Study on Heritage Building via Lime Plaster in

Malaysia: Case Study in

George Town, Penang

By

AMIRAHTUL `AQILAH BINTI MOHAMED SABRI

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
in
HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNING (BUILDING SURVEYING)
UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

JUN 2014

Supervisor:
Dr. Mohd Zailan B Sulieman

DECLARATION
I declare that this project report entitled Study on Heritage Building via Lime Plaster
in Malaysia, Case Study of Georgetown, Penang is the result of my own research except
as cited in the references. The project report has not been accepted for any degree and is
not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

..........................................................................
Amirahtul `Aqilah Binti Mohamed Sabri
IC No.: 891007-01-6470
Matric No.: 110603
JUN 2014

Verification by:

Dr. Mohd Zailan B Sulieman

Supervisor of Final Year Research Project
Jun 2014

ii

ABSTRAK
Kesedaran pengunaan bahan serasi dalam pemuliharaan bangunan bersejarah
telah menyebabkan kelahiran semula teknologi aplikasi pengunaan kapur. Selain itu,
pengetahuan mengenai prosedur penyediaan bahan akan mempengaruhi kualiti akhir
kapur. Namun, percanggahan pendapat terhadap penggunaan kaedah pemuliharaan
yang betul masih wujud di kalangan konservator.Tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah
untuk mengkaji kerosakan dan mencadangkan kaedah pemuliharaan yang boleh di
aplikasikan pada dinding luar bangunan warisan di George Town, Pulau Pinang. Fokus
kajian ini ialah bahan kapur, memandangkan ia telah digunakan pada sebahagian besar
dinding luar. Kajian ini dijalankan berdasarkan kaedah kualitatif, seperti kajian literatur,
pemerhatian visual dan temuduga. Daripada kajian rintis terhadap 85 bangunan
bersejarah di zon teras, ia telah mendapati bahawa terdapat tiga punca kecacatan
dinding luar iaitu perubahan iklim , pencemaran udara , dan isu penyelenggaraan.

iii

ABSTRACT
Awareness of the used of compatible material in historical building conservation has
resulted in the rebirth of lime technology and application. Then again, the knowledge of
the preparation and procedure influencing the final quality of lime is still limited and
disagreement regarding the conservation treatment still continues to exist among the
conservator. The purposed of this paper is to highlight the deterioration and suggests
possible treatment of external wall of heritage building in George Town, Penang. Since,
lime have been used on most part of the external wall, therefore it will be the focus of
this study. The study was conducted based on qualitative method, such as literature
review, visual observation and interview.

From the pilot survey of 85 historical

building in core zone, it have been found that from the uses of lime based material the
possible defect is causes by three factor climatic charge, air pollution, maintenances
issues. This study will be focusing on lime material. Therefore, the possible restoration
for external wall was established in that area.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah Most Benevolent and Most Merciful. Alhamdulillah, I am grateful
and cherish to God, for making me successfully complete this dissertation with His
allowance. First and foremost, I would like to express my greatest gratitude sincerely to
my father and mother for their never ending encouragement and to my supervisor, Dr.
Mohd Zailan B Sulieman who has given me the guidance, advice, invaluable suggestion
and unfailing support to me. Also, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the
Coordinator of Building Surveying final year project course coordinator, Sr Dr. Md
Azree Bin Othuman Mydin for his guidance. I owe a special thanks to those who agrees
to be interviewed and give me the benefit of their knowledge in order to obtain
information.

My

honest

appreciation

also

goes

to

my

colleagues

(Masya,Farisya,Syida,Aizad), for their support and encouragement during the

preparation of this final project. Throughout my everlasting appreciation, I would like to
extend my heartiest thanks to all lecturers of School of Housing, Building and Planning,
Universiti Sains Malaysia for their kindness and motivation. Last but not least, my
sincere and heartiest appreciation to my sister, Aminahtun Adilah, for her help and
never ending encouragement. Thank you.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION .............................................................................................................ii
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... vi
TABLE LIST .................................................................................................................. ix
FIGURE LIST ................................................................................................................. x
CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1
1.0

Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1

1.2

Background Study .............................................................................................. 3

1.3

Problem Statement ............................................................................................. 6

1.4

Objective of Study ............................................................................................ 11

1.5

Scope of Study.................................................................................................. 11

1.6

Limitation ........................................................................................................ 12

1.7

Summary of Chapters ....................................................................................... 12

1.8

Term and Definition ......................................................................................... 13

CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................. 15
LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................. 15
2.0

Introduction ...................................................................................................... 15

2.1

Traditional Material. ......................................................................................... 17

2.1.1

Timber ....................................................................................................... 18

2.1.2

Stone.......................................................................................................... 18

2.1.3

Clay ........................................................................................................... 18

2.1.4

Lime .......................................................................................................... 19

2.3

Traditional Binder ............................................................................................ 20

2.3.1
2.4

Mortar........................................................................................................ 22

Lime Mortar Ingredient .................................................................................... 23

2.4.1

Hydraulic Lime ........................................................................................ 25

2.5 Production of Lime ............................................................................................... 31

2.5.1

Lime Slaking ............................................................................................. 33

2.5.2

Lime Mixing ............................................................................................. 35

2.5.3

Lime Storage ............................................................................................. 38

2.6

Lime Plaster ..................................................................................................... 39

2.7

Lime Wash ....................................................................................................... 40

2.8

Lime Characteristic. ......................................................................................... 40

vi

2.9

Mortar Damage................................................................................................. 41

2.9.1

Moisture .................................................................................................... 42

2.9.2

Air Pollution .............................................................................................. 43

2.9.3

Soluble Salt ............................................................................................... 43

2.9.4 Biological Colonization. ................................................................................ 45

2.9.5

Structural Problems ................................................................................... 45

2.9.6

Poor Workmanship ................................................................................... 45

2.9.7

Improper Curing ........................................................................................ 46

2.10

Restoration of cultural heritage..................................................................... 47

2.10.1

Conservation ............................................................................................. 47

2.10.2

Conservation Concept ............................................................................... 49

2.10.3

Restoration ................................................................................................ 50

2.11

Previous Research Method .......................................................................... 52

2.12 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 53

CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................. 54
METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................ 54
3.0

Introduction ...................................................................................................... 54

3.1

Research Methodology ..................................................................................... 55

3.2

Literature Review ............................................................................................. 56

3.3

Data Collection ................................................................................................. 57

3.3.1 Primary data ................................................................................................... 57

3.4

Data Sample and Data Collection .................................................................... 60

3.5

Data analysis ..................................................................................................... 61

CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................................. 62
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................. 62
4.0

Introduction ...................................................................................................... 62

4.2

Data Finding ..................................................................................................... 62

4.2.1

Background ............................................................................................... 62

4.2.2 Current Stated of Historical Building in George Town, Penang ................... 64

4.3

Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 67

4.3.1
Surface Condition (Discoloration, Chalking, Staining, Peeling Paint, Paint
Bulging) .................................................................................................................. 67
4.3.2

Mortar and Plaster ..................................................................................... 70

4.4

Effect of Using Incompatible Material ............................................................. 72

4.5

Treatment for exterior surface. ......................................................................... 74

4.5.1

Lime Mortar and Plaster............................................................................ 74

4.5.2

Painting ..................................................................................................... 77

4.6

Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 79
vii

CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................................. 80
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ..... 80
5.0

Main Conclusion .............................................................................................. 80

5.1

Factor Effecting historical building in George Town, Penang. ....................... 81

5.2

Repair Method Process ..................................................................................... 82

5. 3

Recommendation for Further Research ........................................................... 86

REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 87

viii

TABLE LIST
Tables

Page

TABLE 2.0
TABLE 4.0

Cementation Index
Factor That Causes Damage On Original Mortar And
Plaster And Damage Type

24
68

TABLE 4.1

Sd Value To Determine Breathable Paint

75

ix

FIGURE LIST
Figures

Page

FIGURE 1.0
FIGURE 1.1

Pre-War Building By Architecture Style And Year Built

Percentage Of Historic Building That Need To Be
Conserve In Malaysia

2
7

FIGURE 1.2

Common Defect Location In Historic Building In Malaysia

FIGURE 1.3

Poorly maintain historic building

FIGURE 1.4

Common Defect In Historic Building

FIGURE 2.0

Early Stage Damage Show Salts Crystals

17

FIGURE 2.1

Moisture Evaporation

18

FIGURE 2.2

30

FIGURE 2.2

The Burning Lime Cycle-Burning And Hardening Of NonHydraulic Lime

Hardening Process Of Lime Mortar

FIGURE 2.3

Distribution Of Adventives Within The Material

50

FIGURE 3.0

Research Methodology

53

FIGURE 3.1

Principle Of Diagnosis

55

FIGURE 4.0

World Heritage Site, Penang

61

FIGURE 4.1

Historic Building Condition In George Town, Penang

62

FIGURE 4.2

63

FIGURE 4.3

Number Of Building With External Wall Defect In George

Town, Penang
Two Type Of Stain Found In George Town, Penang

FIGURE 4.4

Erosion Of Mortar

65

FIGURE 4.5

Discoloration On Wall

65

FIGURE 4.6

Peeling Paint On Exterior Wall

66

FIGURE 4.7

Blistering Paint

67

FIGURE 4.8

The Used Of Cement To Heritage Building

69

FIGURE 4.9

70

FIGURE 4.10

Wall Render Deterioration Due To The Use Of Cement

Render
Mock Up Sample

FIGURE 4.11

Lime Slaking

74

FIGURE 4.12

Sample For Pigment Colours

76

FIGURE 5.0

Black Layer On Surface Of Historical Building

78

FIGURE 5.1

Flow Diagram of Suggested Experiment Method Used in

Process Designing of Repair Plaster

81

36

64

72

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0

Introduction
Conservation of heritage building in Malaysia started in 1970s where the first

building to be preserved is the Central Market building In Kuala Lumpur (Harun, 2011).
In 1988 Malaysia have become member of UNESCO`s Convention Concerning the
Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Since then more and more
building have been conserved and restored with the references and guidance of
international charters. National Museum, 1992, heritage building inventory study
estimated approximately 35,000 buildings before war should be conserved in 265 cities
survey, (Zuraidi, 2011). Undoubtedly these building are important in determine the
historical past of the national but given the age of the building at present, this structure
will not be standing for too long unless proper maintenances work and identification of
historical building may contributed to decaying of building thus resulting to decrement
in the number of historical building

Heritage culture and building in Penang have become among value asset in
Malaysia. George Town inner cities most treasure architecture are located and can
divided into several zone, it culture has been molded by the succession of civilization
that arrive and shaped its urban growth. Heritage building in the inner city exposes the
sense of comprimise between the pioneers, earlier settlers and later immigrants
(Mohamed, 2005). Similarity ,Lim, 2008, stated that, the significant heritage character

of George Town, Penang is reflect upon the predominant pre war buildings, the heritage
buildings dates back to between late eighteen century and early nineteenth century.

