174, 98f.
XX (Phocas and Leontia)
92
Thessalonica
b
623-629 A.D.
1810*
611-618 A.D.
614-620 A.D.
1811*
(three figures)
XX (Heraclius bust)
K (two figures)
13
Nicomedia
c*
610-613 A.D.
612-616 A.D.
615-627 A.D.
1813 a
611-612 A.D.
1812 a
b*
Cyzicus
(Heraclius bust)
BMC, I, p. 215, 229-283
(two figures)
BMC, I, pp. 216f., 234-243

BMC, I, p. 218, 244-249
(three figures)
3
10
5
BMC, I, p. 219, 252-254

BMC, I, p. 220, 268-265
IB (three figures)
BMC, I, p. 226, 300f.
(Heraclius bust)
BMC, I, p. 236, 866-8368
(two figures)
BMC, I, p. 249, 454
(Heraclius standing)
(two busts)
c*
d
(two figures)
5
1
b*
612-618 A.D.
(Heraclius bust)
(two figures)
Alexandria
629-640 A.D.
1814
Carthage
1815*
610-613 A.D.
Ravenna
631-632 A.D.
1816
Uncertain
1817a*
(three figures)
Constantinople
CONSTANS 11I 641-668 A.D.
641-651 A.D.
c*
643-644 A.D.
651-656 A.D.
d*
655-656 A.D.
e*
655-657 A.D.
f*
,,
1818a*
b
ANA 1., NEO r.

ANA 1., NEOtI below
ANA 1., NGO r.
ANNO 1. (Constans standing)
ANNO 1. (two figures)
K~N 1., CTAN r.
(817)
BMC, I, pp. 268-270, 101-125
119
BMC, I, pp. 266f., 93-100

BMC, I, pp. 270-273, 126-154
BMC, I, pp. 273f., 155-162
152
BMC, I, pp. 277-279, 181-198
40
BMC, I, pp. 275f., 163-179
68
1
38
CATALOGUE
g*
h*
659-664 A.D.
three figures (M on obverse)
663-666 A.D.
three busts
665-666 A.D.
two figures
1819a*
b
c*
1820*
641-656 A.D.
BMC, I, pp. 279-283, 199-232

BMC, I, pp. 283-285, 233-253
BMC, I, pp. 285f., 254-257
BMC NOT (PLATE 3)
BMC NOT
ANA 1. (Constans bust)

ANA 1. (Constans standing)
ANNO 1.
,,
659-660 A.D.
Sicily
659-668 A.D.
71
BMC, I, p. 286, 260
BMC, I, p. 304, 362-370
two figures
180
103
5
8
2
27
Uncertain
20
1821
1822
1822 a
Uncertain type
2
48
CONSTANTINE IV
1823a*
b*
Constantinople
668-685 A.D.
,,
K ANNO 1., CON r.

M 1., cross r.
,,
668-669 A.D.
1824*
1825a*
b
Sicily
670-680 A.D.
cross 1., K r.
Sicily
685-695 A.D.
(Constantine standing)
11 685-695 A.D.
(First Reign)
700 A.D.
1827
Tolstoi, p. 827, 133
BMC, II, pp. 318f., 33-38
BMC, II, pp. 323f., 61-66

BMC, II, p. 324, 67-69
BMC, II, p. 339, 47
Sab., II, p. 31, 9
2
2
(6)
1828*
Constantinople
705 A.D.
ANNO 1.
1829a*
c. 705 A. D.
ANNO 1.
BMC, II, pp. 355f., 8f.

BMC, II, p. 356, 10
XXX 1.
BMC NOT (PLATE 3)
b*
710 A.D.
PHILIPPICUS
1830*
Constantinople
711-718 A.D.
1831*"
Constantinople
7138-716A.D.
1832*
Constantinople
717-741 A.D.
Hesperia, IX, pp. 363-366, 1-44
11 713-716 A.D.
ANNO 1.
LEO 111 717-741 A.D.

I
cross and star 1.
711-718A. D. (61)
cross 1.
ANASTASIUS
(1)
M ANNO 1.
JUSTINIAN 11 705-711 A.D.

(Second Reign)
22
(1)
M monogramabove
TIBERIUS 111 698-705 A.D.
Constantinople
(30)
BMC, II, p. 319, 39f.
(Constantine bust)
JUSTINIAN
1826
668-685 A.D.
61
(4)
Hesperia, IX, p. 369, 1-3
(23)
Hesperia, IX, pp. 870f., 1-16
22
72
1833
Provincial
720-741 A.D.
1834
Constantinople
751-775 A.D.
1835
749-750 A.D.
Constantine V standing
BMC, II, p. 369, 21-23
CONSTANTINE V 741-775 A.D.
(2; 1 imit.)
Cross on steps/Inscription
M
BMC, II, p. 380, 13f.

BMC, II, p. 381, 16-22
with Constantine bust
Barbarous imitation
1836*
(PLATE 3)
LEO IV
1837
Constantinople
776-780 A.D.
1838
Constantinople
780-797 A.D.
1839
Constantinople
797-802 A.D.
1840*
Constantinople
813-820 A.D.
1841
Constantinople
821-829 A.D.
1842
Constantinople
c. 839-842 A.D.
1843
Constantinople
866-867 A.D.
1844
Constantinople
869-879 A.D.
1845
867-868 A.D.
1846
869-879 A.D.
1847"
1848
,,
775-780 A.D.
BMC, II, p. 395, 11-13
780-797 A.D.
three busts
IRENE
797-802 A.D.
813-820 A.D.
XXX 1., NNN r.
820-829 A.D.
M XXX 1., NNN r.
THEOPHILUS
829-842 A.D.
1849"
1850
,,
BMC, II, p. 400, 2
(1)
Cross potent/Inscription
Three emperors/Inscription
Leo bust/Inscription
Two emperors seated/Inscription
(2)
BMC, II, p. 415, 6-10
BMC, II, p. 423, 18-26
BMC, II, p. 432, 11 f.
BMC, II, p. 438, 6f.

BMC, II, p. 438, 8-10
BMC, II, p. 439, 11-16

BMC, II, pp. 439f., 17-20
BMC, II, pp. 440f., 21-29
Two emperors seated/Inscription
886-912 A.D.
(17)
Emperor seated/Inscription
Two busts/Inscription
LEO VI
Constantinople
886-912 A.D.
(1)
Michael bust/Basil bust
BASIL 1 867-886 A.D.
870-879 A.D.
BMC, II, p. 399, 8f.
(4)
Emperor/Inscription
MICHAEL 111 842-867 A.D.
(1)
of. BMC, II, p. 411, 17
MICHAEL II and THEOPHILUS
1
1
(1)
M XXX 1., NNN r.
LEO V and CONSTANTINE
(1)
M two busts
CONSTANTINE V1 and IRENE
1
7
4
3
(81)
BMC, II, p. 447, 8-10
BMC, II, p. 447, 11lf.
71
10
73
CATALOGUE
CONSTANTINE VII
1852*
Constantinople
913-919 A.D.
919-944 A.D.
1853*
945-959 A.D.
1854*
,,
1851
913-959 A.D.
(257)
BMC, II, pp. 452f., 1-6
BMC, II, pp. 455-457, 14-29
Constantine and Zoe busts/Inscription

Romanus I bust/Inscription
Constantine bust/Inscription
BMC, II, pp. 463f., 45-57

BMC, II, pp. 466f., 70-76
Constantine and Romanus II busts/

Inscription
NICEPHORUS 11 963-969 A.D.

1855*
Constantinople
963-969 A.D.
1856
Constantinople
969-976 A.D.
1857*
Constantinople
1059-1067 A.D.
BMC, II, p. 473, 8-12
1858*
,,
1859
1860*
Constantinople
1071-1078 A.D.
1861*
Uncertain
1077-1078 A.D.
1862*
Constantinople
1078-1081 A.D.
BMC, II, p. 475, 5f.
1059-1067 A.D.
1067-1071 A.D.
1071-1078 A.D.
1864
969-989 A.D.
989-1028 A.D.
1865
1028-1034 A.D.
1866
1034-1041 A.D.
1867
1042-1055 A.D.
1868
1057-1059 A.D.
1869
1870
1059-1067 A.D.
1067-1071 A.D.
BMC, II, pp. 533f., 24-30
(?) 1077-1078 A.D.
(1)
NC, 1950, p. 307

(PLATE 3)
(677)
Christ figure/Cross and circle with C ()

NA
BMC, II, p. 538, 12-21
ANONYMOUS ISSUES (2235; 14 imit.)

CLASS A-1 Christ bust/Four line inscription
CLASS A-2 Similar but larger flan
Christ bust/Cross on steps, inscription in
CLASS B
angles
Christ figure/Jewelled cross, inscription in
CLASS C
angles
Christ on throne with back/Three line
CLASS D
inscription
Christ bust/Same
CLASS E
CLASS G
11
BMC, II, p. 528, 9-13
Christ bust/Patriarchal cross with C B

N B
CLASS F
17
(7)
Michael bust/Christ bust
NICEPHOR US 111 1078-1081 A.D.
(4)
P A
NICEPHORUS BRYENNIUS
1863*
BMC, II, pp. 517-519, 18-31

BMC, II, pp. 519f., 32-37
Christ bust/Cross with C R
MICHAEL VIl
46
(28)
Constantine and Eudocia/Christ figure

Constantine bust/Christ bust
ROMANUS IV
Constantinople
1067-1071 A.D.
28
(1)
Crosson steps/Inscription
CONSTANTINE X
59
164
(46)
Nicephorus bust/Inscription
JOHN 1 969-976 A.D.
Christ on throne without back/Similar

Christ bust/Virgin bust
677
NNM, 35, P1. I, 2f.

NNM, 35, P1. I, 4-6
104
NNM, 35, P1. I, 7
218
NNM, 85, P1. I, 8f.
154
NNM, 35, P1. II, 2
104
NNM, 35, P1. I, 10

NNM, 35, P1. II, 1
74
NNM, 35, P1. II, 3
104
519
13
74
1871
1071-1078 A.D.
CLASS H
Similar/Patriarchal cross
Similar/Latin cross
1872
1078-1081 A.D.
CLASS I
1873
1081-1118 A.D.
CLASS J
Similar but cross behind head/Latin cross

on crescent
Christ bust/Half-length figure of Virgin
Similar/Small cross patt6e
1874
,,
CLASS K
1875
,,
CLASS L
,,
Mule: Reverse CLASS K/Reverse CLASS J
1876
Uncertain type - CLASS D or F (3), CLASS H or I (2)

Barbarous imitations of CLASSES B (1), C(2), D(1), H(2),
1(2), K(1), Uncertain (5)
1876a
1877*
ALEXIUS 1 1081-1118 A.D.

1878*
1879
Constantinople
1081-1118 A.D.
,,
1880*
,,
1881
,,
1882*
Alexius with cross/Christ figure

Alexius with labarum/Similar
,,
Similar/Christ bust
1884
,,
1885*
,,
1886*
,,
Alexius bust with labarum/Same

Alexius with labarum/Virgin bust with
medallion
Alexius bust with labarum/Virgin orans bust
1887*
,,
,,
1890*
,,
Alexius bust with cross/Jewelled cross

Alexius bust with sceptre/Patriarchal cross
1890 a
Cross/Inscription
Mule: Reverse of No. 1883/Reverse of No. 1887
Uncertain type
1891*
Barbarous imitations
JOHN 11 1118-1143 A.D.

1892*
1893
Constantinople
1118-1148 A.D.
,,
Virgin crowning John/Christ seated

John with cross/Christ figure
John bust with labarum/Same
John bust with sceptre/Christ bust
,,
,,
1896
,,
John bust with labarum/St. Demetrius bust
1897*
,,
Mules
MANUEL 1 1143-1180 A.D.
1901
Constantinople
1143-1180 A.D.
,,
,,
1902
,,
1903
,,
1904"
1905*
2
1
51
14
(PLATE 3)
BMC, II, p. 548, 37-40

BMC, II, p. 547, 33-35
BMC, II, p. 550, 48
Edwards, p. 142, 126
BMC, II, pp. 551f., 49-55
BMC, II, pp. 552f., 56-65
BMC, II, p. 553, 66-68
1
2
34
1
1
180
12
2
96
602
7
2
1
13
cf. BMC, II, p. 560, 40

BMC, II, p. 564, 62-66
BMC, II, p. 564, 67-69
BMC, II, p. 565, 70f.
Edwards, p. 144, 138
1
2
11
114
10
2
4
1
Uncertain type
Barbarous imitation Virgin orans type
1898
77
(144; 1 imit.)
1894*
1897a
359
1895*
1899"
1900
233
BMC, II, p. 550, 46f.

BMC, II, p. 549, 43f.
BMC, II, p. 549, 41f.
,,
1889*
NNM, 35, P1. II, 8

NNM, 35, P1. II, 9f.
NNM, 35, P1. II, 12
BMC, II, p. 543, 14-21

BMC, II, p. 549, 45
Alexius bust/Christ seated
1883*
,,
222
(954; 6 imit.)
Similar/Christ seated
Alexius bust with cross/Similar
1888*
NNM, 35, P1. II, 5

NNM, 35, P1. II, 6
NNM, 35, P1. II, 7
(3775; 13 imit.)
Virgin crowning Manuel/Christseated

Manuel with labarum/Virgin seated
Manuel with sword/Christ seated
Manuel with mappa/Christ bust
cf. BMC, II, p. 570, 21-24

BMC, II, p. 577, 56-58
cf. Sab., II, p. 209, 14
Sab., II, p. 210, 18
BMC, II, p. 577, 62f.
,,
Manuel with labarum/Christfigure

Manuel with cross/Christ bust
BMC, II, p. 578, 64-68
,,
Manuel bust/Same
BMC, II, p. 578, 70
1
14
1
1
4
307
17
75
CATALOGUE
1906*
1148-1180 A.D.
BMC, II, pp. 580f., 86-95

BMC, II, p. 580, 79-82 (1604).
83-85 (95)
BMC, II, p. 579, 75-78
Similar/Crosson steps
1907*
,,
Similar/Monogram
1908*
,,
1909*
1910*
,,
,,
Similar/St. George bust

Similar/Virgin orans bust
BMC, II, p. 579, 71-74
1911
1387
8
23
Mules
152
Uncertain type
Barbarous imitations of No. 1904 (5) and
1910 a
161
1699
13
No.1907(8)
1183-1185 A.D.
ANDRONICUS 1
1912*
1913*
Constantinople
1183-1185 A.D.
,,
Andronicus with labarum/Virgin orans bust

BMC, II, p. 586, 13-18

BMC, II, p. 587, 19f.
ISAAC 11 1185-1195 A.D.

Constantinople
1185-1195 A.D.
1915
,,
1916
,,
1917
,,
1919*
,,
1920*
,,
(156; 1 imit.)
Isaac, St. Michael/Virgin seated

Isaac, St. George/Similar
Isaac with cross/Similar
Similar/Virgin orans figure
Isaac half-figure/Virgin orans bust
1918
74
2
Uncertain type
1913 a
1914*
(78)
Similar/St. Michael bust

Sab., II, p. 223, 3

BMC, II, p. 591, 16-18
BMC, II, pp. 592f., 19-31
BMC, II, p. 596, 38-42

BMC, II, p. 596, 43
BMC, II, p. 597, 44-47
BMC NOT
3
1
2
144
2
1920a
Uncertain type
1921
Barbarous imitation of No. 1919
ALEXIUS 111 1195-1203 A.D.

1922*
1923
Constantinople
1195-1203 A.D.
,,
(18)
BMC, II, pp. 602f., 15-19
BMC, II, p. 606, 39-44
Alexius, St. Constantine/Christbust

Alexius with labarum/St. George bust
13
2
Uncertain type
1923 a
ANDRONICUS 11 1282-1328 A.D.
(2)
1924
Constantinople
1282-1295 A.D.
Andronicuswith cross/Crossanchored
BMC, II, p. 617, 11
1925"
1325-1328 A.D.
Andronicus, grandson/Christbust
Sab., II, p. 258, 87
1
1
EMPIRE OF NICAEA
1926"
1204-1222 A.D.
THEODORE 1 1204-1222 A.D.

Theodore, St. Theodore/(obscure)
1927
1222-1254 A.D.
John with labarum/St. George bust
JOHN 1 1222-1254 A.D.
THEODORE II
1928"
1254-1258 A.D.
(1)
of. BMC (Vandals), pp. 208f.,
4-11
BMC (Vandals), p. 219, 36-39
cf. BMC (Vandals), p. 222, 5
(1)
1254-1258 A.D.
Theodore with labarum/St. Tryphon (?)
(1)
76
EMPIRE OF THESSALONICA
THEODORE 1222-1230 A.D.

1929*
1930
1222-1230 A.D.
(5)
cf. BMC (Vandals), p. 194, 2f.
,,
Theodore, St. Demetrius/Christ bust(?)

Similar/Christ bust
,,
Theodore with labarum/Similar
BMC (Vandals), p. 299, 21f.
1931
EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND
ALEXIUS III
1932*
1349-1390 A.D.
1349-1390 A.D.
(1)
Alexius III/Cross and wreath
BYZANTINE IMPERIAL UNCLASSIFIED

Sixth century A.D. (2 M, 1 K, 8 E)
Seventh century A.D. (7 M, 6 K)
Ninth, tenth, eleventh centuries A.D.
15
72
20
(1121; 1 imit.)
Twelfth century A.D. (including one imitation)

Uncertain period
801
214
FRANKISHCOINAGE
(1186; 55 imit.)
PRINCES OF ACHAEA
GUILLAUME DE VILLEHARDOUIN
(452)
Schlumb., P1. XII, 6
Cross/Genoese gate
Cross/Castle Tournois
Schlumb., P1. XII,
Cross/ii,
Castle Tournois type with TVRONVS CIVI
Schlumb., P1. XIII, 15; p. 356

Billon
Similar with THEBECIVIS
Billon or AE
Uncertain type
Billon
1934
1935
Billon or AE
1936
1937
Billon
1938*
Billon
1939
1939a
1940
Billon
Billon
CHARLES I D'ANJOU
1941
Billon
1942
Billon
CHARLES .I11D'ANJOU
Cross/CastleTournois
FLORENT DE HAINAUT
Schlumb., P1. XII, 9f.

1f.
1944
94
276
49
27
3
1278-1285 A.D.
(1)
1285-1287 A.D.
1289-1297 A.D.
(15)
ISABELLE DE VILLEHARDOUIN
1943
1245-1278 A.D.
Facing head/Cross
Cross/Castleof Acrocorinth
1933*
Billon or AE
15
(3)
1297-1301 A.D.
Billon
Billon
PHILIPPE DE SA VOIE 1301-1307 A.D.

(6)
(20)
20
CATALOGUE
PHILIPPE DE TARENTE
1945
Billon
77
1307-1313 A.D.
MAHAUT DE HAINAUT
1946
Billon
1947
Billon
JEAN DE GRAVINA
1316-1318 A.D.
1318-1333 AD.
(14)
14
(2)
(5)
(53)
Schlumb., Pl. XII, 30
32
DUKES OF ATHENS
GUY I DE LA ROCHE 1225-1263 A.D.
1948
Billon or AE
-Genoesegate/Cross
1949
Billon or AE
G in field/Cross
1949a
Billon or AE
Uncertain type
20
1
GUILLAUME I DE LA ROCHE 1280-1287 A.D.
(101)
Schlumb., Pl. XII, 32
Schlumb., P1. XIII, 1
61
Billon or AE
Fleur-de-lis/Genoese gate
Coat of arms/Cross
1952
Billon
Schlumb., P1. XIII, 2f.
20
1953*
Billon
1950
Billon or AE
1951
GUY 11 DE LA ROCHE 1287-1808 A.D.

1954
Billon or AE
1955
Billon or AE
Cross/Same
1956
Billon
1957*
Billon
Similar with DE CLARENCIA
1958
Billion or AE
Turreted castle/Turreted castle
(177)
Schlumb., P1. XIII, 4 (1). 5 (1)
GAUTHIER DE BRIENNE
Cross/LargeG in field
1308-1311 A.D.
PHILIPPE DE TARENTE
After 1294 A.D.
20
2
11

97
Schlumb., Pl. XIII, 10
(15)
Schlumb., Pl. XIII, 12
15
65
DESPOTS OF EPIRUS
1959"
Billon
1960
Billon
1961
Billon
1962
Billon
(21)
Schlumb., P1. XIII, 20 (13).
20
26 (5). ? (2)
Similar
JEAN 11 ORSINI 1323-1835 A.D.
Barbarous imitation
(1; 1 imit.)
1
1
LORDS OF SALONA
1963
Billon
THOMAS 11 c. 2121-1258 A.D.

