Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Respiratory Disorders
Hypoventilation
Hyperventilation
Hemoptysis
Cyanosis
Coughing up blood
Usually BRB, alkaline pH, mixed with frothy
sputum
Indicates a localized abnormality; infection or
inflammation
Cyanosis
A. decreased blood Ph
B. pulmonary left-to-right shunts
C. cardiac left-to-right shunts
D. cold environments
Clubbing
Causes of Hypoxemia
Hypoventilation
ARDS
Pulmonary embolism
Pneumonia
Pulmonary edema/CHF
Interstitial pneumonitis/fibrosis
Mechanical obstruction
Hypovolemic shock
Abnormal hemoglobin
Low atmospheric oxygen content
High altitude
Smoke inhalation
CO poisoning
Reflection of inadequate
oxygenation
Worsens with time
Tachypnea
ABG with PaO2 < 60
mmHg
Tachycardia, HTN
Confusion, delirium
Speaking in short,
staccato sentences
Increased work of
breathing and use of
accessory muscles
Decreased LOC
Pallor
Cyanosis
Anxiety
Fear
Interventions
Administer oxygen!
Monitor VS, cardiac and respiratory status
for changes
Diagnostic studies:
Causes of Hypercapnia
ARDS
Pulmonary embolism
Pneumothorax
COPD
Asthma
Neuromuscular
Chemical depression
Morbid obesity
Kyphoscoliosis
Pulmonary edema
Antibiotics if indicated
Headache
Drowsiness, confusion, decreased LOC
Blurred vision
Seizures
Flushing of skin
Hypotension and bradycardia if severely acidotic
CVA, meningitis
Opioids, sedatives
Interventions
Ventilate patient!
Monitor VS, cardiac and respiratory status
for changes
Diagnostic studies:
Pulmonary Embolism
Particulate matter
Risk Factors:
History of thromboembolic
disease
Prolonged anesthesia or
surgery
Surgery to the lower
extremities or hip
Immobilization
Estrogen therapy
Major trauma
Treatment
Medical Management
Anticoagulation
Surgery
Thoracic injuries
Fractures
Flail chest
Pneumothorax
Tension pneumothorax
Flail Chest
Flail Chest
Flail Chest
Cyanosis
Hypercapnia, hypoxemia
Pain with inspiration
Paradoxical movement of the flail segment
Nursing interventions
Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Pneumothorax
Asymmetrical lung
expansion
Chest pain, crepitus
Decreased, absent breath
sounds
Mediastinal shift
Tension Pneumothorax
Nursing Interventions
Oxygen
Coughing and deep
breathing
Emergency situation
Tension Pneumothorax
Treatment
Asthma
Lower chest
Pulmonary Disorders:
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Asthma
Asthma
Asthma diagnosis/treatment
CXR
Bronchodilators
Steroids
Treatment for exacerbations
Chronic Bronchitis
Spirometry
Arterial Blood Gases
Removal from the offending stimulus
Inflamed corticosteroids
Brochodilators
Bronchospasm inhibitors
Increased bronchial
mucus production, goblet
cell hyperplasia
Increased sputum
production, cilia damage
Epithelial metaplasia
Results:
Bronchial edema,
Bronchospasms,
Impaired clearance and
ventilation, small airway
blockage
Decreased airflow,
secondary infections
10
Emphysema
Impaired ventilation
Impaired perfusion
Emphysema
11
Administer Oxygen
Encourage activity
Adequate liquid intake
Teach signs of pneumonia
Influenza vaccines
Oxygen-Carbon
Dioxide balance
cannot be
maintained
Unknown
Etiology
Etiology:
Shock
Trauma
Serious nervous system
injury
Pancreatitis
Fat & amniotic fluid
emboli
Pulmonary infections
Sepsis
12
ARDS
ARDS Pathophysiology
Geriatric Considerations
Skeletal changes
Increase in AP diameter:
Decreased:
13
Increased AP diameter
Kyphosis
14