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Modelos hidrolgicos

semi-distribuidos
(SOCONT, SAC-SMA, HBV, GR4J)
Javier GARCA HERNNDEZ
Alain FOEHN

SEMINARIO DE FORMACIN EN MODELIZACION


HIDROLOGICA E HIDRAULICA CON RS MINERVE

Lima, 6 de mayo de 2014

1. Introduccin

1. Introduccin

Modelo hidrolgico semi-distribuido


El modelo semi-distribuido divide la cuenca en diferentes subcuencas.
A continuacin, el caudal fluvial de cada una de estas subcuencas se calcula a partir de los flujos totales (infiltracin,
escorrenta,) obtenidos por medio de los modelos
hidrolgicos u otros mtodos.
Finalmente, estos volmenes de escorrenta se propagan ro
abajo para obtener un clculo estimado del caudal en la salida
de la cuenca ms amplia.

2. Modelos hidrolgicos

2. Modelos hidrolgicos

SWMM: Storm Water Management Model


Caudal de escorrenta

3 parmetros
1 parmetro de calibracin
1 variable de estado
5

2. Modelos hidrolgicos

SWMM: Storm Water Management Model

Object

SWMM

Name

Units

Description

A
L
J0
K

m2
m
1/3
m /s

HIni

Surface of runoff
Length of the plane
Runoff slope
Strickler coefficient
Initial water level downstream of the
surface

Regular
Range
>0
>0
>0
0.1 to 90
-

2. Modelos hidrolgicos

SOCONT: Soil Contribution


Caudal de escorrenta
Caudal de base (infiltracin)

12 parmetros
4-9 parmetros de calibracin
4 variables de estado
7

2. Modelos hidrolgicos

SOCONT: Soil Contribution


Object

SOCONT

Name

Units

Description

A
An
ThetaCri
bp

m2
mm/C/day
s/m

Tcp1

Tcp2

Tcf
HGR3Max

C
m

KGR3

1/s

L
J0
Kr
HsnowIni
HGR3Ini

m
-

Length of the plane

m1/3/s

Strickler coefficient

m
m

Initial snow height

HrIni

ThetaIni

Surface of infiltration
Degree-day snowmelt coefficient
Critical relative water content of the snow pack
Melt coefficient due to liquid precipitation
Minimum critical temperature for liquid
precipitation
Maximum critical temperature for solid
precipitation
Critical snowmelt temperature
Maximum height of infiltration reservoir
Release coefficient of infiltration reservoir

Runoff slope

Initial level in infiltration reservoir


Initial runoff water level downstream of the
surface
Initial relative water content in the snow pack

Regular
Range
>0
0.5 to 20
0.1
0.0125
0
4
0
0 to 2
0.00025 to
0.1
>0
>0
0.1 to 90
-

2. Modelos hidrolgicos

GR4J: Gnie Rural 4


paramtres Journalier
Caudal total

5 parmetros
4 parmetros de calibracin
2 variables de estado

Posibilidad de asociar un modelo de nieve:


+ 5 parmetros
+ 2 variables de estado
9

2. Modelos hidrolgicos

GR4J: Gnie Rural 4


paramtres Journalier

Object Name Units Description


Regular Range
2
A
m
Surface of the basin
>0
X1
m Capacity of production store
0.1 to 1.2
X2
m Water exchange coefficient
-0.005 to 0.003
X3
m Capacity of routing store
0.02 to 0.3
GR4J
X4
d
UH time base
1.1 to 2.9
SIni
m Initial water content in the production reservoir
RIni
m Initial water level in the routing reservoir
-

10

2. Modelos hidrolgicos

HBV: Hydrologiska Byrns Vattenbalansavdelning


Caudal de escorrenta
Caudal del reservorio superior
Caudal del reservorio inferior

