Professional Documents
Culture Documents
dx e x c
x dx ln x c
cos xdx sin x c
sin xdx cos x c
sec xdx tan x c
sec x tan xdx sec x c
cos ec xdx cot x c
cos ecx cot xdx cos ecx c
2
ydx
a
Volume of revolution formed by rotating y about the x axis, where y = f(x) between x=a and
x=b:
b
y 2 dx
a
f ' ( x )e
f ( x)
dx e f ( x ) c
f '( x)
dx ln f ( x ) c
f ( x)
ba
n
Separating variables:
dy
When
f ( x ) g( y )
dx
1
Then
dy f ( x )dx
g( y )
Integrating parametric equations:
When x = f(t), y = (t), the area under the curve:
dx
y dt
dt
y2
t1
dx
dt
dt
Integration By Parts
dv
du
u dx dx uv v dx c
How do you know which is u and
dv
?
dx
Integration by parts is used to integrate a product. One part of the product (u) should be easy to
dv
differentiate (and will usually simplify when differentiated). The other part should be easy to
dx
integrate and should not become too much harder when integrated.
Examples:
Function to be integrated
dv
needs integrating to find v
dx
x sin ax
x cos ax
xn ln x
x ex
x2ex
2
x sinx
x2cosx
x
x
ln x
x
x2
parts will need to be applied
twice this would apply to
other similar examples.
ln x
x
x
sin ax
cos ax
xn
ex
ex
sinx
cosx
lnx
x(2x + 3)4
x sec2xtanx
1
(2x + 3)4
sec2xtanx
sin 2 x 12 (1 cos 2 x)
cos 2 x 12 (1 cos 2 x)
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
tan 2 x 1 sec 2 x
1 cot 2 x cos ec 2 x
First look to see if the question tells you (or gives you a hint) about which method of integration you
should be using!!
First look to see if the integral is easy to work out: Is it one that you should remember (see my sheet)
or is it one in the formula book? Also is the integral easier to work out than it looks e.g.
If you are asked to integrate an algebraic fraction
ax b
of the form
or
(cx d )(ex f )
ax 2 bx c
, you could try writing it in
(dx e) 2 ( fx g )
partial fractions.
(Note: you might be asked in the first part of the
question to express it in partial fractions)
Examples are:
(2 x 1)( x 2) dx
x(4 x)dx
2 xe dx
x cos( x 2)dx
(cos x)e dx
(2 x 5) ln( x 5 x)dx
x2
2sin x
cos 2 x 12 (1 cos 2 x) .
Examples are:
5x 2
dx
x
x
dx put u x 2 1
1
sin x
put u cos x
cos x
2x 1
dx put u x 2 x 1
2
( x x 1) 2
4 x
cos
sin
xdx
xdx
(3x 1)e dx
x cos xdx
2 x ln xdx
2x
cos xdx
sin xdx
5
Example:
2
cos xdx 12 (1 cos 2 x)dx 12 ( x 12 sin 2 x) c
V y 2 dx
Example: The diagram shows the graph of
8 2
2
4
6
2 2
4
6
8
Integration by substitution
Find
Example:
2
5
x( x 3) dx .
1
12
u 6 c 121 ( x 2 3) 6
But t 2 x 1 , so
1
4
t 2x 1
dt
2
dx
dt 2dx
dx 12 dt
y
8
6
4
2
4 xe
2(2 x 1)
1/ 2
x2
2e du 2e
u
4
0
u 0
= 2e 2e 2e 2
4
c.
(2 x 1)3/ 2 12 (2 x 1)1/ 2 c
u x2
du
2x
dx
du 2 xdx
4 xdx 2du
x=0u=0
x=2u=4
Volume = y dx
Find 4 xe .
x2
(2 x 1)
1
6
1
1
cos 7 x cos x c
14
2
Definite integrals using a substitution
=
3/ 2
2
3
4
. The region trapped between the lines
2x 1
u x2 3
du
Subtracting 1 and 2
dx 2 x
du 2 xdx
sin(4x+3x) sin(4x-3x) = 2sin3xcos4x
So, xdx 12 du
So, sin3xcos4x = sin7x sinx
1
1
sin 3 x cos 4 xdx = 2 sin 7 x 2 sin xdx
= 16
= 16
= 16
1
dx
2x 1
4
1
ln(2 x 1)
2
1
1
1
ln 7 ln1 8 ln 7
2
2
4
dx
2 x 1
4
6
3x 2 c
3 6
2
6
3x 2 c
9
5 2 x dx 2 ln(5 2 x)
5
4(3x 2) dx
2 xe dx .
dv
ex :
dx
du
2
dx
dv
ex v ex
dx
u 2x
2 xe dx 2 xe 2e dx 2 xe
x
Example 2: Find
2e x c
x cos xdx .
dv
cos x :
dx
du
ux
1
dx
dv
cos x v sin x
dx
Substitute these into the formula:
x cos xdx x sin x sin xdx x sin x ( cos x) c
x sin x cos x c
Note: Sometimes it is necessary to use the
integration by parts formula twice (e.g. with
2
x sin xdx ).
Example 1: Find
dv
x.
dx
du 1
u ln x
dx 2 x
dv
x
x v
dx
2
1
ln 3 ln 5
2
1
1
5
ln 5 ln 3 ln
2
2 3
take u ln x and
ln
x
x 2 dx 12 x ln x 12 xdx
2
12 x 2 ln x 41 x 2 c
2.5
2
x
c) Area is (2 x)e dx .
1.5
du
1
dx
v e x
u 2 x
dv
1
dx
du 1
u ln x
dx x
dv
1 v x
dx
1
ln xdx x ln x x x dx x ln x 1dx
= x ln x x c
dv
e x
dx
0.5
0.5
1.5
x
x
x
So (2 x)e dx (2 x)( e ) 1 e dx
x
x
= (2 x)(e ) e dx
= (2 x)(e x ) e x
Now that weve integrated, we substitute in our
limits:
2
(2 x)e
0
dx (2 x)e x e x
2
0
0e e 2e e 0
0.135 1 1.135
0