D211-10 Skaugen Lngsummit 20111005

6th Annual LNG TECH Global Summit 2011
De Doelen, Rotterdam 3rd-5th October
Liquefaction of Natural Gas

How can fundamental R&D help the industry?
Case studies from GTS
Geir Skaugen
SINTEF Energy Research,
Trondheim, Norway
Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF
Content of the presentation
The Gas Technology Centre at NTNU - SINTEF

- What is GTS
- Research areas and capabilities
Case Studies:
- LNG Heat Exchanger Studies
Multilevel experiments and modelling
- Small scale LNG systems
From laboratory experiments to installation onboard a gas carrier
- LNG and Low temperature Energy chain
- Future research tasks within LNG at GTS
http://www.ntnu.no/gass/
Gas Technology Centre NTNU - SINTEF

Cooperation
Virtual organisation
Tight links to industry
International network
Strategic partners
Statoil
Mission:
To act as a common
interface in gas technology
R&D between NTNUSINTEF and the marked:
Researchers
NTNU
75 professors
135 Ph.D. researchers
30 post.doc. researchers
SINTEF
200 research scientists
Students
Award 75% of all M.Sc. in
Norways gas-related industry
The Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU)

- and The SINTEF Group
Number of employees (2010):
NTNU
(Scientific
4.700
60%)
SINTEF
(Scientific
2.145
73%)
Students:
18.500
10.000 in Engineering & Science
A technological cluster with education, basic & applied

research, innovations and business developments
- of large importance for Norway
SINTEF is a multidisciplinary research organisation with

international top level expertise in specific fields
SINTEF Building and

Infrastructure
SINTEF ICT
SINTEF Materials and
Chemistry
SINTEF Technology and Society
SINTEF Energy Research

SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
SINTEF Petroleum Research
MARINTEK
Disciplines around Gas Technology Centre
R&D along the Natural Gas value chain

Reservoir technology (including CO2-injection)
Gas transport (multiphase pipelines, LNG, LPG,
energy markets)
Chemical conversion
Gas processing
Gas transport infrastructure and techno-economic
optimisation
Fossil fuel hydrogen production, storage and
usage
Laboratory facilities
Refrigeration and Combustion Technology LAB
- Multiphase flow of oil and gas
- Heat transfer and pressure drop for gas mixtures in compact
geometries
- Small scale laboratory prototype for liquefaction of Natural
gas
- Oxy-fuel Combustion for Gas Turbines
Absorption LAB
- Absorption of CO2, H2S and NOx
- Catalysts and absorbents
Membrane technology LAB

- Membranes for hydrogen and CO2 separation
Hydrogen production, liquefaction and

storage
Fuel cell technology
NTNU & SINTEF
A Strategic Model of Cooperation:

1. Common strategies
2. Industrial relevance and involvement
3. Basic scientific methodology
SINTEF-personnel
participates in
teaching at NTNU
NTNU-personnel
participates in
SINTEF-projects
Joint use of
laboratories and
equipment
Core Areas:
- Contract Research
- Applied Research
Core Area:
Strategic Research
Core Areas:
- Education
- Basic Research
Strategic Research - Competence Building Projects for

the Industry
Some key characteristics:
Long term projects 3-5 years
Cooperation with leading international research partners and includes PhD
education
Results are to be published in open scientific journals
Minimum industry funding of 20% of total budget
The industry is represented in the steering committee of the project
"Enabling Low Emission LNG-systems"
Project figures:
Duration 2009-2014
Total budget: 44 million NOK (With 61% from the research council)
2 industry partners and support from the Gas Technology Centre
Educate 3 PhD candidates and 1 postdoc candidates within the field
Enabling low-emission LNG systems

Fundamentals for multilevel modelling
Focus towards fundamental phenomena occurring in
LNG equipment
- Experimentally
- By modeling
Unit design/operation in perspective of:

- Fundamental phenomena
- Robust modeling approach
- Integration with the process
LNG
systems
LNG heat
exchangers
LNG fundamental
phenomena
Process design and system analysis including:

- LNG process optimizing taking into account detailed unit models
- LNG process dynamics
- Process evaluation methodology
Droplet and film phenomena (PhD and PostDoc)

To be able to model and predict heat exchanger shell-side flow, droplet and
bubble and film interaction needs to be better understood, hence both
experiments and numerical analysis is required.
Fundamental knowledge can
be applied to build more
accurate engineering models.
instabilities and heat transfer for two-phase flow in confined geometries

representing heat exchanger tube side phenomena.
Droplet and film phenomena experimental setup
Experiments conducted with water and with n-Pentane

on a horizontal or a tilted flowing film
General and modular heat exchanger modeling

framework
Generic tool with building blocks of:
fluid nodes
heat nodes
surfaces
thermal resistors
Example:
Counter-flow HX with wall heat conduction
splitters
mixers
flash units
flow restrictions
Surfaces:
geometry models
heat transfer/pressure drop models
Fluid nodes:
thermodynamic model
numerical and physical flow model
14
Use of detailed heat exchanger simulation

models in an engineering flow-sheeting
environment for static instability analysis
Process optimisation
Heat exchanger representation in process simulation and
optimisation are most often:
- Black or grey boxes that provide the process input/output states
- Some degree of zone-analysis in a simplified manner
- Using lump, composite warm and cold streams
Using a detailed heat exchanger model, a chosen design can be

validated and the process operability can be investigated in a more
complete way
The focus of this presentation is to investigate heat exchanger
design in terms of steady state instability, also referred to in
literature as: Ledinegg type instability.
16
Industrial relevance
Increased focus on compact and
energy efficient solutions
Compact, optimized LNG
processes using are proposed and
presented in literature are often
based on using brazed aluminum
heat exchangers (BAHX) only
A recent example:
- The ExxonMobile EMR process.
- About 30 parallel cores
(Denton 2010)
The issues of potential instability

need to be addressed
Presented at: 89th Annual GPA Convention,

21-24 March 2010, Austin , TX (Denton et.al)
Ledinegg instability in boiling services

N-shape for upward boiling in a heat exchanger
All
va
po
ur
An N-shape may occur in boiling

services if an increase in flow rate
results in a decrease in pressuredrop
Combination: increased flow ->

decrease in average void fraction
may give an N-shape
phas
Two-
Pressure drop
Counteracting effects:
- Increase in flow -> higher
pressure drop
- Decrease in average void
fraction -> lower pressure drop
uid
q
ll li
Flow rate
18
Case: Optimised SMR process for liquefaction of

natural gas
Cooling and liquefaction of 1 kmole/s NG from 25
to -155 C
External cooling to 25C

25C
Single phase vap
P2
1 kmol/s
( 64 t/h)
10K superheat
MITA=1.2 K
N2,C1,C2,C3,iC4 and nC4

flowrates
Optimisation of flow-rate, composition, and

pressure levels to obtain minimum energy
consumption with restrictions:
- 10 K superheat
- 1.2 K minimum temperature approach (MITA)
With specifications:
P1
- External cooling to 25C
-155C
Subcooled
single phase liq
19
Optimised process design with a fully designed heat

exchanger
T NG
T LP
P LP
P HP
-155
-157.1
5.34
25.88
N2
C1
C2
nC4
0.0929
0.2913
0.3887
MREFR (kmol/s)
MNG
0.2271
3.15
1
20
Check for operability Pressure drop vs. flow rate for the evaporating stream
1.80
1.1
1.60
1.40
0.9
1.20
0.8
1.00
0.7
0.80
0.6
0.60
0.5
0.40
0.4
Pressure drop (bar)
Vapour fraction (kg/kg)
0.20
Outlet vapour fraction
Pressure drop (bar)
MR LP
Assumption for this simulation:

Constant warm stream flow rates
0.3
0.00
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Relative flow rate MR LP(-)
21
Consequences of Ledinegg instability

Equal cold stream pressure drop with flow-rate split 42/58 (+/- 8%)
Temperature profiles
40
20
0
Temperature
-20
-40
LP MR Under refrigerated
-60
LP MR Over refrigerated
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Relative length
Individual temperature profile