Cross/Shield
(1)
78
1964
THOMAS111 c. 1294-1811A.D. (3)

Tournois
Schlumb.,Pl. XIII, 14
Cross/Castle
AE
AE
BOHEMOND1 1098-1111A.D. (2)

St. Peter bust/Cross
Schlumb.,P1. II, 4
Schlumb.,P1. II, 5
Christbust/Similar
1
1
AE
TANCORED1104-1112A.D. (1)
St. Peterbust/Inscription
Schlumb.,P1. II, 6
RAYMOND11 1152-1187A.D. (1)

Star and crescent/Cross
Schlumb.,P1. IV, 5
Billon
PRINCESOF ANTIOCH
1965
1966
1967
COUNTSOF TRIPOLIS
1968
AE
FRANKISHUNCLASSIFIED(292;54 imit.)
OF GREECEAND THE ISLANDS

MINORCOINAGES
(5)
1969
1970
1971
1972
197
Billon
JEAN 11 DE LA GRANDEVLAQUIE 1303-1318A.D. (1)

Tournois
Schlumb.,P1.XIII, 17
Cross/Castle
Billon
GIORGIOI GHISI, Lordof Tenos 1303-1311A.D. (1)

Tournois
Schlumb.,P1.XIII, 29
Cross/Castle
Billon
LORDSOF CHIOS After18347A.D. (1)

Schlumb.,P1.XIV, 21
CastleTournois/Cross
AE
LEOGABALAS,King of Rhodes 1204-1240A.D. (1)

Schlumb.,P1.VIII, 17
Inscription/Insoription
Billon
ORDEROF ST. JOHN at Rhodes After1819 A.D. (1)

Schlumb.,P1.X, 3
Genoesegate/Cross
FRENCH COINAGE
KINGS OF FRANCE
1974
Billon
(16)
LOUIS IX 1226-1270A.D. (6)
Tournois
Cross/Castle
Bl.-Dieud.,II, pp. 224, 227
CATALOGUE
79
TOURAINE
1975
Billon
SAINT-MARTIN DE TOURS
Castle Tournois/Cross
12th Century A.D. (1)

Poey d'Avant, I, p. 222, 1636
DUKES OF BRITTANY
1976
Billon
JEAN I
Cross/Shield
1237-1286 A.D.
(1)
Poey d'Avant, I, p. 65, 856
COUNTS OF PROVENCE
CHARLES I D'ANJOU
1977
Billon
AR
1285-1309 A.D.
Prince seated/Cross
ROBERT 1809-1343 A.D.

1979
AR
(3)
Poey d'Avant, II, p. 320, 3947
CHARLES 11 D'ANJOU
1978
1246-1285 A.D.
(1)
Poey d'Avant, II, pp. 832f.,

8977 (2). 8985 (1)
(3)
Prince seated/Cross
POPES AT AVIGNON
1980
AR
JEAN XX.1
Pope seated/Cross
1316-1884 A.D.
(1)
ITALIANCOINAGE
(15; 1 imit.)
KINGS OF SICILY
ROGER 11
1130-1154 A.D.
1981"
AE
(3)
with
ends
Emperor standing/Cross
pronged
Spinelli, p. 148, 49
1982
AE
WILLIAM I 1149-1166 A.D.

Lamb with cross/Cross
Spinelli, pp. 154f., 75-77
1983
AE
WILLIAM 11 1166-1189 A.D.

Inscription/Inscription
Spinelli, p. 90, P1. XIV, 22f.
(1)
(1)
COUNTS OF CAMPOBASSO
1984*
1985
Billon
Billon
NICHOLAS 11 1450-1462 A.D.

Barbarous imitation of same
(9; 1 imit.)
Edwards, p. 158, 48
9
1
80
POPES AT ROME
PIUS IV
1986
AR
1559-1565 A.D.
(1)
Papal arms/St. Peter
CNI, XV, p. 499, 144
Pap., I, p. 98, 2
Pap., I, p. 99, 6
Pap., I, p. 106, 1
VENETIANCOINAGE
(1024; 17 imit.)
DOGES OF VENICE
JACOPO TIEPOLO
1229-1249 A.D.
1987
AR
1988
Billon
Doge, St. Mark/Christenthroned

V N *CE/Cross
AR
RANIERI ZENO 1253-1268 A.D.

1989
GIOVANNI
1990
AR
(3)
(1)
DANDOLO 1280-1289 A.D.
(1)
Pap., I, p. 137, 2
FRANCESCO DANDOLO 1329-1339 A.D.

1991
AR
AR
Doge kneeling/Lion rampant

ANDREA DANDOLO 1343-1354 A.D.
1993
AR
1994
Billon
1995
AR
1996
Billon
1997
Billon
Cross/Lion of St. Mark
Billon
MARCO CORNER 1365-1367 A.D.

Cross/Lionof St. Mark
1998
10
(2)
Pap., I, p. 168, 3
Pap., I, p. 182, 4
Pap., I, p. 183, 8
1356-1361 A.D.
1361-1365 A.D.
ANDREA CONTARINI
1999
2000
Billon
Billon
1868-1382 A.D.
Barbarous imitation of above
2001
Billon
MICHELE MOROSINI
1382 A.D.
1
1
(3)

LORENZO CELSI
Pap., I, p. 163,11
(2)

GIOVANNI DOLFIN
(10)
BARTOLOMEO GRADENIGO 1339-1342 A.D.

1992
Pap., I, p. 196, 2
Pap., I, p. 197, 4
Pap., I, p. 201, 4
Pap., I, p. 204, 5
20
(9)
(20)
(115; 1 imit.)
Pap., I, p. 217, 8
115
1
Pap., I, p. 221, 4
13
(13)
CATALOGUE
ANTONIO VENIER
2002
Billon
2003
Billon
81
1382-1400 A.D.

MICHELE STENO 1400-1413 A.D.
Billon
2005
Billon
2007*
Billon
1486-1501 A.D.
Pap., II, p. 83, 64
2008
Billon
Billon
2010
Billon
Pap., II, p. 114, 79
cf. Pap., II, p. 147, 6

Pap., II, p. 171, 174
1
3
Pap., II, p. 267, 53
(4)
Doge kneeling, St. Mark/Christin aureole

1556-1559 A.D.
(1)
Cross/Lion rampant
GEROLAMO PRIULI
1559-1567 A.D.
(2)
Cross/Lionrampant
PIETRO LOREDAN
1567-1570 A.D.
Pap., II, p. 289, 91
Pap., II, p. 304, 33
(3)
2011
Billon
2012
Billon
2013
Billon
Billon
PASQUALE CICOGNA 1585-1595A.D.

2015
Billon
MARINO GRIMAN1
2016
AR
FRANCESCO MOROSINI 1688-1694 A.D. (1)

Doge kneeling, St. Mark/Lion with cross
Pap., III, p. 513, 90
Cross/Lion rampant
ALVISE MOCENIGO 1570-1577 A.D.
2014
SILVESTRO VALIER
201 A7
6
(3)
Pap., II, p. 323, 60 (2); p. 331,
NICOLO DA PONTE
120(1)
1578-1585 A.D.
1694-1700 A.D.
Doge kneeling, St. Mark/Christin aureole
(1)
Pap., II, p. 375, 103
1595-1605 A.D.
22
(1)
LORENZO PRIULI
2009
1501-1521 A.D.
1523-1528 A.D.
(22)
ANDREA GRITTI
33
Pap., I, p. 253, 9
LEONARDO LOREDAN
Billon
Pap., I, p. 240, 7
(9)

AGOSTINO BARBARIGO
2006
185
(33)

TOMASO MOCENIGO 1414-1423 A.D.
2004
(185)
Pap., I, p. 231, 7
(2)
Pap., II, p. 415, 141
Pap., II, p. 455, 123 (2). 127 (1)
(3)
(1)
cf. Pap., III, p. 519, 2
82
ANONYMOUS COLONIAL ISSUES
2018
AE
2019*
AE
Lion of St. Mark/St. George and dragon

DALMAET ALBAN and variations
DALMAETALBAN
DALMETALB
DALMAT
ETALBAN
DALMATETALBANIA
74
39
1
3
2020
AE
2021
AE
ISOLEET ARMATA
ARMATAET MOREA
2022
AE
CORF CEFALZANT and variations
AE
SOL DINI 21
2024
AE
SOL DINO
2025
AE
CANDIA
FR in exergue
PM in exergue
VENETIAN UNCLASSIFIED
Doges of Venice
Barbarous imitations of same
Anonymous colonial issues
Pap., III, pp. 927-938, 7-86
Pap., III, pp. 938f., 87-94

Pap., III, pp. 939-941, 95-106
Pap., III, pp. 941-943, 107-126
20
CORFCEFALZANT
1
CORFZANT CEF
13
CORFVCEFALZANT
7
CORFVCEFALZANTE
ZANTE 4
CORFVCEFALON
ZANTE3
CORFVCEFALONIA
2023
Pap., II, p. 553, 51
Pap., III, pp. 961-966, 2--36

Pap., III, p. 966, 38
Pap., III, pp. 969f., 62. 66
2
1
(229; 16 imit.)
208
16
21
OTHERCOINAGES
UNCLASSIFIED
(18,402)
Medieval (Western Europe)
Islamic
Modern (almost all Greek)
11
7,073
11,318
1
117
54
109
48
12
1
3
NUMERICAL SUMMARY
ROMANREPUBLICAN
Q. Titius
C. Norbanus
Ti. Claudius
Cn. CorneliusLent. Marcellinus
M. AemiliusScaurus
Cn. Plancius
D. Junius Brutus Albinus
P. SepulliusMacer
M. Antonius
15
88 B.C.
80 B.C.
78-77 B.C.
c. 76-74 B.C.
58 B.C.
c. 54 B.C.
49-48 B.C.
c. 44 B.C.
c. 37-31 B.C.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
ROMANIMPERIAL
Augustus
Tiberius
Claudius
Nero
Galba
Otho
Vespasian
Titus
Domitian
Nerva
Trajan
Hadrian
Sabina
AntoninusPius
Faustina I
MarcusAurelius
Faustina II
LuciusVerus
Lucilla
Commodus
Crispina
Didius Julianus
ManliaScantilla
SeptimiusSeverus
Julia Domna
Caracalla
Plautilla
Geta
Elagabalus
Julia Maesa
Severus Alexander
Julia Mamaea
Maximinus I
Maximus
6*
18,674
9 imitations
27 B.C.-14 A.D.
14-37 A.D.
41-54 A.D.
54-68 A.D.
68-69 A.D.
69 A.D.
69-79 A.D.
79-81 A.D.
81-96 A.D.
96-98 A.D.
98-117 A.D.
117-138 A.D.
188-161 A.D.
161-180 A.D.
161-169 A.D.
176-192 A.D.
193 A.D.
193-211 A.D.
198-217 A.D.
209-212 A.D.
218-222 A.D.
222-285 A.D.
285-288 A.D.
5
2
1
2
1
1
11
2
18
8
46
67
2
46
14
26
28
11
5
15
3
1
1
13
6
12
2
5
4
1
26
18
21
2
84

Pupienus
GordianIII
Philip I
OtaciliaSevera
TrajanDecius
HerenniaEtruscilla
HerenniusEtruscus
TrebonianusGallus
Volusian
Aemilian
ValerianI
Gallienus
Salonina
ValerianII
Saloninus
Macrian
Quietus
Postumus
Victorinus
Tetricus
ClaudiusII
Quintillus
Aurelian
Severina
Tacitus
Florian
Probus
Carus
Carinus
MagniaUrbica
Numerian
Diocletian
Maximian
ConstantiusChlorus
Galerius
Galeria
SeverusII
MaximinusII
LiciniusI
LiciniusII
ConstantineI
Fausta
Helen
Theodora
Urbs Roma
Constantinople
PopulusRomanus
Crispus
ConstantineII
Constantius II
Constans I
Delmatius
Vetranio
Magnentius
Constantius Gallus
Julian II
House of Constantine
238 A.D.
238-244 A.D.
244-249 A.D.
249-251 A.D.
251 A.D.
251-253 A.D.
251-253 A.D.
253 A.D.
253-260 A.D.
253-268 A.D.
260-261 A.D.
260-261 A.D.
259-268 A.D.
268-270 A.D.
270-273 A.D.
268-270 A.D.
270 A.D.
270-275 A.D.
275-276 A.D.
276 A.D.
276-282 A.D.
282-283 A.D.
283-285 A.D.
283-284 A.D.
284-305 A.D.
285-305 A.D.
305-306 A.D.
305-311 A.D.
306-307 A.D.
308-313 A.D.
307-323 A.D.
307-337 A.D.
337-340 A.D.
337-361 A.D.
337-350 A.D.
350 A.D.
350-353 A.D.
361-863 A.D.
2
52
31
9
10
5
2
17
8
4
38
349
83
2
1
4
3
1
1
2
23
1
163
11
7
9
101
4
10
1
4
72
108
22
51
2
3
9
50
14
527
1
17
1
90
74
1
33
168
1855
434
4
1
2
123
283
1419
NUMERICAL SUMMARY
Jovian
ValentinianI
Valens
Procopius
Gratian
ValentinianII
TheodosiusI
Flaccilla
Maximus
Victor
Eugenius
Arcadius
Eudoxia
Honorius
TheodosiusII
Eudocia
Placidia
Johannes
ValentinianIII
Marcian
Leo I
SeverusIII
Zeno
ValentinianI-III
Unclassified
Imitations
863-864 A.D.
364-375 A.D.
364-378 A.D.
365-366 A.D.
367-383 A.D.
375-392 A.D.
379-395 A.D.
384-388 A.D.
384-388 A.D.
392-394 A.D.
383-408 A.D.
393-423 A.D.
400-450 A.D.
423-425 A.D.
425-455 A.D.
450-457 A.D.
457-474 A.D.
461-465 A.D.
474-491 A.D.
"VANDALIC"
Vandal Kings
OstrogothKings
Bust of TheodosiusI
Bust of Honorius
Bust of TheodosiusII
Bust of ValentinianIII
Bust of Marcian
Bust of Leo I
Bust of Zeno
Bust of AnastasiusI
Bust of Justinian I
Unclassified
13
224
521
5
165
514
1055
13
5
4
4
1012
6
304
334
2
1
1
9
107
152
1
2
1047
6435
9
4,796
8
78
5
118
30
77
134
130
47
243
103
3823
BYZANTINE IMPERIAL
Anastasius I
Justin I
Justinian I
Justin II
Tiberius II
Maurice Tiberius
Phocas
Heraclius
Constans II
Constantine IV
Justinian II (1st)
Tiberius III
Justinian II (2nd)
Philippicus
85
11,240
37 imitations
491-518
518-527
527-565
565-578
578-582
582-602
602-610
610-641
641-668
668-685
685-695
698-705
705-711
711-713
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
31
13
132
172
20
25
48
232
817
30
1
1
6
61
86
AnastasiusII
4
713-716 A.D.
Leo III
23
717-741 A.D.
ConstantineV
741-775 A.D.
2
Leo IV
1
775-780 A.D.
ConstantineVI
1
780-797 A.D.
Irene
1
797-802 A.D.
Leo V
1
813-820 A.D.
MichaelII
2
820-829 A.D.
4
829-842 A.D.
Theophilus
MichaelIII
1
842-867 A.D.
Basil I
867-886 A.D.
17
Leo VI
81
886-912 A.D.
ConstantineVII
913-959 A.D.
257
46
963-969 A.D.
NicephorusII
John I
53*
969-976 A.D.
Basil II, ConstantineVIII
571
976-1028 A.D.
RomanusIII
218
1028-1034A.D.
MichaelIV
154
1034-1041A.D.
ConstantineIX
104
1042-1055A.D.
Isaac I
A.D.
13
1057-1059
ConstantineX
102
1059-1067A.D.
RomanusIV
108
1067-1071A.D.
MichaelVII
229
1071-1078A.D.
A.D.
1
1077-1078
NicephorusBryennius
A.D.
1036
1078-1081
NicephorusIII
Alexius I
1081-1118A.D. 1267
John II
144
1118-1143A.D.
ManuelI
1143-1180A.D. 3775
AndronicusI
1183-1185A.D.
78
Isaac II
1185-1195A.D.
156
Alexius III
18
1195-1203A.D.
2
AndronicusII
1282-1328A.D.
of
3
Nicaea
Empire
of
5
Thessalonica
Empire
of
Trebizond
1
Empire
Unclassified
1121
Imitations
37
* For the period from John ZimiscesthroughAlexiusI, the anonymousissues are assigned to individual
emperorsaccordingto the chronologyoutlined in the commentary.Since it is impossibleto make a definite
divisionof the Agoracoinsof CLASSA-1 betweenJohnI andthe earlyyearsof Basil II and ConstantineVIII,
this first anonymousgrouphas been arbitrarilyhalved - fifty-two coins to John and fifty-two to Basil and
Constantine. Each of the other anonymous classes can be attributed in its entirety to a single reign.
FRANKISH.........................
MINOR COINAGES OF GREECE AND THE ISLANDS
1,186
55 imitations
5
FRENCH
..........................
16
ITALIAN
..........................
15
1 imitation
VENETIAN
.........................
MEDIEVAL
........................
ISLAMIC
1,024
17 imitations
11
..........................
7,073
MODERN(almost all Greek) ..................
11,818
55,492
COMMENTARY
ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE
1 Referencesfor the Roman Republican coinage are to the recent study of EdwardA. Sydenham, The
Coinageof the RomanRepublic(London,1952), which revises the catalogueof the BritishMuseumcollection
preparedin 1910 by H. A. Grueber.
No. 1 of the Agora catalogue,a bronzeissue of Q. Titius, is assignedto the mint of Rome by Grueber
(BMC, Republic,I, p. 288, 2235). Sydenhambelievesthat Rome was the chief mintingcenterfromthe second
century down to the time of the Social War but that its output duringthe period was augmentedby the
activity of at least one other Italian mint. In his opinion,the coinageof Q. Titius was struckboth at Rome
and at the auxiliaryItalian mint.
9-12 Antony'slegionarycoins, of which five specimenshave been found in the Agora,were struck for his
naval and military forces prior to the battle of Actium. Grueber(BMC, Republic,II, p. 526, note 1) dates
the entire series32-31 B.C., attributingit to Ephesuswherethe fleet and legions werefirst assembled.
13 Various theories have been advancedregarding the dating and origin of Antony's "fleet" issues, of
which our coins are representativeexamples. Bahrfeldt, after compiling considerableevidence on known
specimensand their provenance(Num.Zeit., 1905, pp. 9-56), concludedthat the money was struckbetween
the autumn of 37 B.C. and the summerof 35 B.C., probablyaboardone or more of Antony's ships. In the
British Museumcatalogue (II, p. 510, note 1), Grueberrestrictsthe dating to 36-35 B.C. and suggests that
the mint may have been Zacynthus,a convenientport of call for vessels travellingto the East. Grant,in his
study of the early Romanbronze(FromImperiumto Auctoritas,pp. 43-45), is inclinedto attributethe issues
to Tarentumfollowingthe conferencebetween Antony and Octavianheld there in the spring of 37 B.C.
In Sydenham'svolume the coins are dated 87-36 B.C. and assignedto an Italian mint.
ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE

17 Grant (op. cit., pp. 102-110) argues that coins of this type must have been struck at variousmints.
Specimenshave been found in widely-scatteredsections of Asia Minorand the Balkans, including Greece;
the excavationsat Dura producedtwo pieces and those at Antiochfourteen(A.R. Bellinger,TheExcavations
at Dura-Europos,Final ReportVI, The Coins,p. 189, No. 1354),while three werefound at Pergamum(Regling, Bliitt.f. Miinzfr.,1914,col. 5679).
29 The attributionto Tarracois open to question. In a recent article (Am. Num. Soc. MuseumNotes, IV,
p. 3), C. H. V. Sutherlandstates "the worknow being done at Oxfordon the dies of Flavian sestertiiof A.D.
70-71 has shown quite conclusivelythat the so-calledcoins of the Tarracomint were actually struck at
Rome."
36
IMPCAESARDOMITIANVSAVGGERMANICVSHead laureater.
Rev.COS Xlil to left and right of Minervaadvancingr., brandishingjavelin and holding shield.
1)
(PLATE
This form of the obverselegend is not given in either the BMC or the RIC listing.
51 This plated piece is a hybrid, possibly an ancient forgery. The reverse is that of BMC, III, p. 112, 565,
while the obverse legend - IMPTRAIANO AVG GERDAC PM TR P COS VI PP - belongs to earlier issues of
112-117 A.D. (BMC, III, pp, 89-103).
58
Variant obverse with bust laureate r. as Cohen, II, p. 57, 368,
88
61 One coin has the prow symbolr.; the other is without it.
66 Mattinglysuggests (BMC, III, p. eviii) that the mint may have been Cypruswith Antioch as another
possibility.Bellinger(Dura,VI, p. 140, No. 1363)points out, however,that Trajan'sother coinagefrom both
mints has Greekinscriptions.The case for Antioch is strengthenedby the fact that seventeenspecimensof
this type werefoundthere (DorothyB. Waage,Antiochon-the-Orontes,
IV, part two, Greek,Roman,Byzantine
and Crusaders'Coins,p. 94, Nos. 1016f.).
69 Variantreversewith globe in exergueas BMC, III, p. 287, note 372.
82 Variantobversewith bust laureate,draped,cuirassedr. as Cohen,II, p. 202, 1154.
83 Variantobversewith bust laureater., draperyon 1.shoulderas BMC, III, p. 425, note 1268.
90 With excavationcoinsit is often impossibleto distinguishthe dupondiusfrom the As when the obverse
has no radiatecrownand the primarydistinction is one of weight. In any event sinceno weightsare available
for the Agorabronze,I am unable even to attempt a separationof the two denominationsfor this period.
93 Variantobversewith head laureater. as BMC, III, p. 504, note 1693.
95 Variantobversewith bust drapedr., head bare as Cohen,II, p. 176, 827.
98 This wornobverseseemsto be a variant with bust drapedr., head bare (confirmed).
99 Variantobversewith draperyon 1. shoulderas BMC, III, p. 475, note 1549.
100 Variantobversewith head laureater. as BMC, III, p. 475, note 1552.
108 The legendsare badly wornbut the types seem to be those of Cohen,II, p. 349, 801.
111 Variantobversewith head laureate1. as Cohen,II, p. 328, 590.
114 One coin has a variant obversewith head radiate1. as Cohen,II, p. 309, 403.
122 The obverselegendis almost illegible.The coin may belongto the issue of 158-159 A.D. as BMC, IV,
pp. 354f., 2075-2077.
128 Variantreversewith no box visible as Cohen,II, p. 432, 249.
NA Bust of Faustina I drapedr.
131 DIVAFAVSTI
Rev.AETERNITAS
SC Juno, veiled and draped,standingfront with head left, r. armraised and 1. arm
lowered.
1)
(PLATE
The Agoracoin is identical with the referenceexcept that the reverseshows no trace of the sceptrewhich
Junoholdsin herleft hand. It seemslikely that this representsan erroron the part of the die-cutter.Thereis
an As type with the AETERNITAS
SC legend and a female figure (Juno?) standing with right armraised
and left arm close to her side (BMC, IV, p. 247, 1542), but the representationon the Agora coin is much
closer to that of the sestertius type with sceptre attribute.
136
DIVA FAVSTINA Bust of Faustina I draped r.
Rev. IVNO[NI RE]GINAE Juno seated 1. on throne with high back, holding patera in extended r.
hand and long sceptre in 1.; at feet, peacock.
(PLATE 1)
This is a hybrid, probably an ancient forgery. The obverse of Faustina I is coupled with a reverse of Faustina II
(of. BMC, IV, p. 401, 122-124) where, however, Juno is on a low seat. The style of the Agora coin and the
weight (2 grams), whichis light even with allowancefor corrosion,indicate an irregularissue.
141 Variant obverse legend with AVRELas Cohen, III, p. 85, 878.
148 The ending of the obverse legend is vague. The coin may belong to the earlier issue of 172-178 A.D.
(BMC, IV, p. 627, 1437).
151
A.D,
The obverse legend may end TR P XXXII, as BMC, IV, p. 674, 1676, in which case the date is 177-178
COMMENTARY
89
VERVSAVG Bust drapedand cuirassedr., head bare.

