Asia-Pacific Journal of Social Science

Special Issue No.2, December 2011

ISSN 2229-5801(Print) / ISSN 0975-5942 (Electronic)
International Society for Asia-Pacific Studies [ISAPS]

Community Preparedness: An Essential Aspect to Promote

Clean Green Energy in Rural Agro-economic Societies in India:
A Case Study in Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur Districts,
West Bengal, India
Mukunda Mishra and Md. Enarul Hoque
Abstract
Promotion of the energy system from traditional mode to clean technology arena in emerging countries
fecilitates manifold social and economic betterment leading to the acceleration of human development
process. Forest and agricultural biomass as well as crop residue conjugately provide considerable share
in the daily energy source in rural Indian agro-economic societies; but these are used mostly through
conventional methods and requires being updated and sophisticated. The execution of a plan towards
promoting clean energy tools and techniques among these communities necessitate the beforehand
confirmation whether the targeted communities are prepared towards adopting the same. Present
study endeavours to examine the status of community preparedness of rural agricultural communities
towards aforesaid direction.

Introduction
The ideology and parameters of analysing the
efforts of development has been diversified to a
greater extent and moreover the contemporary
social science does not confine itself within the
consideration of the process of development as a
cumulative process of enhancing the physical
quality of life of inhabitants; rather it tries to chalk
out the strategies to promote the capabilities of
the targeted community for ensuring convenient
accessibility to resources, enhancing
technological sophistication towards better
utilization of resources and after all moulding the
technical, structural and behavioural aspect of
communities towards possible best suit with the
targeted development plans of varying degree of
temporal resolutions. In India, the rapid increase
of population as well as the augmented rate of
per-capita energy consumption has been causing
an acute gap between the demand and supply of
energy. Since 1980s and still currently India has
encountered a negative balance between energy

Fig:1 - The history of India's energy balance

(Source: US Energy Information Administration)

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Community Preparedness: An Essential Aspect to Promote Clean Green Energy in

Rural Agro-economic Societies in India: A Case Study in Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur Districts, West Bengal, India

production and over all consumption. The

installed capacity in India as on 31st March, 2004
is 112,058 MW including Thermal, Hydel,
Nuclear and Renewables. However, there is a
supply-demand gap of 8 to 10% and peak load
demand of 18 to 20%. This was accentuated by
non-decentralized nature of power generation
with vast area in the rural segment which are not
connected by the grid for reliable and quality
power (IREDA, 2003). Fig. 1 shows the gap
between production and consumption of power
in India. The conventional mode of power
generation system based on mainly coal and
petroleum has a restricted scope of increasing the
production due to the limit of fossil fuel reserves.
Whereas, the grid extension to incorporate newer
areas under the catchment of power supply,
especially since 2006-07 has been creating the new
demands (Please see Table 1).
Table: 1: No. of villages electrified by the Rural
Electrification Corporation Ltd. (REC)
(A Govt. of India Company) 2001 - 11

Source: 42nd Annual Report of REC, 2010-11

Besides, a point of concern is that, after so much
innovation, improvement and sophistication of
the technology, the fossil fuel utilization system
cannot be made functional as pollution less
system. This is a cause of deep anxiety for
maintaining environmental sustainability which
is one of the aspired 'Millennium Development
Goals'. The overall importance of energy to