22
Remedies for avoiding Ledinegg instabilities
All
va
po
ur
N-shape for upward boiling in a heat exchanger
phas
Pressure drop
Two-
id
qu
li
All
Move the operating

point within the blue
line.
Get rid of the N-shape
-
Modify HX design,
Reduce outlet resistance
Increase inlet resistance
Avoid cold end pinch
(Reduce the heat load)
Flow rate
23
Example on modified design

Reduced heat flux for cold channels increased surface
while maintaining - or reducing the pressure drop
MR LP
0.40
1.1
0.35
Pressure drop (bar)
0.8
0.25
0.7
0.20
0.6
0.15
0.5
0.10
N-shape
Yes
No
0.4
Pressure drop (bar)

Vapour fraction (kg/kg)
0.05
Outlet vapour fraction
0.9
0.30
Core volume (m3)

Heat transfer surface (m2)
Average heat flux (W/m2)
Mass flux (kg/m2 s)
Design pressure drop (bar)
HX 1
HX 2
31.7 107.0
26502 70255
2911 1073
62.7
19.4
0.82
0.17
0.3
0.00
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Relative flow rate MR LP(-)
24
Summary on heat exchanger / process analysis

In cryogenic processes using fluids with low density and low latent
heat, instabilities are more likely to occur
The risk of ending up with a design operating point in an unstable
region is high, if
- processes are optimised based on composite curves and minimum
temperature differences,
- the pressure drop vs flowrate curve exhibits an N-shape
When equipment with a high degree of parallelism is used, this could

have serious consequences in terms of thermal stress or inefficient
operation
There are currently 3 PhD studies on the topic of instability in heat
exchangers at NTNU.
25
Small Scale LNG production

The SINTEF Mini-LNG concept from laboratory to
installation onboard a gas carrier
The Mini-LNG technology

General characteristics
Re-Liquefaction plant, application example

Full scale plant analysis
Contact person on Mini LNG: Petter Neks

(petter.neksa@sintef.no)
26
NG liquefaction plants, capacity range
Base-load
LNG production: 1500 5000 kT/year
Hammerfest/Snhvit 4300 kT/year (12500T/day)
Peak shaving
LNG production: 35 150 kT/year
Mini-LNG
LNG production: 3.5 35 kT/year
(10 100 T/day)
27
The cost challenge of

small scale LNG
Energy efficency
The energy efficiency challenge

of small scale LNG
Magnetic cycle
SINTEF
Mini LNG
Mini LNG
Peak shaving
Baseload
Production
capacity
The SINTEF mini-LNG concept - Liquefaction Unit

Using standard equipment for low investment cost and fast
manufacture of the liquefaction unit
- Copper brazed plate heat exchangers, withstands rapid temperature
changes
- Lubricant injected screw compressors
- Proven robust oil/lubricant management
Construction in steel frames:

- Lower manufacturing cost
- Faster manufacture time
- Modular movable plant elements
Refrigeration cycle with mixed refrigerant (N2,C1,C2,C3,C4) for

low energy demand
Adaptation of selected equipment, MR and operational
conditions to given application and NG composition
30
From theory laboratory - full scale

40
46
52
Theoretical
62
54
HA-01
60
58
Laboratory plant 1 tonnesLNG/d
HA-02
90
102 104
10
88
74
86
Simplified
concept
114
HA-04
20
HA-07
120
78
118
76
116
117
22
24 26
77
- Fully instrumented closed loop lab plant at SINTEF

- Operation since 2003, 2000 h (500 continuous)
- Lubricant tests, various operating conditions, rapid
start-up
28
LNG
40
50
20
45
40
Full scale test, 20 tonnesLNG/d

-
Design and construction

FAT test at SINTEF Tiller lab in Trondheim 2008
Analysis of results
Installation onboard a gas carrier 2009
temperature 'C
-20
35
-40
temperature
30
-60
flow
25
-80
20
-100
15
-120
10
-140
flow kg/h
- Process development and simplification