172 IMPCAESARL AVRELIVS
Rev. FELlTEMPCOS II SC Felicitas standing1.,holdingcaduceusand cornucopiae.
(PLATE1)
Withrespectto obversetype andboth obverseandreverselegends,this pieceis a variantof the BMCreference.
Unfortunatelyits conditionprecludessatisfactoryreproduction,but the coin has been recheckedand a cast
of it bears out the readings given above.
174 Variant obverselegend with AVRELas Cohen,III, p. 194, 257.
176 The reverse legend is somewhatuncertain. The coin may belong to the issue of 168-169 A.D. with
TRPOTVIIIIIMPV COS IIISC (as BMC, IV, p. 608,*).
192 The coin is in poor condition;this seemsto be the reverselegend and type.
193 On this worn reverse the legend may read IVNO REGINASC as RIC, III, p. 443, 682. The same
type occurswith both legends.
200 All trace of silver has disappearedfrom this plated coin. Due to breaksin the flan, the legends are
fragmentary.The space seems right for the reverseform given in the catalogue,but it is possiblethat the
originalreadingwas PMTRP XVll COS IIl PP (as BMC, V, p. 357, 6f.), in which case the coin was struckin
209 A.D.
201 The obverse legend fades at the end. The issue may be that of 194-195 A.D. with L SEPTSEVPERT
AVG IMP1111,
as BMC, V, p. 129, 514f.
202
This seems to be the correctreverselegend and type, but the coin is in poor condition.
207 The reverselegend is worn but is probablythis readingratherthan IVNO SC as on No. 206.
210 The reverseinscriptionis wornbut is probablythis reading.
216 The Agoracoin has a variant obversewith radiate bust drapedr., as BMC, V, p. 455, note 126.
G Bust radiate and drapedr.
218 ANTONINVS ...........
Rev. PMTRP XV!! CO [S 1111
PP] Sol radiate standing1., raisingr. hand and holdingglobe.
This coin, if correctlydeciphered,is probablyan ancient forgery. It has been recheckedbut is too broken
and corrodedfor reproduction.A similarcoin is listed in RIC, IV1, p. 246, 245 (after Cohen,IV, p. 169, 243)
but with the obverse legend ANTONINVSPIVSAVG GERM.In citing this coin in the BMC, Mattingly
remarksthat its reverselegend belongsto 214 A.D. whereasthe regularissue of doubledenariionly begins
in 215 A.D. The Agora specimen is all the strangerin that its obverse legend, which presumablyis ANTONINVSPIVSFELAVGsince the G endinghas been confirmed,dates back to a still earlierperiod.
226 Since the coin is not available,it is impossibleto tell whether it should be attributed to Rome, as
listed, or whetherit belongsto an issue with the same types and legendsassignedon the basis of style to an
Eastern mint, possiblyAntioch (BMC, V, p. 586, 338f.).
227 The Agorapiece varies slightly in that the laureatebust r. seemsto be drapedand seen fromthe front;
in the reverse field there is no star (confirmed).
229 The chronological arrangement of the coinage from Severus Alexander to Pupienus follows Pink, "Der
Aufbau der r6mischen Miinzprigung in der Kaiserzeit", Num. Zeit., 1935, pp. 12-34.
249 This issue is one of those assigned to Antioch in the RIC listing, with reference made in the introductory
text (p. 62, note *) to Pink's theory that the Eastern issues are not those of a regular mint but the work
of a company of forgers or a revolutionary party in the East (Num. Zeit., 1935, p. 14). Bellinger (Dura, VI,
pp. 131f., Nos. 1162-1167) summarizes Pink's argument and states his objections to it.
IMP ALEXANDERPIVS AVG Bust laureate, draped r.
Rev. VENVS CEL Female figure seated 1., holding cornucopiae and extending right hand to child at
her feet.
(PLATE 1)
This would certainly seem to be a forgery. The obverse of Severus Alexander is coupled with a corrupt form
of the VENVS CAELESTISlegend of Julia Soaemias. The reverse type, however, is that of Fecunditas rather
250
90
than Venus. This combinationof types togetherwith the abbreviatedand misspelledlegendis most peculiar,
suggestingan imitation, but the coin does not look particularlybarbaric.Thereis a hybrid, a base denarius,
listed in the RIC, IV,, p. 94, 808, which pairs an Alexanderobverse with the usual VENVSCAELESTIS
reverse of Soaemias.
293 On one of these coins the obverselegendreadsFELIXinstead of FELas RIC, IV,, p. 48, note 297.
305-308 The distinctionbetweenthe two mints,in the case of Nos. 305, 307f., is a stylistic one- a classification which I am unable to make. No. 306 is one of a groupof coins segregatedin the RIC volume as
irregularissues, possibly of Eastern origin or the workof ancient forgers.
309f. These two pieces are classifiedas hybrids in the RIC listing. The first has a reverseof Gordiannot
paired with the usual obverse;the second has a reverse of Philip I. Mattingly suggeststhat such irregular
issues may be the products of forgers.
325
IMPM IVLPHILIPPVS
AVG Bust radiate, cuirassed1.
Rev. AEQVITASAVG Aequitasstanding 1. with cornucopiaeand scales.
1)
(PLATE
The reverselegend with AVGinstead of AVGGis given in Cohen,V, p. 95, 8, but Mattinglystates that the
single G is an error.Bellinger (Dura,VI, p. 56, No. 1249) lists two specimensfrom the excavations,both
with AEQVITASAVGbut with obversebust radiater.
328
This is listed as a hybridin RIC, the reversenot pairedwith the right obverse.
334 A hybrid, accordingto Mattingly,since the reverseis not coupledwith the right obverse.
358f. In Berytus,VIII, 1943,pp. 61-64 andinDura,VI, p. 137,Nos. 1267-1304,Bellingerdiscussesthe transfer
of the mint fromAntiochto Emisain 252-253 A.D. Sincethe Agoracoins are not at hand for furtherstudy,
I cannot distinguishbetween the two mints on groundsof style. It would seem more likely that Athens
drew her supply of coinagefrom Antioch.
364
An issue at Milanis identicalin types and legends (RIC, IV,, p. 181, 205).
368 fi. The coinageof Valerianand his familypresentsnumerousproblemsin mint attributionand chronology
which are of particularpertinencefor this tabulationbecauseof the large numberof Gallienuspieces found
in the Agora. The fundamentalcataloguesfor the period are those of Otto Voetter (Num. Zeit., 1900, pp.
117-147 and 1901, pp. 73-110) and Percy Webb (RomanImperialCoinage,Vol. V, part 1, 1927). Since the
RIC volume appeared,considerablework has been done on individualmints by Alf6ldi, Elmer and others,
but there had been no recent attempt at a systematictreatmentof the entirecoinagepriorto the publication
by Robert Gobl of another section of the Vienna "Aufbau"series covering the years of the joint reign,
253-260 A.D. (Num. Zeit., 1951, pp. 8-45). A study of the 260-268 A.D. period by the same authoris now
in progress.
It has been very difficult to decide how to list the Agora coins. Many of the special studies have made
changesin mint attributionsand dates which render the RIC cataloguesomewhatout-of-date. However,
in certaininstancesthe formin whichthe new materialis presented- sometimeswith little or no illustrationtogether with the fact that some of the articles appear in comparatively inaccessible periodicals detract
from their usefulness as general reference works.
The overwhelming majority of the Agora coins belong to the sole reign of Gallienus and were struck at
Rome and in Asia. For Rome there has been no recent effort to fix the chronology of the later issues, and
in view of GSbl's forthcoming publication, it would seem pointless to go back to Voetter's work of 1900 for
more restricted datings than the general 260-268 A.D. classification. It should be noted that for the joint
reign, G6bl's dates are in most cases slightly different from those of the RIC, being generally a year later.
For the Asia mints we are fortunate in having two studies by Andreas Alfoldi ("Die Hauptereignisse der
Jahre 253-261 n. Chr. im Orient im Spiegel der Miinzprigung" in Berytus, IV, 1937, pp. 41-68 and "Die
romische Miinzpr~igungund die historischen Ereignisse im Osten zwischen 260 und 270 n. Chr." in Berytus,
V, 1938, pp. 47-91). These works, based on a hoard of antoniniani from northern Syria, have placed the
issues of the Asia mints on a firm foundation, reattributing some of the pieces assigned by Webb to Moesia
and dividing the RIC Asia category into the emissions of three separate mints. For the Asia coinage, therefore, the dates and references are those of Alfbldi's publications, with pages and numbers cited for Berytus, V
and plates for Berytus, IV since the form of the latter work makes reference to the text difficult.
COMMENTARY
91
With the exceptionof this groupof Asia mints, it has seemedbest to use the RIC referencesand to avoid
confusionby followingthe mint attributionsand datings therein given. Some of the emendationsproposed
by later writers have been indicated in the course of the commentary;for a more completelisting of the
literatureof this coinage,the readershouldconsult G6bl(op.cit., p. 10).
376-378 G6bl dates the first emissionof the Milanmint to 259-260 A.D. and includesnone of these types
in it. CONCORDIAMILIThe assigns to Rome, 253-254 A.D.; SALVSAVGG(type of RIC, V1, p. 57, 252)
to Viminacium,257 A.D.; SECVRIT
to Cologne,258 A.D.
PERPET
379-388 The dates given by G6blfor the issues of the two Asia mints are more closely definedthan those
of Alf61ldi.Bellinger ("The NumismaticEvidence from Dura", Berytus, VIII, 1943, pp. 65-67) gives his
reasons for dating the first emission at Antioch from 253 A.D. He also suggests 254 A.D. as the opening
year for the second Asia mint.
The location of this secondmint in Asia is an interestingproblem.Alf6ldi,rejectingthe earliersuggestion
of Voetter that it might have been situated at Cyzicusor Tripolis,arguesfor its establishmentat Samosata
and in this attributionhe is followedby Gobl.Bellinger,citing historicalevidencewhichmakesthat location
impossible,would place it at Emisa. Of 245 coins of Valerianfrom the Dura Excavations,43 belong to this
second Asia mint, which proportioncertainly seems too high for the identificationof the issuing mint as
Cyzicus.However, of the 38 coins of Valerianfrom the Agora, 12 were struck by this mint, as contrasted
with 8 from Antioch. Assumingthat these proportionsbear a reasonablyclose relationshipto the money
originallyin circulation,it seems strangethat a mint as remoteas Emisa shouldhave been supplyingAthens
with one-third of her coinage during the reign of Valerian. Were one consideringthe Agora coins alone,
Cyzicuswould appearto be a suitable location for the mint in question, particularlysince it was operating
a few years later under ClaudiusII. Mattingly, in fact, suggests that Cyzicuswas functioningduring the
last years of Gallienus(Num. Chron.,Ser. 5, XVI, 1936, p. 108). Possibly a further argumentfor Cyzicus
is provided by the Antioch Excavation figures where the coins of the second Asia mint outnumberthose
of Antioch, which leads Mrs. Waageto question Alf6ldi'sattributions(Antioch,IV, ii, pp. 101f.). The significant circumstanceis that later, under Diocletian and his associates,morecoins of Cyzicusthan of Antioch
itself were found in the excavations.Whateverthe final answer,it seems to me that the Agorafinds must
be taken into considerationas indicating a mint nearerAthens than either Emisa or Samosata.
397
The mint mark on one coin is
401
The same type was struckat Siscia, RIC, V1, p. 181, 565.
(confirmed),not listed in RIC for this type.
403 Milanalso issued this type with the PI mint markof our coins, RIC, V1,p. 172, 474.
406 One coin is a variant: Gallienus'head is radiate r., Fortuna'srudderrests on a globe, and the mint
markis
413
Jj
(confirmed).
Some of these coins may belong to Milan as RIC, V1, p. 173, 489. The mint marks are recordedas
(3),
P(1),
(1).
417
Siscia has the same type also without mint mark,_,
_
423
RIG, VA,p. 182, 577.
Some of this group of Agora coins may have been struck at Siscia, cf. RIC, V1, p. 183, 585. The obverse
is uniformlyGALLIENVS
AVGwith a radiate head r. On four reverses Uberitas is representedwith purse
and cornucopiae, on seven with grapes and cornucopiae. The obverse type and legend is given only for Siscia
in the RIC listing; the reversetype with purseis assignedto Rome and that with grapesto Siscia.However,
five of the Agoracoinswith grapesand one with pursehave the Romemint mark,J; the remainderhavej[.
It seems likely that at least nine of the Agora pieces belong to Rome.
426
No mint markis specifiedin RIG; our coin is recordedas having Z .
429
Milan has the same type, RIC,
430
Vr,
Both coins have the obverse legend GALLIENVSAVG (confirmed). This is not given in the RIC listing.
p. 177, 534. All three coins have --
431 Gohl attributes this issue to Viminacium in 257 A.D. Nos. 432/. are not included in his compilation
for the joint reign.
92
432
This coin presentsa variant obversewith the bust radiate, draped1. (PLATE 1).
434 In an article "The Reckoningby the Regnal Years and Victories of Valerianand Gallienus"(Jour.
Rom.Studies,XXX, 1940, p. 4), AlfSldidates this issue to 266 A.D., the VIIreferringnot to the tribunician
powerbut to the imperialconsulship.
445 This is a 258 A.D. issue of Cologneaccordingto G6bl.
446-456 In his study of the mint of Siscia under Gallienus ("Siscia",Num. Kiz., 1927/8, pp. 14-58),
Alf6ldi divides the issues into three periods. Accordingto his classificationour Nos. 446-448 werestruck
c. 261-263 A.D.; No. 449 c. 264-268 A.D.; Nos. 450f. c. 267-268 A.D. No. 452 he attributesto the mint
of Rome; No. 453 to either Rome or an uncertainPannonianmint, possibly Sirmium;No. 454 to the same
Sisciatypes, nor is No. 455 with the Sj and IS
Pannonianmint. No. 456 is not listed amongAlf61ldi's
marks
of
our
coins.
mint
447
The same type is listed for Milanin RIC, V1, p. 174, 501. All pieceshave _.
457-459 Alf8ldi attributes these types to an uncertainmint in Asia Minor,Ephesusbeing advancedas a

possibility.Mattingly (Num. Chron.,Ser. 5, XVI, 1936, p. 108) thinks it was probablyCyzicus.
instead of AETERNIT
The reverselegend on our No. 457 is blundered,AETERNTT
(PLATE 1).
463 This type with IMPGALLIENVS
AVG,as listed in RIC, V1,p. 103, 437, is not given byAlf61dialthough
it wouldseemto belongto the secondemissionat Antioch(Berytus,IV, p. 44, b). A cast confirmsthe identity
of the Agora coin and the RIC reference.
477
The mint mark on one coin is uncertain.
AVG Radiate, drapedbust r.

501 GALLIENVS
Rev. AETERNITATI
AVG Sol standing 1., raising r. hand and holding globe in 1. Crescentin 1. field.
1)
(PLATE
This type with the crescentin the left field is given by neither Webbnor Alf6ldi.It belongswith the latter's
sixth emissionat Antioch, as recordedon p. 56 of Berytus,V, and is anotherexample of the final stage of
the "star" striking.
516 GALLIENVSAVG Head radiate r.
Rev. LAETITIA
AVGG Laetitia standing1. with wreath and anchor.
(PLATE 1)
Apparentlythis is an addition to the list of hybrids cited in RIC, V1, p. 160, which combinean obverse of
the sole reignwith a reverseof the joint reign.
517 Gobl attributes this issue to Milan,259-260 A.D.
533-536 Accordingto AlfSldi'sclassification("Siscia",Num. KSz.,1927/8),our No. 533 shouldpresumably
be dated c. 264-266 A.D. although the mint markingsgiven by Alf6ldi are not identical with those of the
RIC reference.No. 534 belongsto the periodc. 267-268 A.D. No. 535 is not listed by Alf5ldifor Siscia nor
is No.536. Thelatter type with PI or PIll is attributedto an uncertainmint nearSiscia,possiblySirmium.
546
This type, listed in the RIC for Asia, is not included in Alfoldi's two Berytus studies. The exact type
is not given by GSblbut a somewhatsimilarone is attributedby him to Cologne,259-260 A.D.

558 Alf6ldi (Num. Chron., Ser. 5, IX, 1929, pp. 261f.) places Postumus' accession in 260 A.D.; Mattingly
(Num. Chron., Ser. 5, XVI, 1936, pp. 94f.) follows Webb in dating it 259 A.D.
568f. The attributionin the RIC volumeis to Cyzicus.

572
Webb assigns this type to Rome (RIC, V1, p. 212, 14).
One of these coins has an overstruck obverse.

DIVO CLAV[ Radiate head r.
Rev. CONSECRATIO Eagle 1., head r.
(PLATE 2)
On the obverse the beginning of the reverse legend CONSEC.. runs around from the second V of DIVO
CLAV across the emperor's neck, and there are faint traces of the reverse eagle on the head of Claudius.
This rather strange example of overstriking may represent an attempt on the mint workman's part to
573
COMMENTARY
98
strengthenthe ending of the obverse legend (the concludingDIO has left no trace on the coin). By some
accidentthe reversedie instead of the obverseone was used for this secondimpression.
574 These four coins are in poor condition. One has the mint mark -, which indicates Milan according
to Webb; on the others only the reversetype is visible.
579 This type with the J mint mark of our coins is also listed underMilan,as RIG, V1,p. 281, 146.
581
One of the two coins with the page 272, 62 referencemay belong to Milanas RIG, V1, p. 280, 137.
592 Any or all of the pieceswith the referenceto page 288, 215 may be issues of Rome (cf. RIC, V1,p. 271,
59); one coin with the referenceto page 288, 216 has the same mint mark as the Rome strikingof RIC, V2,
p. 271, 60.
595 One coin has a variant obverse:bust radiate and cuirassed1. with spear and shield (confirmed).
600 For one coin the strikingmint may be Rome as RIG, YV,p. 271, 59.
605
AVG (confirmed).
One specimenhas a variant obverselegend: IMPAVRELIANVS
612 Thistype withthe mintmark 4-,
whichis foundononeof theAgoracoins,is listedin the RICvolume
for Serdica(p. 294, 260) and Milan(p. 279, 129) as well as for Cyzicus.
613 Rome is a possibilityfor one coin (cf. RIC, V1, p. 271, 53).
614 One coin, otherwisecorrespondingto RIC, V1, p. 304, 349, has a variant obverse legend and a mint
mark not includedin the listing of Webb.
IMPC AVRELIANVS
AVG Bust radiate and cuirassedr.
Rev. RESTITVTOR
ORBIS Female figure standing r. presentingwreath to Aurelianstanding 1. and
holding spear;betweenthem, suppliantkneelingfigure.Mint mark
2)
(PLATE
648
IMPC M ANN FLORIANVS

AVG Bust radiate and cuirassedr.
Rev. VICTORIAPERPETVA
AVG Victory standing r. presentingwreath to Florian standing 1. and
holding sceptre.Mint mark KA
*
"
(PLATE
2)
Webb does not list this reverselegendfor Florianbut he doesincludeit for Tacitus(RIGC,
V1,p. 346, 201-203)
with the same Serdicamint mark.
650 Pink attributesthis type with the
XXIA
mint markof our coin to Rome ratherthan to Siscia which is
the mint of the RIC reference.

