PROJECT WORK

2012
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

STATISTICS
NAME : NUR SYAFIQAH BT MUHAMMAD FAIZAL SELVARAJ
SCHOOL : SBPI GOPENG
CLASS : 5 RAZI
IC NUMBER : ------------TEACHERS NAME : MDM.HARNIZAH BT ABDUL RAZAK

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

CONTENT
BIL

ELEMENT

PAGE

1
2
3

INTRODUCTION

APPRECIATION

A BRIEF HISTORY OF
STATISTICS

4
5
6
7
8
9

PART A

PART B

11

PART C

13

FURTHER EXPLORATION

19

REFLECTION

22

CONCLUSION

23

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

INTRODUCTION
We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a project work while
we are in Form 5.This year the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education
has prepared four tasks for us. We are to choose and complete only ONE task based on our
area of interest. This project can be done in groups or individually, and I gladly choose to
do this individually. Upon completion of the Additional Mathematics Project Work, we are
to gain valuable experiences and able to:
Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve routine and
non-routine problems
Experience classroom environments which are challenging, interesting and
meaningful and hence improve their thinking skills.
Experience classroom environments where knowledge and skills are applied
in meaningful ways in solving real-life problems
Experience classroom environments where expressing ones mathematical
thinking, reasoning and communication are highly encouraged and expected
Experience classroom environments that stimulates and enhances effective
learning.
Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing,
and to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas
correctly and precisely
Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills through
problem-solving in ways that increase interest and confidence
Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future undertakings and in
workplace
Realize that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in solving reallife problems and hence develop positive attitude towards mathematics.
Train ourselves not only to be independent learners but also to collaborate,
to cooperate, and to share knowledge in an engaging and healthy
environment
Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively
Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of mathematics and to
become more creative and innovative
Realize the importance and the beauty of mathematics.
We are expected to submit the project work within three weeks from the first day the task
is being administered to us. Failure to submit the written report will result in us not
receiving certificate.

APPRECIATION
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PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

First and foremost, I would like to thank my Additional Mathematics teacher,

Mdm. Harnizah Bt. Abdul Razak as she gives us important guidance and commitment
during this project work. She has been a very supportive figure throughout the whole
project.
I also would like to give thanks to all my friends for helping me and always
supporting me to help complete this project work. They have done a great job at collecting
form 4 end of year result for additional mathematics and sharing information with other
people including me. Without them this project would never have had its conclusion.
For their strong support, I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved
parents. Also for helping me to find the mark to complete this project. They have always
been by my side and I hope they will still be there in the future.
Last but not least, I would also like to thank all the teacher and my friends for
helping me collect the much needed data and statistics for this. Not forgetting to all the
others people who were involved directly or indirectly towards making this project a
reality.
I thank you all ..

A BRIEF HISTORY OF STATISTICS

4

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

By the 18th century, the term "statistics" designated the systematic collection of
demographic and economic data by states. In the early 19th century, the meaning of
"statistics" broadened, then including the discipline concerned with the collection,
summary, and analysis of data. Today statistics is
Widely employed in government, business, and all the sciences. Electronic
computers have expedited statistical computation, and have allowed statisticians to develop
"computer-intensive" methods. The term "mathematical statistics" designates the
mathematical theories of probability and statistical inference, which are used in statistical
practice. The relation between statistics and probability theory developed rather late,
however. In the 19th century, statistics increasingly used probability theory, whose initial
results were found in the17th and 18th centuries, particularly in the analysis of games of
chance(gambling). By 1800, astronomy used probability models and statistical theories,
particularly the method of least squares, which was invented by Legendre and Gauss
Early probability theory and statistics was systematized and extended by Laplace;
following Laplace, probability and statistics have been in continual development. In
the19th century, social scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to
advance the new sciences of experimental psychology and sociology; physical scientists
used statistical reasoning and probability models to advance the new sciences of
thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The development of statistical
Reasoning was closely associated with the development of inductive logic and the
scientific method

Statistics is not a field of mathematics but an autonomous mathematical science,

like computer science or operations research. Unlike mathematics, statistics had its origins
5

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

in public administration and maintains a special concern with demography and economics.
Being concerned with the scientific method and inductive logic, statistical theory has close
association with the philosophy of science; with its emphasis on learning from data and
making best predictions, statistics has great overlap with the decision science and
microeconomics. With its concerns with data, statistics has overlap with information
science and computer science.