- Analysis
64
100
-160
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
minutes
start
31
40
50
20
45
40
-20
35
-40
temperature
30
-60
flow
25
-80
20
-100
15
-120
10
-140
-160
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
m inutes
start
70
flow kg/h
temperature 'C
Mini-LNG liquefaction unit

Rapid start and stop
Reading from laboratory plant 1 tonnes/d
Application example SINTEF Mini-LNG
Reliquefaction of boil-off gas from a small IMS Multigas carrier

using the Mini-LNG Techology
10.000 m3
Multigas
3D illustration of the tanker with the

refrigeration system on the top deck
33
Plant design simulation results (mini-LNG)

BOG NG with 89 mol% CH4, 11 mol% N2 (18 bara)
Boil-off gas liquefaction capacity
20 tonnes/d
LNG exit temperature (before throttling to tank)
-155 oC
MR (at first vapour-liquid separator inlet) and NG precooling temperature
-35 oC
Mixed refrigerant compressor pressure ratio
9.3 -
Mixed refrigerant compressor power consumption
395 kW
Estimated compressor isentropic efficiency
0.65 1520 m3/h
Mixed refrigerant actual suction volume

Specific suction volume
Specific power consumption mini-LNG
1.8 m3/kg LNG

0.47 kWh/kg LNG
Heat Exchanger HX 2, MR-HP/MR-LP, high temp

Duty vs. Temperature
0
Heat Exchanger HA2 Zones Analysis

-10
-20
Temperature, C
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
0
0,00005
0,0001
0,00015
0,0002
0,00025
0,0003
Duty, x 10^6 kW
0,00035
0,0004
36
Heat Exchanger HX 7, NG/MR-LP

Duty vs. Temperature
37
Plant exergy loss analysis

LP MIXER
7%
FCV1
6%
FCV5
2%
HA2
21 %
FCV4
3%
HP MIXER
0%
HA7
27 %
HA4
34 %
Plant
Coldbox
- Still considerable potential for reducing losses

- Especially for compressor and heat exchangers
- Dependent on component availability
38
Full scale test results

Results from full scale tests and simulation model verification
Including simulation results for future plant operating conditions (corrects for off-design conditions at full scale tests)
Parameter
..
Liquefaction capacity
Simulation
..
Simulation
corrected 1)
(dp and leak)
Simulation
corrected 2)
(precooling t)
tonnes/d
14,4
14,4
17,1
18,8
Unit
LNG exit temperature before

throttling to tank
oC
-154,1
-154,1
-155
-155
MR precooling temperature at
vap-liq separtor
oC
-24,9
-24,9
-24,9
-35
NG precooling temperature
oC
-31,7
-31,7
-35
-35
Refrigerating capacity
kW
70,7
84,3
93,2
Volume flow LP MR out of

coldbox
m3/h
1436
1512
1517
Capacity difference relative to nominal (18.8 tonnes/d)

1)
2)
Measured
.
Corrected for leak in safety valve by-pass from high p to low p and
undersized stop valve in suction tube
~ 14 %-points
Corrected to nominal precooling temperature (-35C)
~ 9 %-points
Some maldistribution in first secondary hx (HX 2) observed

-
Estimated influence on capacity 5 - 7 %
39
Constraints and possible improvements

Some constraints today
- NG pressure from BOG handling system 18 bar (balance BOG

compr./Mini-LNG)
- Storage pressure in chain, carrier tanks can handle 5 bara
- Design for high ambient temperatures - Sea water temperatures in north
of Europe relatively low
- Availability of components
Efficiency improvements
- Improved compressor efficiency

- Reduced temperature differences in hx
- Optimisation of MR composition
Plant operation without pre-cooling could be possible

- Existing refrigeration system on-board is used for precooling today
40
Liquid Energy Chain Optimization
Contact person: Prof. Truls.Gundersen

