Chapter-13 Motors

Chapter-13 Motors

()
(

AC induction motors

()

DC motors

()

Synchronous motors

AC induction motor

- E

application)

fa
13-1

AC induction

squirrel cage

Squirrel Cage AC Induction Motors

Wound Rotor AC Induction Motors

Wou

Excellent

Speed

Control

(High realibility)
High

aa

starting

Low s a

Able to handle frequent Stats and Stops (

Able to handle reduced speed (low speed) for long

periods

AC induction
poly p a

(Motor Losses)

a
a

output)

13-2

mechanical energy
eff

Chapter-13 Motors

mechanical

energy

output)

losses)

(losses)
energy)

(heat

(dissipated)

(losses)

efficiency

- AC Motor Speed (rpm)

AC

AC

Frequency

(
120 = Constant
F

pole

= Supply frequency (in cycles/sec) (

synchronous speed (
()

Frequency

AC

synchronous speed (rpm) ()

()

AC

AC

po

synchronous s

()
(

13-3

-4

hz

AC

synchronous s

actual s

AC

sa

electromagnetic f

Magnetic f
s

electromagnetic f

AC ind

speed ( at Full loa

synchronous s

s
(

actual

high starting

( )

(
(

Hz
s

)
)

()

50 Hz

synchronous s

()

13-4

Chapter-13 Motors

a a

. Motor Torque Speed Curves

synchronous s

Hz

synchronous s

full load torque (rated

()

full load torque

(rated t

v
a

starting

starting t
t

Starting Torque (Startup Torque)

k
[Speed =0]

starting t
torque

locked rotor torque

Conveyor

13-5

starting t

-up Torque

full l a

Pull-in Torque

torque (minimum t

minimum t

synchronous s

ak

Pull out Torque

Breakdown t
f

(maximum) t

()

ak

a
a

actual s

(load

L a

actual spee

Actual

actual

Synchronous speed
a
Speed

No Load Speed

Zeor Torque Speed

l a

no load speed

Torque and Horse Power

( )

( )

. Motor Insulation
copper wir
I

NEMA motor insulation class according to Max Operating Temperature.

Table 13-1

a
a

13-6

winding t

Chapter-13 Motors
Max Operating Temp

Insulation Class

(C)

Allowable Temp Raise

Hot

at Full load for Service

Spot

allowance

(C)

Factor 1.0 motor (C)

105

60

130

80

10

155

105

10

180

125

15

(allowable t

insulation

a
a

heav

Class F

av -

insulation c a

Table 13-2

motor insulation c a
ACMV equipment

motor insulation c a

13-7

In

insulation B

winding t

winding tempera

E
name

a
a

Insulation c a

. Motor Na

operating t

high c

Operating t

operating t

HP)

kW)
a

() Manufacturer Name and Manufacturer-Specific Ordering Code

fa

a a
k

fa

a a

() Rated Volts
f

13-8

Chapter-13 Motors

- Motor name plate

() Full Load Amps
Full load amps

load setting

(cable)

motor protection

over

( ) Rated frequency
a

()

a
()

() Rated temperature rise or insulation class

a

f a

() Rated Power (kW)

Rated power (kW)

(mechanical p

. k

. k

output mechanical po

inpu

. k
.

ff

() Electrical connection and associated operating parameters

Electrical connection and associated operating parameters i.e. three phase motors can be
a a

flowing from the supply is reduced as is the torque.

. k

. k

fa

Power fa

output mechanical

output mechanical

13-9

. k

fa

output mechanical

() Power Factor
Power factor for the motor.

power fa

Power fa

Efficiency class
Efficiency class - IEC nameplates quote EFF ratings at full load. It is a measure of how well
the motor converts electrical energy to mechanical power.
The information displayed on a motor nameplate may vary depending on manufacturer and
motor size.

.
full-load

= Full-load motor torque (in lb-ft)

5252 = Constant (33,000 divided by 3.14 x 2 = 5252)

HP

= Motor horsepower

rpm = Speed of motor shaft

-

()

(l a
(
(

torque

)
)

. Energy Saving from Motor Efficiency

Chilled wat

(
88% efficiency (standard eff

(18.7kW)
()

()

efficiency (premium efficiency)

a
f

Simple pay back p

Existing motor
ff

input electrical p

Input electrical power for 18.7kW with 88% efficiency = 18.7 / 0.88 = 21.25kWe (input Electrical
power)

13-10

Chapter-13 Motors

New motor
93% eff

input electrical p

. k

Input electrical power for 18.7kW with 93% efficiency = 18.7 / 0.93 = 20.1kW (input Electrical power)

Saving kW per hour = 21.25kW - 20.1kW = 1.14 kWh

. k

For one year kWh saving = 1.14 kWh x 12 hr per day x 365 days = 4,993.2kWh

For one year $ saving = 4993.2kW x $0.15/kWh = $749

Simple Payback period = $3000 / $749 = 4 years ( 48 months)

..
(

Eff
Motor name p a

()

Motor ma

()

Published da a

()

fa
E

(m a
Input e

..