Figure 1.0: Pre war Building by architectural styles and year built (Lim, 2008)

1.2

Background Study
Georgetown, Penang has more than 12,000 old buildings and most of these

historic building were constructed with brick, stone and lime mortar (Muhamed, 2002)
In 1996 the Penang State Conservation Committee, consisting of government agencies,
local authority and private sectors, was formed to monitor and control any development
in the conservation areas. Many heritage buildings in Georgetown have been protected
under Antiquities Act of 1976, Guide for conservation area and heritage
building(MPPP),2005, and National heritage act 2005

Article 1 of the Burra Charter stated that the fabric of some historical buildings
may contain the cultural importance of which the buildings itself should be viewed as
valuable artifacts. The main purpose of the conservation is to maximize the
conservation of the cultural importance by performing continual improvement. It also
stated that if buildings are evidently found to possess the cultural importance,
maintenance works therefore should be performed to retain the buildings. There for
maintenance is part of the conservation process. Highlighted in their research that there
is a bond between conservation and maintenance works as the latter is an approach to
prolong the lifespan of the building and at the same time if works undertaken are poorly
performed, it may contribute to the loss of the original building fabric.

There for materials is an important element in conservation project. Heritage

building conservation project should match original material. There are four main
traditional material used to build a heritage building such as timber, stone, clay and
lime.
3

One of traditional material in heritage building is Timber. Buildings constructed

with timber are indeed affected by its agent and serious defect and can reduce the
building value. Conservation of timber is by machining the timber species and size. In
addition the repair might be fully or partial replacement and preservation of timber and
control insect invasion to prolong and extend its function in building. Timber in heritage
is use for roof structure, floor structure, floor board, partition, frame, door, decorative
screen and carving, staircase, balustrade and handrail.

Next, green traditional material is stone. Stone is use for corbel bracket for the
main building for upper floor, granite slab across the open drain, step up from the drain,
edge of five foot way, rubble wall, bottom of the staircase, foundation stone and in
some case as ground floor. During the stone repair work, the stone need to match the
original material, function and design where it possible.

Also clay has been considered as green heritage material for heritage building.
Clay are uses in terracotta clay roof tile, brick for walls, brick dust in lime
mortar/plaster, lime concrete, brick piece for below ground hardcode, terracotta tile,
clay invert for drain. George Town was built on a swamp, by using the breathable clay
brick walls it allows ground moisture inside to cool the room.

Lime has been use as building and decoration material from decade in Malaysia.
First record of Manual for Conservation Lime are in 1998 by David Yeo. Lime is a
product of calcium carbonated which commonly takes the form of limestone, as found
and quarried in lime stone hill and also can be found in coral, sea shells, and chalk.
4

When any form of calcium carbonate are burnt at between 850 and 1300 degree,
conversation to calcium oxide take places and better know as quiklime.
Lime is a green material and it also can be used in new building. For heritage
building lime is used in:1. Wall
The use of lime in wall is as lime mortar between the brick, lime plaster to cover
the brick and lime wash for wall painting.
2. Roof
Lime in roof used lime plaster for the wall, flashing and under the roof tile.
3. Floor
Lime in floor is used as lime concrete mix

Selection of the best methods and materials can decreased the defect to occur
second time in the future. Beside the material function during construction, the material
also carries an aesthetic value depending on their architectural form and construction
techniques. Restoration of historic building built with lime mortar creates challenges for
architect, conservator, and worker tasked with masonry restoration. The original
material and method involving lime have been suspended by the use of cement with its
own material and technique. However, cement have failed to provide a successful role
as binder for the restoration of historic building built with lime.

1.3

Problem Statement
Georgetown faces saveral problem in dealing with the issues of historic

building. Kamal,2008 stated that the lack of technical knowledged in repairing and
maintaining historic building is a major problem becauses repair and maintenances
stage required an understanding of and analysis of building diagnoses. Understanding
the building defect is simply a logical way of proceeding from the evident to the causes
of defect after which remedies can be prescribeb

Today, these historic building are in different physical stage, some are in
relatively good condition,while many are in an inadequate stated. However, due to the
existences of this historical building, George Town has become tourist attraction
(Mohamed, 2001). Due to that George Town, Penang have benefited cultural and
economically. Considering the benefits, it can be conclude that it is esstential to ensure
that the historic building continue to exist. Pilot study done by (Kamal K. W., 2008)
stated that out of 209 historical building survey in malaysia, 14% of building defect
occur at external wall, 87% of historical building need to be conserved, and 74% show
that the building was not conserved properly.Figure 1.1 and figure 1.2 show data
finding by Kamal,2008

The general objective of this study is to identified the mean of restoring historic
building in George Town, Penang. Lime based material are the most commanly used in
historic building restoration therefore this study will focused on Lime based material.

Figure 1.1: Percentage of historic building that need to be conserve in Malaysia (Kamal,
2008)

Figure 1.2: Common Defect Location in historic building in Malaysia (Kamal, 2008)

Loking at the current stated of most historic building in George Town, Penang
it`s quite clear that most of the building have not been properly maintain and some of
the building are repair attemp have not been very effective.

Figure 1.3 : Poorly maintain historic building.

A review of several literature reveal the important of understanding the original

material used and the factor and process responsible for their deterioration before
attempt any restoration work. ICOMOS, 2003 stated that the development of the
restoration material and method should based on an understanding of the performances
requirements of the material, taking account, nature and current condition of the existing
materials, functions of new material and the degree of exposure.

Material defect are due to misuse and abuse of material in the conservation of
the building. However, material defect became visble only after a period of time or
through usage. By through study of the defect, actual cause can be determine and may
be avoid. Technical knowledge and proficiency and indulgent of building construction
are necessary to accurately recognize the root of building defect and the remedial
measure essential to put the defect right. Unsuitable use of material during repair work
will contribute to building defect.

Study by Ahmad, 1994, show the common defect found in heritage building.
Based on his finding during his study the highest defect percentage are errosion of
mortar joint 38.4 percentage, follow by peeling paint with 30.7 percentage, than
defective plastering rendering with 21.10 percentage and last 9.8 percentage are other
defect.

Figure 1.4: Common Defect in Historic building (Ahmad, 1994)

Zawawi, 2013, state that hundreds of historic masonry buildings are threatens
by new development due to the lack of maintenance as well as the use of inappropriate
repair method and incompatible repair material. The lack of proper maintenances work
and identification of historical building have contribute to decaying of building thus
resulting to decrement in the number of historical building.

Conservation of historic building is a process which will lead to the prolongation

of the life of cultural property for its utilazation now and in the future. But before
practicing conservation, one must have broad understanding of the field itself. This is to
ensure that any action carried out during the conservation work is properly performed
and is in accord, not only with the building requirement but within the scope of
conservation.

Due to lack of time the study will focus on the uses of lime material on heritage
building on external wall. Lime are widely use in heritage building such as painting
(lime wash),surface(lime plaster),between bricks of structure(lime mortar), ground and
terraces (lime concrete). Thus the study establish the proper treatment for lime base
material.

10

1.4

Objective of Study
The main purposed of this study is to identify the remedial technique that would

compatible with building lime. Hence, it is importance to understand the original

material used and the factor and process responsible for deterioration. The selection of
the suitable repair method and material during the building conservation can decreased
the defect to occur second time in future. There for the Objective of this research has
been identified as follow:1) To identified current historical building condition.
2) To determine the common type of external wall defect
3) To determine the restoration guide for building conservation process.

1.5

Scope of Study
This study focus to the lime material since it is one of the four main material

uses for repair work and the maintenances framework used for heritage building. This
study will be focus in Penang, heritage core zone. The researcher will come up with
structure interview to collect data beside literature review. Data collected will determine
the relationship between the technical knowledge of material property and remedial
method. Thru the data collection, researcher will also be able to conclude the overall
finding. Party that will be involves:1) Georgetown World Heritage Incorporate.
2) Heritage Department of Municipal Council of Penang Island (MPPP)
3) Conservator contractor

11

1.6

Limitation
Several limitations are found when conducting the study. Among them are:1. Due to time constraint the study are limited to building in the core area of
George Town, Penang, and World Heritage Site.
2. The focus of this study is Lime material since lime mostly used as restoration
material in conservation.
3. The study does not involve laboratory testing. Study only cover result from
previous laboratory test by other researcher.
4. Study are done in Penang State, thus the study shall not represent other state in
Malaysia

1.7

Summary of Chapters
Chapter 1 discuses detail about the background of study and problem statement

for this research. In order to give overall guideline, the aim and objective are defined in
this chapter including the scope of study and research methodology.
Chapter 2 describes the definition and background of material use in
conservation project. These chapters briefly explain the building conservation, lime
production and previous research by research.
Chapter 3 explains about the research methodology for this study. This chapter
also discussed in detail regarding methodology use for this study to complete the
research.
Chapter 4 provides the result obtain from data collection. The finding are
analyzed and discussed in this chapter. Data collection was done through the interview,
12

observation and data from previous conservation report prior to lime material. Chapter 5
presents the recommendation and conclusion to the study.

1.8

Term and Definition

Term and definition as explained by European Standard, BS EN 459-1:2010:1. Lime.

Calcium oxide or hydroxide, and calcium-magnesium oxide produce by thermal
decomposition (calcination) of naturally occurring calcium carbonate (limestone,
chalk, shell) or naturally occurring calcium magnesium carbonated.
2. Building Lime.
Group of lime product, exclusively consisting of two families: air lime and lime
with hydraulic properties, used in application or material for construction and
building.
3. Lime with Hydraulic Properties.
Lime that has the property of setting and hardening when mixed with water or
under water. Reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide is part of hardening
process. Lime with hydraulic properties is divided into three sub categories,
natural hydraulic lime (NHL), formulated lime (FL) and hydraulic lime (HL).
4. Quicklime
Quicklime is the reaction of calcium oxide when limestone burn continuously
with high temperature.
5. Slaking
Slaking is the reaction of quicklime with water, which involves more water and
produces a wet hydrate in form of a putty or plastic paste.
13

6. Binder
Binder is natural (inorganic) or artificial material that, if mixed with water,
permit the preparation of plastic mixture that hardens to form a solid mass.
Material such lime, gypsum or cement, could bind sand particle or crushed
stones together to obtain mortar.
7. Mortar
Mortar is a combination of binder and other component such as sand, crushed
stones and water to form a paste. Mortars are used because of their capacity to
fill all gaps between masonry material and for their quality of adhering strongly
and hardening to form a whole with the stone or stone.
8. Aggregate
Aggregate is material added to binder to prepare mortar. It can be either natural
such as sand and crush stone or artificial such as crushed brick.
9. Admixture
An admixture is added substance which modify properties such workability of
the mortar mixture that cannot be obtained using basic binders.

14

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0

Introduction
In July 2008 George Town, Penang have been awarded the title of World

Heritage Site under the category of Cultural Heritage by the United Nations
Educational,

Scientific and Cultural

Organization(UNESCO) World

Heritage

Committee. According to UNESCO World Heritage Committee, George Town has met
the criteria of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). OUV are a set of value which are
universally recognized as important or as having influenced the evolution of mankind as
a whole at one time or another.
(i)

UNESCO agreed that George Town represent exceptional example of multicultural trading town in east and Southeast Asia forged from the mercantile
and civilization exchanges of Malay, Chinese, Indian and European culture.

(ii)

George Town are living testimony to the multi-culture heritage and tradition
of Asia, where religions and culture.

(iii)

George Town reflect the cultural element from Malay Archipelago, India,
China and Europe which create a unique architecture, culture and townscape
without parallel anywhere in the East and South East Asia, in particular a
range and exceptional of colonial architecture, shop houses, and townhouse.