(truls.gundersen@ntnu.no)
Aspelund A. and Gundersen T. A Liquefied Energy Chain for Transport and Utilization of Natural Gas for
Power Production with CO2 Capture and Storage Part 1, Journal of Applied Energy, vol. 86, pp.
781-792, 2009 .
A Liquefied Energy Chain (LEC)
LNG
LNG
LNG
LIN
CO2
CO2
Aspelund A. and Gundersen T. A Liquefied Energy Chain for Transport and Utilization of Natural Gas for
Power Production with CO2 Capture and Storage Part 1, Journal of Applied Energy, vol. 86, pp.
781-792, 2009 .
T. Gundersen
A Liquefied Energy Chain (LEC)
Key Features of the LEC Concept
Utilization of Stranded Natural Gas for Power Production

High Exergy Efficiency of 46.4% (vs. 42.0% for traditional)
Elegant and Cost Effective solution to the CCS Problem
CO2 replaces Natural Gas injection for EOR
Combined Energy Chain (LNG) and Transport Chain (CO2)
T. Gundersen
Simulation-Optimization of the entire LEC

LNG
NG
LNG
S
t
The field
o
site
LIN
r
process
a
LCO2 g
e
N2
CO2
LNG
LNG
S LNG
NG
t
The market
o
site
r LIN
process CO2
a
g LCO2
e
LNG
P3
LIN
P2
P1
F2
LCO2
F1
Electricity
Power
process
with CO2
capture
Water
N2
LIN
LCO2
LCO2
The simple chain

The complete chain
CO2-Recycle
T2
CO2-7
CO2-9
N2-7
EXP-101
T3
N2-8
T4
P6
N2-12
N2-9
LCO2
N2-13
EXP-102
V-101
T5
N2-11
CO2-3
P-102
HX-101
K-100
P4
N2-12
N2-2
NG-5
NG-4
LIQ-EXP-101
Offshore
P-101
N2-11
NG-PURGE
P2
CO2-1
LIQ-EXP-102
CO2-12
CO2-13
VF1
NG-1
HX-102
NG @ 25
P1
LNG
P3
NG-5
P-101
T. Gundersen
F3
2 stage compression
K105-K106
N2-0
P-102
LNG
F1
F1
NG-4
V-101
P-100
CO2-1
N2-1
N2-8
4 stage compression
K101-K104
HX-101
P3
CO2-4
N2-16
N2-9
NG-3
LIN
NG-6
CO2-0
CO2-10
CO2-11
NG-2
V-102
HX-102
T1
K-107
N2-15
T7
N2-10
N2-1
CO2-2
NG-3
NG-2
T6
F2
N2-3
CO2-4
CO2-5
F4
N2-10
P2
CO2-6
CO2-8
EXP-102
N2-5
N2-6
NG-1
K-108
P1
P5
K-101
N2-4
N2-14
Onshore
EXP-101
F2
Optimizing the Liquefied Energy Chain
First: Near-Optimal Design established by
Domain Knowledge related to LNG

Heuristic Design rules (new and old)
Pinch Analysis (the Composite Curves)
Exergy Analysis (calculating Exergy)
Rigorous Simulation by HYSYS (testing the Concept)
Second: Mathematical Programming and a novel (and

innovative) Superstructure
Offshore and Onshore Processes Optimized separately
Third: Stochastic Search with Rigorous Simulation
Referred to as SimulationOptimization
Taboo Search (global) and Nelder Mead (local)
HYSYS providing Objective Function Values
Applied Simultaneously to the entire Chain
T. Gundersen
Progress of the Optimization

1
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
0
0
50
100
150
200
Best known objective
250
Current best
300
350
400
Local search
Myklebust J., Aspelund A., Tomasgard, A., Nowak M. and Gundersen T., An Optimization-Simulation
Model of a Combined Liquefied Natural Gas and CO2 Value Chain, INFORMS Annual Meeting, Seattle,
November 2007
T. Gundersen
Future research tasks Rapid Phase Transition (RPT)

What is RPT?
- can occur if liquid natural gas is spilled on / and mixed with water
- a physical explosion where unstable, superheated liquid instantaneously
expands to vapour phase and creates overpressure and pressure
waves
- explosion impact often converted to tons of TNT
Increased attention in recent safety studies