For the coinageof Probusthe RIC referenceshave been retainedbut the dates and attributionsare those
of Pink's recent work ("Der Aufbau der ramischenMiinzpraigung
in der Kaiserzeit: VI/I Probus," Num.
Zeit., 1949, pp. 13-74).
655 The poorly preserved obverse inscription seems to read IMP PROBVS PF AVG (confirmed). This is
not given in the RIC listing but is recorded by Pink (op. cit., p. 58).
657
On this coin the mint mark is
(confirmed). Cf. RIG, V2, p. 87, 187 for RV and Num. Zeit. 1949,
p. 59for-L.
RVA
691
The mint mark
(confirmed)is not listed in the RIC for this Salus type. It does occur in Pink
with the SALVSAVGlegend- datedto 280 A.D. - but the type there is Salusstandingr., not seated 1. as on
our coin.
693 Two coins with j

(RIC, VY2,p. 29, 101) are attributed by Webb to Lyons. A third coin, otherwise
like RIC, V2, p. 113, 869, has the variant obverse legend PERPETVOIMP PROBO P AVG, listed by Pink
as occurring at Serdica.
94
696 Accordingto Webb the mint marks on three of these coins are also found at Siscia in combination
TEMPtype. Pink, however,attributes all of them to Cyzicus.
with the CLEMENTIA
727
No trace of the silver wash remains.
The coinageof the 1st Tetrarchy,like that of Valerianand his family,presentsa referenceproblem.Webb's
RomanImperialCoinagedeals only with the pre-reformissues; for that periodthe RIC referencesand dates
have been used. The later coinageis treated by Voetter in his catalogueof the Paul Gerin Collection(Die
Miinzender riimischenKaiser, Kaiserinnenund Caesarenvon Diocletianusbis Romulus, Vienna, 1921) and
in a series of articlesin the NumismatischeZeitschriftfor 1911, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1923 and 1925. The dates
for this post-reformperiod are those of Voetter if I have cortectly understoodhis chronologicaldivisions as
indicatedin the publicationscited above. One deviationof whichI am consciousis in respectto the beginning
of the new reformcoinage.Voetterbelievesthat it startedearlierin somemints than in others,but his special
studiesin the Zeitschriftdo not includeall mints representedat the Agora.Ratherthan presentanunbalanced
picture, I have preferredto retain the general 296 A.D. dating for the inaugurationof the reform issues
throughoutthe empire.
The bulk of the Agoramoney for the Tetrarchyperiod consists of CONCORDIAMILITVM
pieces. A few
are antoninianiof the pre-reformseries with the mark of value, XXI, in the exergue;many more belong to
an almost identical bronzeissue with mint letters above the exergualline but no mark of value below. This
new AE denominationis describedas a three-scruplepiece by L. C. West ("TheCoinageof Diocletianand the
Edict on Prices",Studiesin RomanEconomicand Social History,Princeton,1951, pp. 290-802).
738 CONCORDIAMILITVM
pieces with the K mint mark of Cyzicushave turned up in quantity in the
AntiochExcavations(Nos. 1307, 1819, 1826, 1334). Sincethey are morenumerousthan the issues of the same
type attributed to Antioch, Mrs. Waage remarks"The large numberof these coins found at Antioch casts
considerabledoubt on Cyzicusas the mint."
In this connection,however,the finds at Athens should be taken into consideration.The coin totals for
Diocletian and his colleagues from both sites are closely comparable,and the amount of CONCORDIA
MILITVM
money is also about the same:
AGORA
ANTIOCH
all coins
all
CMissueswith K
coins CM issueswith K
25
25
92
72
Diocletian
108
58
98
71
Maximian
22
11
25
17
ConstantiusChlorus
84
19
51
37
Galerius
It seemsto me that the figuresfromthe two excavations suggest only that Cyzicuswas the major supply
mint at this period.
NOB CAES Head laureater.
764 MAXIMIANVS
Rev. FELIXADVENTAVGGNN Africa with elephant head-dressstanding 1., holding standardand
elephanttusk; at her feet, crouchinglion (vague).
PKA
(PLATE 2)
The date, 296-297 A.D., is that suggestedby Elmer ("Die Priigungendes staatlichenr6mischenMiinzamtes
in Karthago",Num. Zeit., 1932, pp. 24-26). He believes that this was the first issue struck after the arrival
of MaximianHerculeusin Carthageand the organizationof the mint there.
797 One coin has a wreath in the left field, as Cohen,VII, p. 200, 112, instead of the palm describedby
Maurice. SMN (confirmed).
810
It was first thought that these two specimens were struck at Nicomedia, a mint not included in Maurice
amongthose issuing this type for LiciniusII. A cast of one coin was forwardedfrom Athens and it seems to
me that the blurredmint mark is more likely
than
the secondcoin which has not been reexamined.SMHF
In all probability the same is true of
SMN"
COMMENTARY
95
CAESSfor Licinius II at Antioch. Our mint mark, though

814 Mauricedoes not list PROVIDENTIAE
somewhatcorroded,seems to be
same type.
ANTA
Cf. MauriceIII, p. 188, V for an Antioch issue of Crispuswith this
----.
818 One of these coins has an uncertainmint mark. It was originallyrecordedas

seems
R, which
AQEr'
impossible.From the cast the only letters which are absolutelycertain are the S in the right field and the Q
in the exergue.I think it is probably
with the faint markingsfollowingthe RQ due either to corrosion

R_
or to restriking.
823 On one specimenSol is advancing1. and the mint markreads OT (confirmed),not given in Maurice.
826 The mint marks,althoughvague, seem to be those of Treves.
829 In the exergue of the Agora coin there are two captives back to back between the letters P and L.
This form of the mint markis given in Mauricebut not associatedwith the VICTORIAE
type.
830 This piece correspondsto the referenceexcept that the mint markis P
initial star is listed only for later emissions.
832 The mint markwas originallyread as
(confirmed).In Mauricethe
but the type is not given in Mauricefor Rome, nor does
Rome apparentlyuse this combination.Judgingfromthe cast, the readingcouldwell be

a slight variationof the Arles mint markingslisted by Maurice.
833 The exergue marking is
I
CONST
CONSTA
835 Onecoin,type of Maurice,II, p. 336,V. 4, has
I (confirmed).
Althoughthese posthumoustypes are not recordedby Mauriceas having been struck at Siscia, our
mint marks have been confirmed as
844
representing
(confirmed).A similar readingwithout an officina letter before the
mint nameis illustratedon Pl. VI, 23 of Maurice,
839f.
P--,
"--.
ASjS
an
and
)SIS'
The reverse of our coin correspondsexactly to the Cohenreference,even to the mint mark
TSrVI
(confirmed). Voetter also records the type for Thessalonica (Gerin, p. 33889,
21).
850f.
Neither issue is listed in Maurice for Thessalonica but Miss Edwards (Corinth, VI, Coins, p. 94, 278)
has the VN MR type. On the Agora pieces the mint marks are
for one Pietas specimen (confirmed)
and apparently T
for the quadriga.
TSA
866
This type is not in Maurice for Nicomedia but our specimen has -(confirmed).
*SMN"
869
On the Agora coin, which otherwise corresponds to Cohen, VII, p. 281, 462, the reverse legend reads
in errorPROVIDENTIA
CAESS.The type is not includedin Mauricefor Nicomediabut our mint mark is
SMN
870
(all confirmed but reproduction impossible).

One specimen, type of Maurice, III, p. 78, I. 1, has
' SMNf*' , not given in Maurice.
96
THE ATHENIANAGORA: COINS
874 This issue is recordedby Mauricefor Carthage(I, p. 353, III. 3) but not for Cyzicus.The Agoramint
markhas been confirmedas either
or
.L
SMKA MKA
878 It is not certain that these two coins belong to Cyzicus;Mauricedoes not list the type at that mint.
mint
our
One
of marks
One of our
mint
marks is recorded
recorded as
(checkedand probablycorrect);the other as SMKC(possible

aSMKA
SMK
but not certain).
886 The type is not in Mauricefor ConstantineI at Antioch. Onepiece has
SANT
(confirmed);the other
ANTA"
893 Mauricedoes not give this type for Alexandriaand it is by no means certain that our coins belong
there. The mint marksare recordedas ALEA and SMAL.Both have been reexaminedbut the pieces are
in poor conditionand certainty is impossible.
916 SALVSREIPVBLICAE
is not listed by Mauricefor Fausta at Cyzicus; the Agora coin has SMKE
(confirmed).
920 Cyzicusis not amongthe mints strikingthis type for Helen accordingto Maurice'slisting. One of our
coins has been confirmedas reading SMKA
SMKA"
923 The VRBSROMAand CONSTANTINOPOLIS

issues are attributedto the reigns of ConstantineI and
his sons. The beginningdate for each type is that of Maurice,who indicatesin the case of certainmints that
the strikingmay have started in 330 ratherthan 333 A.D. With respect to the GLORIAEXERCITVS
issues,
it seems likely that they stoppedin 340 A.D. when ConstantiusII and Constansceasedto use this type on
their regnal coinages.
931 This type is not given by Mauricefor Nicomediabut a similarpieceis listed by Voetter (Gerin,p. 193,3).
One Agoraspecimenhas SMNO (confirmed).
937 Ourmint markis
CONST(confirmed).Cf.
No. 833 above for a similarreadingillustratedin Maurice.
942 Althoughnot in Maurice,the type is given by Voetter for Heraclea(Gerin,p. 119, 8). The mint mark
on the Agora specimen is
(confirmed).
SMHF
945
Maurice does not list this type for Constantinople but he does give a similar hybrid piece under Rome
(I, p. 258, II). CONSJA (confirmed).

959
Only VICTORIAELAET PRINC PERPis given by Maurice for Arles but Voetter (Gerin, p. 86, 16) has
the LAETAEform with a mint mark differing from our
T*4A
(confirmed).
964
This type is not included under Thessalonica by Maurice. The Agora coin has
corresponds exactly to Cohen, VII, p. 841, 19.
973
(confirmed) and
_
The Cohen reference lists the type as AE4 but the Agora piece is AE3. Our mint mark seems to read
a form not given in Mauricefor either Constantinopleor Arles.

COS (confirmed),
COMMENTARY
97
992 One coin has a variant obverse:head laureater. (confirmed).This correspondsto Cohen,VII, p. 369,
88, but is not in Maurice.
997 In his study of the brief reign of ConstantineII ("Constantinusjunior als Augustus",Num. Zeit.,
1909,p. 14), Voetterassignsto that emperorcertainissueswhichCohenlists underConstantineI. Thenumbers
reverse.Voetter's
pertinentto this tabulationare Cohen244-249 and 252f., all with the GLORIAEXERCITVS
and
to
on
me
based
size
to
confirmation
from
the fact that
seem
re-attributions,
legend forms,
gain strong
unless some or all of these issues are assignedto ConstantineII, there is not a singlecoin in the Agoradating
to the three year periodwhen he was Augustus.
1029 For the coinagesof ConstantiusII and Constansafter337 A.D., the restricteddates are those suggested
by Voetter (Num.Zeit., 1909, pp. 1-14) and by Mattingly(Num. Chron.,Ser. 5, XIII, 1933, pp. 182-202 and
Ser. 6, VI, 1946, pp. 115f.). Voetter regardsthe VOT XX MVLTXXX of ConstantiusII, the VOT XV MVLT
XX of Constansand also the latter'shybridVOTXX MVLTXXX as contemporaryissuesstartingin 343 A.D.
EXERCITVS
(one standard)
Mattinglybelieves that the sons of Constantinecontinuedtheirfather'sGLORIA
DD AVGGQNN reverse was
type down to 340 A.D. After the death of ConstantineII, the VICTORIAE
initiated by Constantiusand Constansand remainedin use at least until 345 and perhapsas late as 348 A.D.
At that time, i. e. 348 A.D., the variousFELTEMPREPARATIO
types were introducedin celebrationof the
1,100th anniversaryof Rome. With respect to these last issues I am somewhatuncertainas to Mattingly's
exact chronology.In speakingof the FELTEMPREPARATIO
type with a warriorspearinga fallen horseman,
he suggeststhat the "PB" denominationwas probablylater than the "MB".In the courseof the same article
the abandonmentof the AE2 coinageis linked with the downfallof Magnentius,but in the Chroniclestudy
of 1946, a later date, c. 356 A.D., is given for the breakdownof Constantius'reformin the empire at large,
at whichtime the "centenionalis"- the AE2 coin- was demonetizedand only the smallerAE3 pieceremained
in circulation.
I do not believe that Mattinglyis implying that there was any considerableinterval between the first
emissionsof the FELTEMPREPARATIO
denominations.There is in the Agora a fair representationof the
smaller"fallenhorseman"issue of Constanswhich suggests that it was struck for some little time prior to
350 A.D. As to the terminationof the AE2 coinage,I shouldpreferMattingly'searlierdate, c. 353 A.D., in
view of the proportionsin the Agoraof the FELTEMPREPARATIO
issues of Constantius:roughly60 of the
900
to
over
of
the
coins
smaller.
larger
No chronologicalrestrictionhas been attempted for SPESREIPVBLICE,
SECVRITAS
REIP,VICTAVG or
VICTORIA
AVGG.The secondand third types are used only by ConstantiusII and Constans,not by Julian,
which probablyindicates they antedate 355 A.D. when Julian became Caesar.SPESREIPVBLICE
and VICTORIAAVGG,found for all three emperors,may well cover most of the 337-363 A.D. period.
1060 The type is that of Cohen,VII, p. 446, 38, but the Agorapiece is AE3 not AE2 (confirmed).
1108
Maurice does not give the mint mark form which occurs on our coin,
SMANE (confirmed).
1137 DN CONSTANSAVG Bust diademed and draped r.

Rev. GLORIAEXERC[ITVS]Two soldierswith a single standardbetween them.
(PLATE2)
This is a variant of Cohen,VII, p. 313, 62, without the FLin the obverselegend.
SCONE
1193 The obverse legend on the Agora coin reads FL DELMATIVSNOB CAES as Cohen, VII, p. 362, 6.
Maurice gives DALMATIVS.
1197
This piece may be incorrectly attributed. The obverse is badly worn but the bare head with letter
behind couldbe that of Magnentius.On the reverseAVG ETis visible in the legend and the type seemsto be
that of two Victories placing a wreath on a column.
1203 Two of the Agora coins correspond to Cohen, VIII, p. 33, 16 except that they are "PB" instead of
"MB". The same is true of the other specimens listed under a "cf. 16" reference: Nos. 1208, 1210, 1214.
1206
The Cohen reference (VIII, p. 36, 86) is "MB"; the two Agora pieces are "PB".
1219 Our coin has a variant ending for the obverse legend: NOB CS instead of the NOB C of the Cohen
reference.
7
98
1226 In the case of one coin the obverselegendis too wornto permit an exact reference.It may, therefore,
belong either to the 855-360 A.D. period, where it has been listed, or to the years followingwhen Julian
was Augustus.The same reservationappliesto the SPESREIPVBLICE
piecesfrom other mints whichhave the
same "C.?" reference.
1237 One Agora coin, with the usual FELTEMPREPARATIO
reverse and the mint mark
has an
SMNS'
.
obversebust drapedr., head bare, and the variant legend: [FL]IVLIAN[VSNO]BCAESAR(all confirmed).
On this particularpiece the beginning of the inscriptionis uncertainbut another coin of the same type,
mint uncertain,has the confirmedreading:FL IVLIANVSNOBCAESAR(see No. 1252 below).It seemslikely
that the legend is the same in both cases.
1238 Onone cointhe obversebust is drapedr., headbare,andthe legendreadsDN IVLIANVSNOBCAESAR.
mint
Althoughnot in Cohen,this formis given by Voetter(Gerin,p. 198, 3), whose coin has the same I
SMNE
mark of our piece. (PLATE 2).
1252 Two of these coins show the same variant obverselegend describedunderNo. 1237 above (confirmed
for one as FL IVLIANVSNOB CAESARand very probablythe same for the other).
1253 Three coins of this type have the bust drapedr., head bare, and variant obverselegends. One reads
DN IVLIANVSNOBCS; the other two, DN IVLIANVSNOB CAESARand [DN IVLIANV]SNOB CAESAR
(all three confirmed).
Since, on the evidenceof the Agoracoins, the CAESARformof the obverselegendis peculiarto Nicomedia,
it seems probablethat the four pieces with illegible mint markswhich show the same variation also belong
to that mint.
1260 Cyzicusis not listed as one of the mints used by Jovian in Cohen,Voetter or Bernhart (Handbuch
zur MiinzkundederramischenKaiserzeit).Ourmint markis SMKO(confirmed).
A
1268 One coin has a mint mark not given by Pearce:
*SSISC(confirmed).
A?
1271 The form of one mint markis not in the RIC listing,
(confirmed).
SISCP
1297 On our coin the mint mark is 9
(confirmed),not in Pearce.
is not listed by Pearce.

1299 The formof the mint mark,---I
CS3MTRS(confirmed),
1301 Onemint markis
in the RIC reference.
A (confirmed);a second is recordedas

*FSISC
. Neither officina is included
*ASISC
The silver wash has entirely disappeared from this coin which was apparently intended to pass as an
argenteus or a siliqua.
1311
1330
This type is listed for Procopius in Pearce's earlier study of the late Roman period (The Roman Coinage
fromA.D. 364 to 423, reprintedfrom Spink'sNumismaticCircular,1931-1933),but it is not includedin his

RIC, IX catalogue. The three Agora coins are in poor condition so that certainty is impossible,but they
seem to belong to Procopius.
1334
DN GRATIANVSPF AVG Bust diademed, draped and cuirassed r.

Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM Roma seated facing on throne, holding globe and spear.
(PLATE2)
AQPS
COMMENTARY
99
Althoughthis specimennow retains no trace of silver, it is probablethat it was once meant as a siliqua.
The type is that ordinarilyassociatedwith VIRTVSROMANORVM,
but the GLORIAROMANORVM
legend
of the Agoracoin has been confirmedas certain.Pearcegives one exampleof this latter formfor the mint of
I
Sirmium(?) in the RICG
(IX, p. 160, 11), and anotherwith LVGPSis cited by Cohen(VIII, p. 128, 18). Our
coin indicates that Aquileiaalso put out the same type.
1394 The VICTORIAAVGGGtype with two facing Victoriesis listed by Pearce for other mints but not
for Constantinople.On the Agora piece the mint mark is
CONSA
(confirmed).
1430 Pearce (RomanCoinage,p. 35) believes that the mint of Siscia operated until about 387 A.D., at
which time it was dismantledand probablynever re-opened.Althoughmentioningexamplesof later issues,
such as SALVSREIPVBLICAE,
listed in sales catalogues as having Siscia mint marks, he feels that they
should be disregardeduntil their attributioncan be tested. The confirmedreading
on this Agoracoin
S
of Theodosiusprovesthat Siscia was functioningafter387 A.D., if Pearceis right in dating the beginningof
the SALVSREIPVBLICAE
issue to 388 A.D. Onespecimenof the same type struckby Arcadiusat Siscia was
found
in
the
also
Agora (No. 1504).
1444 This type is listed in the RIC volume as having been struck at Constantinopleby ValentinianII and
Arcadiusbut not by Theodosius.It does, however,appearelsewherefor that emperorand it is reasonable
to supposethat Constantinoplealso issued the type. Ourmint markwhich seems to read C
blunderedfor
is perhaps
.
CONF"
1448 VIRTVSAVGGGis not given by Pearceas one of the types put out at Constantinoplefor Theodosius.
The Agora coin has CCONSC (confirmed).
1497 The SALVSREIPVBLICAE
type is not listed at any mint for Eugenius in the RIC catalogue, but
Miss Edwards (Corinth,VI, p. 116, 680) has a specimenfrom the CorinthExcavations. On our piece the
beginningof the obverselegend is preserved DN EVGE[(confirmed).
1498 Pearce'snew RIC volume ends with the death of TheodosiusI in 395 A.D. Only the earlierissues of
Arcadiusand Honoriusare includedin it. One of these, SALVSREIPVBLICAE,
must surely continue after
395 at most mints. From the Agora, one-halfof the entire coinage of Arcadiusand one-quarterof that of
Honoriusare of this Victory and captive type, which seems far too high a proportionfor the comparatively
briefperiodpriorto 395 whenthe two wereAugusti.I shouldbe inclinedto thinkthat the SALVSREIPVBLICAE
issue goes on at least until 400 and possibly down to 408 A.D. TheodosiusII does not use the type, but it
does reappear under Johannes and Valentinian III.
With the coins of Arcadius, Honorius and Theodosius II which date after 895 A.D., I have attempted a
chronological arrangement based on the emperors using any given type, the type itself and the form of the
reverse legend. In the case of some issues, such as those with the three emperors type or AVGGG in the
reverse inscription, one feels fairly confident that they belong to 400-408 A.D., at which time Arcadius,
Honorius and Theodosius were sharing the imperial power. Other issues, however, have no clear indication
of date and with still others the evidence is confusing. CONCORDIA AVGG (Roma seated) and GLORIA
ROMANORVM (two emperors with shields) appear under all three emperors. It is possible that the latter
type was not issued during the 400-408 A.D. period, being struck first by Arcadius and Honorius and later,
after Arcadius' death, by Honorius and Theodosius, but it seems more likely that it continued from c. 395
to 408 A.D. and was then replaced by the type with two emperors holding a globe. CONCORDIA AVGG is
an AE8 denomination. This larger flan was not used extensively by Honorius and appears only sporadically
under later emperors. Pearce (Roman Coinage, p. 106) remarks that although the AE3 piece was struck in
reduced module up to the early years of Theodosius II, it had by 423 A.D. given way entirely to the AE4
denomination. I should doubt that any of the AE3 types represented at the Agora belong after the death of
7*
100
Arcadius,and it is quite possiblethat some of Honorius'largeflan issues, such as the GLORIAROMANORVM

types with a single emperor,stopped even earlier.Needlessto say, these datingsare highly tentative, resting
as they do upon surfacecriteriaratherthan any extensive study of the coinageas a whole.
As discussedabove in connectionwith No.1430, the presence
.
in the Agora of SALVSREIPVBLICAE
coins of Theodosiusand Arcadiusindicate that Siscia was operating
after 387 A.D. It may well be, however,that the workshopfunctionedfor only a short time thereafter.There
are only two SALVSREIPVBLICAE
pieces from Siscia as contrastedwith large numbersfrom other mints.
1504 Ourcoin has the confirmedreadings
1506 This VOT X MVLTXX type, althoughgiven for Arcadiusat other mints, is not includedby Pearce
amonghis Thessalonicaissues. TES (confirmed).
1553 One coin has been restruck,but the earliertype is uncertain.
1580 Only Arcadiusis listed by Pearceas having struckthis type at Heraclea.Onecoin has been rechecked
and the mint mark confirmedas S
1581 Thetype is not in Pearcefor any emperorat Heraclea.Both coins are in poorcondition, but one mint
mark has been confirmedas
.
CSM3HA"
1607 DN HO[ Bust diademed,drapedand cuirassedr.