Caudal de
infiltracin

15 parmetros
10-14 parmetros de calibracin
5 variables de estado
11

2. Modelos hidrolgicos

HBV: Hydrologiska Byrns Vattenbalansavdelning


Object

HBV

Name
A
CFMax
CFR
CWH
TT
TTInt
TTSM
Beta
FC
PWP
SUMax
Kr
Ku
Kl
Kperc
HsnowIni
WHIni
HIni
SUIni
SLIni

Units
Description
Regular Range
Surface of the basin
m2
>0
mm/C/day Melting factor
0.5 to 20
Refreezing
factor
0.05
Critical relative water content of the snow pack
0.1
Threshold temperature of rain/snow
C
0 to 3
Temperature interval for rain/snow mixing
C
0 to 3
Threshold
temperature
for
snow
melt
C
0
Model parameter (shape coefficient)
1 to 5
Maximum soil storage capacity
m
0.050 to 0.65
Soil permanent wilting point
m
0.030 to 0.65
Upper
reservoir
water
level
threshold
m
0 to 0.10
Near surface flow storage coefficient
0.05 to 0.5
1/d
Interflow storage coefficient
1/d
0.01 to 0.4
Baseflow
storage
coefficient
1/d
0 to 0.15
Percolation storage coefficient
1/d
0 to 2
Initial snow height
m
Initial relative water content in the snow pack
Initial
humidity
m
Initial upper reservoir water level
m
Initial lower reservoir water level
m
-

2. Modelos hidrolgicos

SAC-SMA: Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting


P (Precipitation)

ETR

Caudal de superficie:
Caudal de
escorrenta
Interflujo
Caudal de infiltracin
Caudal de base
primario
Caudal de base
suplementario

Pervious
Area

Direct
Runoff

Add. Impervious AdimC Impervious


Area Pctim
Area Adimp

Riva
Tension
Water

Surface
Runoff

UzfwMax
UzfwC

UztwMax

Free
UztwC Water

Uzk

QSurf
Interflow

Upper Zone
Lower Zone

Qtot
(Total
Runoff)

Percolation ZPERC, REXP


1-PFREE

PFREE

LzfsMax
LztwMax
LzfpMax
Supplementary Lzsk
Tension
LzfpC
Free
Primary
LzfsC
Water LztwC
Water
Free
Water

Supplemental
Baseflow
QGrnd

Rserv
Lzpk

Primary
Baseflow
Side
QSubSurf
(Subsurface Discharge)

13

2. Modelos hidrolgicos

SAC-SMA: Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting


P (Precipitation)

ETR

Pervious
Area

Direct
Runoff

Add. Impervious AdimC Impervious


Area Pctim
Area Adimp

Riva

17 parmetros
16 parmetros de
calibracin

Tension
Water

Posibilidad de asociar
un modelo de nieve:
+ 5 parmetros

Free
UztwC Water

Uzk

QSurf
Interflow

Upper Zone
Lower Zone

6 variables de estado

Surface
Runoff

UzfwMax
UzfwC

UztwMax

Qtot
(Total
Runoff)

Percolation ZPERC, REXP


1-PFREE

PFREE

LzfsMax
LztwMax
LzfpMax
Supplementary Lzsk
Tension
LzfpC
Free
Primary
LzfsC
Water LztwC
Water
Free
Water

Supplemental
Baseflow
QGrnd

Rserv
Lzpk

Primary
Baseflow
Side

+ 2 variables de estado

QSubSurf
(Subsurface Discharge)

