Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Review
INFLECTION IN ALBANIAN
Join up into groups of 2-3 (move if you have to!), look
over the data, discuss, and answer the questions
INFLECTION IN ALBANIAN
student i mir
a good male student
student- student
studenti i mir
the good male student
mirgood
student t mir
good male students
studentt e mir
the good male students
studente e mir
a good female student
studentja e mir
the good female student
studente t mira
good female students
studentet e mira
the good female students
*the particles of concord i, t and e have no concrete meaning.
Based on the given data, what inflectional dimensions does Albanian have?
What values do the particles of concord i, t and e express? What values do the
adjectives mir and mira express?
Others:
Case (nominative, accusative, genitive, etc.)
Definiteness
Tense (present, past, future, etc.)
Aspect (perfective, imperfective, habitual, etc.)
Mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, etc.)
Polarity (negative or positive verbs)
INFLECTION IN ALBANIAN
The issue: In Albanian, the forms do not seem to make a full set
of oppositions.
For the particles of concord, gender is obviously marked in the singular,
but not in the plural.
There is contrastive marking for definiteness in the plural, but not in the
singular.
So what features are expressed?
morphology?
Inherent inflection
sing/sang (past tense)
agreement.
Government: a constituent imposes requirements on a
related constituent.
Manu-s
manu-m
hand-NOM.SG
hand-ACC.SG
One hand washes the other
lava-t
wash-3SG
subject and object; the verb itself does not have any case
marking.
Agreement: the constituents involved in agreement are all
marked for the relevant inflectional properties: (e.g. singular
number) der
Vater
putz-t
the.MASC.SG.NOM father(M).SG.NOM brush-PRES.3SG
Form
*kuh
*ki
*maa
*mu-pi
Gloss
fire
bite
hand
nose
*paa
*pih
*sp
water
back
cold
*suuna
*tannah
heart
foot
WHAT IS WORD?
Lexeme: word in an ABSTRACT sense
Q. Is [lv] a lexeme?
A. Yes B. No
WHAT IS WORD?
Lexeme: word in an ABSTRACT sense
word-form
o sequence of sounds that express
lexeme + grammatical meanings
LIVE
lives
live
lived
living
WHAT IS WORD?
word-family (lexeme family)
o a set of related lexemes
READ
read
READABLE
READER
REREAD
readers
reads
reading
Q. Which one is
illustrating word-family?
A or B
MORPHOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS
morphological
relationships
word formation
compounding
derivation
inflection
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Morpheme
word
morpheme
root
base/stem
affix
Bound morpheme
Q. How many morphemes are there in
unfriendliness?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
root
word
morpheme
base
root
base/stem
readability
Q. readable is the ROOT of readability
A. yes B. no
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
word
morpheme
prefix
root
base/stem
affix
infix
suffix
circumfix
ALLOMORPHY
Two roots or affixes are allomorphs of the same morpheme if they
KOREAN
John-i
Tom-ul
John-NOM
Mary-ACC
John met Tom.
*John-i-ul, *John-ul-i
manna-ss-e.
meet-pst-DECL
Q. -i and -ul in Korean
are allomorphs.
A. true B. false
ALLOMORPHS
KOREAN
ton
money
ton-ul
money-ACC
tali
leg
tali-lul
leg-ACC
chayk
book
chayk-ul
book-ACC
sakwa
apple
sakwa-lul
apple-ACC
ALLOMORPHY
Alternation Type
Conditioning Factor
Phonological
allomorphy
Suppletive
allomorphy
Phonological
conditioning
Lexical and morphological
conditioning
Q.
phonological allomorphy?
ALLOMORPHY
WESTERN ARMENIAN
da
boy
da-n
the boy
gadu
cat
gadu-n
the boy
kirk
book
kirk-
the book
madid
pencil
madid-
the pencil
Alternation Type
Phonological
allomorphy
Suppletive
allomorphy
Phonological
conditioning
Conditioning Factor
o Derivation
- creation of one lexeme from another
- generally results in a change in lexical meaning or lexical
category
o Compounding
- formation of a complex lexeme that is made up of more than
one lexeme stem
ANNOUNCEMENT!!
From next Monday (April 20th), please come to
CSB 001
(right next door)