Rev. VOT V in wreath.
(broken)
(PLATE
2)
This AE4 coin has a reversecommonlyassociatedwith Arcadiusbut not cited for Honoriusby either Pearce
or Cohen.Two individuals,workingwith the coin itself, read the beginningof the obverselegend as a clear
DN HO. If this is indeed the case, some coins of the VOT V type must have been issued to markHonorius'
elevation to the rank of Augustus as had been done for Arcadiusten years earlier.From the cast which is
reproduced,I am not sure that one can discount the possibility that the emperoris TheodosiusI who is
known to have used this reverse.
1623 The "crossin wreath"type without legend is listed in Pearce only for the mint of Cyzicus.
1624 Pearce does not give this issue for TheodosiusII at Heraclea.Our mint mark has been confirmedas
SMHA'
1630 Although Theodosiusis not recordedas having struck this type at Constantinople,the number of
coins from the Agoraleaves no doubt that there was an extensive emissionfrom that mint.
(confirmed),but the type is not in Pearce for Theodosius
1634 The mint mark on the Agora coin is
at Nicomedia. Miss Edwards, however, cites an example from that mint (Corinth, VI, p. 119, 740).
1636 Althoughnot in Pearce for Nicomedia,the type is illustratedby Sabatier (P1. V, 19) with
One of our pieces has
(confirmed).
SMNA.
but the type is not in Pearce for Theodosiusat

1641 The mint mark in one case is ANTA (confirmed),
Antioch. However,Mrs. Waage recordseight specimensfrom that mint (Antioch,IV, ii, p. 145, No. 1987).
1653 [DN VALENT]INIANVS
Rev. VOT
P.F.AG
XX in a wreath -
(PLATE
2)
Bust diademed,drapedand cuirassedr.
COMMENTARY
101
Pearce cites two similar examplesof this type for ValentinianIII (RomanCoinage,Add. p. 107, 85 and
p. 108, 85). One has
and the other
The Newell Collectionof the AmericanNumismaticSociety
has a specimenwith
S.
1657 This type in bronze is given by neither Pearce nor Cohenfor Valentinian III, but two specimens
with illegible mint markswere found at Antioch. The obverseinscriptionon the Agorapiece is clearly DN
and the reversehas the mint mark
VALENTINIAN[
(all confirmedbut reproductionis impossible).
Pearce (RomanCoinage,Add. p. 2, 78a) does cite a coin with the cross type and a SALVSREIPVBLICAE
legendfor Valentinianat the mint of Rome. SinceCyzicusproducedthe crosswithoutlegendissuein quantity
for TheodosiusII, it is not surprisingto find an exampleof the same type for Valentinianfrom that mint.
1663 Neither Sabatiernor Bernhartlists Heracleaas one of Marcian'smints. Our pieces have SMH (one
confirmed).
1666 Antiochis not given as a mint of Marcianin Sabatieror Bernhart,but five coins with the Antiochene
mint markare listed by Mrs.Waage(Antioch,IV, ii, p. 146, Nos. 2023f.).
1672 One coin seems to have the beginningof a reverselegend: VICTO[(confirmed).The mint markmay
be that of Antioch
ICT
1677 Bust of SeverusIII diademedand drapedr. (very obscure)

Rev. Monogramof Ricimer: RiE
2)
(PLATE
Theidentificationof the monogramis that of Friedlaender(Die MiinzenderOstgothen,

Berlin,1844,pp. 5 f.)
of
an
obverse
the
a
line
has
which
he
shows
The Berlincoin, of
inscriptionIRVSP A, referring
ending
drawing,
Avitus'
one
of
to
465
A.D.
461
from
who
to Libius Severus
Ricimer,
generals,had been responsible
reigned
that Severus owed the
to
Ricimer
It
was
that
and
of
his
successor
of
for the downfall
Majorian.
emperor
with
the
remained
the
real
of
four
the
his
and
throne
rule,
general.After Severus'
power
during
years
imperial
two
for
the
all
but
name
in
the
latter
hand
at
the
of
Ricimer,
year interregnumbefore
death, perhaps
reigned
the accessionof Anthemius.The coinagewith the head of Severusand the monogramof Ricimermay belong
either to Severus'lifetime when Ricimerexercisedvirtual sovereigntyor to the 465-467 interval beforethe
elevation of Anthemius.
It is probablethat the specimenwith an uncertainmonogramrecordedby Cohen(VIII, p. 229, 18) is an
example of this same type.
1678
Although the form of the monogram is similar to that appearing on "Vandalic" coins (BMC, Vandals,
p. 82, 123), it seems likely that the Agorapiece belongs with Zeno'sregularissues. The obverseinscription
reads DN ZENO AV (confirmed) and there is a mint mark which may be that of Thessalonica, -
"VANDALIC" COINAGE
1682 Of these 118 coins, 19 have R or RMin the exergue, sometimeswith an officinamarkin the left field
(P, S, T or E). Another 32 have only the letter in the field (P, S, T, R or E).
In this catalogueall of the minimi with crudelyrenderedlate Roman types have been groupedwith the
money of the Vandal and Ostrogoth kings under a general "Vandalic" classification. Since there is as yet
no published study of this coinage superseding Wroth's work in the British Museum Catalogue of 1911, this
seems the only feasible arrangement at the present time, but evidence now available indicates that the
attributionof all of these issuesto the Vandalicrulersof North Africais not only dubiousbut quiteimpossible,
102
Wroth'sconclusionthat the money was struckin Africawasin largemeasureinfluencedby the circumstance

that many specimenshad been found in Africa, Sicily and Italy, with few recordedelsewhere.Since then
"Vandalic"hoardshave been discoveredin Greeceand the excavationsat Athens and Corinthhave produced
these coins in quantity. One striking aspect of the excavation finds is the extent to which the "barbaric"
pieces of certain emperorsapproximateor outnumberthe imperialissues. A partial listing of the Corinthian
and Athenian coins shows this disproportionaterepresentation:
CORINTH(1896-1929)
AGORA
ValentinianIII
Marcian
Leo I
Zeno
Anastasius
Imperial "Barbaric"
6
11
9
6
6
11
0
5
9
7
Imperial
9
107
152
2
81
"Barbaric"
77
134
130
47
243
Miss Edwardsin discussingthe 95 "Vandalic"coins from the Corinthianexcavations (Corinth,VI, p. 11)

rejectsthe attributionto NorthAfricaand suggeststhat the moneywas issuedby Alaricat abandonedRoman
mints in the North and left by his Gothic followersafter the sack of Corinthc. 395 A.D. For some of the
coins found at Corinththis might be a possibleexplanation,but it wouldscarcelyaccountfor pieceswith the
types and legendsof Marcian,Leo, Zeno, Anastasiusand Justinian.
As regardsthe Agoracoins, any connectionwith Alaric'sinvasionis even less likely. The Gothic kingdid
enter Athens prior to his depredationsin the Peloponnese,but apparentlythere was no resistanceand no
extensive destruction,due possibly to the payment of tribute by the Athenians. Moreover,this transitory
occupationhad no noticeable effect on the currencyif one can judge by the numerousissues of Arcadius
and Honoriuswhich come from the excavations. Certainlyit seems improbablethat for nearly a century
the bulk of the currencycirculatingin Athens was that of the northernbarbariansrather than the official
issues of Rome and Byzantium.
After the publicationof the CorinthCatalogue,Miss Edwards workedfurther on the "Vandalic"coins,
and I believe she concludedthat many of them wereimperialemissionsoriginatingin mints on the northern
fringesof the Eastern Empire. This seems a much more plausibleexplanation,but one which perhapsdoes
not go far enough.
Some of the coins from the Agora are named pieces of the Vandal and Ostrogothkings, and others, of
extremelycrudestyle or with no knownRomanprototypes- such as the issues with the palm tree type and
those with strange monogramforms - may well be of barbaricorigin. Such coins are comparativelyrare.
The bulk of the Agora money is in the imperialtradition, distinguishablefrom the standardcoinage only
in the cruderenderingof the types and legends and in the absenceor abbreviationof mint marks.Actually
it is often difficultto decide whetheran individualspecimenbelongsin a regularor irregularcategory, and
this very uncertaintysuggeststhe output of disorganizedofficialmints ratherthan a barbariccoinage.
Duringthe fifth and the early sixth centuriesa state of political and economicchaos prevailedthroughout
the old Romanterritories.Under a successionof weak rulersthe empirewas powerlessagainst the barbarian
tribes who pillagedat will and whose forays were usually terminatednot by force but by tribute. For one
brief interval during the reign of Valentinian III, the Vandals held Rome itself. Constantinople was repeatedly
threatened and although the capital was never captured, the provinces suffered greatly. These recurrent
crises brought the empire on more than one occasion close to economic collapse. In such circumstances the
outlying mints, and perhaps to a lesser degree those of Rome and Constantinople, must have operated under
almost impossible conditions, handicapped by inadequate supplies, disrupted communications and the lack
of any strong central control. If their output was at times wretched in quality and execution, it would
scarcelybe surprising.It is even conceivablethat duringcertainperiodslarge communitieswithout imperial

mints, such as Athens and Corinth,were forced to set up makeshift workshopsand turn out small bronzes
in orderto meet their most urgent monetary needs. The recoveryof the lost provincesand the stabilization
of conditions under Justinian would, for the first time since the reign of TheodosiusI, have permitteda
fundamentalreorganizationof the mints and a closer supervisionof their activities. It was then that the
"Vandalic"issues ceased.
1683
Six pieces have mint markings: q
1685
One coin has a clear ]CI AVG as the termination of the reverse legend and !S in the exergue.
(2), --
(1),
li
(8).
COMMENTARY
103
1687 ] HEODVVSPFA[ Bust diademedand drapedr.

Rev. ]PVB[ Victory with trophy draggingcaptive 1.
2)
(PLATE
This type is not listed by Wrothwith the head of TheodosiusI, but the Agoracoin bearshis portrait (cf.
BMC, P1. III, 23 for a very similarrepresentation).
1688 Onsix specimenstherearemarkingsas follows:
'
'
(onfirmed),
(2), E.
1689 The SALVSREIPVBLICAE

type is given by Wroth only with the bust of ValentinianIII. Two of the
Agoracoins have a diademedand drapedbust r. with DN LEO[on one and ] LEOPF A[ visible on the other
(both confirmed).The reverserepresentationseems to be that of Victory ratherthan the emperor(as BMC,
p. 26, 63f.).
1690 This type, not in the BMC, is to be associatedwith the VICTORIAAVGGreverseused by Valentinian III.
1707 Onespecimen(BMC,p. 31, 118) has -K
(confirmed).
1709 On one coin (illustratedon PLATE2) the monogramseemsto be an abbreviatedand reversedversion

of the secondAnastasiusvariety (BMC,p. 88, 135-138). As nearlyas one can tell, the formis 1/. The obverse
legend has three letters faintly visible, possibly ]AST[.
Anotherspecimenwith the standardAnastasiusmonogramhas been struckover a "Vandalic"pieceof the
type of No. 1724.
Seventy-twoof 684 Anastasiuscoins fromAntiochare of this monogramtype. In Mrs.Waage'spublication
(Antioch,IV, ii, p. 148, No. 2063) they are attributedon the basis of provenanceto the local mint. The large
numberof specimensfromthe Agoraand from Corinthindicatesthat the type was put out by variousmints.
1710 In one case the monogramseems to correspondmore nearly to that found on the imperialissues of
Justinian (BMC, Byz., I, pp. 72f., 414-430), but the conditionof the coin is such that one cannot be sure.
1711 Possibly a bust r. (very worn)
Rev.kJcB
2)
(PLATE
This silver piece has a monogramprobablycopiedfrom the E coins of JustinianI (cf. BMC, Byz., I, P1.X,
15f.). What remainsof the letteringto the right of the monogramwould seem to be a blunderedrendering
of the terminationof an obverseinscription.
1712 Bust diademedand drapedr. (crude)
Rev. V
(PLATE2)
Nothinglike this is given in the BMC. Six coins of the same generaltype were found in the Agora.Three
do not seem to have the lower brokenbar of the monogram,and of these, two may have an A betweenthe
two upper loops.
1713 The Agoracoin has what seems to be RDin a wreath.In the BMC there is a silver coinageattributed
to the Ostrogothic king Witigis of which one type shows a separation of the two major letters of the monogram
R~E(P1. X, 5). Sabatier illustrates a similar piece (P1. XVIII, 85) which he regards as the coinage of
Eraric, anotherOstrogothicruler. On the Sabatierplate the coin is markedAE but in the text it is classed
with the silver issues. It may be that the Agora piece once had an S above and a C below the RD monogram,
in which case it representsa bronzestrikingof Witigis or else was once a silver plated coin from which the
coating has disappeared.Like No. 1714 its conditionis too poor for reproduction.
1740ff. The earliest Byzantine bronze is undated. Although the BMC gives a careful breakdown of the
officinae in use for each issue, there seems, for the purpose of this condensed tabulation, no particular need
to identify the Agora coins in that detailed fashion. Accordingly inclusive references have been listed for the
Anastasius- Justinian period.
104
In 588 A.D. Justinian I began to place his regnal years on some of the bronze denominationsand this
practicewas followedby succeedingrulers.Some of these dates cannot be read on the Agora specimensbut
many of them are still visible. In cases where only a few years are involved, I have given the specificBMC
referencesand a restricteddating as related to the pieces found in the Agora. For the most part, however,
because of the numberof coins and the limitations of space, I have used inclusive dates and referencesfor
the catalogue properand have embodiedin the commentarywhatever informationexists as to the exact
years when individual coins were struck. With the money of Heracliusand ConstansII, the quantity of
coinage and its almost uniformly miserablecondition have made virtually impossible any chronological
or stylistic distinctionswithin any given issue. For those two emperorsthe referencesare inclusiveones.
In connectionwith the numerousinstances of overstriking,the earliertype is identifiedby its numberin
this catalogue.This is intended only as a generaltype referenceand does not imply that details of date and
officina are identical. When the year of the earlierstriking can be read, it has been mentionedin the commentary record.
1749 The Agora coin, otherwisecorrespondingto the Sabatierreference,has the officina mark S in the
right field. Wroth does not list this type for Justin in the BMC, but a somewhatsimilarissue with a cross
to the right of the E is attributedto the Ostrogothicking Theodoric(BMC, Vandals,p. 52, 37-40).
1750b The legibledates are as follows:years 12 (2), 15 (1), 17 (3), 18 (1), 19 (2), 20 (1), 21 (2), 24 (1), 37 (1).
1752 Years 13 (1), 23 (1), 30 (2), 38 (1).
1753 Mrs. Waage (Antioch,IV, ii, p. 153, Nos. 2112-2116) attributes the second variety of this E coinage
(BMC, I, p. 40, 146-159) to Antioch, and the number of pieces found in the excavations there would
certainlyseem to bear out her classification.
1754 Years 37 (6), 38 (1).
1755 Years 13 (1), 17 (1), 19 (1), 20 (1), 24 (1), 29 (1).
1756 Ourspecimenhas XtLto the right (year 15).
1759 On the Agoracoin the date is that of the referencebut it is not reversed.
1760c Years 22 (2), 26 (1), 27 (1), 28 (1), 33 (2), 35 (2).
1765 Althoughnot includedin the Byzantine section of the BMC, this type and one following(No. 1767a)
are classifiedby Wrothin his later publicationof the Vandalcoinageas imperialissues struck for Justinian
at Rome and Ravenna.
1767b Diademed,drapedand cuirassedbust seen from the front, head r.
Rev. * in wreath
(PLATE
3)
I can find no exact parallel for this coin. Its reverse type is that of the larger denomination struck by
Justinian at Ravenna (No. 1767a), which shows a facing head on the obverse. Tolstoi (Monnaies byzantines,
P1. 26, 513) publishes a specimen from his collection with the monogram of Christ on the reverse, which is
closely comparable to the Agora piece in size and in the rendering of the obverse bust. Our coin may be only
an example of a faulty cutting of the monogram with the loop omitted. On the other hand it may represent
a smaller denomination of the published *: type, in which case Wroth's suggestion that the indication of
denomination,I, is embodiedin the reverse type would be unlikely.

1770 One coin has O in front of the E, a variety not given in the BMC, but recordedby Mrs.Waage(Antioch, IV, ii, p. 156, No. 2153).
It is interesting to note that over one-quarter of Justinian's coinage in the Agora consists of the 6 denomination with a monogram on the obverse. In discussing the mint issuing this type, Wroth (BMC, Byz., I,
p. 72, note 2) comments on the irregular flans which resemble those of the smaller AE of Thessalonica but
hesitates to make a definite attribution inasmuch as the 5 nummia denomination does not fit easily into the
system of division predominating at that mint. It seems to me, however, that the Agora proportions furnish
strong evidence for a striking at Thessalonica, certainly the most convenient source of supply for Athens and
a mint which was providing the bulk of the city's coinage a few years later under Justin II.
COMMENTARY
105
On the other hand it shouldbe noted that Mrs.Waage,who assigns the type to Justin II, reports54 specimensfrom Antioch, which leads her to suggest a local origin. It may well be that the strikingof this small
denominationwas not confinedto any one mint.
1771 Years4 (2), 5 (3), 6 (6), 7 (2), 8 (4), 10 (2), 11 (1), 12 (1).
1772 Years 3 (1), 4 (1), 8 (8), 10 (1).
1773a Years 2 (1), 8 (1), 4 (5).
1773b Years 4 (7), 5 (17), 6 (1), 7 (4), 8 (7), 9 (5), 10 (17), 11 (13), 12 (12), 13 (6).
One coin has S (year6) to the right, not given in the BMC. Anotheruses the form 411 for year 7, as BMC,
p. 85, note 2. Six pieces have been struck over an uncertain earliertype, one each of BMC, Nos. 105, 111,
113, 115, 119, 122.
1774 Years 3 (1), 4 (1), 6 (2), 8 (2), 9 (1), 10 (2).
1775 Years 6 (1), 8 (1). One coin (type of BMC, No. 161) has been restruck.
1776 Years 8 (1), 9 (1), 11 (1).
1777 Years 10 (2), 11 (1).
1778 Years 6 (1), 7 (1), 8 (1), 11 (1).
1782 Years 5 (1), 7 (2), 8 (1).
1785 Years 5 (5), 6 (2).
1789 Years 2 (1), 3 (1), 9 (2), 18 (1). One piece has u (year 18) with A below, a form not given in the
II
BMC. Another(BMC, No. 32) has been struck over an issue of TiberiusII.
1790 Years 1 (1), 3 (2), 4 (1), 7 (1), 9 (1), 11 (1), 20 (1). Ourcoin of the year 20 has XX to the right and B
below, as BMC, p. 137, note 2.
1791 Years 3 (1), 6 (2), 7 (1), 10 (4), 15 (1).
1794 This specimenis a restriking.
1795 Years 4 (4), 5 (2), 6 (3), 7 (1).
1796 Two have been restruck:one (BMC, No. 52) over No. 1789, the other (BMC, No. 49) over No. 1790,
possibly year 7.
1797 One is a restriking.
1798
Under one specimen is an earlier K denomination.
1801 Year 5 (8). Two coins of this year are restrikes: one over an issue of Maurice Tiberius, the other over
an uncertain earlier type.
1807 a Five restruck.
1807b Thirty-five restruck: one over Justin I (BMC, Nos. 64-66), two over Tiberius II (No. 1787), one
over Maurice Tiberius, seven over Phocas (No. 1801 for six and No. 1805 for one), two over Heraclius
(No. 1807b, probably year 3, and No. 1807c, year 10).
1807c
1808
Eight restruck: one over Justin II, one over Heraclius.