()

( )

[60Hz]

Volt (A to B) = 467 volt

a
Ia phase =36 amps

Power Factor for a Phase =

0.75

Volt (B to C) = 473 volt

Ib phase =38 amps

Power Factor for b Phase =

0.78

Volt (C to A) = 469 volt

Ic phase =37 amps

Power Factor for c Phase =

0.76

V = (467+ 473+469)/3=469.7Volt
I = (36+38+37) / 3 = 37 Amp
Power Factor = (0.75+0.78+.76)/3=0.763
(

13-11

.. Estimation of Motor Loading

a

ff

part

l a

load efficien

eff

l a
(

loading

()

input electrical power

l a

()

l a

22kW (name plate p

load

full load eff

l a
Volt (R to Y) = 410 volt , I red phase = 25 amps , Power Factor for Red Phase = 0.86
Volt (Y to B) = 415 volt , I red phase = 27 amps , Power Factor for Yellow Phase = 0.88
Volt (B to R) = 412 volt , I red phase = 26 amps , Power Factor for Blue Phase = 0.87
k

output mechanical p

input electrical p

full load eff

Rated p

load

..

Input electrical power of motor =( output mechanical power or name plate power = 22 ) x 0.88
= 25kWe
actual electrical p
Actual electrical power = 1.73 x Average Volt x Average I x Average Power Factor
1.73x 413.33 Volt x 26 Amp x 0.87 = 16.17 kWe

.. Service Factor (SF)

(ambient temp)

Service fa
rated power

Name Plater Power

v

- (
(.
E
a
13-12

motor ins a

..

allowable temperature raise 105

Chapter-13 Motors

Motor
105

allowable temperature raise

Service

fa

(.

Service fa

Service fa

Service

fa

Ingress Protection

ak

f a

f a

pr

Ingress p

hazardous e

dust)

second digit)

(water)
NEMA s a

- IP

3R, 3S, 4, 4X, 5, 6, 6P, 12, 12K and 13

()
()

()

()
Non

13-13

IP (Ingress Protection) c a

f a

IEC

Table 131st

Definition

2nd

Digit

Definition

Digit

Non- protected

Non- protected

Against penetration of solid objects of

Against vertical dripping water

Against vertical dripping water at

50mm diameter and more

2

Against penetration of solid objects of

12.5mm diameter and more

an angle of up to 15

Against penetration of solid objects of

Against vertical dripping water at a

2.5mm diameter and more

4

angle of up to 60

Against penetration of solid objects of

Against splashing water in all

1mm diameter and more

5

directions.

Dust protected 5 Against water jets

Against water jets in all directions

Against powerful jets of water and

in all directions
6

Dust tight

waves
7

Against

the

affects

of

temporary

immersion
8

8 Against the affects of longed

Immersion under specified conditions

v
a

f
environment condition

Table 13Environment Type

General Definition

1,2,4,4X, 5,6,6P, 12,12K, 13

Indoor non hazardous locations

3,3R, 4,4X, 6,6P

Outdoor non hazardous locations

7,10

Environment is designed to contain an internal explosion without

causing an external hazard

Environment is designed to prevent combustion through the use of

oilimmersed equipment

Environment is designed to prevent the ignition of combustible

dust

13-14

Chapter-13 Motors

(Motor Losses)

.. Copper Loss
a

sa

(losses)

c
a

rotor winding

stator c

current

resistance

( )

( )

stator s

insulation

opper losses

(t a

(resistance)

- Motor

.. Core Losses
e

hysteresis

13-15

Improved permeability electromagnetic (Silicon) s

magnetic flux densities

Thinner s

eddy

current loss
windage losses

(total losses

.. Windage and Friction Losses

a

friction losses

(total losses)
b a

.. Stray Losses
a

aka

Surface

harmonics

s a

a
a

s a

a
(t a

Copper loss (58%)

Stator loss
Rotor loss

Core (Iron) loss(12%)

13-16

Eddy current loss

Chapter-13 Motors
Hysteresis loss

Windage and Friction loss (14%)

External fan windage

Internal fan windage
Bearing , Grease

Stray loss (15%)

Surface loss
Harmonics
Leakage flux
a

13-17

. Motor Efficiency
- ff

copper volume

active st

()

a
a

High-grade silicon steel laminations

0.018 in

Chemical makeup

electrical loss of 1.5 W/lb

a

a coating of inorganic insulation on each piece)

(plus

Special annealing and plating of rotor and stator components and use of
high-purity cast aluminum rotor bars reduce hysteresis losses.
()

Higher-grade bearing

()

Smaller, more efficient

( )

Tighter tolerances

13-18

a
fa

fa

losses from

Chapter-13 Motors

unplanned conducting paths and stray load phenomena

. Power Factor Improvement (

(

(rpm)

(60 Hz

3600rpm)

