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E1 E 2 ) =P ( E1 ) + P ( E2 ) - P (
E 1 E2
).
E1 ,
P(
E1 E 2 ) = P ( E1 ) +[ E2 ( E1 E 2 ) ]
P(
E1 E 2 ) = P ( E1 ) + P ( E2 )P ( E1 E2 ) .
1
7
P(C) =
space S,
Then P (
P (B) = 2P(C)
E1 E 2 ) =
=2[
P ( E1 ) + P ( E2 )P ( E1 E2 ) .
P (B) =
Proof:
Case 1:
Suppose that
E1 E2 ) =
(
P(
E1
E2
P (A) = 4P(C)
=4[
P (A) =
=P(
E1 ) + P ( E2 )-0
=P(
E1 ) + P ( E2 ) - P (
P (A) =
E1 E2 ).
( E1 E2 )
E1 E 2 ) =P [ E1 ( E2E 1) ]
=P(
1
7 ]
4
7
4
7 ,
P (B) =
4
7 ,
P (C) =
4
7
Case 2:
Suppose that
P(
2
7
E1 E 2 ) =P ( E1 ) + P ( E2 ) by
axioms of union
1
7 ]
E1 ) + P ( E2E 1
=
(
E2E 1 =[ E2( E1 E 2 ) ]
4
7
3
.
7
o . 3 , P ( B )=0 . 4 , P ( c )=0 .8 ,
Probability
P ( A B ) =0 .08 , P (A C ) = 0 . 28 ,
P( A BC )=0 . 09 , and P (A B
C) 0 .75 . S.T
P (B C ) lies in the interval [0.23,
0.48].
o .3 , P ( B )=0.4, P ( c )=0.8,
Sol: P (A) =
P ( A B ) =0.08 ,
P (A
C ) = 0.28,
P( A BC )=0.09 ,
and P (A
B C) 0.75 .
2
3
We know that
P( A B C)=P(A )+ P ( B ) + P ( c )P ( A B )P(B C)
P( A C)+ P( A B C)
P ( A B C )+ P ( A B C ) +
P ( s )=P( A B C)0
P( A BC )
=
0.75
1.23P ( BC ) 1
1.231.23P ( B C ) 11.23
P ( B C ) 0.23
0.48
P ( B C ) 0.23
P( A BC )
0.75 1.23
-0.48
4
3
5 , P (B) = 4 , P (C) =
4 3
2 4
3 2
. . 1 + . 1 .
5 4
3 5
4 3
( ) ( )
4 3 2 4 3 2
+( 1 ). . + . .
5 4 3 5 4 3
4 3 1 4 1 2 1 3 2 4 3 2
. .
+ .
. +
. . + . .
5 4 3 5 4 3 5 4 3 5 4 3
12 8 6 24
50
+ + +
=5/6.
=
60 60 60 60
60
() () ()
1 2 3
, ,
2 3 4
1
1
A ) = 1- P (A) =
P
(
2
2
Probability
2
P (B) = 3
3
P (C) = 4
1
P ( B ) = 1- P (B) = 3
P(
C ) =1- P (C) =
1
P ( A B C )= ,
4
1
4
P ( A B C )+ P ( A B C )
1
P ( A B C )= , P( A B C) =1/4 then
8
find
P (A)
+ P( A B C)
= P (A) P ( B ) P ( C ) + P ( A ) P (B) P (
C )
+ P ( A ) P ( B ) P (C)
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3
. . + . . + . .
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4
P (B)
P (C).
1
1
P ( A B C )= P ( A ) P ( B ) P ( C )=
4
4
1
P ( A B C )=
8
1
8
1
P ( A ) P ( B ) P (C ) 4
=
P ( A ) P ( B ) P (C ) 1
4
1+2+3
=
24
6
24
1
.
4
P( A)
=1
1P( A)
P ( A )=1P ( A )
2 P ( A )=1
ii) Probability that at least one of them hits
the target
= 1 Probability that none of them hits the
target.
=1- P (A '
B '
1 1 1
. .
2 3 4
=1-
1 23
= .
24 24
P ( A ) P ( B ) P ( C )=
1
P( A B C) =1/4 P ( A ) P ( B ) P ( C )=
4
1 2 3
= 24 + 24 + 24
C)
1
1
P ( A ) = P ( A ' )=
2
2
1
P ( A ) P ( B ) P (C ) 4
=
P ( A ) P ( B ) P (C ) 1
8
P(B)
1
= .
1P(B) 2
2 P ( B )=1P ( B )
P ( A )=1P( A)
Probability
3 P ( B ) =1
1
P ( B )= .
3
P ( B )=
1 2
1
. . P (C)=
2 3
4
1
4
B
4
)
=
E2
7
P(
1 3
P ( C )= .
4 1
3
P (C )=1P ( C ) =14
P (A) =
2
3
P ( A ) P ( B ) P ( C )=
From ,
B
3
)
=
E1
7
P(
3
4
1
4
B
E1 ). P (
E
E 1 ) + P ( 2 ). P (
B
E2 )
1
1
1
,
P
(B)
=
,
P
(C)
=
2
3
4
1 3 2 4
. + .
3 7 3 7
3+ 8
21
11
.
21
given by A. it is denoted by P(
P(
B
A )
n( A B) P( A B)
B
=
)
=
A
n(A )
P(A )
Let E1 ,
P(
E2
2 1
E1 ) = =
6 3
4 2
) = 6=3
P(
event with
P (A)
0, then
A
(
)
E
E
=
( A ) P(E ) P A
(E )
P (Ek )P
i=1
E1 , E2 , E 3 ..