Two are restrikings.
1809a Ten pieces have been restruck: six over Phocas (Nos. 1795, 1801, 1803 [2], 1805, and an XXXX coin
of uncertain mint), one over Heraclius (No. 1807b).
106
1810 DN hERA[CL]IpS
PP [AVG] Bust of Heraclius facing, wearing armour and helmet with plume
and globus cr. In r., globus cr.
Rev. XX with crossabove, IIIto r., and TESin exergue.
3)
(PLATE
TheXX denomination
is not recordedfor Thessalonica
in the BMC,Sabatieror Tolstoi.It is knownfor
Heracliusat Carthage,Rome and Ravenna. On the Agora coin the form of the mint mark correspondsto
that on the early Kissuesof Heracliusat Thessalonicaas contrastedwith OESwhich appearsin 614-615 A.D.
A secondspecimenof this sametype was foundin the Agora;on it the date to the right is iI and the obverse
legend survivesas ]N hERA[.
1811 Three specimenshave been restruck.
1812b Five restruck: one over Justinian I, one over Justin II (No. 1778), one over TiberiusII (BMC,
Nos. 87f.), one over Phocas (No. 1795, year 6).
1812c Three restruck: one over MauriceTiberius.
1813b One (type of BMC, No. 263) restruck.
1815 Philip Griersondiscussesthis issue and other similarones in a recent article, "The ConsularCoinage
of 'Heraclius'and the Revolt against Phocas of 608-610" (Num. Chron.,Ser. 6, X, 1950, pp. 71-93). His
convincingthesis is that the Heracliuscoins with consularlegends and without any symbol of sovereignty
associated with the obverse types belong not to the emperorHeraclius but to his father, the exarch of
Africa,who was the moving spirit in a rebellionagainst Phocas whichbeganin 608 and lasted until the son's
accessiontwo years later. In all likelihood,then, this Agorapiece was struckin the name of the consul Heraclius between 608 and 610 A.D.
1817a The obversetype is that cited in the BMC (p. 284) for an M denominationissued at Carthage.
1817c Four restruck:one over TiberiusII.
1818a In publishinga hoardof 74 bronzecoins of ConstansII found at Soli (NordiskNumismatiskArsskrift,
1940, pp. 135-147), AlfredWestholmsuggeststhat certainissues were struck in Cyprusat the mint of Constantia. The series in question are five in number:
1) M with KVlTPin exergue (BMC, pp. 222f., 269-274, attributed by Wroth to Heraclius.
Not in the Soli Hoardbut in an earlierCyprusfind)
with
KAN to left and CTAN to right (OurNo. 1818f; five in the Soli Hoard)
M
2)
in exergue(OurNo. 1818d; one in the Soli Hoard)
with
M
CON
3)
with
CON
in exergue (Our No. 1818e; four in the Soli Hoard)
M
4)
with
two
M
5)
figuresand CON in exergue (OurNo. 1818i; not in the Soli Hoard but in the
earlierCyprusfind and presumablyto be connectedwith Nos. 8-4)
It is not entirely clear to me whether or not Westholm believes that all of the Soli coins, with the exception
of one Cyzicus piece, were minted in Cyprus, but I think he must be referring only to the types listed above.
If this is the case, 10 of his 74 coins are, according to his theory, of local origin. In the Agora the same types
are represented by 151 pieces: 68 of No. 2, 88 of No. 8, 40 of No. 4 and 5 of No. 5. This is nearly one-fifth
of the 817 coins of Constans found in the Athens excavations.
While it does seem evident that the coinage of Constansand of other later Byzantine emperorsshould
be divided among more mints than Wroth lists, I should hesitate to accept Cyprus as a major source of
supply for Athens. On the surfaceat least, it also seems strangethat duringa relatively short time, the mint
of Constantia should be using markings as diverse as KVTP, KCNCTAN and CON. There can be no question
of the origin of the KVfTPpieces, whether one assigns them to Heraclius or to Constans, and one could perhaps
make out a case for the attribution of the KL)NCTAN coins to Constantia since Cyprus apparently favored
Greek letters and the unusual form and arrangement of the mint mark might reflect an attempt to distinguish
the provincialworkshopfrom that of Constantinople.I find it hard to believe, however, that CON on the
bronze coinage was intended for any mint other than that of the imperial capital.
Westholm speaks of Arab raids on Cyprus during the reign of Constans as isolating the island from the rest
of the Greek empire and thus fostering a local coinage. Such a situation would make it all the more difficult
to explain how so much money from a Cyprus mint found its way to Athens.
COMMENTARY
107
Among the 119 coins of No. 1818a there are a numberwhich show deviations from the standardtype,
notably in the substitution of a K for the crossabove the m and in variant renderingsof the reverse inscription and numerals.The Agora pieces, however, are not as badly blunderedas the coins cited in the
BMC (p. 270, note 1) which Wroth thinks may be Syrian imitations.
Nearly one-quarterof the specimensof this first group (27 in all) are restrikes.Of the identifiableundertypes, eight belong to Heraclius(No. 1807b for two, 1807c for four, BMC, Nos. 204f. for one) and three
are issues of Constans.Of the latter, one is recordedas type No. 1818h, but it seems likely that in this case
the first and secondstrikingshave been confusedunless No. 1818a extends over a longerperiodor No. 1818h
begins earlierthan Wroth believes to be the case.
1818c Ten restruck:one over Heraclius(No. 1808) and one over ConstansII.
1818d Eleven restruck:two over ConstansII. For one of these coins this is the third impression,the type
having been struck over No. 1818a under which is No. 1807b, year 20, of Heraclius.
1818e Five restruck: one over Heraclius.
1818f Five restruck: two over Heraclius (Nos. 1807b and 1812c).
1818g Nine restruck: four over Constans II (No. 1818a for one, No. 1818c for one and No. 1818h for
one, which last was in turn struck over No. 1818e). The striking of No. 1818g over 1818h would indicate
that the latter issue began before 663/4 A.D., probablyin 659 when Heracliusand TiberiusbecameCaesars,
a date which Wroth mentions as a possibility (BMC, p. 283, note 1).
1818h Seven restruck:one over Heraclius(?), two over ConstansII.
1819a-b. This K type is not describedin Sabatier,Tolstoior the BMC. One variety (No. 1819a) is, I think,
the same as a specimenillustratedin the last catalogue(Pl. XXXII, 14). Theexamplesknownto Wrothwere
too defacedfor completeidentification(cf. p. 286,Nos.258f.). Two of the Agoracoins,however,have a variant
obversetype with a standingfigure(similarto BMC, P1. XXXI, 18) instead of a bust of Constans.
All reverses have N to the left of the Kwith variousmarkingsto the right and below, which seem to read
A
as follows:
Bust type -
ir (?) to r.; XXI(?) to r.; N to r., Kto r. on obverse(restruck);N to r. (restruckPLATE 3); N to r., K to r. on obverse; N to r.; N to r., ]IZ below.
E
E
E
O
Figure type -
E (?) to r., A below; N to r., K to r. on obverse.
The dating for this issue, as suggestedin the tabulation, correspondswith that given by Wroth for the
M denominationswith ANA to the left, which he places ahead of the issues with ANNO. However,if XXI
does appearon one coin and is intended as a date, the type was still being struckin 661/2 A.D.
1819c Twelve restruck: five over Constans II (No. 1818c for one, No. 1818f for one and No. 1818g for
a third).
1820
1823a
One is a restriking.
Since Constantine's dated issues indicate the year by Roman numerals, the B beneath the K on this
coin is presumablyan officinar

letter, and one wonderswhat purposewas served by placing ANNO on the
reverse. The M denomination with which this K issue seems to belong is dated by Wroth 688/4 A.D.; our
coin may be of the same period.
1823b
One piece was struck over a coin of Constans II (No. 1818a).
1824 The obverse of one specimen has a variant bust (as Tolstoi, p. 829, 139f.) with Constantine holding
the globus in his right hand. Of the others, five are restrikes (one over Constans II, No. 1818h).
1825a
Two have been restruck.
108
1828 Both coins show evidenceof restriking.

1829a One has been restruck.
1829b Bust of Justinian II 1. (mostly obliterated)and bust of Tiberiusr. facing, each supportinga cross
potent on a base. Tiberiuswears a crownwith a cross and a lozengepatternedrobe.
Rev. K with cross above, X to 1., A to r., and A below.
3)
(PLATE
N
0
The second coin in the Agorais the same except that it has B below the K on the reverse.
This type is a variant of that listed in the standardcatalogues(No. 1829a). The obverseresemblesthe gold
and silver issues of Justinian (BMC, P1. XLI, 4f.) in the representationof two busts supportinga cross
potent, but on our coins Tiberiuswears a robe of lozenge pattern instead of the customarymantle. On the
reversethere is a transpositionof ANNO and the date numeralswhichis unusualfor this period.
1830 The catalogueand discussionin Hesperia,IX (pp. 358-369) deal with forty-fourcoins of Philippicus
from the Agorawhich had been identifiedpriorto 1940. Since then an additionalseventeenpieces have been
attributedto the same emperor.All but three of the sixty-one specimensgive clear indication of restriking.
Thirty-nineare over the K denominationof JustinianII (No. 1829a) with two showingtracesof a still earlier
type - an M issue of Justinian (No. 1828) for one and possibly TiberiusIII for the other. One piece seems to
have been struck directly over an M coin of Justinian (No. 1828) underwhich may be an I denominationof
ConstantineIV (No. 1824). Four coins, apparentlymules, show no trace of the I reverse of Philippicusbut
have what seems to be the standard K reverseof Justinian.
1831 Two restruck:one over another K piece, either of Anastasiushimself or one of his predecessors.
1832 All of these coins have been restruck: one over ConstansII (No. 1818h), twelve over Justinian II
(No. 1829a) with three showingan earliertype whichin one case may be an M denominationof TiberiusIII
(cf. BMC, P1. XL, 26), one over Philippicusand two over AnastasiusII.
1836 Bust of Leo III wearing crown with cross and lozenge patterned robe and holding cross potent in
r. hand.
Rev. Bust of ConstantineV 1., bust of Leo IV r.; cross between their heads.
All in barbaricstyle.
3)
(PLATE
Althoughthere is a somewhatsimilar AE type for ConstantineV, the Agora coin is clearly copied from
the solidus. It may once have been gilded and intended to pass as a gold piece.
1840 The coin correspondsto the referenceexcept that on the obverseConstantineis representedas supporting a cross potent (cf. Tolstoi, P1. 69, 14 for the same type on an M denomination).
1847f.
1849
One coin of each issue shows evidence of restriking.

In one case an undertype of Basil I (No. 1846) is visible.
1852 Eighteen restruck: one over Basil I (No. 1846), eleven over Leo VI (No. 1849), one over Constantine
and Zoe (No. 1851).
1853 Seventy restruck: two over Leo VI (No. 1849), fifty-five over Romanus I (No. 1852) with four
showing the earlier undertype of No. 1849.
The large number of coins of this type found in the Agora suggests that the issue extended over a longer
period of time than the January to April 945 A.D. dating given by Wroth (BMC, p. 462). I should be inclined
to consider it contemporary with the coinage of Constantine and Romanus II, which was struck between
945 and 959 A.D. after the death of Romanus I. The strongest argument against its dating any earlier is
that this Constantine bust type is commonly found impressed on flans of Romanus I.
1854 Fifteen restruck: one over Leo VI (No. 1849), ten over Romanus I (No. 1852), two over Constantine
(No. 1853).
COMMENTARY
109
1855 Sixteen restruck:ten over ConstantineVII (BMC, Nos. 11-183for one and No. 1853 for nine, of which
one has the undertypeof No. 1852), three over Romanus (No. 1852) with two of these showingtraces of a
still earlierissue (No. 1851).
1857 Five restruck:one over No. 1864, three over No. 1867.
1858 Five restruck:three over ConstantineX (No. 1857), two over No. 1867 or 1869.
1860 Three restruck: one over Romanus (No. 1859).
1861 Bust of Christfacing, wearing nimbus cruciger,as on the anonymousissues. Beneath this striking
is an earlierone showinga similarChristbust with XC and possibly a large star in the r. field.
Rev. C B
"."
S1*
N B Patriarchalcross, radiate, on base and step; above it, pellets. The undertype is
apparentlyan obverse of MichaelVII with ]MIX[and what seems to be part of the projecting
right arm and the upright of the labarum. There are traces of a still earlier striking which
could be the Virgin oranstype of No. 1870, but it is highly uncertain.
3)
(PLATE
This Agoracoin is a fifth specimenof an extremelyrareissue discussedrecentlyby Philip Grierson(Num.

Chron.,Ser. 6, X, 1950, pp. 305-311) and tentatively attributedby him to the pretenderNicephorusBryennius. Therecan be no doubtthat ourcoinbelongsto this seriesalthoughcertaindetailsof the piecesillustrated
by Griersondo not showup clearlyon the Agoraexample.The upperbar of the patriarchalcrossis perceptible
only to the imaginationand the pellets which terminatethe arms are indistinct; on the other hand the arrangementof the pellets at the top of the cross is?more sharply definedthan is the case with the other
specimens.
Griersonhas made out what seems to me a thoroughlyconvincingargumentfor the attribution to NicephorusBryennius,duke of Durazzo,who took the imperialtitle at Trajanopolislate in 1077 A.D. and subsequently gained control of Macedoniaand Thrace.He was never in possessionof Constantinople,and his
powerlasted for only a shorttime beforethe revolt was put downin 1078A.D. by NicephorusIII. As Grierson
has pointedout, the style of the knowncoins, and this appliesalso to the Agoraspecimen,makes it doubtful
that they issued from the Constantinoplemint. The two pieces whose provenanceis recorded come from
the Sparta Excavations and from the AthenianAgora,which would accordwell with a workshopin North
Greeceset up by the pretender.On the evidenceof overstriking,the 1077-1078A.D. dating is highly satisfactory. The Agoracoin used a flan of MichaelVII, while a specimenin the Griersoncollectionwas restruck
with dies of an anonymousissue (our No. 1872) which, as will appearlater, seems definitely to have been
the coinageof NicephorusIII.
1862 Of these coins 264 have been restruck:one over No. 1864, one over No. 1865, three over No. 1867,
three over No. 1867, 1868 or 1869, four over No. 1867 or 1869, one over No. 1869 underwhich is No. 1865,
four over No. 1870 underone of which is No. 1867 or 1869, one hundredand six over No. 1871 with twelve
of these showingan earlierstriking (No. 1859 for one, No. 1860 for one, No. 1867 for one, No. 1867, 1868
or 1869 for seven, No. 1869 for one and No. 1870 for one), four over No. 1871 or 1872, twelve over No. 1872
with three having an earlier undertype (No. 1864 for one, No. 1871 for two with No. 1867 or 1869 under
this), thirteen over an uncertain anonymous type.
1863-1875 In 1928 Alfred R. Bellinger made a highly important contribution to the study of the Byzantine
coinage in his revision of Wroth's attributions of the anonymous issues, notably in the dating of the various
classesand the reclaimingof many of them for the imperialmint. WhereasWrothhad relied chiefly on style
and a correspondence between signed and anonymous types, Bellinger was able to draw on the Corinth
Excavations material and to make his arrangement on the evidence of overstrikes and a correlation between
the length of reign of the various emperors and the amount of coinage found at Corinth. Since his study was
published (Num. Notes and Monog., 85, pp. 1-27) a series of articles by P. D. Whitting and C. H. Piper in
Seaby's Coin and Medal Bulletin for 1949-1952 has added valuable data on overstrikes, and the amount of
available material has been vastly increased by the classification of 2285 coins of the anonymous category
from the Athenian Agora.
This extensive new material entirely confirms Bellinger's sequence of classes, with one important exception,
but indicates that certain changes must be made in the attribution of those classes to individual emperors.
Let us look first at the record of overstriking on the Agora coinage, supplemented in some instances by
110
pertinent evidencefrom other sources.Rather than confusethe pictureby the addition of anotherseries of
Roman numeralclasses to those already presentedby Wroth and Bellinger, I have used an alphabetical
enumeration,with referencein the outline that followsto the precedingclassifications.
64 restruck:
CLASS A-1
(Bellingerand Wroth: ClassI)
34 over NicephorusII (No. 1855) with 9 showing
an undertype(No. 1854 for 1, No. 1853 for 5
with No. 1852 under 1 of these, No. 1852 for
2, and No. 1849 for 1)
15 over ConstantineVII (No. 1854 for 1 with
No. 1852 underneath,No. 1853 for 8 with No.
1852 under 1, No. 1852 for 6)
CLASS A-2
(Bellingerand Wroth: ClassI)
No restriking
CLASS B
(Bellingerand Wroth: ClassII)
85 over CLASSA-2
48 restruck:
44 restruck:
CLASS C
and
Wroth: ClassIII)
(Bellinger
27 over CLASSB
7 over CLASSA-2
CLASS D
Class
VI; Wroth: ClassV)
(Bellinger:
55 restruck: 31 over CLASSC with CLASSB under2
2 over CLASSB
1 over CLASSA-2
3 ConstantineX over CLASSD

2 ConstantineX over CLASSD or F
CLASS E
(Bellinger:ClassIV; Wroth: ClassVI)
3 restruck: undertypeuncertain
1 over CLASSD (Seaby's,1951, p. 143)
CLASS F
Class
V; Wroth: ClassIV)
(Bellinger:
40 restruck: 23 over CLASSE
4 over CLASS C
1 over CLASS B
2 probably over CLASS A-2
1 over Constantine X (Seaby's, 1951, p. 192)
1 over CLASS D (Seaby's, 1951, p. 145)
CLASS G
83 restruck:
(Bellinger and Wroth: Class VII)

11 over Constantine X (No. 1857 for 8,
No. 1858 for 8)
1 over CLASS F
1 over CLASS F or D
1 over CLASS C
1 over CLASS B
1 over Romanus IV (Seaby's, 1950, p. 580)
3 Romanus IV over CLASS G (NNM 35,

p. 18; De Saulcy, Essai de classification des suites mondtaires byzantines,
p. 250; Seaby's, 1952, p. 878)
COMMENTARY
97 restruck:
188 restruck:
49 restruck:
CLASS H
(Bellinger:ClassVIII)
106 NicephorusIII over CLASSH with
2 over CLASS G
MichaelVII under 1
4 over CLASSF
16 over CLASSF or D
15 over CLASSF, E, or D
3 over ConstantineX (No. 1857 with CLASSD
under 1)
3 over CLASSE
16 over CLASSD
1 over CLASSA-2
CLASS I
(Bellinger:ClassIX)
2 Alexius over CLASSI
2 over NicephorusIII (No. 1862)
12
Michael
VII
over
NicephorusIII over CLASSI with
(No. 1860)
32
CLASSH under2
6 over CLASSH
4 NicephorusIII over CLASSI or H
2 over RomanusIV (No. 1859)
9 over CLASS G with CLASSF under 1
4 over Constantine X (No. 1857 for 3 with
CLASSC under 1, No. 1858 for 1)
1 over CLASSF
1 over CLASSF, E or D
3 over CLASSD
3 over CLASSC with CLASSB under 1
1 over CLASSB
1 over CLASSA-2
1 over NicephorusII (No. 1855)
CLASS J
(Bellinger:ClassX)
29 over NicephorusIII (No. 1862) with CLASS 3 Alexiusover CLASSJ with Nicephorus
III under 1
H under4
7 over CLASSH
1 over CLASSF or D
1 over CLASSD
1 over CLASSB
1 over CLASSI (NNM, 35, p. 8)
CLASS K
148 restruck:
111
(Bellinger: Class XI; Wroth: Class VIII)

63 over CLASS J with an earlier striking under 6 Alexius over CLASS K
12 (Nicephorus III for 8 with CLASS G under
1 and CLASS F, E or D under 2; CLASS I
for 1; CLASS H for 1; CLASS G for 1;
CLASS D for 1)
18 over Nicephorus III (No. 1862) with CLASS
H under 3
5 over CLASS I with CLASS H under 2
8 over CLASS H
1 over Romanus IV (No. 1859)
1 over CLASS G
1 over CLASS D
1 over CLASS A
112