Power Factor(PF)

rpm
Pole

Pole

Power Factor

(rpm)
(rpm)

()

Power Factor

Load

Pole

(load)

a
a

(h av

a
a

real po

reactive p
reactive

Ov

reactiv

rea v

.. Power Factor (PF)

a
active p

Power fa

reactive p

fa

power fa

Resistive l a

reactive p

Reactive p
a

Power factor

power factor (1.0)

resistive l a

Active p

Reactive p

active p
utility c

reactive p

Total p
13-19

a v

extra l a

Power fa

total power

utility company

active p

(.)

power fa

utility c

poles

(Speed)
power fa

power factor
a
a

power fa

no load)
r a v

ca a

13-20

power fa

Speed)

synchronous speed (rpm)

power fa

fa

fa

Synchronous Speed (rpm)

Chapter-13 Motors
v
c

Apparent Power

a v

Active Power (True Power-watt)

c
Apparent

Power

genera

distribution

Pole

power factor
power factor

power fa

oversized)

power factor

.. Power a

power

fa

Power fa

..

power

pa

energy losses)

a
a a

pa a

reactive p

Reactive

fa
a a
a a

a a

v
a

a a
a
inductive current

v
lagging

-
13-21

.. Power Factor Correction

Power c

bulk c

Static Power Factor Correction

sa

ca a

static power factor c

Line

capacitor size

Bulk Power Factor Correction

a a

distribution b a

bulk

power

factor

Lo

sta

a a

controll

-Active

Power 1000k

ca a

476 kVAr
-
-

power fa

full load power fa

Motor rated power

30kW ( from catalogue)

Full load current

58 A (measured by current clamp meter or tong meter)

Supply voltage

400V (measured by multi-meter)

a
-

power

= 266
13-22

fa
a
Power fa

lagging power fa
.

capacitor ba k

reactive
k

Chapter-13 Motors

.. Supply Voltage to Motor

supply v
E

(Unbalanced Voltage)

-10

Supply v

(over heating)

Supply v

Supply v

high c

3 p a

phases

(unbalance v

phases

voltage

Unbalanced voltage

eff
l

aa

unbalanced v

-a

voltage u
( )

aa

440

voltage u

aa

Average of voltage of 3 phase = (442+445+440)/3 = 442.33

Unbalance % = (445-442.33)/442.33=0.6%
Unbalance v

unbalanced v

0.6%
fa

a
v

13-23

- Eff

aa

v v

aa

aa

()
()

fv

(eliminate

voltage

aa

Ta f

aa

()

(Unbalanced incoming utility supply)

(Unequal transformer tap settings)

distribution transformer

(A

large single-phase distribution transformer on the system)

( )

Distri

a f

(An open phase on the primary of a

three-phase distribution transformer)

()

Tran f

fa

(Faults or grounds in the power

transformer)
()

connection capacitors o

(Open delta-connected

transformer banks)
()
13-24

Ca a

a k

(A blown fuse on a bank of three-phase power factor

Chapter-13 Motors

improvement capacitors.)
()

(Unequal impedance in conductors

of power supply wiring)

()

(Unbalanced distribution of single-phase loads

(Heavy reactive single-phase loads such as

such as lighting)
()

welders)
()

(Large heater controls that cycle

rapidly)
()

Power fa

Motor Starting
The method of motor starting shall be selected according to the characteristics of
the

starting current. The type of starter shall be as follows, unless otherwise

specified: a a

Up to 3.8 kW Direct-on-line
3.8 kW to 22 kW Star/delta
Above 22 kW Automatic-transformer 60% tapping or star/delta
a a

-overhead line system

Up to 11 kW Direct-on-line
11 kW to 25 kW Star/delta
Above 25 kW Automatic-transformer 65% tapping or star/delta
End

Contents
.

- AC Motor Speed (rpm) ................................................. 3

13-25

) ................................................................................. 4

. Motor Torque Speed Curves......................................................................................... 5

. Motor Insulation ......................................................................................................... 6
. Motor Nameplates
. Torque

.................................................................... 8

...................................................................................................... 10

. Energy Saving from Motor Efficiency ........................................................................... 10

..

Efficiency

..................................................................

..

Input Electrical Power

...............................................................

.. Estimation of Motor Loading ......................................................................................................

.. Service Factor (SF) ...................................................................................................................

. Motor Enclosures

Ingress Protection ...................................................................... 13

(Motor Losses) ......................................................... 15

.. Copper Loss ............................................................................................................................

.. Core Losses .............................................................................................................................

.. Windage and Friction Losses .....................................................................................................

.. Stray Losses ............................................................................................................................

. Motor Efficiency...................................................................................................... 18
.

)....................... 19

.. Power Factor (PF) ..................................................................................................................

.. Power Factor
..

............................................................................................

........................................................................................

.. Power Factor Correction..........................................................................................................

() Bulk Power Factor Correction ..........................................................................................................

.. Supply Voltage to Motor

13-26

(Unbalanced Voltage)................................................