sustainable development is reflected in the

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). While
energy was not identified as a separate MDG, it is
intimately tied to the achievement of virtually all
MDGs. Access to sustainable sources of clean,
reliable and affordable energy has a profound
impact on multiple aspects of human
development (UNDP, 2011). Proper utilization of
alternative source of energy is at the core of
attention of both the developed and developing
nations to make a mutual balance between the
continuation of the process of development and
the preservation of environmental quality. The
inhabitants of rural India use the agricultural and
forest biomass and crop residue to a significant
amount to satisfy their need of daily need of
energy at house hold activities. Presently, in India
about 289 million of people (approximately 25 %
of total population) are not having access to
electricity usage and most of them are from rural
sector. More interestingly, about 836 million
people (approximately 72 % of total population)
rely on the traditional use of biomass for cooking
(International Energy Agency, 2011). This
biomass energy is utilized in such a traditional
unsophisticated manner that a considerable
portion of energy is wasted away and a
significant scale of pollution is occurred. This
rural energy system is required to be replaced by
clean green energy production technology. The
successful transformation from this traditional
mode to modern refined mode is the function of
mutual assemblage of dyadic interaction between
the innovated tools & technology and physicobehavioural preparedness of the community
under modification process. Admittedly, all of
the social endeavours do not lend themselves to
easy explanations which seem to be hardly
irrelevant for the context of studying the typical
human decision making process. In the present
study, effort has been made to judge the status of
community preparedness in rural agro-economic
societies in India to allow this technological
metamorphosing for the abode purpose of
human development.

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Mukunda Mishra and Md. Enarul Hoque

Study Area
The present study covers the two districts of Uttar
Dinajpur and Dakshin Dinajpur. Before 1992 the
undivided districts of North Bengal, the West
Dinajpur is now the Uttar Dinajpur and Dakshin
Dinajpur. Raiganj is the District Headquarter of
U/Dinajpur District having the geographical
location of 260 35'15'' N latitude and 870 48'37'' E
longitude. The district covers an area of 3140 km2
and accommodates a total of 3,000,849
populations; out of which 2,638,662 are rural
population. Balurghat is the District Headquarter
of the district of Dakshin Dinajpur and it is

located at 250 10'55'' N latitude and 890 00'30'' E

longitude. The district covers an area of 2219 km2
and accommodates a total of 1,670,931
populations; of which 1,434,856 account for rural
population (Census of India, 2011). The
favourable climatic condition with sufficient
precipitation, fertile alluvial tract and extensively
plain landscape (except some undulated pockets)
facilitates the rural economy to be predominated
by agricultural activities in these districts.
Around 40% of Net District Domestic Product (at
current price) of both the districts is generated
from agriculture (West Bengal State Domestic
Production Report).

Fig: 2: Location of the study area, i.e. Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur Districts within the State of West Bengal

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Community Preparedness: An Essential Aspect to Promote Clean Green Energy in

Rural Agro-economic Societies in India: A Case Study in Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur Districts, West Bengal, India

Objectives of the Study

The specific areas of observation in the present
study are,
To assess the relevance of the effort of
promoting clean energy technologies in
rural India.
To explore the importance of analysing the
community preparedness at the targeted
area.
To examine the status of community
preparedness in rural agricultural societies
towards adopting clean energy
technologies.
To suggest some measures to enhance the
level of community preparedness in rural
India.

Data and Methods

both the two types of data has been utilized in the
present study. The secondary data is mainly used
to explain the generalized Indian scenario in
perspective with different parameters used at the
course of discussion. These data have been
collected from different reports, periodicals,
research articles, Govt. publications, magazines,
censuses and reports of sample surveys. The
primary data is collected through the interview
along with a pre-set questionnaire to explore the
status of community preparedness towards
adapting clean energy resources and related tools
& technologies. This field survey has been
conducted to cover each of the 17 C.D. Blocks in
the districts of Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur. 38
samples has been collected with 10 respondents
within each sample i.e., a total of 380 respondents
( following the criteria that a respondent must be
the principal decision maker of the household
irrespective of gender, age group etc as well as
agriculture is the primary occupation thereof)
have been interviewed ensuring a sufficient
numbers of representatives from each block. The
questionnaire has been of a non-traditional type
as was the interview technique itself. After the
acquaintance, each respondent has been
introduced with the clean energy-tools-

technology, their advantages pros & cons,

estimated cost etc in his/her vernacular. Then
he/ she has been questioned whether he/ she is
interested in availing those energy and related
tools and techniques within a year / after five
years / ten years, i.e. yes or no. After inserting the
answer they have been questioned about some
basic information about household structure,
economy and assets. Retrieving of data from
these questionnaires is a very important phase of
the study; which is discussed later at required
place.