CLASS L
No restriking
(Bellinger: Class XIII)
It should be noted at this point that there are publisheddescriptionsof overstrikeswhich directly contradict the arrangementoutlined above. While they cannot be ignored, their value as evidence must be
assessedwith considerablecaution. The study of restrikingsis often a difficult and hazardousundertaking,
as anyone who has workedwith this coinagewill agree. On some of the Agorapieces there are at least four
successiveimpressionswhich producein many instances an extremely confusedand puzzlingrecord.Even
when the overstrikesare fewer,it is not always easy to tell whichwas the first and whichthe secondstriking,
particularlyif the specimenis in a poorstate of preservation.For the chronologicalsequenceof the anonymous
issues it is the weight of the evidenceas a whole which must be decisive; when one coin is in conflictwith a
considerablebody of other evidence, it may be assumedwith reasonablesafety that that individual piece
has been misread.
Whitting and Piper (Seaby's,1951, p. 198) mentiona possibleoverstrikeof CLASSE on MichaelVII. The
writersthemselvessay that the evidenceis slight, and thereis amplereasonon the basis of the Agoramaterial
to date CLASSE long beforethe reign of Michael.With regardto CLASS G, Whitting and Piper (Seaby's,
1950, p. 530) cite two coins in the British Museum,one of which has this type struck over ConstantineX
or MichaelVII and the secondthe same over MichaelVII. On the first coin apparentlynot enoughremains
of the originalstrikingto make identificationcertain. Since eleven Agorapieces have CLASS G over Constantine X, one may supposethat the first Londonspecimenis anotherexampleof the same sequence.The
second coin is more of a problemin that the identificationis more specific.Thereis no illustrationbut the
pieceis describedas showingpart of the legendof the Michaelnamedtype, the distinctivecoverof the Gospels
on the reverse, and the line of pellets which forms part of the crownon the coinageof Michaeland also of
ConstantineX. Actually both the pellets and the Gospelscover are very similarfor the issues of these two
emperors,andthe two legendshave someletters in common.Since there are three coins recordedelsewhereas
having the signedtype of RomanusIV over CLASSG, it seemsmost unlikelythat the latter couldhave been
impressedon a flan of Michael.Onthe otherhand,judgingby the evidencepresented,it is quite possiblethat
the secondLondoncoin like the first is an instanceof CLASSG over ConstantineX*. For CLASSH there are
three publishedoverstrikingswhich are at variancewith the ordersuggestedabove. De Saulcy(Numismatique
des Croisades,P1. XIII, 2f. - of which No. 2 seemsto be the samecoin illustratedin SabatierII, P1. LIX, 2)
has two specimenswhich from his descriptionwould representCLASSH struck over NicephorusIII. However, the line drawingshowson the one side of the coin a clearobverseof Nicephoruswith only a few blurred
traces of anothertype, and furthermorethe piece correspondsin size to the anonymousissue but is too large
for Nicephorus'named coinage when the latter makes use of new flans. There seems to me little question
that the Nicephorustype is over not under CLASSH, a sequenceconfirmedby 106 coins from the Agora.
Anotherexampleof ClassH over Nicephorusis cited as being in the British Museum(NNM, 35, p. 8), but
R.A.G. Carsonreportsthat no specimenthere showsthat orderof types. In furtherconfirmation,P.C. Whitting informsme that he has found no exampleof CLASSH over Nicephorusamongthe many coins he has
examined,whereashe has two specimensshowingthe Nicephorusover CLASSH sequenceso commonin the
Agora. Schlumberger (Numismatique de l'Orient latin, p. 277) speaks of possessing an example of CLASS H
struck over CountRoger of Sicily. He does not specify whetherit is Roger I or II, but both rulerspostdate
Nicephorus III whose coinage, as mentioned before, frequently uses flans of CLASS H.
CLASS A-1 (John I and Basil II with Constantine VIII, 969-989 A.D.)
There can be little doubt that these are the first coins of the anonymous series. The similarity of the flans
to those used by Nicephorus II and the large proportion of overstrikes on the issues of that emperor indicate
unmistakably that these small flan pieces are the coins with pious types which, according to John Scylitzes,
were introduced by John Zimisces. Bellinger divides CLASS A into three groups: small flan (NNM, 85,
P1. I, 2) struck by John from 969 to 976 A.D., intermediate flan (NNM, 85, P1. I, 3) struck by Basil II and
Constantine during the early part of their reign down to the suppression of the revolt of Bardas Phocas in
* After this
study had been completed, I received word from Mr. Whitting to the effect that after three careful
examinations of the coin in question, he is now convinced that the undertype belongs to Constantine X and not to
Michael VII.
I wish to take this opportunity of expressing my deep appreciation to Mr. Whitting, with whom I have had pleasant and profitable correspondence on matters "anonymous."
COMMENTARY
113
989 A.D., large flan (NNM, 35, P1. I, 4-6; our CLASS A-2) struck by Basil and Constantine,Constantine
alone, and RomanusIII from 989 to 1034 A.D.
With the division into three sections and the dating of the first two varieties I am in completeagreement.
Unfortunatelywhen the Agoracoins were classifiedthere was no attempt to distinguishbetween the small
and intermediateflan pieces and indeed, consideringthe condition of the coins, no such distinctioncould
safely have been made in many cases. I am, therefore,unableto give definitefiguresfor the coinageof these
two groups,but the total (104 pieces) can be satisfactorilyrelated to the twenty year period to which they
are attributed.
CLASS A-2 (Basil II with Constantineand ConstantineVIII alone, 989-1028 A.D.)
This and CLASSL are the only anonymousgroupswhich appearin the Agorawithout tracesof restriking.
The good new flans of increasedsize point to a reorganizationof the currencywhichwould accordwell with
an era of prosperityafter the suppressionof the rebellionin 989 A.D.; the wide variety of ornamentation
(cf. NNM, 35, pp. 11-18) and the extent of the coinage (519 specimensfrom the Agora)alike indicate that
it was struck over a considerableperiod of time. In discussingthis class, Bellingerremarksthat it should
logically stop with the sole reign of ConstantineVIII with the totally differentissue of CLASSB belonging
to RomanusIII who introduceda new gold type and might, therefore,be expectedto changethe type of the
bronze as well. However, the sequenceof classes as outlined in NNM, 35 left Bellingerno alternative,in
reconcilingthe amount of coinage with the length of the individual emperor'sreign, but to concludethat
CLASSA-2 continuedto be struckunderRomanus.New evidencenow indicatesthat one shift must be made
in Bellinger'ssequence,under CLASSD below, and this rearrangementmakes the attributionof CLASSB
to RomanusIII not only logical but feasible. I would then assign CLASSA-2 to Basil II with Constantine
and to Constantinealone,limitingits emissionto that 89 year period.
CLASS B (RomanusIII, 1028-1034A.D.)
The evidenceof overstrikingestablishesthis class as the immediatesuccessorof CLASSA-2 and it will, I
think, be increasinglyclear as the chronologicalpattern develops that it can with completeplausibilitybe
ascribedto the reign of RomanusIII.
CLASS C (MichaelIV, 1084-1041A.D.)
Restrikesalso fix this class in sequencedirectly after CLASS B, and, therefore, make it the coinage of
MichaelIV.
CLASS D (ConstantineIX, 1042-1055A.D.)
CLASSD brings us to the one alteration requiredin the NNM, 85 order.At the time that article was
published there was no available evidence on overstrikeswhich firmly related CLASS D to other issues.
AlthoughBellingerstates that it could conceivablyhave followedCLASSC, he favoredthe sequence:C, E,
F, D. In adopting this sequence,he was compelledto abandonthe logical arrangementoutlined above, a
chronologywhich he would himself have preferred,for the followingreason. CLASSE is a minor issue
(1 found at Corinth,18 at the Agora).Assumingthat it came directly after CLASSC, it would, accordingto
the normalpattern, belong to the long reign of ConstantineIX. This would be manifestlyan absurddistribution of the coinage and in orderto avoid it, Bellingerwas under the necessity of assigningCLASSE to
one of Constantine'ssuccessors,bringingCLASSC down to Constantineand shifting, in consequence,the
chronology of the preceding classes.
The two overstrikes published by Whitting and Piper (Seaby's Bulletin, 1951, pp. 143 and 145) change the
entire picture. CLASS D must follow CLASS C, with CLASSES E and F succeeding in that order. With this
rearrangement, CLASS D provides an adequate representation of coinage for Constantine IX and it, therefore, takes its place exactly whereit shouldbelongin an orderlychronologicalsequence.
Even without the crucial evidence supplied by Whitting and Piper, the overstrike pattern of the Agora
coins would strongly suggest D-E-F as the correct arrangement. It will be noted from the detailed outline
of restrikings that for the various anonymous classes, the vast majority of restruck pieces use flans of the issue
directly preceding: CLASS B with 48 restrikes has at least 85 over CLASS A-2, CLASS C with 44 restruck
pieces uses 27 or more flans of CLASS B. One would then expect CLASS D, with 31 out of 55 overstrikes on
flans of CLASSC, to follow immediatelyafter that class in point of time. It is gratifyingto have proofthat
this is in fact the case.
To some extent considerationsof fabric and technique substantiate the new position of CLASS D. Its
workmanship and its flans are somewhat better than those of CLASSES E and F. Furthermore, there is a
minor detail of the reverse type which may be significant. The reverses of all three classes have the same
8
114
three-lineinscription.On those of CLASSESD and E the decorativemotifs above and belowthe inscription
are identical, with CLASSF there is a slight variation. Taken in conjunctionwith the other evidence,this
would seem to indicate that the reversetype came in with CLASSD, was carriedover without change for
CLASSE, and then alteredslightly with the introductionof CLASSF.
CLASS E (Isaac I, 1057-1059A.D.)
This issue, found over CLASSD and under CLASSF, presentsno problemof sequence,but there is considerabledoubt as to the reign to which it belongs. As we shall see later, CLASSF is the coinage of Constantine X, which means that CLASSE must be fitted in betweenthe reigns of ConstantineIX and X. The
choice embracesTheodora,MichaelVI and Isaac I. Up to this point the anonymousseries has followed a
regularpatternwith each rulerfrom John ZimiscesthroughConstantineIX representedby a new or a varied
type. Strictly speakingthere are two exceptions: MichaelV and Zoe with Theodora.In both instances the
reigns are short ones, three and two months respectively.For the two empressesthere is no known coinage
and for Michaelonly one gold issue which may actually, as Wrothpoints out, belongto MichaelIV. Onehas
no hesitationin omitting them fromthe list of rulersstrikinganonymoustypes. The situation as regardsthe
later periodis different.Theodorareignedfor eighteen months, MichaelVI for one year and Isaac for two
years. All struckgold;Theodoraand Isaac strucksilver as well. Any one of them couldhave struckCLASSE.
My feelingis that Isaacis the likeliestcandidatein that his reignwas the longestand also the latest. Onemight
assume that the extensive anonymouscoinageof the emperorsthrough ConstantineIX providedsufficient
bronzefor Theodoraand Michael.By the time Isaac came to the thronethere was presumablya substantial
amountof anonymousmoney still in circulation;the new issuewhichhe put out was little morethan a token
coinageif one can judge fromthe numberof specimensthat have survived.
CLASS F (ConstantineX, 1059-1067 A.D.)
On the evidenceof 23 out of 40 restrikes,this issue followsimmediatelyafter CLASSE. Earlierthan Constantine X it cannot be since there is a specimenof CLASS F struck over a named piece of Constantine
(Seaby's,1951, p. 192). CLASS G, which is clearlythe coinageof RomanusIV, occursover CLASSF and to
an even greater extent over the signed issues of ConstantineX, all of which points to the attribution of
CLASSF to Constantine.
CLASSG (RomanusIV, 1067-1071A.D.)
The only explanationfor the occurrenceof CLASS G underand over signed coins of RomanusIV is that
this anonymousissue is his, a dating confirmedby the high proportionof its restrikesover the namedcoinage
of ConstantineX, his predecessor.
CLASS H (MichaelVII, 1071-1078 A.D.)
This is the only anonymousgroup for which the overstrikingevidence is not clear cut. In every other
instance the highest percentageof identifiablerestrikesinvolves the anonymousor signedissues of the reign
immediatelypreceding.However,106 Agoracoins of NicephorusIII were struck over CLASSH and in one
instance at least the CLASSH type was impressedon a signed piece of MichaelVII. Further support for
the attribution of this class is providedby the large numberof coins of CLASSI, which belongs to NicephorusIII, struck over namedpieces of Michael.
CLASS I (Nicephorus III, 1078-1081 A.D.)
In view of the appalling quantity of signed coinage of Nicephorus III found in the Agora, one hesitates to
attribute another 359 specimens of CLASS I to the same three year reign, but I can see no alternative. One
has on the one hand 32 coins of CLASS I struck over signed flans of Michael VII and 2 over signed flans
of Nicephorus;at the same time there exist 12 signed pieces of Nicephorusand 2 of Alexius struck over
CLASS I. There seems no way of escaping the assignment of this common anonymous issue to Nicephorus III.
CLASSES J, K and L (Alexius I, 1081-1118 A.D.)
The occurrence of J over I and K over J leaves no question as to the order of these classes. Both J and K
are used as flans for the signed coinage of Alexius I so the issues must be his or those of Nicephorus. Apart
from the fact that Nicephorus is already more than adequately represented in surviving money, a consideration of greater significance is the frequency with which CLASSES J and K appear over his signed coinage, a
pattern which has hitherto indicated that the anonymous pieces of the second striking belong to a later
emperor. I should be inclined to attribute both classes to Alexius' long 37 year reign. For CLASS L there
are only two coins and no evidence of restriking; in all probability it too was struck by Alexius.
COMMENTARY
115
With the anonymousseries as outlined above, we have then a clearlyinterlockedsequencerunningfrom

John Zimiscesthrough Alexius I, with every reign, except those of Theodoraand MichaelVI, represented
by a separateanonymousclass whose proportionsas found in the Agorashow a reasonablecorrelationwith
the length of the individualemperor'sreign. The patternof restrikesis highly consistent,one class providing
the bulk of the flans for the restruckissues of the class immediatelyfollowing.As later emperorsbegan to
put out both signed and anonymousmoney, one finds, as is completelylogical, that as a new rulercame to
the throne,he tended to drawhis predecessor'ssignedissues from circulationby overstrikingthem with his
own anonymoustype. Therewas less compulsionto withdrawanonymouspieces which carriedno indication
of the strikingauthority and such money was seeminglyleft to circulateuntil such time as a need for flans
arose. It was then calledin and restruckwith the signed types of the currentruler.
Any considerationof the anonymousissues raises questions as to why these types were introducedand
what purposethey servedfor over a century,first as a substitute for and later as a supplementto the signed
bronze coinage. To these questions I can suggest no plausible answer. The evidence from the Agora does,
however,offerthe strongest substantiationfor Bellinger'sbelief that CLASSESH to L were issues of the
imperial mint rather than money of the Crusadersstruck in Syria and Palestine (as suggestedby Wroth,
BMC, p. 554). If the revised chronologypresentedhere is correct,the first two classes (H and I) which bear
the cross device on the reversecan have no connectionat all with the Crusadessince they were struck by
MichaelVII and NicephorusIII. ConceivablyCLASSJ with the crossrestingon a crescentcouldreferto the
strugglebetweenthe Christianand Islamic worlds.If so, it dates some years after the beginningof the reign
of Alexius.
1877 One of these coins (illustratedon PLATE 3) has on the obverse a crudelytenderedfigureof Christ
seated on a throne with high back and on the reverse a cross of equal limbs terminatingat the base in a
floral pattern, with W30 in the upper angles. Two other pieces (correspondingto Sab. II, p. 286, 6) show
a similarrepresentationof the seated Christobverseand on the reversea jewelledcrossreposingon a crescent.
Sabatierattributes this type to the Latin emperorsof Constantinople,but Schlumberger(Numismatiquede
l'Orientlatin, p. 274) doubts that they struck coinage.I think this type is more likely a barbarousimitation
composedof elementsof three anonymousclasses- D, C, and J.
A fourth Agoraimitation has again a seated Christobverseand as a reversetype, a crosswith IC XC in
the lowerfield and possibly NI KAin the upper (for a somewhatsimilartype cf. NNM, 35, P1.III, 7). The
final type is that of a Christbust on the obversewith the reverseimpressionof a cross with prongedends
betweenthe armsof which are pellets or blunderedletters.
1878 This is a scyphate piece of billon.
The arrangementof the coinage of Alexius differs somewhatfrom that of the BMC, where there is no
indication, however, that Wroth intended a definitive order of strikings. The restrike evidence from the
Agorainsofar as it is specificis as follows: No. 1883 - one probablyover No. 1880; No. 1886 - three over
No. 1883, one over No. 1887; No. 1887 - eight over No. 1883 (to which can be addedanotherexamplein the
BMC), one over No. 1880, seven over No. 1886. This suggestsas the orderof issue: standingAlexius,Alexius
bust, Virgin, and finally the cross types. Without doubt some of these issues were concurrent,which would
explainthe occurrenceof one specimenof No. 1886 over No. 1887, as contrastedwith seven examplesof the
reverseorder of strikings.
It is interestingto note that whereasNos. 1883, 1886 and 1887 appearover anonymousissues of Alexius,
there is no instance of one of the latter over a signed type, which would seem to indicate, as in the case of
the anonymousseries as a whole, that the namedissues of any given emperorwere struck slightly later than
his anonymouscoinage.
1880 One restruck.
1882 One restruck.
1883 Twenty-one restruck:one over No. 1874, one over uncertainanonymoustype, one probably over
No. 1880.
1885 One restruck.
1886 Twenty-fiverestruck: three over No. 1873 with No. 1862 under one, three over No. 1874, four over
Alexius (No. 1883 for three, No. 1887 for one).
8*
116
1887 Fifty-two restruck: two over No. 1872, two over No. 1874, two over uncertain anonymousissue,
sixteen over Alexius (No. 1880 for one, No. 1883 for eight, No. 1886 for seven).
1888 One restruck.
1889 Both restruck.
1890 Miss Edwards (Corinth,VI, p. 142, note 2) has a similarmule combiningthe reversesof these two
popularAlexiusissues. She suggeststhat the Corinthpiece is of barbarousorigin and the same may be true
of the Agoraspecimen.I have not been able to reexamineit, but the recordon the card makes no mention
of a barbaricappearance.Whileone cannotruleout the possibilitythat such muleswereimitationsof imperial
issues, it seems to me quite likely that many of them were simply the result of hasty and carelessstriking.
Muchof the bronzecoinageof ConstansII, which was issued in such abundance,is characterizedby variant
and irregularinscriptions.One can, I think, assumethat in generalthese were officialissues - that the mint
was workingunder pressureso great that there was no properscrutiny of the output and coins of slipshod
workmanshipwere allowedto pass into circulation.At a later period under Alexius, John and Manuelone
finds a similarlycopiousand poorly struckcoinage, and it is then that the mules begin to appearwith some
frequency:two for Alexius (includingthe anonymouscombinationof CLASSES J and K, No. 1876), two
for John and twenty-threefor Manuel.Also with Manuel'sissues there are other deviations of lesser importance, such as the transpositionof the letters of the monogram.Againwe have what seemsto be an overtaxed
mint or mints putting out a coinageof distinctly poor quality with chippedand reusedflans and carelessdie
cutting. Apparentlythe mint magistrateshad no scruplesabout combiningon occasion odd reverses and
obversesif the dies werenot wornout sincethe use of misfitswas quickerand cheaperthan cutting the proper
new dies.
1891 Two of these coins are obviously barbaricimitations of the jewelled cross type. A third (probably
restruck)is very similarto a specimencited by MissEdwardsfrom Corinth(p. 142, 122) showingan Alexius
bust with the labaruminstead of the usual cruciformsceptre, and on the reverse, a jewelled cross with the
lowerletters of the inscriptionplaced at a diagonalslant. Miss Edwardssuggestsa Crusaderorigin.
Of the other imitations, two are Miss Edwards'type No. 172 with a cross on both obverse and reverse,a
IC XC.
third is her No. 175 with the bust of an emperorand a cross, in the angles of which is the legend NI KA
The two issues are listed in the Corinthpublicationunder "ByzantineUncertain",but I wonderif they may
not both be imitations of Alexius issues, the one repeatinghis patriarchalcross type on both sides of the
coin and the other combiningobverses No. 1884 and No. 1889.
1892 Thisis a silverscyphatecoin whichhad been gilded. It correspondsto the referenceexcept that instead
of the customaryobverse legendonly I OW
is visible to the 1.upward.M-1appearsabovethe two figuresand OV
to the r.
1894 One coin has been restruck;it is difficultto be sure whetherit belongs to this group or the one just
preceding.
1895 Two restruck.
1897 Both mules have the Virgin orans reverse, combined in one case with the obverse of No. 1894 and
in the other with No. 1895. The latter has been struck over a coin of Constantine IX.
1899ff. Nos. 1899-1902 are scyphate bronze issues. No. 1899 is similar to the BMC reference but the pieces
catalogued there are of electrum while ours is bronze. One specimen of No. 1900 has been restruck.
As with the coinage of Alexius, an attempt has been made to arrange Manuel's regular bronze issues (Nos.
1903-1909) in the order suggested by the overstrikings found on the Agora coins: No. 1907 - one over No.1904
with No. 1908 under that, one over No. 1908, one over No. 1906; No. 1908 - two over No. 1904, seven over
No. 1907; No. 1909 - one possibly over No. 1908. In two instances, No. 1907 over No. 1904 over No.1908
and No. 1907 over No. 1908, there is a contradiction of the order otherwise indicated. This may be due to a
misreading of the sequence of impressions on poorly preserved specimens or it may more likely be the result
of issues continued in circulation over a long period of time and used interchangeably for restriking. The
monogram and St. George types are by far the most common in the Agora group, and the quantity found
surely indicates that both extended over many years. So slight is the evidence on overstrikes as compared
COMMENTARY
117
with the vast amount of Manuelmoney, that this arrangementshouldbe consideredas little more than a
tentative effort,incorporatingthe informationon the Agorapieces,whichwill undoubtedlyneed revisionwhen
the final study of the late Byzantine coinage is made.
1904 Two restruck.
1905 One restruck.
1906 Seven restruck.
1907 Twenty-onecoins of the first monogramtype (p. 580, 79-82) have been restruck:one over No. 1904
with No. 1908 underthat, one over No. 1906, one over No. 1908. Threespecimensof this same groupshow
a variationin the monogram,the A and K having been transposed.
1908 Twenty-sixrestruck:two over No. 1904, seven over No. 1907.
1909 Threerestruck:one over No. 1895 underwhich is No. 1862, one possiblyover No. 1908.
1910 The combinationsof obversesand reversesare as follows:
10 with obverseof No. 1909, reverseof No. 1907 (p. 580, 79-82)
8 with obverseof No. 1908, reverseof No. 1907 (
,,
)
1 with obverseof No. 1904, reverseof No. 1908
1912 Seven restruck:four over No. 1907, one over No. 1908.
1913 One restruck:over No. 1912.
1914 Nos. 1914-1916 are scyphate AE pieces.
1919 Four restruck:two over No. 1907, one over No. 1912.
1920 These two pieces have the Isaac obverse of No. 1919, commonlyfound in associationwith the bust
of St. Michael,and on the reverse a representationof St. Georgecarryingspear in r. hand and with the
letters r I visible in the r. field. Their state of preservationis too bad for reproduction,and one cannot be
certain whether they representan unrecordedSt. Georgetype of Isaac or are simply mules combiningan
Isaac obversewith a Manuelreverse.
1922 Scyphatebronze.
1928 The reverseof our coin, a scyphate bronzelike the reference,is recordedas having a bust of Christ.
Either this is a variation or the type has been incorrectly identified from a worn specimen.
1929 All five coins of Theodore of Thessalonica are scyphate bronze. No. 1929 has an obverse corresponding
to Sabatier, II, P1. LXVI, 2 - to which the nearest parallel is a silver issue in the BMC (P1. XXVI, 2). Our
piece, however, according to the record has a bust of Christ or the Virgin on the reverse, seemingly the type
of BMC, P1. XXVI, 3.
1932
Scyphate bronze.
FRANKISH COINAGE
Schlumberger assigns Nos. 1933-1935 to the period prior to 1250 A.D. before the opening of
1933-1937
the nmintat Clermont and believes that most of the coins were struck at Corinth. No. 1936 was issued after
1250 at Clermont and No. 1937 between 1255 and 1260 A.D. in Euboea.
118
1938 This type and the one followingare describedby Schlumberger(p. 314) as counterfeithybrids.
1953-1956 Nos.1953f. are dated by Schlumbergerto 1287-1291A.D., No.1955 to 1291-1294,and No.1956
to 1294-1308 A.D. One Agora specimenof the last type has the variant legends, GVI DVX ATENSand
ThEBANICIVS,cited by Schlumberger,p. 840.
1957 The DECLARENCIA
type is classedas a counterfeithybrid in L'Orientlatin, p. 340.
1959f.
No. 1959 was struck at Lepanto; No. 1960 at Corfu.