14

2. Modelos hidrolgicos

SAC-SMA: Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting


Object

SACSMA

Name

Units Description

m2

Adimp

Pctim
Riva
UztwMax
UzfwMax
Uzk
Zperc
Rexp
Pfree
LztwMax
LzfpMax
LzfsMax
Rserv
Lzpk
Lzsk
Side
AdimIni
UztwIni
UzfwIni
LztwIni
LzfpIni
LzfsIni

m
m
1/d
m
m
m
1/d
1/d
m
m
m
m
m
m

Surface of the basin


Maximum fraction of an additional impervious area due to saturation
Permanent impervious area fraction
Riparian vegetarian area fraction
Upper zone tension water capacity
Upper zone free water capacity
Interflow depletion rate from the upper zone free water storage
Ratio of maximum and minimum percolation rates
Shape parameter of the percolation curve
Percolation fraction that goes directly to the lower zone free water storages
The lower zone tension water capacity
The lower zone primary free water capacity
The lower zone supplemental free water capacity
Fraction of lower zone free water not transferable to lower zone
Depletion rate of the lower zone primary free water storage
Depletion rate of the lower zone supplemental free water storage
Ratio of deep percolation from lower zone free water storages
Initial tension water content of the Adimp area
Initial upper zone tension water content
Initial upper zone free water content
Initial lower zone tension water content
Initial lower zone free supplemental content
Initial lower zone free primary content

Regular Range
>0
0 to 0.2
0 to 0.05
0 to 0.2
0.01 to 0.15
0.005 to 0.10
0.10 to 0.75
10 to 350
1 to 4
0 to0.6
0.05 to 0.40
0.03 to 0.80
0.01 to 0.40
0 to 1
0.001 to 0.03
0.02 to 0.3
0 to 0.5
15

2. Modelos hidrolgicos

GSM: Glacier Snow Melting


Caudal de fusin de nieve
Caudal de fusin glaciar

11 parmetros
4-10 parmetros de calibracin
4 variables de estado
16

2. Modelos hidrolgicos

GSM: Glacier Snow Melting


Object

GSM

Name

Units

A
An

m2
mm/C/day

Description

ThetaCri

bp
Agl
Kgl
Ksn

s/m
mm/C/day
1/d
1/d

Tcp1

Tcp2

Tcf

Release coefficient of snowmelt reservoir


Minimum critical temperature for liquid
precipitation
Maximum critical temperature for solid
precipitation
Critical snowmelt temperature

Tcg

Critical glacier melt temperature

HsnowIni
QsnowIni
QglacierIni

m
m3/s
m3/s

ThetaIni

Surface of infiltration
Degree-day snowmelt coefficient
Critical relative water content of the snow
pack
Melt coefficient due to liquid precipitation
Degree-day icemelt coefficient
Release coefficient of icemelt reservoir

Regular Range

>0
0.5 to 20
0.1
0.0125
0.5 to 20
0.1 to 5
0.1 to 5
0
6
0
0
-

Initial snow height


Initial outflow of linear snow reservoir
Initial outflow of linear glacier reservoir
Initial relative water content in the snow
pack

3. Divisin de sub-cuencas en bandas de altura

18

3. Divisin de sub-cuencas en bandas de altura

Concepto
Desarrollo de un modelo por sub-cuencas

19

3. Divisin de sub-cuencas en bandas de altura

Concepto
Desarrollo de un modelo por sub-cuencas, divididas en bandas
de altura

20

3. Divisin de sub-cuencas en bandas de altura

Metodologa
Definimos una cuenca de estudio

21

3. Divisin de sub-cuencas en bandas de altura

Metodologa
Dividimos la cuenca en sub-cuencas

22

3. Divisin de sub-cuencas en bandas de altura

Metodologa
Nos centramos en nuestra cuenca de estudio

23

3. Divisin de sub-cuencas en bandas de altura

Metodologa
Dividimos cada sub-cuenca en bandas de altura

24

3. Divisin de sub-cuencas en bandas de altura

Metodologa
Encontramos el centro de gravedad (X, Y, Z) de cada banda
de altura y calculamos las caractersticas de los ros
GSM-Glacier
SOCONT
Kinematic river
Junction

25

3. Divisin de sub-cuencas en bandas de altura

Metodologa
Calculamos la superficie de cada banda de altura
GSM-Glacier
SOCONT
Kinematic river
Junction