The Study in Detail

Discussion

Findings and

Clean Technology and Community

Preparedness Where the Two meet?: Energy
consumption pattern and sources of energy used
in rural India has been well explored by different
research works and surveys carried out at
different times. These reports show a steady
increase of per capita energy consumption in
rural India as well as the increase of the share of
biomass as the source of energy in residential
usages. The per capita energy consumption by the
inhabitants of rural India has reached up to 4500
MJ during 2004-05 and only biomass itself has
constituted approximately 3750 MJ per capita in
that particular period. The use of fossil fuels,
especially coal has been drastically reducing and
gradually replaced by electricity and LPG (See
fig.2). Shifting trends in the patterns of residential
energy mix has been assessed by examining the
changes in the percentage of population using
different fuels and electricity over time in the
Household Consumer Expenditure Survey,
carried out by NSSO (See Tab. 2). It shows these
changes over the last quarter century for India.
The fact that the columns don't sum to 100%
provides evidence of the fact that most
households use multiple fuels. The percentage of
rural population using biomass like fuel wood
and dung remain unchanged for last three
decades; obviously the number of users of these
fuels has been increasing gradually. There is a

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73

Mukunda Mishra and Md. Enarul Hoque

considerable change in the percentage of rural

population using LPG (0% in 1983 to 12% in 2004-

'5) and electricity (15% in 1983 to 54% in 2004-'5).

Fig: 3 Per capita energy consumption pattern in rural and urban households in India
(Source: Interim Report IR-08-009, International Institute of Applied System Analysis)

Source: Household Consumer Expenditure Surveys, NSSO

Most of this significant amount of fuel wood and

other forest residues as well as agricultural
biomass and crop residues is burnt in traditional
clay furnaces that results into an incomplete
combustion of those fuels leading to the release of
pollutants like carbon monoxide, methane,
nitrogen oxides, benzene, formaldehyde,
benzo(a)pyrene, aromatics and respirable
particulate matters. These pollutants cause
considerable damage to health, especially of
women and children who are exposed to indoor

pollution for long duration (Smith, 1987; Smith,

1993, Patel and Raiyani, 1997). Bio-fuels can also
damage people's health, because they give off
smoke that contains many hazardous chemicals.
Studies of rural areas show that smoke levels
inside dwellings often far exceed safe levels
recommended by the World Health Organization
(The World Bank, 2001). This conventional mode
of bio mass energy resource utilization system
requires to be replaced by modern technooriented green energy production system. The

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Community Preparedness: An Essential Aspect to Promote Clean Green Energy in

Rural Agro-economic Societies in India: A Case Study in Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur Districts, West Bengal, India

production of cleaner bio-mass energy has

already been proved partially successful in India
and the ceaseless effort of engineers and
technicians is continuing to make the production
system further efficient to reduce production cost
for making the energy economical enough and
worthy to be mass-use. The successful
assimilation of a technological innovation or
upgradation is facilitated by their utility on one
hand and the acceptance by the targeted
community on the other hand.
The community preparedness in this aspect may
be described as the ability of a particular
community to accept or be assimilated with the
updatation, upgradation, and transformation of
technological circumstances leading to a varying
degree of modification in socio-cultural and
economic livelihood. As it is obvious, for a plan to
be structurally flexible enough for being befitted
with the demand; then it is also a pre-execution
essential to know the status of community
preparedness with respect to a particular effort of
modification. Neither the tools nor the
technology can be superimposed to a community;
rather, a smart plan targets allowing them
'dissolved'.
Present Status of Community Preparedness
towards Using Clean Energy: The study, as has
targeted to examine the status of preparedness of
the inhabitants of agricultural society for
adopting the clean green energy, the districts of
Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur have been selected
for field survey. Both the districts' rural economy
is predominated by agriculture and allied
activities as indicated by the principal share of
GDP by this sector. For the purpose of examining
the block level variation of spatial extension of
agriculture as well as the participation of people
in it, a scatter diagram has been plotted with the
block wise data of percentage of net sown area to
total area and percentage of population related to
agriculture with total population (See Fig. 4). The
scatter shows that there are insignificant
variations between the blocks of these two

districts in this particular aspect. This analysis

allows collecting the samples randomly from 17
blocks with equal weight of the two districts.