En are
, E1 E 2 E3 ..
En =S
n
Ei=S
i=1
En are mutually
E1 , E2 , E 3 ..
Sol: if
Probability
Sol: given
A= A E i
i=1
A=
Ei
i=1
Bo
x
I
II
III
whi
te
1
2
4
Let
tot
al
6
4
12
3
1
3
1
B 1 ) = P ( B 2 ) =P ( B 3 ) =
3
( Ei A)
P(
i=1
P ( Ei ) P
i=1
( EA )
..
for k=1, 2, 3.
And also by using conditional
Probability: P
R
R
= 3 =1 , P (
= 1 ,P(
B1
B2
6 2
4
R
3 1
= .
B3 = 12 4
P(A) =
red
P ( A ) =P
bla
ck
2
1
5
Ek P( E k A)
=
.
A
P(A)
( )
And w. k. t
A
P ( Ek A =P ( E k ) P E
k
( )
B2
=
R
1 1
1
1
.
3 4
4
4 1
=
= =
= 1 1 1 1
2+ 1+ 1 4 4
+ +
4
4
3 2 4 4
From
R
B2
( )
R
R
R
P(B )P
+P(B )P
+P (B ) P
(B )
(B )
(B )
P(B2 )P
A
(
E )
E
=
( A ) P( E ) P A
(E )
P(
P (Ek )P
for
i=1
i=1, 2, 3
SAQ
10.If two numbers are selected randomly
from 20 consecutive natural numbers,
find the probability that the sum of the
two numbers is (i) an even number (ii)
an add number.
Sol: out of 20 consecutive natural numbers
we select 2 numbers in
20C =
2
20C ways
20 19
= 190
2 1
Probability
n ( s )=190
In 20 consecutive natural numbers; 10 are
even numbers and 10 are odd numbers
We know that
even +even =even (or ) odd + odd
=even
10C +10C =
2
10 9 10 9
+
=45+ 45=90
2 1 2 1
p+q p+q p+
p
=
=
1q2
n (A)=90
required probability P ( A )=
p+qqp+ qqqqp+
1
6
1
62
6
=
.
=
2
2
2
6 6 5 11
5
1( )
6
n( A) 90
9
=
= .
(
)
190
19
ns
G.P series
a=p and r=
q2
S =
9 10
=1- 19 = 19
75 3
1
Given that P ( A ) = 100 = 4 P ( A ) = 4 .
P( B )=
80 4
1
= P ( B )= .
100 5
5
P (A) =1-P (
A )
B P ( A B )
a
p
=
1r 1q 2
(ii) The probability of B will win the game
is=1-P (A) =1-
6
5
= .
11 11
P ( B ) + P ( C ) P ( A B ) P (B C ) -
P (A C ) +
Sol: P (A
P( A BC )
B C =P[ A ( B C ) ]
A
P ( A ) P ( B )+ P ) P (B)
By Additional theorem
3 1 1 4 7
. + . =
4 5 4 5 20
(B) P (A B
1
6
q be the event of not getting 3 on a die=
1 5
1 =
6 6
A, B be the events that A, B will win the
game respectively.
P (A B = P (A) + P
=P (A) + P (B
C P [ A ( B C ) ]
P [ ( A B ) ( A C ) ]
=P (A) + P (B) + P (C) P (B
- P (A BP ( A C ) + P( A B A C)
Probability
P (A B C =P (A) + P (B) + P (C)
P (B
- P (A
BP ( A C ) + P ( A B C ) .
1
1 2
P ( E )=1P ( E )=1 =
3
3 3
(i)
As
P ( A B ) =P ( A ) P
(ii)
2 2 2 8
. . =
3 3 3 27
( BA )
As
)
( BA )= P P(( A B
A)
)
( AB )= P (P(A B
B)
P ( A B ) =P
( BA ) P ( B )
From
P ( A B)= P ( A ) P
8 19
=1- 27 = 27 .
( BA ) P ( BA ) P ( B )
B)
B
ii) P (A B) iii) P ( A ) iv) P (A
compute I)P(A
B).
Sol: given that A, B are independent events
15.State and prove multiplication theorem.
Sol:
Statement: if
then
( BA ) P ( BA ) P ( B )
P(A
B)=
P( A B)=P( A) P( B)
ii.
P (A B = P (A) + P (B) P (A
Probability
0.6+0.70.42=1.3042=0.88
iii.
B
( )
P
P ( A B )
B
P
=
=
A
P( A)
x + y=
6 y=56 x
P( A B )= P ( A B
P ( A B ) =P ( A ) . P ( B ) =
Let P (A) =
1
6
xP ( B ) = y
1
then xy= 6 xy=1 .
6
1
1
given P ( A B ) = P( A B)=
3
3
1P ( A B )=
1
3
1
1 =P ( A B )
3
2
=P ( A B )
3
2
=P ( A )+ P ( B ) P ( A B )
3
2
1
=x+ y
3
6
x ( 56 x )=1
From
1P ( A B ) =10.88=0.12
then
5
6
6 x +6 y=5
( )
iv.
2 1
x + y= +
3 6
5 x6 x 2=1
2
6 x 5 x1=0
6 x 23 x2 x1=0
3 x ( 2 x1 )1(2 x1)=0
(3 x1) ( 2 x1 ) =0
1 1
1 1
x= P ( A )=
2 3
2 3