15

Therefore, Conservation is to preserve and enhance the message and values of

cultural property. These values are systematically assist with setting priorities in
determining the overall restoration methods and to establish the extent and nature of the
treatment. Four (4) aspects to consider as outlined by ICCROM, the material, design
and architecture, quality of workmanship and manufacturing technique and originality
of the layout and construction. Determining the validity of materials from the past that
is not in the record and the technology is important in conservation

Repair and maintenances work always have been the key element in conservation
activity. The lack of technical knowledge in repairing and maintaining the historic
building has become the major problem, because the conservation work will required an
understanding and analysis of building defect during the repair and maintenances stage
The intervention on historic building need to be at minimal and controlled to ensure
minimal loss of its original value. High quality building conservation can be achieve by
following six (6) principle has been highlight by Ellsmore, 2009 explain as :(i)

Retain cultural heritage significance

(ii)

Used traditional technique and material

(iii)

Use appropriately experienced and skilled contractor

(iv)

Do only what necessary

(v)

Retain repair authentic fabric

(vi)

Readily identify new work.

16

Therefore the right techniques and conservation method need to be applied in

building conservation. Ahmad A. , 2006 has surggests four key principle that can be
practiced in conservation work in Malaysia,that is :(i)

Minimal intervention

(ii)

Conducting scientific research and laboratories testing

(iii)

Documentation of conservation work

(iv)

Applying effective method and techniques

In principle, the existing condition should be inspected technically before

commencing any remedial work. Once the condition has been identified, a systematic
decision can be used to tackle the affected condition. Seven (7) approaches can be used
in conservation work. It can be used as individual or combine depending on the project.
The approaches are conservation, preserving, restoration, maintenances, redevelopment,
rehabilitation and consolidation. (Kamal., 2007)

2.1

Traditional Material.
Heritage building materials in Malaysia usual consist of lime, timber, stone and

clay. The understanding of building material nature and accurate diagnosis of defect is
important for historic building conservation. Prior to this, party involves in building
conservation project need to be familiar with building material common use before
going into proper preservation technique.

17

2.1.1

Timber
Historically, timber materials have been use for wall, floor, roof and structural

framing. Timber can be classified into two categories, such as softwoods and
hardwoods. Timber classification depends on the grain, weight and moisture content. In
addition timber has a moisture content of between 12 and 15 per cent. Moisture content
exceed above 20 per cent, will lead to timber failure. Therefore, it is important for the
material to be seasoned and preserved before it being use for building conservation.
Timber seasoning is to increases its strength properties.

2.1.2

Stone
For thousand years, stone have been use in heritage building due to its natural

durability and strength. Traditionally, stone is use for column, exterior walls, staircases,
window framing as well as roofing material. Stone can last for hundred year, however
its tendency to decay in any three kind of weather (vegetation, soluble salts, erosion by
wind and rain), faulty material and workmanship.

2.1.3

Clay
Clay brick are use as structure wall. Usually clay brick are used with lime mortar

and lime plaster to create breathable walls. Breathable wall will allowing ground
moisture to cool down the room. Clay also use as terracotta roof tile, terracotta floor
tile, and clay invert for drain. Furthermore, clay brick dusts are used in lime mortar and
lime concrete to add strength property. When cement material are used on clay brick
wall and floor, it will forces ground moisture and salt into brick wall

18

Figure 2.0:- Early stage damage show salts crystals ( (Jenkins G. W., 2012)

2.1.4

Lime
Lime has been use as building and decoration material from decade in Malaysia.

Lime is a product of calcium carbonated which commonly takes the form of limestone,
as found and quarried in lime stone hill and also can be found in coral, sea shells, and
chalk. conversation to calcium oxide take places and better known as quicklime, when
any form of calcium carbonate are burnt at between 850 and 1300 degree,. Lime are
used in wall (lime mortar, lime plaster, lime wash), floor and roof. Figure 1 show the
wall breathable concept. Lime allows natural ground moisture to move up the wall and
evaporates through lime plaster. However if the wall are plaster with cement, the
moisture will be block and cause wall damage

19

.
Figure 2.1:- Moisture evaporation (Jenkins, 2013)

2.3

Traditional Binder
Binder is described as a material that will act as glue when mix with sand and

water to form a fresh plaster, render, mortar or concrete. Traditional binders consisted of
clay, lime and gypsum. These were later complemented by the development of natural
and artificial cements. Lime is the principle binder of most traditional mortars, plasters
and renders. It tends to be neglected in modern building practices, but it is central to
successful maintenances and repair of traditional buildings and natural stonework. An
understanding of lime is essential for anyone working on historic buildings.

20

As explain by (Carlos, 2004), gypsum-based mortar have been used since

ancient time, due to their setting upon addition of water, this type of binder could be
consider to be the first hydraulic binder used since thousand year ago. Carlos also
claims that gypsum plaster was commonly used in Middle East and in Mediterranean
country, especially during the Middle age. Gypsum binders also known as Plaster of
Paris and have been used widely in gothic building in the area around Paris. This type
of binder have low strength and poor durability in humid environment, they however
less sensitive to air pollution.

Historically, the type of lime first used hardened when exposed to air was called
air lime. The Roman civilization have the used of lime in 1st century B.Sc. Callebout et
al 2001, explain that the combination of calcium oxide(CaO) ,silica and alumina after
the decomposition with calcium carbonate(CaCO3) produce calcium aluminates and
silicates, it also have been called natural hydraulic limes. As identified by Mertens,
2009, in addition to natural hydraulic lime, the Roman also has discovered the artificial
hydraulic lime. The artificial hydraulic limes were obtained by mixing lime with
pozzolanic material. Pozzolanic materials contain high reactive silica and alumina.
When it combines with the present of water it generated hydrated calcium silicates and
aluminates, with superior binding or cementing properties. The Romans have used lime
in construction since the last two centuries. Besides, the use of air lime, they routinely
used lime mixed with either natural or artificial pozzolanic material.

Over time the

used of lime began to be replaced by high performance artificial hydraulic limes hence
name Portland Cement in 19th century. This trend was certainly due to difficulties
experienced regarding the application of lime mortars, such long setting and hardening
times, especially at very high relative(RH), weak mechanical properties and low internal
21

cohesion as well as high porosity, making lime mortar susceptible to damage caused by
salt crystallization or freezing when water saturated

2.3.1

Mortar
The classification of mortar will provides simplified description according to the

proposed of their application and can be classified in two categories. Those intended to
protected the masonries against climatic or environment action for example render and
plastered, and those whose primary aim is too contributed to the structural stability of
the masonry such as joint bedding and repointing. Mortar can also be classified
according to the binder used. Mortar can be made with lime-based binder and mortar
made with cement-based binder.

Most of mortar forming part of the construction of the historical building and
associate structure has been found to constitute by lime based binder. Material defect
are due to misuse and abuse of material in the conservation of the building. However,
material defect became apparently only after a period of time or through usage. By the
through study of the defect the actual cause can be determine and may be avoid.
Building defect based on material studies will able to assist in the preservation and
conservation of heritage building, resulting in direct saving in expenses, effort in
recitation, repair, replacement and conservation Selection of the best methods and
materials can decreased the defect to occur second time in the future. Through
maintenance, function and condition of the building can be restored and help avoid any
problems that occur as occupant safety endanger.

22

2.4

Lime Mortar Ingredient

Lime is used in building in many different ways. Lime putty mixed with sand to

form lime mortar can be used for bedding masonry and for pointing, rendering and
plastering. For the very fine joint ashlar masonry pure lime putty was sometimes used.
Lime putty can be diluted in water to make lime wash for painting both internal and
external wall. A color wash can be made by adding pigment. Lime putty is mixed with
carefully chosen sand and stone dust to make repair mortar for damage stonework. Lime
also has valuable application for specialist stone cleaning and conservation techniques.

Lime mortar is softer and weaker than the brick which it bonds and therefore
able to accommodate slight movements caused by settlement or temperature changes
without significant cracking. Also, it is permeable and allows evaporation of rising and
penetration damp from within the wall. It is this permeability or breathing, which helps
to keep the building dry inside without a damp proof course or chemical treatments.

In order to understand the techniques associated with lime, it is necessary to

review the lime development chronological, (Krumnacher, 2001). He also found in his
research that the art of using mortar in some form or other is as old as the art of building
or as civilization itself. Evidences of the use of mortar are not only in the older countries
of Europe, Asia, and Africa, but also in the ruin of Mexico and Peru. The remains of
work of these ancient artisans are evidence to us of the enduring qualities of lime mortar
as well as the skill and knowledge possessed by the user. Miller in his work on mortar
states plastering is one of the earliest instances of man`s power of inductive reasoning

23

for when men built they plastered, at first with mud then they found more comfortable
method, and the earliest effort of civilization were directed to plastering.

The revival of lime mortar application for the repair of historic building has
taken place, due to recognition of an unfavorable properties of Portland cement mortar,
including brittleness, high strength, and a thermal expansion coefficient which twice
large than lime mortars and most type of brick and stone. Portland cement have low
porosity and large amount of small pores, might hinder water movement in masonry and
cause damage due to the accumulation of moisture behind cement layer or to
evaporation and deposition of salt in adjacent stone or brick. Soluble salt such as
calcium sulphates and sodium salts might be present in Portland cement mortar, which
can leach out over time. However, Lime mortar has a low efflorescence potential due to
its relatively high chemical purity. It also have the advantage of allowing limited
movement within the mortar joints and can undergo autogenously healing due to
dissolution and precipitation process, and its important that lime mortar being softer
and more porous than masonry, and act as a sacrificial substrate water evaporation and
decay from soluble salt crystallization.

There are two basic types of lime, hydraulic lime and non-hydraulic
lime(hydrated lime) based on the hardening mechanisms, Ngoma, 2009, both can be
used as either wet putty or dry powder. The term hydrated is often used when referring
to lime and there is sometimes confusion about the differences between hydraulic lime
and hydrated lime. Hydraulic refer to type of lime which set partly due to a chemical
reaction with water. They can therefore harden even underwater. Non-hydraulic limes
24

require the presence of air in order to set and will not harden underwater. The term
hydrated simply refer to any type of lime, hydraulic or non-hydraulic, which has been
slaked. The term hydrated lime and slaked lime mean exactly the same thing (Ashurst,
1988)

2.4.1

Hydraulic Lime
As identified by Torraca, 1981, hydraulic lime includes natural hydraulic lime,

natural pozzolana and artificial pozzolana. Natural hydraulic lime is the result from
burning of marl limestone, Natural pozzolana, is the result of material mixture of
volcanic origin or certain diatomaceous earth with dissolved calcium hydroxide
(Ca(OH)2).

2.4.1.1 Natural Hydraulic Lime

Sabbioni, 2002, stated that when limestone with a high content of clay is burned,
the clay decomposes at between 400oC to 600oC and combines with lime at 950oC to
1250oC forming silicates and aluminates. The lime produced consists of a mixture of
quicklime and cement material that give the ability to set in wet condition or under
water.

Ashurst, 1998, result of hydraulic lime production vary in properties such as

strength, setting time, and quality control level depend to the clay content and type of
clay minerals present in a single deposit. Hence, hydraulicity is the amount of oxide of
silica, aluminum and iron that are present in the limestone. The rate of hardening and
the final strength of the mortar determine by the amount of hydraulically active
25

material, where the proportion of quicklime affect its plasticity and workability
(Bernhard, 1987). Hydraulic lime continues to gain strength after initial hydraulic set
through carbonation.