Fig: 4 Scatter Diagram for examining the magnitude

of Block wise variation of spatial extension and peoples'
participation in agriculture

The data collected from the field survey has

revealed that male decision makers of the
households are keener to accept the new
technology concept and to use the clean energy
than that of the females. 124 male respondents out
of the total of 308 (i.e. 40.26%) have expressed
installing the updated technology within one

Fig: 5 Age specific affirmative response to install

clean energy tools & technology within a year

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Mukunda Mishra and Md. Enarul Hoque

year if available. This rate of affirmative response

is very low if the female respondents are
concerned. Only 11 female respondents out of 72
(i.e. 15.27%) answered affirmatively. This pattern
of response may be the consequence of the social
status of the females in rural Indian societies.
There are a very few examples that the mistress of
the households become the decision makers; and
even in spite of being the most aged members of
the family. Some females matching the criteria
who have been interviewed are mostly from tribal
society; and engaged in agriculture as
agricultural labourers. This has restricted the
capability of remitting installation cost of the
clean energy generating technology.

The data also reflects that there is age-specific

variation in eagerness towards accepting
updated technologies. Higher percentages of
affirmative answers have been received from the
lower ranges of age groups. If male respondents
are concerned, there is a cent percent affirmation
by the respondents of the age groups of 20-24 and
25-29 and it goes on reducing towards the higher
ranges gradually. The scenario is more or less
similar for female respondents; one respondent
out of one give affirmative answer in the age
group of 20-24 years and there is also a decreasing
trend with the increasing of age (See Table 3 and
Fig. 5).

Table-3: Age specific affirmative response by male and female respondents towards installing clean energy
tools & technology within a year

Status of educational attainment of an individual

influences his/her level of thinking as well as his
eagerness to utilize the resources scientifically
under the updated technological environment.
Agrarian society in India is characterized by the
low level of education, utilization of traditional

tools and techniques. This may be one of the

toughest challenges to gain focus of this society
towards the use of ultra-modern tools and
techniques for consuming clean energy.

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Community Preparedness: An Essential Aspect to Promote Clean Green Energy in

Rural Agro-economic Societies in India: A Case Study in Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur Districts, West Bengal, India
Table-4: Classification of affirmative responses by Respondents into different Level of educational attainment
Level of
Educational
attainment

No. of
Respondents
within this category

Illiterate
Primary
Secondary/H.S.
Graduation
Higher
Total

41
92
175
63
12
380

No. of
Respondents gives
affirmative answers

Percentage

4
23
52
45
11
135

Table 4 exhibits that most of the sample

respondents, i.e. decision makers possess up to
secondary level of education; besides, Illiteracy
has not been wiped out completely (Also see Fig
6). Only around 10% of illiterate sample
respondents give affirmative response; and, the

9.76
25.00
30.23
71.43
91.67

percentage of affirmative responses has been

limited to 30% for respondents attaining primary
to secondary level of education; whereas 45 out of
63 graduate respondents and 11 out of 12
respondents with higher educational attainment
delivered their opinion affirmatively.

Response

Yes

Illiterate

Primary

Secondary/ H.S.

Graduation

Higher

10
19
28
37
46
55
64
73
82
91
100
109
118
127
136
145
154
163
172
181
190
199
208
217
226
235
244
253
262
271
280
289
298
307
316
325
334
343
352
361
370
379

No

No. of Respondents

Fig: 6 - Relationship between educational attainment and affirmative response to possess clean technology
within one year.