26

3. Divisin de sub-cuencas en bandas de altura

Metodologa
Agrupamos las bandas de altura de cada sub-cuenca en
sub-modelos y creamos las confluencias
Sub-model
Kinematic river
Junction

27

3. Divisin de sub-cuencas en bandas de altura

Metodologa
El modelo hidrolgico est listo para ser creado en el programa
de simulacin hidrolgica
Sub-model
Kinematic river
Junction

28

4. Estacin meteorolgica virtual

29

4. Estacin meteorolgica virtual

Estacin Meteorolgica Virtual

Centro de gravedad
de la sub-cuenca

30

4. Estacin meteorolgica virtual

Estacin Meteorolgica Virtual


Polgonos de Thiessen

X
PS = CoeffPs ( Pk +

dPs
( z s zi ))
dz

TS = CoeffTs + (Tk +

dTs
( z s zi ))
dz

ETPS = CoeffETPs ( ETPk +

dETPs
( z s z i ))
dz

Centro de gravedad
de la sub-cuenca

9 parmetros
0-6 parmetros de calibracin

31

4. Estacin meteorolgica virtual

Estacin Meteorolgica Virtual


Shepard (inverso distancia2)

Centro de gravedad
de la sub-cuenca
10 parmetros
0-7 parmetros de calibracin

32

4. Estacin meteorolgica virtual

Estacin Meteorolgica Virtual


Shepard (inverso distancia2)
n

P +
PS = CoeffPs

i =1

dPs
1
( z s zi ) 2
dz
d i ,s
n
1

2
i =1 d i , s

10 parmetros
0-7 parmetros de calibracin
33

4. Estacin meteorolgica virtual

Estacin Meteorolgica Virtual


Shepard (inverso distancia2)
n

T +
TS = CoeffTs +

i =1

dTs
1
( z s zi ) 2
dz
d i ,s
n
1

2
i =1 d i , s

T
T

10 parmetros
0-7 parmetros de calibracin
34

4. Estacin meteorolgica virtual

Estacin Meteorolgica Virtual


Shepard (inverso distancia2)
n

ETP +
ETPS = CoeffETPs

i =1

ETP

dETPs
1
( z s zi ) 2
dz
d i ,s
n
1

2
i =1 d i , s

10 parmetros
0-7 parmetros de calibracin
35

4. Estacin meteorolgica virtual

Estacin Meteorolgica Virtual


Object

Name
X, Y, Z
Search radius
No. min. of
stations

Gradient P
Station Gradient T
Gradient ETP

Units Description
m
m

Coordinates of the virtual station


Search radius of weather stations
Minimal number of stations used
for interpolation (higher priority
than Search Radius)
m/s/m Precipitation gradient
C/m Temperature gradient
m/s/m Evapotranspiration gradient

Coeff P

CoeffT

Coeff ETP

Multiplying correction coefficient


Adding correction coefficient
Multiplying correction coefficient

Regular Range
>0
1
-a
-0.007 to -0.004
-a
0.5 to 2
-2 to 2
0.5 to 2

36

4. Estacin meteorolgica virtual

Evapotranspiracin potencial
Diferentes mtodos de calculo terico
Turc
Thornthwaite
Penman-Monteith
Wendling
Hamon
Hande
Oudin
Hargreaves-Samani
Makkink
Priestley-Taylor
McGuinness
Primault
37

4. Estacin meteorolgica virtual

Evapotranspiracin potencial
Turc
ETP = CoeffETP K
ETP = 0

T
( Rg + 50 )
T + 15
if T 0

if T > 0

K = 0. 4

if Month February

K = 0.37

if Month =February

McGuinness
ETP = CoeffETP
ETP = 0

Rg Ta + 5

if T > 5
+ 68
if T 5

Oudin
ETP = CoeffETP
ETP = 0

Re T + 5

if T > 5
100
if T 5

38

Remember that all models are wrong; the practical


question is how wrong do they have to be to not be useful
(Box and Draper, 1987)

39

Gracias por
su atencin

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