STATISTICS TODAY
During the 20th century, the creation of precise instruments for agricultural
research, public health concerns (epidemiology, biostatistics, etc.), industrial quality
control, and economic and social purposes(unemployment rate, econometry, etc.)
necessitated substantial advances in statistical practices.
Today the used of statistic has broadened far beyond its origin. Individuals and
organisations use statistics to understand data and make informed decisions throughout the
natural and social sciences, medicines, business, and other area.
Statistics are generally regarded not as the subfield of mathematics but rather as a
distinct, allied, field. Many universities maintain separate mathematics and statistic
departments. Statistic is also taught in department as diverse as psychology , education and
public health.

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

PART A
The first reason is to be able to effectively conduct research. Without the use of
statistics it would be very difficult to make decisions based on the data collected from a
research project. For example, in the study cited in Chapter One, is the difference in
recorded absenteeism between psychiatric and obstetrics nurses large enough to conclude
that there is meaningful difference in absenteeism between the two units? There are two
possibilities: The first possibility is that the difference between the two groups is a result of
chance factors. In reality, the two jobs have approximately the same amount of
absenteeism. The second possibility is that there is a real difference between the two units
with the psychiatric unit being more nurses missing work. Without statistics we have no
way of making an educated decision between the two possibilities. Statistics, however,
provides us with a tool to make an educated decision. We will be able to decide which of
the two possibilities is more likely to be true. We will base this decision on our knowledge
of probability and inferential statistics.
A second point about research should be made. It is extremely important for a
researcher to know what statistics they want to use before they collect their data. Otherwise
data might be collected that is uninterpretable. Unfortunately, when this happens it results
in a loss of data, time, and money.
Now many a student may by saying to themselves: "But I never plan on doing any
research." While you may never plan to be involved in research, it may find its way into
your life. Certainly, it you decide to continue your education and work on a masters or
doctoral degree, involvement in research will result from that decision. Secondly, more and
more work places are conducting internal research or are becoming part of broader research
studies. Thus, you may find yourself assigned to one of these studies. Finally, many classes
on the undergraduate level may require you to conduct research (for example, a research
methods or experimental psychology course). In each of these instances, a knowledge of
measurements and statistics will be invaluable.
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PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

The second reason to study statistics is to be able to read journals. Most technical
journals you will read contain some form of statistics. Usually, you will find them in
something called the results section. Without an understanding of statistics, the information
contained in this section will be meaningless. An understanding of basic statistics will
provide you with the fundamental skills necessary to read and evaluate most results
sections. The ability to extract meaning from journal articles and the ability to critically
evaluate research from a statistical perspective are fundamental skills that will enhance
your knowledge and understanding in related coursework.

The third reason is to further develop critical and analytic thinking skills. Most
students completing high school and introductory undergraduate coursework have at their
disposal a variety of critical thinking and analytic skills. The study of statistics will serve to
enhance and further develop these skills. To do well in statistics one must develop and use
formal logical thinking abilities that are both high level and creative.
The fourth reason to study statistics is to be an informed consumer. Like any other
tool, statistics can be used or misused. Yes, it is true that some individuals do actively lie
and mislead with statistics. More often, however, well meaning individuals unintentionally
report erroneous statistical conclusions. If you know some of the basic statistical concepts,
you will be in a better position to evaluate the information you have been given.
The fifth reason to have a working knowledge of statistics is to know when you
need to hire a statistician. Most of us know enough about our cars to know when to take it
into the shop. Usually, we don't attempt the repair ourselves because we don't want to cause
any irreparable damage. Also, we try to know enough to be able to carry on an intelligible
conversation with the mechanic (or we take someone with us who can) to insure that we
don't get a whole new engine (big bucks) when all we need is a new fuel filter (a few
bucks). We should be the same way about hiring a statistician. Conducting research is time
consuming and expensive. If you are in over your statistical head, it does not make sense to
8

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

risk an entire project by attempting to compute the data analyses yourself. It is very east to
compute incomplete or inappropriate statistical analysis of one's data. As with the
mechanic discussed above, it is also important to have enough statistical savvy to be able to
discuss your project and the data analyses you want computed with the statistician you hire.
In other words, you want to be able to make sure that your statistician is on the right track.
To summarize, the five reasons to study statistics are to be able to effectively
conduct research, to be able to read and evaluate journal articles, to further develop critical
thinking and analytic skills, to act a an informed consumer, and to know when you need to
hire outside statistical help.

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

PART B
10

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

A.

B.