Income is one of the important factors in

motivating the people towards updated
sophisticated technologies. Admittedly, demand
is the function of willingness and purchasing
capability. The sophisticated clean renewable
energy tools and technology requires a high
volume of investment during installation.
Renewables struggle to compete in generation
cost terms at subsidized tariff rates for grid
electrification (Banerjee 2006; Nouni et al. 2007).
However, where full cost of energy delivery is
taken into account for serving rural areas with

grid power, renewables are often cost

competitive. The cost of grid extension increases
the cost of electricity supply by approximately
Rs1/kWh/km.. Banerjee (2006) and Deshmukh
and Bilokar (2006) find that biomass gasification
technologies are the least-cost electrification
option (versus diesel or grid extension) at a
distance from the existing grid- potentially as
little as 3km. Figure 7 depicts the approximate
economic viability curve of non-conventional
electrification options, taking into account the
cost of conventional electricity supply options.

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Mukunda Mishra and Md. Enarul Hoque

Where technologies lie

below this curve, they
are capable of delivering
cheaper electricity (in
cost Rs/kWh terms)
than conventional rural
electrification options
(grid extension or diesel
generators) (Cust, Singh
and Neuhoff, 2007).
The data obtained from
the field survey reveals
that the respondents
from the higher per
capita household
income shows more
Fig: 7 - Cost comparison of renewable and conventional electrification
interest towards clean
technologies (Source: Cust, Singh and Neuhoff, 2007
energy. Comparatively
higher installation cost
as well as production cost than that of the grid
not more than 25%) received from the
electrification (where available) causes least
respondents with annual per capita household
interest on clean technology for lower incoming
income below Rs. 100000 are from the areas of no
households; where no affirmative answer was
grid connection availability; whereas the
found from the respondents with annual per
affirmation rate increases away with the
capita household income below Rs. 20000. Most
augmentation of per capita annual household
of the few affirmative answers (affirmation rate
income (See Table: 5).

Fig: 8 Income distribution

of the respondents

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Community Preparedness: An Essential Aspect to Promote Clean Green Energy in

Rural Agro-economic Societies in India: A Case Study in Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur Districts, West Bengal, India
Table-5: Interests towards clean energy is a function of Income of the household
Per capita
annual income
range of the
household of
the respondent

No of
respondents
belong to
this
category

No of
respondents
responded
affirmatively

Percentage
of
affirmation

< 10000

21

0.00

10000 - 19999

32

0.00

20000 - 29999

39

11

28.21

30000 - 39999

47

11

23.40

40000 -49999

64

16

25.00

50000 - 99999

57

13

22.81

100000 - 149000

41

20

48.78

150000 - 199999

27

22

81.48

200000 - 299999

21

14

66.67

300000 - 399999

18

16

88.89

400000 - 499999

100.00

500000 & more

83.33

380

135

Total

All the above analyses have been done on the

basis of the rate of affirmative answer received
from the respondents with some specified socioeconomic criteria; which may have explored how
those factors do influence the decision making
process of the inhabitant of the rural agrarian
India towards assimilating the innovative
technology. The social system is dynamic in
nature. A small portion of population accepts the
innovative ideas initially; and their successful
utilization encourages the ideas to be diffused
away to their neighbours. In the early stages in the
diffusion of ideas there may be a certain
resistance involved with it; which leads to a rather
slow start to their spread. But the successful usage
of those ideas lead to accelerate the diffusion
process as majority would follow them. At the
initial stages of adopting new technology to the
society may put forth a time-lag which is not an
unexpected event (Knowles and Wareing, 2004).
The study reveals a bright future prospect in this

direction. The rate of affirmation towards clean

energy increased when the respondents have
given a wider time limit (i.e. 5 or 10 years instead
of 1 year). Purchasing capability is undoubtedly a
strong controlling factor in this particular aspect
but the psychological matters i.e. the willingness
of the inhabitants cannot be ignored. All the 38
samples containing 10 respondents each has been
classified into different levels of affirmation rate
(i.e. how many affirmative answers received out
of 10). The distribution is fitted with the binomial
distribution for getting generalized theoretical
distribution (See Appendix Table A1 to A3 and
Fig. 8).