-
increased use and transport of LNG

well researched, but still difficult to predict
complex chain of various physical phenomena
challenging in terms of scale-up from laboratory tests
Physics of RPT single component
Future research tasks Rapid Phase Transfer (RPT)

Plan to start up new 3 mill EUR project in 2012
awaiting governmental financial support still open for
industry participation
- Both experimental and modelling approach are planned
2 PhD from NTNU from the mid 90's

-
pool boiling of hydrocarbon on water surface

mixing of cryogenic jet in water
fragmentation
modelling
spreading
Now: Utilize advances in measurement and visualization

techniques and advances in modelling experience on
fast transients on pressure wave propagation
Thank you for

your attention!
Gas Technology Centre:

www.ntnu.no/gass
www.sintef.no
Some selected references

Neks, P., Brendeng, E., Drescher, M. and Norberg, B. (2010): Development and
analysis of a natural gas reliquefaction plant for small gas carriers, J. of Natural Gas
Science and Engineering, ISSN1875-5100, Vol 2 (2-3), pp 143-149
Neks P., Brendeng E., Norberg B., Brndum P., Drescher M. (2008), Development of
a small scale natural gas reliquefaction plant for gas tankers, Proc. of the 8th IIR Gustav
Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids, Copenhagen, Sept 8-10, ISBN
9782913149632, ISSN 0151-1637
Brendeng E., Neeraas B.O. (2000), Method and device for small scale liquefaction of
product gas, E.P. patent no. 1255955, priority date 2000-02-10
Zhao, H., A. Brunsvold, et al. (2011). "Investigation of droplets impinging on a deep
pool: transition from coalescence to jetting." Experiments in Fluids 50(3): 621-635.
Zhao, H., A. Brunsvold, et al. (2010). "An experimental method for studying the discrete
droplet impact phenomena in a flammable gas environment." Journal of Natural Gas
Science and Engineering 2(5): 259-269.
G. Skaugen*, G.A. Gjvg, P. Neks, P.E. Wahl, "Use of sophisticated heat exchanger
simulation models for investigation of possible design and operational pitfalls in LNG
processes", Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 2(5) 235-243
Aspelund A. and Gundersen T. A Liquefied Energy Chain for Transport and Utilization
of Natural Gas for Power Production with CO2 Capture and Storage Part 1, Journal of
Applied Energy, vol. 86, pp. 781-792, 2009
51

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6th Annual LNG TECH Global Summit 2011

De Doelen, Rotterdam 3rd-5th October

Liquefaction of Natural Gas

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

Content of the presentation

The Gas Technology Centre at NTNU - SINTEF

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

Gas Technology Centre NTNU - SINTEF

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

The Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU)

A technological cluster with education, basic & applied

SINTEF is a multidisciplinary research organisation with

SINTEF Building and

SINTEF Energy Research

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

Disciplines around Gas Technology Centre

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

R&D along the Natural Gas value chain

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

Membrane technology LAB

Hydrogen production, liquefaction and

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

NTNU & SINTEF

A Strategic Model of Cooperation:

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

Strategic Research - Competence Building Projects for

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

Enabling low-emission LNG systems

Unit design/operation in perspective of:

Process design and system analysis including:

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

Droplet and film phenomena (PhD and PostDoc)

instabilities and heat transfer for two-phase flow in confined geometries

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

Droplet and film phenomena experimental setup

Experiments conducted with water and with n-Pentane

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

General and modular heat exchanger modeling

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

Use of detailed heat exchanger simulation

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

Using a detailed heat exchanger model, a chosen design can be

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

The issues of potential instability

Presented at: 89th Annual GPA Convention,

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

Ledinegg instability in boiling services

An N-shape may occur in boiling

Combination: increased flow ->

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

Case: Optimised SMR process for liquefaction of

External cooling to 25C

N2,C1,C2,C3,iC4 and nC4

Optimisation of flow-rate, composition, and

- External cooling to 25C

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

Optimised process design with a fully designed heat

Gas Technology Center NTNU-SINTEF

Outlet vapour fraction

Pressure drop (bar)

Assumption for this simulation:

Relative flow rate MR LP(-)

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