Lawrence, 2006, concludes that the main controlling factor of the degree of lime
hydraulicity is the silica to lime ratio or cementation index (CI). Table 2.1 show the
hydraulic lime classified based on the cementation index.
Table 2.0: Cementation Index
Type

Cementation Index

Feebly hydraulic

0.3-0.5

Moderately hydraulic

0.5-0.7

Eminently hydraulic

0.7-1.1

2.4.1.2 Pozzolana
Bleazard,1998 define pozzolana as non-cementations material which contain
constituents, when this material combine with lime at ordinary temperature and water
will form stable insoluble compound possessing cementing properties. Hence, the
cementing material is defined as adhesive substances capable of uniting fragment.
Based on the finding of Moropoulou, 2004, it can be argued that the pozzolanic
reactivity is not purely due to the chemical content; it is particularly sensitive to the
particle size. Therefore fine ground pozzolana is being considered as more reactive than
course. Pozzolana can be divided into two groups (natural and artificial)
26

2.4.1.2.1 Natural Pozzolana material

Allen, 2003 define natural pozzolana as material formed from a combination of
mineral, consisting silica and alumina with smaller and variable quantities of other
mineral containing calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and sodium. Natural pozzolana
is very finely divided highly reactive volcanic material. Martinez-Ramirez and
Thompson, 1999 claim that natural pozzolana material does not harden when mixed
with water, the material react with Ca(OH)2 in the presences of water to produces
calcium silicate hydrate, gehlenite hydrate or calcium aluminate hydrates (CAH10,
C2AH8, C3AH6), depending on factor such as curing temperatures, presence of alkalis,
structure, composition and physical properties of the reactive phase.

2.4.1.2.2 Artificial Pozzolana material

Holmes and Wingate, 1997 wrote that artificial pozzolana is the mixture of
calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 combine by heat treatment of natural material such as
clay, shale`s, certain silicious rock or fly ash. For instance, the burning of clay at low
temperature between 600oC and 900oC destroy the mineral crystallographic structure
resulting amorphous mixture of silica and alumina capable of reacting with calcium
hydrate and form compounds which are similar to those formed in the hardening of
natural hydraulic materials.

The combination of hydraulic set and carbonation produce hydraulic lime set.
Hewlett, 1998 found that hydraulic set is the reaction of anhydrous compounds with
water which yield a new compound (hydrate), which the system changes both chemical

27

and physio-mechanical. The hydraulic set primarily involves the reaction of belite
(2CaOSiO2) with water form calcium silicate hydrate(C-S-H) and Ca(OH)2.

2.4.2

Non-Hydraulic Lime.
According to Ngoma, 2009 hydrated lime is produced from burning a source of

nearly pure calcium carbonate (CaCO3) BS890:1995 stated that at least 85% calcium
carbonate. Usually carbon dioxide is driven off at temperature between 800oC and
1000oC to form calcium dioxide (quicklime). The calcium oxide than is slaked with
water to form calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH2).

Boyton, 1980 and Gibbons 1995 agreed that the slaking process can produce dry
hydrate powder or lime putty, if excess water is use. They also stated that when the lime
is set by drying out then harden wholly by absorption and reaction with carbon dioxide
from atmosphere will return the material back to calcium carbonate(CaCO3). This whole
process is describe in figure 2.1

Non-hydraulic lime (hydrated lime) is commonly being used for conservation

project. It is available either as dry powder or as sticky lime putty. Both have the same
chemical which is calcium hydroxide and calcium oxide (slaking quicklime) in water.
The dry powder is made under carefully controlled condition which ensure that there is
no excess water once slaking is complete, whereas lime putty contain more water than is
necessary for complete slaking.

28

The excess water protects the lime putty from reacting with the air so it can be
stored indefinitely without hardening. This is because storage ensures thorough slaking
and because the lime continues to absorb water into its structure. This increases the
plasticity of the lime allowing a closer contact with the sand grains when it is used for
mortar, enabling a better bond between mortar and masonry. Lime putty should be
stored for at least one month before used, and ideally for at least three months. The
longer it is stored the better and the best work use putty. Lime putty need to be stored in
airtight condition.

Dried lime on the other hand starts to deteriorate from the moment it is made. As
the powder it has a large surface area which when exposed to air, result in partial
carbonation of the lime even before it is used for making mortar. Therefore it cannot
create such effective bond with sand or masonry. Its property improved a bit if it is
mixed with water and stored for at least 24 hours before uses. Mature lime putty give
the best result when being use with traditional material in variety situation.

2.4.3 Sand
Holmes and Wingate, 1997 defined sand as a fine aggregate that refer by specific
name after its nature. Therefore the definition of sand is `weathered particles of rock,
usually high in silica, smaller than gravels and larger than silts, typically size between
0.06mm and 5.0mm. This particle is hard and will not crumble. Beningfield and lees,
1990, found that the choice of the sand in the mortar is determine by its availability in
the neighborhood of building site. The most common used sand are:-

29

a) Relatively coarse-grained, well-graded sand (having wide particle size

distribution) it is mostly found in association with gravel laid down by river.
b) More single sized and finer sand, found in deposited formed of lakes.
c) Marine deposits, both coarse and fine sands, generally lacking in fines.
d) Angular shapes obtained from the crushed rock process.

Sand has a significant effect upon volume stability, durability and structural
performances of masonry mortar. Therefore Carringtong and Swallow, 1996, have
highlighted the role of fine aggregated (sand) in lime mortar are:
1. To counter the shrinkage that takes places with hardening of lime mortar.
2. To assist in crystallization of CaCo3 by forming conduits through which
necessary CO2 can have access and act upon particle of Ca(OH)2 beneath the
surface.
3. To improve the cohesion of the mix, as the lime particle adhere more readily to
the sand than to each other.
4. To act as a filter to increases the bulk of the mass
5. To increase the strength.

Neville, 1995 wrote that the granulometry of fine aggregate will affect the amount
of water required to produce a given flow. Therefore, Sanchez, 1997, aggree that the
lime mortar shrinkage is related to the granulometry of the fine aggregate. Hence, the
larger dimensions fine aggregate, the smaller the shrinkage. Henriques , 2004 conclude
that coarse aggregate in lime mortar lead to lower porosities and capillary water
absorption but give higher mechanical strength. Stefanido and Papayiani, 2005 found
30

that the volume content in mixture has influences on it strength. Lime mortars that
contain sand with size between 0.1 mm and 4 mm give higher strength value.
Lanas and Alvares, 2003 result from studies in factor affecting mechanical behavior
of the lime based mortar, show that the grain distribution of the sand is the most
important attribute in relation to sand characteristic.

2.5 Production of Lime

Lime has been used as a binder for stone and brick, and as plaster or render for
many years. Lime is produced by breaking the stone into lumps and heating the raw
material in kiln. Traditional kilns are normally flare kilns, in which intermittent burning
takes place. Which is the loading and burning are continuous. The minimum
temperature for burning the limestone for lime is 880oc, but for this temperature to reach
in center of the stone lumps and overall temperature at the surface of 1000oc is
necessary. During the burning, carbon dioxide and water is driven off. The burning of
limestone is the first step in the sequence which leads to the setting and carbonation of a
lime mortar, render or plaster. The cycle according to John Ashurst, 1989, can be
summarized as follow:

31

BURNT IN KILN AT A
MINIMUM 880OC
LIMESTONE= CaCO3
CALCIUM CARBONATE

CaCO3
= QUIKLIME
CALCIUM OXIDE
CO2driven
off

Exposure to air(carbonation CO2

taken from atmosphere

Added to water
Process of SLAKING

Ca(OH)2
CALSIUM HYDROXIDE = SLAKED
LIME
Slaked lime may be used in three forms:
Lime putty, Coarse Stuff(putty: sand mix),
hydrated lime(putty dried, ground and
powdered)

Figure 2.2: The Burning Lime Cycle - Burning, Slaking and Hardening of NonHydraulic Lime (Ashurst, 1989,)

Oates, 1998 and Boynton 1980, agree that the limestone calcination depend to
the limestone shape and its thickness. Large diameter stone required higher temperature
for core dissociation, this is due to the increasing internal pressure as the CO2 gas forces
its escape. Therefore, according Hassibi, 1999, to avoid long residence time in kiln, the
particle of lime stone must be small, with average size of two closed fist.

Result from Moropoulou, 2001 for the effect of limestone characteristic,

microstructure and texture and calcination temperature on reactivity of the produced
quicklime, show that the reactive of the produce quicklime depend on its specific
surface area. large the surface area the more reactive the quicklime. Irfan and Gulsen,
2001 conclude in their study of calcination reaction of ten different limestone are the
32

increases of sample weight(dense) causes a significant decreases in the calcinations

reaction rate, and the weight loss of limestone differed from each other, depend on their
CaCO3 content. Hassibi,1999 explain that there are four major factors that determine the
quality of CaO.
a) Chemical Composition of limestone
b) Temperature of kiln during calcination
c) Residence time of lime in kiln
d) The extent of CO2 in the kiln atmosphere.

2.5.1

Lime Slaking
Hydraulic Lime is a slaked lime use to make lime mortar. Hydraulicity is the

ability of the lime to set under water. Slaking is the reaction of quicklime with water. If
quicklime is left exposed to the air it will absorb water from it and air slaked or air
slaked the calcium lumps gradually reducing to powder with an increase in volume.

Swallow and Carrigton, 1995, stated that quicklime needs to be slaked or

hydrated in order to yield workable lime. Hydration(slaking) involves the introduction
of water or moisture to activate the quick lime, having been deprived of water and
carbon dioxide following calcining. When exposed to water, regardless of form
quicklime exhibit a strong affinity for moisture, adsorbing it into pores. As the water
penetrated into the surfaces pores, heat of hydration is triggered. This in turn extract
great internal expansive force in the lime particle and causes it to fracture, shutter and
then disintegrate completely into countless micro particles, either as crystalline dust or
as colloidal suspension, the difference contingent on the amount of water added.
33

According to Ngoma, 2009 the composition of the raw calcium material will
influences the process and method of slaking. Example given by Ngoma, 2009, stated
that wet slaking of impure lime would result in an early hardening of the hydraulic
component present in the impure lime thus reducing the binding capacities of the lime.
Potgieter, 2002 result from investigation the effect of production conditions on the
slaking behavior of lime, show that calcination condition inside the kiln could yield
unslaked lime with various relativities using different rates of reaction with water.
According to Gheevarhese, 2002, chloride ions, which form a more soluble compound
with Ca(OH)2, increase the slaking process, while sulphate ions have the opposite effect
and retarded the hydration process through the formation of a skin of highly insoluble
calcium sulphate ions present in the slaking water.

The effect of slaking rate depends to the chemical variables such as chemical in
slaking water and the quality of lime. It have pointed by Boyton,1980, that slaking
could optimize the performances of the lime being treated to yield a superior quality
lime, wheres at worst the slaking could harm the latent potential of the treated
quicklime rendering it of poor quality. There three type of slaking method as identified
by (Haurie, 2014):1) Aspersion
This slake process consist in spreading lumps of quick lime on wooden raft,
rejecting those undercooked and impurities stone. Quicklime than thoroughly
watered and the biggest clods were crumble using shovel in order to
disaggregate the lump and to facilitate the mixture.

34

2) Grande Acqua
In the second method, a pit was dug in the ground roughly 1.2m x 0.6m and 1m
deep. Half of the pits are filled with limestone. Than water approximately 200
liter were poured into the pit. After a few minutes the lime upon contacted with
water will boiled and addition of 400 liter of water were add stirring the lime
putty.

3) Immersion
The third method of slaking consists in filling up 20 liter wicker basket with
limestone and induced it in to water pit up to its complete immersion. Then
immediately removed the basket and left it outdoor while the lime still
hydrating, therefore increasing its volume and temperature in a process that
could last several hour.

2.5.2

Lime Mixing

Krumnacher, 2001 research show that mortar mixing involves technique associated
with high calcium. The techniques were similar to hydraulic mortar, which contain
approximately 20% or more clay within the raw carbonated stone. The research
described a typical mortar and some factor influence its preparation. The common
mortar was made of lime, sand, and water. In order to create a mortar for uniting brick
or stone, worker introduced slaked lime to sand aggregate. According to him, there are
three primary method of mortar mixing predominated:
1. Mixing dry slaked lime powder, sand and water.
2. Mixing wet slaked-lime paste and sand, adding water if needed,

35

3. Mixing pulverized dry quicklime, sand and water, using the mortar while it was
still hot.
Another method mentioned in his research involved the introduction of sand to the lime
during the slaking procedure, which it believed can enhanced the resulting bond
between the lime and aggregate.

The quality of the lime and sand were major factors contributing to the future
performance and properties of the mortar. Where the quality of lime play major role
upon the amount of sand the lime would accept and remain workable. The proportion
and factor involving the suitable bonding between lime and sand are varied in different
places. However, the amount of sand always exceeds the amount of lime. The more
sand that can be incorporated with lime, the better, provided the necessary degree of
plasticity is preserved. For the mortar to become stronger and consolidates more
quickly, when the lime and water are less in quantity and more subdivided.

A critical aspect of mortar and plaster mixing involved the beating or ramming
of the lime and sand mixture. This insured that the sand and lime binder were necessary
to create a workable plastic material for a plasterer or mason. It has been stress that the
key element of mixing was beating plaster or mortar. The mixing purposed is to fully
unite the lime and sand aggregate, therefore filling the void between sand grains with
lime.

36

According to Cazalla, 2000, the most suitable lime and sand ratio is 1:4 because
the mortar is more ridged and with fewer cracks. However, Moropoulou, 2002 suggest
that ratio of 1:3 is the proper ratio for restoration work due to its highest strength.
Krumnacher, 2001, highlight that mixture of mortar need to be allowed to age for
considerable length of time and provide protection to air. This make it set sooner, render
will less liable to crack and hard when dry.

Moorehead, 1986, wrote that once the lime mortar is applied to a building, the
mortar first dry up and then carbonates by reacting with atmospheric CO2. The first part
of initial set is time taken for the mortar to attain sufficient integrity to retain its form
without support. The second part is the carbonation process of portlandite
transformation into calcite. The second part depends on; temperature and moisture
content of the environment, thickness and pore structure of the mortar, surrounding
material and carbon dioxide concentration. During the reaction with atmospheric CO2,
mortar porosity decreases while strength increases.

COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
CARBONATION

DRYING

TIME
Figure 2.2: Hardening Process of Lime Mortar (Ngoma, 2009)

37

2.5.3

Lime Storage
Under real life conditions, exposing unslaked lime to ambient atmospheric

condition for varying time intervals during the hot temperature and rainy season.
According to the Potgiater et al,2002 experiment results, air slaking significantly
degrease the slake ability of the lime. Slaked lime when used as building material
(Ca(OH)2), should imperatively be stored in a dry environment with RH<30%, and at
temperature between 20oc and 30oc, in order to avoid carbonation. According to John
Ashurst, 1989 long term storage of slaked lime under water to improve the plasticity,
workability and water retention. The minimum aging period time for lime putty cover
under water is 2 week before use. The minimum period is to ensure that the entire mass
is thoroughly slaked.

Old lime putty, which is protected from air in a pit or bin acquires a rigidity
which is rather like a gelatin. When the rigid mass is worked through it becomes
workable and plastic again. This property is peculiar to non-hydraulic lime putty.

A recommended procedure is to mix the slaked putty with sand and other
aggregates and to store the constituents together, protected from the air as wet coarse
stuff for long as possible to mature. No extra water is need to be add as the lime putty
contains sufficient to enable it to be worked back to a plastic state. The coarse stuff is
the best possible base for mortar and lime plaster. Storage for non-slaking is best to be
keep in plastic bins with airtight lids, with an additional covering inside the bin of wet
underlay felt, or wet sacks. The advantage of storing wet course is that the mixing for a

38

large job can be carried out in one or two operation and consistent mortar or plaster will
be available for use as required.

2.6

Lime Plaster
MacDonal, 1989 wrote that the traditional plaster is a mixed bag of quick lime

with water to "slake" the lime. Heat was given off, when lime absorbed water. When the
heat diminished, and the lime and water were thoroughly mixed become lime putty that
was used to make plaster.

The mixture of lime putty, sand, water, and binding material, will provided the
plasterer with "coarse stuff." This mixture was applied in three layers to build up the
wall thickness. The first two coats made up the coarse stuff; they were the scratch coat
and the float coat. The finish plaster, called "setting stuff," contained a much higher
proportion of lime putty, little aggregate, and no fiber, and gave the wall a smooth white
surface finish. (MacDonal, 1989)

Compared to the 6 mm to 10 mm thick layers of the scratch and float coats, the
finish coat was a mere 3 mm to 4 mm thick. Additives were used for various finish
qualities. For example, fine white sand was mixed in for a "float finish." This finish was
popular in the early 1900s. (If the plasterer raked the sand with a broom, the plaster wall
would retain swirl marks or stipples.) Or marble dust was added to create a hard-finish
white coat which could be smoothed and polished with a steel trowel.

39

Then again the used of lime plaster had certain disadvantages. A plastered wall
could take more than a year to dry; this delayed painting or papering. In addition,
bagged quick lime had to be carefully protected from contact with air, or it became inert
because it reacted with ambient moisture and carbon dioxide.

2.7

Lime Wash
As explain by John Ashurst, 1989, lime wash is a traditional surface finish for

lime plaster, limestone and earth walls and it also has been used on brickwork and
timber. Historically, multiple application of lime wash may be found on many historic
building surfaces. The basic principle is lime, to which pigment is add for color and
tallow, linseed oil or casein for more durable treatment.

2.8

Lime Characteristic.
The selection of lime in restoration and conservation of culture heritage is due to

its properties as describe by (National Park Service, 2013)Where lime mortar and lime
plaster are :i.

Permeable-This means that vapor can pass through them at an almost

imperceptible level, which is a healthier option for inhabited buildings as it
regulates humidity.

ii.

Flexible- Stone or brick laid with lime can move as the earth moves through
changing seasons, without cracking the structure or causing instability. There is
no need for expansion joints.

40

iii.

Soft-Plasters and mortars should not be harder/stronger than the backing surface
to which they are applied.

iv.

Weather proof - Not waterproof, thus protecting the building without sealing it.

v.

Deal with moisture effectively- They can hold excess moisture from the
atmosphere in humid conditions e.g. in a shower, without becoming wet and
then release it slowly back as humidity drops.

vi.

Reduces greenhouse gas effect- Over its lifetime, due to the cycle of lime
changing from limestone to quicklime and back to limestone again, most of the
CO2 released during the manufacturing process is re-absorbed during the
lifetime of the plaster, thus being close to carbon neutral.

vii.

Sustainability- Lime allows the use of low impact foundation.

viii.

Breathable- lime allow the building to be more breathable, more breathable

building is a healthier option than sealed building and causes fewer damp
problem.

2.9

Mortar Damage
According to MacDonal, 1989, all material is subject to potential failure, when

plaster dries it relatively rigid material which should last almost indefinitely. Van Hees,
2004, define mortar damage as a form of deterioration of the mortar materials, which
become evident at certain moment such as discoloration to complete loss of cohesion. .
The most important factor that influences the deterioration of building material is
moisture, air pollution biological activity and the present of soluble salts. However,
according to MacDonal 1989, the cause of plaster deterioration may include structural
problems, poor workmanship, and improper curing.

41

2.9.1

Moisture
Plaster applied to a masonry wall is vulnerable to water damage if the wall is

constantly wet. When salts from the masonry substrate come in contact with water, they
migrate to the surface of the plaster, appearing as dry bubbles or efflorescence. The
source of the moisture must be eliminated before re-plastering the damaged area.

Price, 1996 wrote that there are two type of effect cause by moisture, moisture
direct aggressive agent and moisture as medium, which the aggressive agent can work.
The effect of moisture deterioration is largely depending on the mortar porous nature.
Camuffo, 1995, stated that the moisture can penetrated the mortar by three main routes:
1. Condensations of water vapour
2. Capillary rise
3. Rainfall.

Capillary is the main transportation of moisture through mortar due to surface

tension, while condensation depends on the mortar surface temperature. Rainfall is the
source of water to vertical face of structure and it is depending on climate factor and
material. It also can act as an intermediate in weathering carrying dissolved acid gases
to the surface.(Ngoma 2009)

42

Dampness at the foundation level can pick up into the above-grade walls.
Another common source of moisture is splash back. When there is a paved area next to
masonry building, rainwater splashing up from the paving can dampen masonry walls.
In both cases water travels through the masonry and damages interior plaster. Coatings
applied to the interior are not effective over the long run. The moisture problem must be
stopped on the outside of the wall.

2.9.2

Air Pollution
Ngoma, 2009 wrote that air pollution is a dissolves acidic solution in water that

capable to react with calcareous material. Bernal and Lopez 2004 performed a relative
humidity influences and reaction test between sulphur dioxide and calcium carbonated
using laboratory tests at RHs 25-30%,60%,70%,80% and 91%, show there is no
reaction product were detected in the sample exposed to relative humidity between 25%
and 30% for and exposure of 600 hour. However, Van Hees, 2004, stated that the
minimum moisture content in the atmosphere is necessary for the reaction to take
places.

2.9.3

Soluble Salt

(Ahmad.A, 2010), wrote that, salt damage is cause by moisture containing salts
rising up through the capillaries from the ground. The growth of salt crystal within the
pores can generate stresses that are sufficient to overcome the mortar tensile strength
and turn mortar into a powder. Ahmad.A, 2010 wrote that the common causes of salts
attack include:

43

1. Windborne salt spray, usually happen to building located near a sea or river
2. Pollution from nearby factory
3. Biological factor such a bird dropping.
4. Brick clay pudding (salts used in the process leach into the soil)
5. Unsuitable chemical use for cleaning
6. Urine and animal blood.

Princes 1996, state that salt damage is largely attributed to two mechanisms
crystallization of salt from solution, and the hydration of salts. Salt crystallization is a
condition when the salt attacks happen from penetrating from below the surface. The
pressure from the growth of the crystallization process will cause material to crumble.
Efflorescence is known when salt penetrated to the surface and white powder is formed.
According to Ahmad, 2010, Efflorescence is harmless to the masonry, apart from
creating unsightly visual appearances.

Ahmad,2010 identify three factor of salt-induced weathering due to geographical

location, building material and cleaning regime. Pombo,1999 also mention that
environmental factor can also contribute to accelerating the process of decay.
Arayanark, 2002, suggested that salt weathering occur mostly during hot season, due to
relatively humidity and strong sunlight. This happen due to the large temperature
changes and the increase rate of evaporation trigger more upward water movement in
building.

44

2.9.4 Biological Colonization.

Giulia,2004 stated that the damage by microorganisms is not as spectacular in
most cases, and it may be slower than other causes of defect. According to Krumbein,
1993 material colonization due to growth of cyanobacteria, algae. Lichens, mosses or
higher plant is highly correlated not only by environmental factor but the physical
chemical characteristic of the material

2.9.5

Structural Problems
Overloading, Stresses within a wall, or acting on the building, can create stress

cracks. Appearing as diagonal lines in a wall, stress cracks usually start at a door or
window frame or random starting points . Impact of the dead load and live load could
impose a heavy burden on beams, joists, and studs. Even it were built properly, later
renovation efforts may have cut in a doorway or window without adding a structural
beam or "header" across the top of the opening. Occasionally, load-bearing members
were simply too small to carry the loads above them. Deflection or wood "creep"
(deflection that occurs over time) can create cracks in plaster. (MacDonal, 1989)

2.9.6

Poor Workmanship
In addition to problems caused by movement or weakness in the structural

framework, plaster durability can be affected by poor materials or workmanship. Such

as poorly proportioned mix. The proper proportioning and mixing of materials are vital
to the quality of the plaster job. A bad mix can cause problems that appear years later in
a plaster wall. Until recently, proportions of aggregate and lime were mixed on the job.
A plasterer may have skimped on the amount of cementing material (lime or gypsum)
45

because sand was the cheaper material. More importantly over sanding can cause the
plaster to weaken or crumble. Plaster made from a poorly proportioned mix may be
more difficult to repair. (MacDonal, 1989)

2.9.7

Improper Curing
Proper temperature and air circulation during curing are key factors in a durable

plaster job. The ideal temperature for plaster to cure is between 55 and 70 degrees
Fahrenheit. However, historic houses were sometimes plastered before window sashes
were put in. There was no way to control temperature and humidity.

When temperatures were too hot, the plaster would return to its original
condition before it was mixed with water, that is, calcined gypsum. A plasterer would
have to spray the wall with water to reset the plaster. If the windows were shut so that
air could not circulate, the plaster was subject to sweat-out or rot. Since there is no cure
for rotted plaster, the affected area had to be removed and re-plastered. (MacDonal,
1989)

46

2.10

Restoration of cultural heritage.

2.10.1 Conservation
Conservation is essential to understanding the nation heritage, and preserves the
historic building. According (Harun, 2011) the conservation of heritage building should
meet the test of authenticity in design, material, workmanship and setting. Hence, he
concludes that design and material include the architecture style and construction
technique is considered an important value in building. The original design and
materials contained evident of knowledge which has gone within time, ideas and golden
era of the heritage building. Similarly (Yahya, 2012) stated that conserving historic
building is essential to understanding our nation`s heritage, and preserves the historic
character of older town and cities.

Cultural Heritage define by the UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection

of the world Cultural and Natural Heritage(1972), as (i)Monument, element or structure
of an archeological nature, inscription, cave dwelling and combination of features,
which are outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art and
sciences. (ii) Group of building, group of separated or connected building which,
because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape are
outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art and science. (iii) Sites,
works of man or combined work of nature and of man, and area including archeological
site which are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological
or anthropologic points of view. However, National Heritage Act (2005) in Malaysia
context defined cultural heritage as includes tangible or intangible form of cultural
property, structure or artifact and may include a heritage matter, object, item, artifact,
formation structure, performances, dance, song, music, that s pertinent to the historical
47

or contemporary way of Malaysia, on or in land or underwater cultural heritage of

intangible form but including natural heritage. Under the section 67(2), in declaring of
National Heritage Property the potential heritage building need to consider nine(9)
criteria:i.

The historical importance, association with or relationship to Malaysia history

ii.

The good design or aesthetic characteristics.

iii.

The scientific or technical innovation or achievement.

iv.

The potential to educated, illustrate r provide further scientific investigation in

relation to Malaysia cultural heritage.

v.

The importance in exhibiting a richness, diversity or unusual integration of

features

vi.

The rarity or uniqueness of the natural heritage, tangible or intangible cultural

heritage or underwater cultural heritage

vii.

The representative nature of a site or object as part of a class or type of a site or

object.

viii.

Any other matter which is relevant to determination of cultural heritage

significance.

Prior to this heritage building can be categorized as limited resource of

architecture heritage that can be seen in built environments. However, the heritage
building mostly suffer from defect problem, neglected and deteriorate, and without a
proper building conservation the building defect potential for recurrence.

48

Awareness of the need for compatible material for the preservation of the
building heritage has resulted in the revival of lime based mortar technology and
application. However, knowledge of the preparation process and procedure influence
the final quality of the lime mortar is limited, due to persists in the conservation
community regarding the most appropriated material for conservation treatment. The
historic building in Georgetown which some aged more than 100 years, therefore they
liable to settlement and movement associated with seasonal changes in ground
condition.

2.10.2 Conservation Concept

Conservation is identified as action taken to prevent decay and manage changes of
historical building. However, the United Kingdom Guidances for practices define
conservation as the means which the true nature of an object is preserved. Moreover
true nature the true nature of an object includes evidences of it origin, its original
construction and the material of which it is composed and information as to the
technology used in manufactured. In short the conservation concept as explain by
Harun, 2011, is preserving the authenticity of the heritage base on the original or
historical evident. Harun, 2011, dispute that The basic principle of conservation are:i.

Careful recording and research before intervention

ii.

Minimum alteration of historic fabrics

iii.

Minimal risk of significant loss, damage or uncertainty in performances through

intervention

iv.

Reversibility of interventions.

v.

Retention of a minimum of the original structure

vi.

Distinctive of a minimum of the original structure

49

vii.

Sympathy in interpretation and sympathy in use

viii.

Respect for the quality of place

ix.

Preferences for original material and workmanship

x.

Longevity in the finished work.

2.10.3 Restoration
Clifton and Frohnsdorff, 1982, wrote that the study of historical building is a
complex matter since every building has undergo its unique set of deterioration
condition dependent on internal properties and external environmental condition. The
deterioration is believed to result from dissolution of the material cementing the grains
of building material together or from disruption of the inter-granular bonds from
increased tensile stresses caused by such process as salt crystallization and thermal
expansion. Van Hees, 2004, found that deterioration of historic building is the result of
combination action of various deterioration processes that may act independently or
jointly, running consecutively or concurrently. The outcome for deteriorated material,
independent of the route by which it attains this state, is the same in that the material
will eventually exhibit loss of intergranular bond. Some form of consolidation may be
necessary to restore strength, if the building material becomes friable. Ngoma, 2009,
wrote that material used for treating deteriorated porous material to restore its integrity
is tamed adhesives

50

2.10.3.1 Adhesive
According to Clifton and Frohnsdoff, 1982, adhesive are used to strengthen the
weakened material and slow the rate of surface loss by producing a thin coating which
can accumulate contacted area to establish inter granular adhesion, or cover the surface
of each grain and bond the grain together at the contact point. In addiction the uses of
adhesive can completely fill the pores of the material, leaving only relatively small
voids or pores within it. Figure 2.1 show the distribution of adhesives within the
material, a) adhesives accumulated at the point contact, b) adhesives covering the
surface of each grain, c) adhesive completely fills the pore

Figure 2.3: Distribution of adhesives within the material (Ngoma, 2009)

Madden, 2000, point out that there are variety of material can be used as adhesives
and it can be classified under two categories:
1. Organic or polymeric adhesives, which produces an organic adhesive between
the grain that have lost cohesion
2. Inorganic adhesives, is general aim is to chemically precipitate inorganic
material capable of adhering to the mineral of porous material.

51

2.11

Previous Research Method

Based on the idea of Ngoma, 2009, the conservation study can be carried out for two
reasons:
(i)

Investigations related to the preservation and improvement, aiming to

determine the cause of damage to the historical structure and allows the
selection

of

replacement

material

based

on

original

material

characterization
(ii)

Academic studies seek to clarify the architecture, chemical and physical

performance of historic mortar for long-term replacement material
development or archaeological investigations of building technological and
social implications.

Boranio and Binda, 1991, stated that visual study and documentation, with the focus
on material detail is the first step in carried out analysis. The study of similar structure
in the local area that have been constructed with the same material can be helpful in
providing case evident, especially when the structure vary in age from the one in
investigation (Leslie and Gibbons,1999). Similarly, Veiga,2001 stated that the climatic
and external environment factor such as location, temperature and relative humidity,
need to be consider as important when assessing the cause of damage because these
factor can influences the deterioration mechanizations.

52

To remove doubts about the damage determination encounter during the visual
analysis, a series of test should be conducted. The test will help in providing
information regarding the material physical and mechanical properties (Hughes &
Callebaut, 1999). However, the method of analyzing the historical masonry not yet been
standardized on an intentional scale.

2.12 Conclusion
It has been shown that, lime material have been use thousands of year in
Malaysia. It has been applied in most part of the building. It is importance to preserve
the lime material to protect the historic building from decay and maintains the aesthetic
features of the natural material usage. Therefore, the understanding of lime material
used and deterioration factor is importance before attempting restoration work. The
restoration material development should be based on understanding the material
performances requirement with need to take nature and existing material condition, new
material function and degree of exposed into account.

53

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.0

Introduction
This chapter aim to evaluate the process of conducting the research in order to

determine the entire research process. This chapter is going to describe in detail the
process that was conducted in fulfilling the objective of this study. In this chapter we
will explain the research method used to obtain data for analysis.

Research methodology purposed is as a medium for the research to achieve the

study aim and objective. The main purposed of this study is to determine the
relationship between conservation of lime repair work and maintenances. To achieve the
aim for the study, the following objectives are:4) To identified lime material used for heritage building repair work and
maintenances.
5) To determine the damage occurred as result of the used inadequate material and
method.
6) To explain the lime remedial process during building conservation process.

54

The methodology used in this study includes desk research and a literature review
covering related studies done by other researcher. Two source of information have been
identified during this study. The first source was primary data accumulated from
discussion with person involved with building conservation and observation done by
research to collect data. Second source of information was review of the available
literature in order to give more understanding to the study.

3.1

Research Methodology
Research methodology is a medium to guide the researcher to conduct research with

right procedure. Sekaran, 2003, claims that research methodology is something that
have been systematically by having the data,objective, scientific characteristic or
research to the problem statement in order to get the answer and solution. Additionaly,
it also can be divided into four stages. Figure 3.0 show the methodology stage of this
research.
1. Literature review
2. Data collection
3. Data analysis
4. Recommendation and conclusion.

55

Identify Problem
Determine Objective &
Scope of Studies
Literature Review

Data Collection
Interview
Observation

Data Analysis

Recommendation and
Conclusion

Figure 3.0: Research methodology

3.2

Literature Review
Literature review is an important part in every research. Literature review is

gathering by reading and references material such as journal, online website, book,
conferences paper and previous case studies.

Literature review purposed is to have a better understanding and attain

knowledge about theoretically background of the study. Better knowledge in reading
study theoretical background can help the researcher perform a comprehensive study
and research.

56

Reading material and references will provide a good source for the data, in
addition data gather will be recorded and serve as a benchmark for primary data
collection.

3.3

Data Collection
Data for study can be obtained from various sources as references. The source of

data is important for the research. Data gather are divided into two type, primary data
and data analysis. Kumar, 2005, conclude that information gathered using the first
approach is said to be collected from secondary sources, whereas the sources used in the
second approach are called primary data. Qualitative method of research was use as
basic in conducting this study, the method are interview and vcondition survey.
Information gathers from condition survey was essential to provide better understanding
of the common type of wall defect.

3.3.1 Primary data

The primary data collection is from, interview and faade condition survey. As
identified by McNabb, 2002, primary data is data that researcher generates, it can be
consider specific to the research project at hand. Clarker, 2005, identified primary
research utilizes first hand observation, survey and interview.

57

3.3.1.1 Condition Survey.

Condition survey was done via visual inspection. It`s was carried out without
having any test carried out by researcher. However, visual inspection was limited to
external wall only. Leedy, 1997 described survey method as the two stage descriptive
survey method that use for data generation and analysis. Direct observation are done to
know the damage occur on wall and its factor. Figure 3.1 show priciple of defect
diagnosis by Carrillion, 2001,

SYMPTOM

LOCATION

TYPE OF DEFECT

CAUSE

REMEDIAL PROPOSAL

Figure 3.1 : Principle of Diagnosis (Carrillion,2001)

58

3.3.1.2 Interview
Interview is an important source in obtain data for the research and better
understanding in the building lime process. Interview can be done on a personal basis or
in group. Type of interview used in this study is unstructure interview and focus group
interview.
1) Unstructured interview or in depth interview is begin by asking a general
question and encourage the respondent to talk freely. This type of interview use
unstructured format, where the direction interview is determine by the
respondent initial reply.
2) Focus group interview is an interview conducted in non-structured interview
with a small group of respondent. The main purpose of focus group is to gain
insight by listening to a group of people from appropriate target talk about
specific issues of interest.

There are data gather are based on four main questions, that is:1. Type of lime that are used during the conservation project?
2. Method of lime slaking that was use during the conservation?
3. How to determination the mixing ratio?
4. What preparation that needed for the wall?
5. What guideline are used during the conservation stage.

59

3.3.1.3 Desk research

Desk research will cover the related studies done by other researcher. Desk
research that will be use in conducting this study is previous building conservation
report and academic journal related to this study.

3.4

Data Sample and Data Collection

Existing historic building in core zone of the Penang heritage site were survey to

collect data on the wall defect. The criteria of the building are heritage shop house and
colonial building. The estimated number of heritage building as sample size is 170 that
are 10% of 1700 building in core zone. To eliminated bias, random sampling is adopted
into this study. Out of the 170 building, survey was carried out to 85 number of
building and two number of building have been selected for desk study to achieve the
following objective:1. To determine the damage occurred as result of the used inadequate material and
method.
2. To explain the lime remedial process during building conservation process.
Two building that have been selected for desk study will act as guide in answering
the study objective. The building selected are currently under conservation and building
that already been conserve.

60

3.5

Data analysis
Data analysis is important for a research because the conclusion of the study is

based on the data analysis. Once the data has been collected it is important to analyse
result by using quantitative or qualitative measure. Descombe, 2003 define the
quantitative measure as data that uses number and can present finding in form of graphs
and table. While, Schutt, 2006 stated that qualitative data is identified to analyses text
rather than number. The different between quantitative and qualitative measure is that
qualitative does not centred upon using number or statistic. Therfore this study will use
Glaser and Strauss Constant comparative method to analyses the collected data. Result
from the collected data will be further discus in Chapter 4.

61

CHAPTER 4
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

4.0

Introduction
This chapter will discussed research result and analysis. The objective of this

chapter is to show the result for data collection. George Town, Penang heritage site was
selected as case study. Two area that was involves with this study are cultural enclave
and the waterfront area was chosen to be observe. Both of the study area located within
the core area. The main objective of this study was to identify an intervention technique
that would be compatible to the historical material. The data are collected through
reading material, discussion and visual observation.

4.2

Data Finding

4.2.1

Background
George Town, Penang was once a British trading post and settlement, the city

located on the North East quarter of Penang Island. The city ware name after Britain`s
King George the third. July 2008, George Town, Penang under serial nomination was
awarded the coveted title of the World Heritage Site and was listed under the category
of Cultural Heritage by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. These sites were
recognized for the living multicultural heritage communities and architectural treasures.

62

The site gathers a collection of historic building constructed by the European

trading settler, British colonists, and migrant from various parts of India-China trading
route. These early settlers than formed their own neighborhoods, centered on certain
streets or intersection, the Colonial quarter was to the north, while the early Chinese,
Indian and Malay settlement grew out of the grid out of the grid of early George Town
and the name of the streets today stand as testimony to the original communities and to
the multicultural history and development of the city. (GTWHI, 2014)

The heritage site is divided into two section, Core area and Buffer zone.
Core zone cover an area of 109.38 hectares. It is bounded by a coastline along the north
and east and by love lane to the north-west and Gat Lebuh Melayu, Lorong Carnarvon
and Lebuh Carnarvon to the south-west corner. While the buffer zone is 150.04 hectares
and bounded by Jalan Transfer on the west and Jalan Dr Lim Chewee Leong and Gat
Jalan Prangin on the south west. Figure 4.0 show the Penang World Heritage Site.

63

Figure 4.0: World Heritage Site, Penang (GTWHI, 2014)

4.2.2 Current Stated of Historical Building in George Town, Penang

Data for heritage wall defect are collected in the Core Zone area. Condition
surveys for external wall of 85 heritage building have been randomly survey. External
wall are chosen to be evaluate because the building faade gives important impact on
the historical district image. Figure 4.1 show the percentage of historic building
Condition, Core Zone, Penang Heritage Site. Figure 4.2 show the number of historic
building external wall defect.
64

Figure 4.1: Historic Building Condition in George Town, Penang.

Figure 4.1 show the percentage of building condition in George Town, Penang
base on the visual observation of 85 number of building. From the observation 53
percentage of the building is in fair condition, while 35 percentages is in good
condition and 12 percentages is in dilapidation condition.

65

Figure 4.2: Number of Building with External Wall Defect in George Town, Penang
World Heritage Site.

From figure 4.2, nine defects on external wall have been identified. Out of 85
selected historical building, 75 number of building have staining, 74 building have
discoloration, 73 building have chalking, 57 building suffer with peeling paint and 55
building have blistering defect, non-structural crack on 46 number of building, loosing
of lime plaster on 35 number of building, erosion of mortar on 10 number of building
and effloresces on 9 number of building.

From the figure 4.2 it can be identify that the highest number of building suffer
with staining defect, discoloration and chalking. The lowest defect occur are erosion of
mortar, and effloresces.
66

4.3

Data Analysis

4.3.1

Surface Condition (Discoloration, Chalking, Staining, Peeling Paint, Paint

Bulging)
The combination of discoloration, chalking, staining and peeling paint may

result from environmental effect. Stain is the discoloration produces by foreign matter
that has penetrated in to masonry. This is the result from chemical reaction between
masonry and the foreign mater. Two type of stain was found from visual observation
are, bio-growth stain and black crust stain that cause by air pollution. Most common
stain is black layer on the external surface, causes by vehicle smoke and human activity.
Stain due to bio-growth is mainly cause by extent moisture. Surface repainting will not
solve both of stain defects. Moreover, a serious stain problem will lead to faade
problem bus as losing of plaster and erosion of mortar.

a) Black crust due to air pollution

b) Black stain due to bio-growth.

Figure 4.3: Two type of stain found in George Town, Penang.

67

Figure 4.4: Erosion of Mortar

Chalking or powdering of the paint surface is causes when resin in paint film is
slowly weakening. (Weeks, 1982) Explain that the amount of chalking can be determine
by the formulation of the paint and the amount of ultraviolet light which the paint is
exposed. Chalking can be considered as a way for the paint to age. Discoloration of
paintwork was commonly found in several historical building. This is due to the
climatic factor in George Town, Penang. Discoloration also happens when the mineral
inclusion reacts to water or chemical cleaners.

Figure 4.5: Discoloration on wall

68

Peeling paint can be result of improper surface preparation or due to

incompatibility between paint types. As example the used of non-breathable paint type
on lime plaster surface such as the uses of chemical paint, will causes bad evaporation
and the extent moisture that lead to wall deterioration.

Figure 4.6: Peeling paint on exterior wall.

Paint bulging or blistering is result from common application error and not
likely cause by moisture, but cause by action of ambient heat on paint. When paint is
applied during direct sun light the top surface will quickly dry and as a result the
moisture will trapped beneath the dried paint. When the moisture vaporizes it forces its
way through paint film. This problem occur mostly to dark color paint due to the dark
color absorb more heat than lighter one.

69

Figure 4.7: Blistering Paint.

4.3.2

Mortar and Plaster.

Mortar and plaster damage can be effect of atmospheric effect, effect of uses and

production condition and destructive effect of restoration. Sayre, 1976 stated that lime
plaster defect is affected and accelerated by the present of water. Standalone water have
little effect on lime plaster, but went the water reach to plaster it usually contain
dissolved acidic gases, such as carbon, sulfur or nitrogen oxides, that causes chemical
alteration and dissolution of the plaster. In addition water also contains dissolve salts
that helps the development of destructive efflorescence. However, Acun.S, 2003, stated
that the destructive effect can be group into two basic categories.

70

Table 4.0: Factor That Causes Damage On Original Mortar And Plaster and Damage
Type. (Acun.S, 2003)

A. The Destructive Effect Of The Environment

Factor
Effect
Acidic water(CO2,SO2), that
Dissolve the carbonates of lime
come with rain or snow water
binder
The continuity of freezing/
thawing cycles

The bonds of the mortar among

the binding aggregates are
dissolved.
Explosions to extreme amount The critical water vapor content
of water
the mortar can carry is
vapor (in case of fire)
exceeded.
If the sand used in mortar has
The swelling of clay in a
clay in content.
moistures environment, leading
to internal stresses
Sea water, air pollution, use of Anionic salt crystals i.e.
dirty material.
Chlorur, Sulphates and Nitrates
are formed.
Formation of plants
Especially some plant roots lead
to the dissolution of the mortar
Existence of organic growth
With the formation of insects,
the binding quality of the mortar
is reduced.
B. The Destructive Effect Of The Repair Mortar
Factor
Effect
Using more cement than lime.
Formation of highly stiff mortar,
cracking.
Salts that may come from the
cement.

Efflorescence on the surface of

the mortar.

Adding synthetic resin, (if it is

too much).

The water and vapors

permeability regime of the
original mortar is deteriorated.

Damage Type
Adhesion and cohesion feature
of the mortar is decreased.
Aggregates are composed.
Leads to the dissolution of the
mortar.
Leads to the hanging of the
mortars in folds through
decomposition.
Crumbling of the mortar is
observed, regional swellings
and draping are seen.
Decomposition of the mortar,
deep cracks and draping of the
mortar are observed.
Biological decay, coloring of
the mortar and dissolution.
Microbiological decay and
dissolution of the mortar.

Damages type
Shrinkage cracks and diffusion
of water through cracks,
droppings due to different work
The salts cause the
efflorescence and lead to
internal stresses.
Dissolution in the form of shells
on the surface of the mortar

71

4.4

Effect of Using Incompatible Material

Plaster is used to protect the brick and to create surface finishes for the wall

paint. However the uses of cement plaster on wall will trap moisture inside the wall, and
after few years the plaster will start to crumble and eventually fall off. The same thing
will happen to the wall when using chemical paint that does not allow the wall to breath.

From the site observation, few building has been identified using incompatible
material. The uses of incompatible material will cause deterioration to the wall. Cement
renders and chemical paint has been identified as the factors contribute to wall
deterioration.

Figure 4.8: The used of cement to heritage building.

72

Figure 4.9: wall render deteriorate due to the use of cement render.
When dealing with impropriate material embedded to the historic building,
especially the uses of cement first, determine the ratio mix of the cement, if the lime to
cement ratio less than 1:1, it advisable to knock out the cement area. However, the hack
off of the cement area will bring much of the fabric away with it. It is important to
ensure that only the defect area is being hack off. If the area can be fixed with proper
patching.

For the use of non-lime paint, the paint needs to be careful manual scraping. The
use of sandblaster is not advisable, because it will damage the surface of the underlying
masonry. However, the use of water jet would be most impracticable.

73

For the rake out joint that expose brickwork up until approximately twice the
width of the joint, it wisely to take out the old mortar and brush out thoroughly before
spraying down till well wetted. For optimum result before applying mortar, after the
surface dry the inside of the joint need to be wet.

4.5

Treatment for exterior surface.

According to Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang (MPPP) Guideline for

Conservation Area & Heritage Building, the original building faade and finishes shall
be retain and restore using original material such as lime plaster, mortar and lime wash.

Lanas, 2003 stated that the compatibility between the original material and new
material must reflect three aspect(i) chemical compatibility between repointing mortar
and old material.(ii) Physical compatibility and (iii) structural and mechanical
compatibility, where the strength of the new material need to be similar to the old
material.

4.5.1

Lime Mortar and Plaster.

Since 2008 more and more heritage building in George Town has been

conserved and restore, and lime material have been used in the conservation project.
(R.Abdul Rashid, 2011) Highlights that the disturbances towards the heritage building
need to be minimized, the minimal intervention can be made by preserving the building
fabric to its originality and the blend of harmonious sense between the old material and
new materials.
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Non-destructive testing method such as X-ray Fluorescence spectrometer (XRF)

is used to determine the composition of the material in old material, Result from the test
will determine the main material present in the old plaster and the ratio for the mixture.
Having the identified the material breakdown, Thus mock up plaster need to be applied
according to the conservator suggestion. Majority heritage building in George Town use
lime plaster and mortar with three layer of lime plaster with ratio 3:1 (sand and lime),
however, George Town World Heritage Incorporate (GTWHI), 2012 have introduce the
additional material to be add into the mixture. The addition material can be either brick
dust pozzolan or Meta kaolin pozzolan.

Figure 4.10: Mock up sample

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Lime preparation can be done in two ways

first the uses of ready mix lime

putty or powder quicklime. The used of powder quick lime need to be slaked to form
lime putty. To make lime putty from powder quick lime, prepare a large pond of water
(lime pit) and powder type quick lime is poured into the water. Regularly stirred the
mixture to helps the chemical process remain active. For the ready mix lime putty, lime
need to be filter before it can be used. This is to reduce the water in the lime putty.

Site preparation is one of crucial factor went applying the lime plaster to brick
wall. The wall needs to be free from any debris and any source of running water. Since
building construction is a wet process, wall that will be receive lime plaster need to be
wet, to help the bonding between plaster and wall. Shade need to provide during the
external application to protect it from strong heat.

Three coat of lime plaster with total of 25 mm consist of base coat, render coat
and finished coat. All coats will have the same mixing ratio (3:1) between sand and
lime. Base coat will have 6 mm-10 mm thick and to be leave to dry for two day before
applying the render coat. Base coat surface need to be rough surface for the next coat to
bond. Thickness for render coat is 6 mm-8 mm, and finishing coat is 3 mm-4 mm.

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Figure 4.11: Lime slaking

4.5.2

Painting
Siang, 2013 stated that the paint breathability is measure using the Sd value. The

measure of breathability defines as a measurement that measure material resistances to

the transmission of water vapors through it. While Sd value refer to the resistances
shown by equivalent thickness of air. She believes that paint with Sd value below 0.1 m
is considered to have high breathability.

Siang, 2013 demonstrate her finding with the comparison between Lime wash,
Silicate Paint and Emulsion. Table 4.0 show result for Siang, 2013 study. From this
study it proven that historic building is more compatible with limewash. The uses of
other paint material need to ensure that the Sd value is below 0 1m

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Table 4.1: Sd value to determine breathable paint. (Siang, 2013)

Sd Value, m

Lime Wash

Silicate Paint

Emulsion Paint

0.02

0.335

0.5

Highly Breathable

Least
Breathable

Lime base paint are commonly being chose as paint material for historic
building because lime are vapour permeable, which mean it allow moisture to escape
from the walls. This help to control condensation damp within the building and
maintain the hydrostatic pressure.

From the study, the majority heritage building that have been conserve in 2011,
in George Town, Penang used pigment type limewash. Lime wash in George Town
area is made by adding lime putty, water and color pigment. Lime wash also have been
used in wood surface of the building. For the wood surface addictive material such as
calcian was used to make the paint last longer.

Mold, 2005, point out that the applications of lime wash depend upon the quality
of the surface. Surface treatment or cosmetic surface treatment, for heritage wall in
George Town usually involve with scrubbing of old paint.

78

Figure 4.12: Sample for pigment colours. (TYW, Cultural Research Studio, 2013)

Lime wash is applied in two thin layers; the first layer is a mixture of lime and
water. While the second layer is a mixture between lime, water and 10% pigment color.
There are four historic colors in George Town, Penang (white, indigo blue, ochre
yellow, green). To ensure the paint surface does not chalk, it necessary to lay at least
three to five layer of un-pigment lime wash and addition of two more layers for pigment
color to achieve an even coverage of colour
4.6

Conclusions

In conclusion the objective of this study has been achieved in this chapter. Furthermore,
through this study the overall historic building in George Town, Penang is in fair
condition. To sum up, from the visual observation, nine (9) common external wall
defects is connected from one defect to another. Therefore the defect factor has been
recognized and its restoration treatment has been highlight in this chapter.

79

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER
RESEARCH
5.0

Main Conclusion
Study of material in historical building can provide important information

regarding the building technology and it is important as historical document. Hence the
analysis of original material during the building restoration needs to be made on
scientific base. Therefore, it needs to include various professions such as engineer,
architecture, conservator, chemist and other professional in the same team during the
analyses process. In order to make the ideal repair method that will be used in
restoration of historical building it is essential to know the original material used. Lack
of academic publication on this issue has led to the use of incompatible method of
restoration during conservation process.

Lime material has been mainly used for restoration and conservation of historic
building. Most applied lime in Malaysia is as masonry mortar, plaster and painting.
Based on the study finding, the restoration of lime is divided according to is application.
It can be seen that, the traditional skill of lime slaking and lime preparation are still been
promoted by GTWHI in most of restoration and conservation project.

80

5.1 Factor Effecting historical building in George Town, Penang.

From the result of the visual finding it can be conclude that the external factor
affecting historical building in George Town, Penang are due to climatic change,
pollution, and lack of maintenances

5.1.1 Climatic Change

Climate is the act of atmospheric event such as rainfall, temperature, air pressure
and humidity. Due to the tropical climatic condition, Penang has heavy rainfall and
warm sunshine all year round. Therefore the external part of the building tends to
weather rapidly. For example, discoloration of external wall is mainly cause by the solar
effect.

5.1.2 Air Pollution

In George Town, Penang, air pollution due to traffic is one of the main factors of
historical building deterioration. Smoke pollution from transportation causes the soiling
of facade by deposition of black carbonaceous particle. Mostly building facing the road
have black carbonaceous particle. According to Toniolo, 2009 black carbonaceous
particle also known as black crust. During the visual observation, several building has
blacking problem.

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Figure 5.0: Black layer on surface of historical building

5.1.3 Maintenances issue
Lack of maintenances is another factor in George Town, Penang. Building
maintenances play importance role in preventing defect. Poor Maintenances knowledge
in dealing with the defect also contributed to the deterioration factor.

5.2

Repair Method Process

It has been show that the repair method can be separated into two categories,

which is remedial for mortar and plaster, and surface treatment. Thus, analyses of
original material during building restoration need to be made base on scientific base.
Acun.S, 2003, study suggest a basic schema of experimental method that can be use
within the repairing process of lime plaster and mortar. This basic experiment method
also has been adopted as guideline for George Town, heritage building for analyses
original material composed of four basic phases.(i) Visual Analysis and Documentation,
(ii)Experiment Research,(iii) Evaluation of experiment to produce repair mortar, (iv)
Decision making.
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5.2.1 Visual Analysis and Documentation

Visual analysis is necessary to observe where the original material is, since the
possibility of the building have undergo several restoration, using different material and
building techniques. Hence, the removal of new layer of plaster is needed to determine
the original plaster material. During this stage the finding of document related to the
building is necessary. After determine the original plaster, the causes of defect and their
type should be drawn to scale and Figure of the defect need to be taken as part of
documentation process. In addition the factor of the deterioration around the building
should be documented.

5.2.2 Experimental Research

Second phase, involves with systematic experimental method to determine the
performances of repair material. Experimental method consists of two group test (Nondestructive test and destructive test). Acun.S, 2003 stated that in order to make an in
situ examination, non-destructive test need to be conducted at the location of the found
damage during observation. Moreover, to determine the mixture of new repair mortar to
be produced, few sample and laboratory test should be made. Experiment study serves
as necessary parameter to produce the material similar to the original one.

5.2.3 Evaluation
Evaluation is a phase where the new plaster with almost similar with the original
material is made after visual and experiment study phases. Using the mixture of ratio
and the physical properties of the original plaster that have been calculate during the
experimental studies, it is necessary to conduct design test(mock up sample) for the new
plaster.

83

Acun.S, 2003 stated that a series of durability test is needed to ensure that the
new plaster compatible with the original plaster in term of physical and mechanical
properties. This series of test made for new plaster to measure the resistance of the new
plaster to the atmosphere condition.

5.2.4 Decision making

The decision making is a process that will decide whether the repair plaster
should be used with the original material. The decision that made is based on the result
in analyses phase to evaluation phase. Figure 5.0 show the flow diagram of basic
schema of the experimental method that can be use within the plaster repairing process
has been proposed by Acun.S, 2003.

84

Evaluation Of Plasters Produced To Be Used In

Restoration Of Historical Building
Visual Analysis and Documentation

Historical Timeline

Mapping of the Morphology

of the deterioration

Mapping of the
Plaster types

Experimental Study

Non-Destructive
Test

Destructive Test
Determination of mixture ratio of
original mortar
Sieve Analysis and Chemical Analyses

Physical & Mechanical Property

Test

Petrographical and Minerological

Analyses
Scaning Electron
Microscope(SEM)

Elemental
Dispersive
Analysis(EDAX)

Physical Properties
Test

Mechanical Property
Test

Evaluation
Design of the Repair
Mortars

Determination of the Properties of the

raw material

Determination of the mixture

ratios and production

Determination of Durability in Repair Mortars

Decision Making
Figure 5.1: Flow diagram of suggested experimental method used in the process of
designing of repair plaster.(Acun.S,2003)
85

5. 3 Recommendation for Further Research

Heritage value is embedded in the fabric of heritage places, the conservation of
the fabric become an urgent challenge. Hence, Physical evidences of the past need to be
protected so it can be study in its original form. GTWHI have written on the care of
fabric, which appear the care of fabric involve the selection of the appropriate
technologies, assessment of potential risk and benefits of new technology. However, a
thorough study on physical and mechanical properties of material will still influence
their restoration. It defines the compatibility between original material and restoration
material.

The material conservation sciences can be considered as new topic that can be
explored by future researcher. This topic can provide the insight to ensure the
effectiveness of previous restoration work.

Therefore, using this study as basis future researcher can explore other historic
building material in George Town and establish it material restoration method. The
future research also can consider the use of new technology to enhance reliability of the
result.

More effort needs to be done to understand the performances of lime and its
long durability. The combination of non-destructive and destructive test can indicated
full Malaysia lime characteristic and the test after restoration work can provided better
insight to its effectiveness.

86

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