Class

Frequency, f

0 19
20 29
30 39
40 49
50 59
60 69
70 79
80 89
90 99

26
38
32
29
18
16
6
4
1

Line Graph

Pie Chart
11

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

C.

Bar Chart

Modal Class : 20 - 29
Mode : 28
12

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

Median : 35
Mean : 38.24118
*The mean is a more suitable measure of central tendency because it reflects the
central value around which the data seems to cluster. The mode is not suitable because the
data does not seem to cluster about mode
Range : midpoint of highest class - midpoint of lowest class
= 90 + 99 - 0 + 19
2

= 85
*When comparing the range of two sets of data, the set with a greater range is
said have a greater variation or dispersion. Thus, the range of this overall data have a
greater dispersion.

Standard Deviation:

13

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

*The standard deviation answer is getting from the square root of a variance
which is also a measure of dispersion that has same unit as each value of data.

Class
0 19
20 - 29
30 39

Frequency,f
26
38
32

Midpoint,x
4.5
24.5
34.5

f(x)
117
931
1104

f(x)
526.5
22809.5
38088

40 49
50 59

29
18

44.5
54.5

1290.5
981

57427.25
53464.5

60 69
70 79
80 89
90 - 99

16
6
4
1

64.5
74.5
84.5
94.5

1032
447
338
94.5

66564
33301.5
28561
8930.25

170

480.5

6335

309672.5

(b) My TOV mark is higher than all three measure of central tendencies. So, my result is
increase based on the comparison.

14

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

PART C
X
Y

1
10

2
20

3
30

4
40

5
50

6
60

7
75

8
80

9
85

10
90

(2)

Based on the graph above, it is positive linear correlation which 0 < r < 1.
(3)
n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
15

X
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
55

Y
10
20
30
40
50
60
75
80
85
90
540

XY
10
40
90
160
250
360
525
640
765
900
3740

x
1
4
9
16
25
36
49
64
81
100
385

y
100
400
900
1600
2500
3600
5625
6400
7225
8100
36450

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

The range of the correlation coefficient is from -1 to 1. Since our result is 0.992887,
we can conclude that the strength of the linear relationship between x and y is strong.
Based on data above, I am agreed if more time is taking to make revision in
additional mathematics, more mark will get.
B (1 )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total

(2)
16

X
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
55

Y
10
20
30
40
50
60
75
80
85
90
540

x
1
4
9
16
25
36
49
64
81
100
385

y
100
400
900
1600
2500
3600
5625
6400
7225
8100
36450

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

17

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

Prediction of score for student who spent 7 hours per week is 68%.

(ii)
Regression analysis is widely used for prediction, where its use has
substantial overlap with the field of machine learning. Regression analysis is also used to
understand which among the independent variables are related to the dependent variable,
and to explore the forms of these relationships. So, Im agreed that least square regression
line is suitable in help me for prediction.

18

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

FURTHER EXPLORATION
x
y

(1)

19

1.2
9.13
0.079
0.96

2.4
3.23
0.380
0.51

2.8
2.56
0.447
0.41

3.2
1.83
0.544
0.26

3.9
1.56
0.591
0.19

4.3
1.35
0.633
0.13

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

2(i)

20

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

(ii) Statistically

21

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

REFLECTION

Additional Mathematics...
From The Moment I Was Born...
From The Moment I Was Able To Hold a Pencil...
From The Moment I Start Learning...
And..
From The Moment I Started to Know Your Name...
I Always Thought That You Will Be My Greatest Enemy
And
Rival In Excelling In My Life...
But After Countless Of Hours...
Countless Of Days...
Countless Of Seasons...
After Sacrificing My Precious Time Just For You...
Sacrificing My Handphones...
Sacrificing My Camera...
Sacrificing My Ipod...
Sacrificing My Korean Movies...
Sacrificing My Facebook...
I Realized Something Really Important In You...
I Really Love You...
You Are My Best Friend Forever...
You Are My Superheroes...
You Are My Soul Mate...
I

22

YOU ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS.

PROJECT WORK ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2012

CONCLUSION
After doing research, answering questions, drawing graphs and some problem solving, I
saw that the usage of statistics is important in daily life. It is not just widely used in
markets but also in interpreting the condition of the surrounding like the air or the water.
Especially in conducting an air-pollution survey. In conclusion, statistics is a daily life
necessity. Without it, surveys cannot be conducted, the stock market cannot be interpret
and many more. Therefore, we should be thankful of the people who contribute in the idea
of statistics.

23