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Mukunda Mishra and Md. Enarul Hoque

8 (A)

8 (B)

Fig: 8: Time-lag graph towards adopting clean energy technology. (A) With observed frequency;
(B) With Theoretical Frequencies using Binomial Distribution

The above figures clearly indicate the behavioural

pattern of the rural Indian societies towards
accepting new technology ideas. When the
respondents are questioned about their decision
to accept the same within one year time limit, then
the rate of affirmative answer becomes 35.5%
only (135 affirmations out of 380 respondents). As
the time limit has been increased to 5 years and 10
years, then the rate of affirmation increases to
44.2% (i.e. 167 affirmations out of 380
respondents) and 57.1% (i.e. 217 affirmations out
of 380 respondents) accordingly. This increment
of 22% (i.e. 35% to 57%) is truly prospective
favouring the acceptability of the innovative
ideas. The present figure of possible increment is
indicative only; and there is fair possibility for the
rate of actual increment in future to be faster than
that of the observed rate at present if the
incorporation of new tools and techniques
succeed to bring real benefit to the early adopters.
Early success stories are the key of mass
popularization of the same at forthcoming
periods.
Conclusion
Agriculture is the principal source of occupation
in India and around three fourth of the
population is related to it. The effort of

development to the mass essentially directs the

target towards the agro-economic societies; the
development of which areas should ensure the
development of the greater portion of the
population. Modification of the present energy
utilisation system towards a modern scientific
direction is undoubtedly essential for these
targeted communities. The level of education in
these areas is required to be upgraded. Though
the mass literacy plans and programmes have
improved the scenario of rural literacy in India,
but this is not beyond doubt that how far this
basic level of educational attainment be helpful in
the manifestation of human mind to generate
positive response towards accepting innovative
ideas. The rate of attaining higher education is
required to be enhanced. Besides, the advantages
of utilizing clean technology and related matters
to be included into the curriculum so that an
updated knowledge back up regarding this
particular aspect is readily available to the
individuals; which do influence the decision
making process. As the high installation cost is
one of the tough constraint,s then the researches
on this technological aspects to be promoted with
the institutional patronage for making the
technology purchasable to a wider part of
population. Awareness among the rural

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Community Preparedness: An Essential Aspect to Promote Clean Green Energy in

Rural Agro-economic Societies in India: A Case Study in Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur Districts, West Bengal, India

population regarding the environment quality

sustenance, indoor pollution as well as personal
health and hygiene etc are of considerably overcasual pattern. Arrangement of campaigning
programmes and workshops with the enterprise
of local government and different NGOs may be
effective in this regard. The uplifted level of
consciousness among the inhabitants of these
targeted areas does annex extra dimension at the

perceptual receptors of human minds to enable

rational decision making at the situation when the
choice is to be made not considering the presently
prevailing circumstances, rather it is to be done
based on the projected future. The targeted
community is to be prepared first to ensure the
high level of participation of those peoples for
whom a particular action plan has been chalked
out.

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Community Preparedness: An Essential Aspect to Promote Clean Green Energy in

Rural Agro-economic Societies in India: A Case Study in Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur Districts, West Bengal, India
Appendix: 1
Generalized distribution of trend of affirmation when the option of time limit is given for one year

Appendix-2
Generalized distribution of trend of affirmation when the option of time limit is given for five years

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Mukunda Mishra and Md. Enarul Hoque

Appendix-3
Generalized distribution of trend of affirmation when the option of time limit is given for ten years

Mukunda Mishra
Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Dr. Meghnad Saha College, W.B., India
Md. Enarul Hoque
Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Dr. Meghnad Saha College, W.B., India
Corresponding author: mukundamishra01@gmail.com

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