ITALIAN COINAGE
1981 One specimenprobablyrestruck.

1984 Onone coin the CastleTournoistype with CAMPIBASSIappearsonboth obverseand reverse.Schlumberger(p. 357, note 4) cites a similarpiece which has the name of Nicholason both sides and suggeststhat
such errorsin striking may be the work of minormints.
VENETIAN COINAGE
2007 This coin is billon (confirmed).Sincethe type is knownonly in gold, the Agoraspecimenwould seem
to be an imitation or a forgery.
019
One coin with DALMAETALBANhas been restruck.
INDEX
RULERS
Aemilian,Nos. 365-367
Alexius I, Nos. 1873-1876, 1878-1890
Alexius III, Nos. 1922f.
Alexius III of Trebizond,No. 1932
AnastasiusI, Nos. 1740-1744and "Vandalic"
No. 1709
AnastasiusII, No. 18381
AndronicusI, Nos. 1912f.
AndronicusII, Nos. 1924f.
AntoninusPius, Nos. 106-125
Arcadius,Nos. 1498-1561
Arcadiusor Honorius,Nos. 1562-1568
Athalaric,No. 1735
Augustus,Nos. 14-17
Aurelian,Nos. 576-629
Baduila, Nos. 1737-1739
Barbarigo,Agostino,No. 2005
Basil I, Nos. 1844-1848
Basil II, Nos. 1863f.
BohemondI of Antioch, Nos. 1965f.
ConstantineX, Nos. 1857f., 1869

ConstantiusII, Nos. 1029-1130
ConstantiusChlorus,Nos. 755-768
ConstantiusGallus,Nos. 1198-1215
Contarini,Andrea,No. 1999
Corner,Marco,No. 1998
Crispina,Nos. 193f.
Crispus,Nos. 955-979
Dandolo, Andrea,Nos. 1993f.
Dandolo,Francesco,No. 1991
Dandolo, Giovanni,No. 1990
Da Ponte, Nicol6, No. 2013
Delmatius, Nos. 1192-1195
Didius Julianus,No. 195
Diocletian, Nos. 727-741
Dolfin, Giovanni,Nos. 1995f.
Domitian, Nos. 31-41
Elagabalus,Nos. 224-227
Eudocia, No. 1650
Eudoxia, Nos. 1570-1572
Eugenius, Nos. 1494-1497
Caracalla,Nos. 209-218
Carinus,Nos. 713-721
Fausta, No. 916
Carus,Nos. 709-712
Faustina I, Nos. 126-136
Celsi,Lorenzo,No. 1997
Faustina II, Nos. 152-169
CharlesI of Anjou, Nos. 1940, 1977
CharlesII of Anjou, Nos. 1941, 1978
Flaccilla, Nos. 1482-1487
Florent of Hainaut, No. 1942
Chios,Lordsof, No. 1971
Florian, Nos. 644-649
Cicogna,Pasquale,No. 2014
Claudius,No. 19
ClaudiusII, Nos. 562-574
Gabalas,Leo (King of Rhodes), No. 1972
Galba,No. 21
Commodus,Nos. 182-192
ConstansI, Nos. 1132-1191
Galeria,No. 771
ConstansII, Nos. 1818-1822
Galerius,Nos. 764-770
ConstantineI, Nos. 817-914
Gallienus,Nos. 389-516
49f.
Gauthierof Brienne,No. 1958
ConstantineI andfamily,Nos.923-954and pages
ConstantineII, Nos. 980-1028
Gelimer,No. 1681
Nos.
1823-1825
ConstantineIV,
GeorgeI of Tenos, No. 1970
Nos.
1834f.
ConstantineV,
Geta, Nos. 221-223
GordianIII, Nos. 275-310
ConstantineVI, No. 1838
ConstantineVII, Nos. 1851-1854
Gradenigo,Bartolomeo,No. 1992
ConstantineVIII, Nos. 1863f.
Gratian,Nos. 1332-1370
ConstantineIX, No. 1867
Grimani,Marino,No. 2015
120
INDEX
ManliaScantilla,No. 196
ManuelI, Nos. 1899-1910
Marcian,Nos. 1661-1667 and "Vandalic"No. 1706
MarcusAurelius,Nos. 137-151
Masuna(2), No. 1725
Hadrian,Nos. 67-103
MauriceTiberius,Nos. 1789-1793
Nos.
917-921
Helen,
Maximian,Nos. 742-754
Nos.
1807-1817
Heraclius,
MaximinusI, Nos. 261-272
HerenniaEtruscilla,Nos. 343-345
MaximinusII, Nos. 775-783
HerenniusEtruscus,Nos. 346f.
Maximus(son of MaximinusI), No. 273
No.
1680
Hilderic,
Maximus(384-388 A.D.), Nos. 1488-1491
Nos.
1573-1621
and
No.
"Vandalic"
1682
Honorius,
MichaelII, No. 1841
Honoriusor Arcadius,Nos. 1562-1568
MichaelIII, No. 1843
MichaelIV, No. 1866
Irene, Nos. 1838f.
MichaelVII, Nos. 1860, 1871
Isaac I, No. 1868
Alvise, No. 2012
Mocenigo,
Isaac II, Nos. 1914-1920
Tomaso,No. 2004
Mocenigo,
Isabelleof Villehardouin,No. 1943
Morosini,Francesco,No. 2016
Morosini,Michele,No. 2001
Johannes,No. 1652
John I, Nos. 1856, 1863
Nero, No. 20
John II, Nos. 1892-1897
Nerva, Nos. 42-44
John I of Brittany, No. 1976
NicephorusII, No. 1855
John II of Epirus, No. 1961
NicephorusIII, Nos. 1862, 1872
John II of GrandeVlaquie,No. 1969
NicephorusBryennius(?), No. 1861
John I of Nicaea, No. 1927
Nicholas II of Campobasso,No. 1984
John of Gravina,No. 1947
Numerian,Nos. 723-726
John XXII, Pope at Avignon, No. 1980
Jovian, Nos. 1256-1263
Odovacar,No. 1731
Julia Domna, Nos. 205-208
Orderof St. John at Rhodes, No. 1973
Julia Maesa,No. 228
Otacilia Severa, Nos. 329-334
Julia Mamaea,Nos. 251-260
Otho, No. 22
Julian II, Nos. 1216-1255
Justin I, Nos. 1745-1749
Justin II, Nos. 1771-1781
Philip I, Nos. 311-328
Justinian I, Nos. 1750-1770 and "Vandalic" Nos. Philip of Savoy, No. 1944
1701, 1710, 1711(2), 1716, 1718
Philip of Tarentum,Nos. 1945, 1959f.
Justinian II, Nos. 1826, 1828f.
Philippicus,No. 1830
Phocas, Nos. 1794-1806
Leo I, Nos. 1668-1676 and "Vandalic"Nos. 1689, Pius IV, Pope at Rome, No. 1986
Placidia, No. 1651
1707
Leo III, Nos. 1832f.
Plautilla, Nos. 219f.
Leo IV, No. 1837
Postumus, No. 558
Priuli, Gerolamo,No. 2010
Leo V, No. 1840
Priuli, Lorenzo,No. 2009
Leo VI, Nos. 1849f.
Gritti, Andrea,Nos. 2007f.
Guy I de la Roche, Nos. 1948f.
Guy II de la Roche, Nos. 1953-1957
Licinius I, Nos. 784-806

Licinius II, Nos. 807-816
Loredan, Leonardo, No. 2006
Loredan, Pietro, No. 2011
Louis IX of France, No. 1974
Lucilla, Nos. 178-181
Lucius Verus, Nos. 170-177
Macrian, Nos. 551-554
Magnentius, No. 1197
Magnia Urbica, No. 722
Mahaut of Hainaut, No. 1946
Probus, Nos. 650-708

Procopius, Nos. 1329-1331
Pupienus, No. 274
Quietus, Nos. 555-557
Quintillus, No. 575
Raymond II of Tripolis, No. 1968
Robert of Provence, No. 1979
Roger II of Sicily, No. 1981
Romanus III, No. 1865
Romanus IV, Nos. 1859, 1870
INDEX
121
TiberiusIII, No. 1827

Tiepolo, Jacopo, Nos. 1987f.
Titus, No. 30
Trajan,Nos. 45-66
TrajanDecius, Nos. 335-342
TrebonianusGallus,Nos. 348-359
Sabina, Nos. 104f.

Saint-Martinof Tours,No. 1975
Salonina,Nos. 517-547
Saloninus,No. 550
SeptimiusSeverus,Nos. 197-204
Severina,Nos. 630-636
SeverusII, Nos. 772-774
SeverusIII, No. 1677
SeverusAlexander,Nos. 229-250
Steno, Michele,No. 2003
Tacitus, Nos. 637-643
Tancredof Antioch, No. 1967
Tetricus,Nos. 560f.
Theodahad,No. 1736
Theodora(stepmotherof ConstantineI), No. 922
TheodoreI of Nicaea, No. 1926
TheodoreII of Nicaea, No. 1928
Theodoreof Thessalonica,Nos. 1929-1931
Theodoric,Nos. 1732-1734
TheodosiusI, Nos. 1416-1480and "Vandalic"
Nos. 1687, 1692
TheodosiusI or II, No. 1481
TheodosiusII, Nos. 1622-1649and "Vandalic"
Nos. 1685, 1705, 1724
Theophilus,Nos. 1841f.
ThomasII of Salona, No. 1963
ThomasIII of Salona, No. 1964
Tiberius,No. 18
TiberiusII, Nos. 1782-1788
Valens, Nos. 1297-1328

ValentinianI, Nos. 1264-1295
ValentinianI-III, page 64
ValentinianII, Nos. 18371-1415
Valentinian III, Nos. 1653-1660 and "Vandalic"
Nos. 1683, 1688, 1698, 1699, 1726(?)
ValerianI, Nos. 368-388
ValerianII, Nos. 548f.
Valier, Silvestro, No. 2017
Venier,Antonio, No. 2002
Vespasian,Nos. 23-29
Vetranio,No. 1196
Victor, Nos. 1492f.
Victorinus,No. 559
Volusian,Nos. 360-364
WilliamI de la Roche, Nos. 1950-1952
WilliamI of Sicily, No. 1982
WilliamII of Sicily, No. 1983
Williamof Villehardouin,Nos. 19388-1939
Zeno, Nos. 1678f. and "Vandalic"No. 1708
Zeno,Ranieri,No. 1989
Barbarousimitations:Nos, 915 (ConstantineI); 1131 (ConstantiusII); 1296 (ValentinianI); 1569 (Arcadius

or Honorius); 1836 (ConstantineV); 1877 (AnonymousByzantine); 1891 (Alexius I); 1898 (John II);
1911 (ManuelI); 1921 (Isaac II); 1962 (John II of Epirus); 1985 (Nicholas II of Campobasso);2000
(AndreaContarini)
MINTS
(Throughthe Byzantine Period)
to 1424, 1488, 1492, 1495, 1501f., 1577, and pages
Nos. 740, 767, 773f., 803, 892-895,
49, 64
950, 1019, 1115-1119, 1177-1179, 1211, 1250f.,
1291f., 1324f., 1363, 1406-1409, 1464-1466, 1544 ARLES, Nos. 785f., 808, 831-883,937,958-960,1187f.,
to 1547, 1567, 1603-1606,1814, and page 50
1300, 1838, 1490
ANTIOCH, Nos. 249, 305-308, 325-327, 358f., 364,
379-384, 460-501, 537-542, 549, 570-572, 619, 636, CARTHAGE, Nos. 764, 1762f., 1806, 1815
701f., 726, 739, 752f., 781, 802, 814f., 884-891, 933, COLOGNE,No. 559
949, 1016-1018,1108-1114,1174-1176,1247-1249, CONSTANTINOPLE, Nos. 859-864, 919, 922, 928f., 943
to 945, 954, 1003-1006, 1071-1081, 1152-1162,
1261, 1288-1290, 1322f., 1361f., 1403-1405, 1461
to 1463, 1486, 1538-1543, 1564-1566, 1600-1602,
1192, 1204-1206,1232-1236,1259,1278-1282,1811
to 1315, 1329f., 1850-1352,18390-1895,1443-1450,
1640f., 1666,1743,1760f., 1778,1787f., 1793,1805,
and pages 50, 64
1482, 1517-1524, 1562, 1570, 1582-1587, 1625 to
1632,1664,1668-1671,1740-1742,1745-1747,1750
AQUILEIA,
NOs. 755, 820-822, 956, 981, 1036-1039,
to
1420
1374-1376,
1266f.,
1218,
1334-1337,
11385f.,
17583,1771f., 1782-1784, 1789f., 1794-1796,
ALEXANDRIA,
122
INDEX
1807f., 1818f., 18238f.,1827-1882, 1834f., 1837to

1860, 1862-1876, 1878-1890, 1892-1897, 1899 to
1910, 1912-1920,1922-1925,and pages 50, 64
CYzicus, Nos. 609-618, 635, 643, 649, 696-700, 725,
738, 750f., 759-762, 766, 779f., 799-801, 812f., 874
to 883, 916, 920, 982, 948, 971, 1012-1015,1095 to
1107, 1166-1173, 1209f., 1242-1246, 1260, 1285 to
1287,1319-18321,
1331, 1357-1360,1400-1402,1454
to 1460, 1530-1537, 1571, 1594-1599, 1637-1639,
1656f., 1758f., 1776f., 1802-1804, 1813, and pages
50, 64
EPHESUS, Nos. 9-12
Nos. 735-737, 748f., 758, 765, 772, 792 to

795, 810, 852-858, 918, 927, 940-942, 968f., 998 to
1002, 1061-1070, 1150f., 1203, 1229-1231, 1257f.,
1277, 1309f., 1348f., 1388f., 1440-1442, 1483f.,
15183-1516,1579-1581,1624, 1663, and pages49, 64
HERACLEA,
ITALY, Nos. 1, 8
LONDON,
No. 827
LYONS, Nos. 16, 18, 445, 558, 671-674, 828-880, 983,
1219f., 1489
MILAN,
587
Nos. 355-357, 376-378, 431-444, 5832,588 to
NICAEA,Nos. 1926-1928
Nos. 778, 796-798, 811, 865-873, 930f.,
NICOMEDIA,
to 375, 389-430, 517-531, 548, 562-566, 575-582,

630-632, 644, 650-658, 709f., 713-717, 722f., 727
to 732, 742f., 784, 817-819, 923, 955, 980, 1029 to
1035, 1132-1134, 1198, 1216f., 1264f., 1297f.,
1332f., 1371-1373, 1416-1419, 1494, 1498-1500,
1573-1576,1652-1654,1765, 1779,and pages49, 64
SERDICA, Nos. 603-608, 641f., 647f., 693-695
SICILY, Nos. 1764, 1820, 1825f.
SIRMIum, Nos. 1045-1047, 1200, 1223f., and page 49
SISCIA, Nos. 446-456, 533-536, 567, 590-602, 634,
639f., 675-692, 719f., 724, 745f., 787f., 809, 834 to

840, 917, 925, 961-963, 984-990, 1040-1044, 1139
to 1141, 1199, 1221f., 1268-1271, 1301-1304, 1339
to 1342, 1377-1379,1425-1430,1503f., and page49
SPAIN, No. 4
TARRACO,No. 29
Nos. 734, 747, 757, 771, 775-777,

789-791, 841-851, 926, 938f., 964-967, 991-997,
1048-1060, 1142-1149, 1196, 1201f., 1225-1228,
1256, 1272-1276, 1305-1308, 1343-1347, 1380 to
1387, 1431-1439, 1505-1512, 1578, 1622f., 1655,
1662, 1678, 1754, 1773, 1785, 1791, 1797-1799,
1809-1811, 1929-1931,and pages 49, 64
THESSALONICA,
TICINUM,Nos. 588f., 633, 637f., 645f., 659-670, 711f.,
718, 733, 744, 756, 807, 823-825

TREBIZOND,No. 1932.
TREVES, Nos. 826, 924, 957, 982, 1197, 1299
UNCERTAIN ASIA MINT,
to 545, 550-557
Nos. 385-388, 502-508, 543
946f., 970, 1007-1011,1082-1094,1163-1165,11938, UNCERTAINASIA MINORMINT, Nos. 457-459, 568f.

1207f., 1237-1241, 1283f., 1316-1318, 1353-1356, UNCERTAINEASTERNMINTS, Nos. 17,66
1396-1399,1451-1458,1485,1525-1529,1563,1588 UNCERTAINGALLICMINT, No. 560
to 1593, 1633-1636,1665, 1748, 1755-1757,1774f., UNCERTAIN PROVINCIALMINT, NO. 1833
1786, 1792, 1800f., 1812, and pages 50, 64
UNCERTAIN MINTS (indefinite location), Nos. 13, 546,
573f., 620-622, 1680-1739,1749, 1770, 1861
UNCERTAIN MINTS (irregular issues or forgeries),
RAVENNA, Nos. 1661, 1766f., 1816
Nos. 51, 136, 218, 250, 306, 309f., 328, 334, 516,
ROME,Nos. If., 5-8, 14f., 19f., 21-28, 30, 31-41, 42
to 65, 67-103, 104-135, 1837-217,219-248, 251-308,
561, 915, 1131, 1296, 1569, 1836, 1877, 1891, 1898,
311-324, 329-33888,
1911, 1921
885-842, 848-354, 360-363, 365
PLATES
PLATE 1
131
36
136
172
325
S250
432
501
457
516
PLATE 2
648
573
64614
764
1137
1238
1238
607
1334
53
1687
1711
1709
1712
PLATE 3
1767b
1810
1819a
1836
1829b
18611877
1861
PLATE 4
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THE

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

THE ATHENIAN AGORA: COINS

ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINAGE RATIOS

ABBREVIATIONS IN THE CATALOGUE ...........................

ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE ..............................

BYZANTINE IMPERIAL COINAGE

FRANKISH COINAGE .....................................

MINOR COINAGES OF GREECE AND THE ISLANDS ............

FRENCH COINAGE .......................................

ITALIAN COINAGE ......................................

NUMERICAL SUMMARY ......................................

ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINAGE RATIOS

M. Aurelius-L. Verus ...

MaximinusI-Pupienus . 235-288 A.D.

Trajan DeciusHerennius ..........

LiciniusI-Constantine . 307-337 A.D.

Valerian I-Gallienus ...

Sons Constantine- Jovian

Const. Nicomedia Cyzicus

The aggregate for all mints for the same reigns:

The proportionsfrom Thessalonica,Constantinopleand Cyzicus give the mint nearest Athens

The complete tally of all mints:

ABBREVIATIONS IN THE CATALOGUE

Berytus. ArchaeologicalStudies (American University of Beirut, 1934-)

A. Blanchet et A. Dieudonn6, Manuel de numismatiquefranoaise (1912-1936)

H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum (1923-)

CorpusNummorum Italicorum (1910-)

J. Maurice, Numismatique constantinienne(1908-1912)

Numismatic Notes and Monographs (American Numismatic Society, 1920-)

N. Papadopoli, Le Monete di Venezia (1893-1919)

J. W. E. Pearce, The Roman Coinagefrom A. D. 364 to 423 (1933)

Poeyd'AvantF. Poey d'Avant, Monnaies feodales de France (1858-1862)

J. Sabatier, Description g6neraledes monnaies byzantines (1862)

G. Schlumberger, Numismatique de l'Orient latin (1878)

D. Spinelli, Monete cufiche (1844)

Edward A. Sydenham, The Coinageof the Roman Republic (1952)

J. Tolstoi, Monnaies byzantines (1912-1914)

M. AEMILIUS SCAURUS 58 B.C.

CN. PLANCI US c. 54 B.C.

D. JUNIUS BRUTUS ALBINUS

P. SEPULLIUS MACER c. 44 B.C.

Syd., p. 178, 1074

M. AN TONIUS c. 37-31 B.C.

Syd., p. 196, 1221

Same/Same with LEGXI

Syd., p. 196, 1229

Syd., p. 107, 694a

Syd., p. 118, 739

TI. CLAUDIUS 78-77 B.C.

Syd., p. 126, 770a

CN. CORNELIUS LENTULUS MARCELLINUS

Syd., p. 152, 914

Syd., p. 156, 933

Same/Same with LEGXII ANTIQVAE

Syd., p. 196, 1231

Same/Same with LEGXV

Syd., p. 196, 1235

Heads of Antony and Octavia r./Galley

Syd., p. 199, 1268

THE ATHENIAN AGORA: COINS

ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE