Chapter 1

BITS, PILANI K. K.
BIRLA GOA CAMPUS
HEAT TRANSFER
2014 - 2015
PROF. SRINIVAS KRISHNASWAMY
ASSOCIATE PROF. & HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
BITS PILANI, K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS
Lecture information
T Th S : 12:00 hrs
Instructor for Tutorial: Prof. Srinivas
Krishnaswamy /Narendra C
Tutorial timings: Saturday 8:00 am

(A501)
January 31, 2015
BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

CAMPUS
Time to think!!!!
What am I doing in BITS?
Where do I go from here?
Does CGPA matter?
Do I need to attend classes?
Do I really know my faculty and friends?
Do I really need to believe in everything that
my seniors tell me?
Am I really spending my time in BITS
constructively?
Will IT save me later?
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What are we going to talk about?

A frog in the well knows nothing of the river leave alone the ocean
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Engineering, Technology and Science,

Understanding it first
These terms used frequently and terms like
engineering and technology are interchangeable, but
are different
Engineering is a specific profession uses Science and

Maths to solve a particular problem for society in a
safe and economical manner (text book definition)
The body of knowledge, processes, and artifacts that
result from engineering is technology. Almost
everything made by humans to solve a need is a
technology
It is possible to invent a new technology without
engineering it
Engineering, Technology and Science,

Understanding it first
Engineers are people who seek to do and use measured
quantities such as pressure, temperature, flowrates etc. in
doing so
Scientist studies the world as it is and produces theories to
describe it. They are people who seek to know and use
fundamental quantities to explain
Engineering is the art of doing things well with one dollar

which others can do with two dollars
ARTHUR M. WELLINGTON
(Former Editor of Engineering News, A Civil and Chemical
Engineer)
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Science and Engineering, Like or Unlike Poles

An engineer would always
find a theory too complex
for solving real world
problems, while the
scientist scoffs at the
engineers approach
EACH FINDS THE OTHERS
WORLD COMPLEX
The truth is both believe in the same thing
SIMPLE IS BEAUTIFUL
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Research Triangle (Science)

Experience
Skill /
Knowledge
Motivation
Largely individual based

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Research Pentagon (Engineering)

Technology
Cost
effective
Social/Cultural
impact
Environment
friendly
Energy
efficiency
Largely Society based

Engineering
Who is a chemical engineer?

An engineer who manufactures chemicals
A Chemist who works in a factory
A glorified plumber
Answer: None of these

He is comfortable with chemistry Yes! But does more
than manufacture chemicals. In fact the term is
never intended to describe the work a chemical
engineer performs. It is more meant to indicate
how it is different from other branches of
engineering
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Who is a chemical engineer?
IT IS THE CHEMICAL ENGINEER ALONE THAT

DRAWS UPON THE VAST AND POWERFUL
SCIENCE OF CHEMISTRY TO SOLVE A WIDE
RANGE OF PROBLEMS. THE STRONG
TECHNICAL AND SOCIAL TIES THAT BIND
CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ARE
UNIQUE IN THE FIELDS OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
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Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia

All ammonium salts
liberate ammonia
gas when heated
with strong bases.
This forms the basis
for the laboratory
preparation of
ammonia
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Flow sheet for ammonia preparation
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Ammonia Plant
Control room of a nuclear

Power plant
Chemical Engineering at the Centre

SAFETY
Materials Science
Computational
Fluid Dynamics.
Virtuality in
Chemical
Engineering
COST
Fuel Cell
Engineering
ENVIRONMENT
Membrane
Processes.
Chemical
Engineering.
Micro fluidics
EFFICIENCY
ENERGY
Biomedical
Engineering
January 31, 2015
Biochemical
Engineering.
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Nanotechnology
17
What is Heat Transfer?

Transfer of a form of energy (in transit) due to
a temperature difference
3 modes conduction, convection and radiation
Prevailing all around earth in some form or
other
A important course in the context of Chemical
Engineering
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Why is this course important?

INPUT
REACTOR
CONTACTING
PATTERN
OUTPUT
KINETICS
OUTPUT = F (INPUT, KINETICS, CONTACTING)

PERFORMANCE EQUATION
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What is involved in reactor design?

Mass
Transfer
Heat
Transfer
REACTANT(S)
REACTOR
(Ethane)
Thermodynamics
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Fluid
Mechanics
PRODUCT
(Ethylene)
Reaction
Kinetics
20
Is Heat Transfer difficult?

All truths are easy to understand once they are
discovered; the point is to discover them.
Galileo Galilei
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Let us do an experiment
Generate as much power as you can in a way that
you can measure it. Express your result in Watts
What do you think the answer will be?
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Let us prepare ice tea

Keywords:
Ice
Refrigerator
Electricity
Steam
Boiler
Coal
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23
Relation with Thermodynamics

Simple: How much and how fast
Thermodynamics is equilibrium based
It does not talk of rate (with respect to time)

Rate transport processes account for departure
from equilibrium
Heat Transfer is one of the rate processes

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Heat Transfer tree

Modes
Conduction
Convection
Forced
Convection
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Radiation
Free
Convection

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25
Conduction
Energy transfer due to molecular motion
Random Translational, rotational & vibrational
motion of molecules (more energetic to less
energetic molecules through collisions)
Occurs within a single medium

Of course there must be a temperature
difference
Credit goes to Baron John Baptiste Joseph
Fourier (1768 1830)
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Fouriers law of heat conduction
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Fouriers law of heat

conduction
Fourier's law is phenomenological (from observed

phenomena)
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Convection
Energy transfer due to molecular motion
(diffusion) and bulk or macroscopic motion
(advection)
Two mediums involved
Of course
difference
there
must
be
temperature
Our focus is fluid-fluid /surface interaction

Boundary layer
understood
January 31, 2015
phenomena

CAMPUS
needs
to
be
34
Convection (Types)
BOILING
CONDENSATION
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35
Forced Convection
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36
Natural Convection
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37
Newtons law of cooling
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38
Convection (Not as simple)
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Convection (Not as simple)
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40
Radiation
The energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic
waves (or photons) as a result of the changes in the electronic
configurations of the atoms or molecules
Unlike conduction and convection, the transfer of heat by
radiation does not require the presence of an intervening
medium
In fact, heat transfer by radiation is fastest (at the speed of
light) and it suffers no attenuation in a vacuum. This is how
the energy of the sun reaches the earth
All bodies at a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal

radiation
Blackbody: The idealized surface that emits radiation at the
maximum rate.
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Radiation
StefanBoltzmann law
= 5.670 108 W/m2 K4 StefanBoltzmann constant
Emissivity : A measure of how

closely a surface approximates
a blackbody for which = 1 of
the surface. 0 1.
Radiation emitted by real

surfaces
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Radiation
Absorptivity : The
fraction of the radiation
energy incident on a
surface that is absorbed
by the surface.
Kirchhoffs law: The emissivity and

the absorptivity of a surface at a
given temperature and wavelength
are equal.
January 31, 2015
A blackbody absorbs the

entire radiation incident on
it

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= 1)
43
Radiation
Radiation heat transfer

between a surface and the
surfaces surrounding it.
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Objective Assessment of Chapter
Understand the importance of Heat Transfer

in the context of the Chemical Engg.
curriculum
Understand modes of heat transfer
Getting familiar with basis equations
involved in different modes of heat transfer
Start solving problems
Now this is not the end. It is not even the
beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps,
the end of the beginning.
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Problems
It is necessary to insulate a flat surface so that rate

of heat loss per unit area of the surface does not
exceed 450 W/m2. The temperature difference
across the insulating layer is 400 K. Evaluate the
thickness of insulation if it is made of asbestos
cement
having thermal conductivity of 0.11
W/(m.K) .
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Problems
The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed
from 0.15 m thick fireclay brick having a thermal
conductivity of 1.7 W/m.K. Measurements made
during steady state operation reveal temperatures
of 1400 and 1150 K at the inner and outer
surfaces respectively. What is the rate of heat loss
through a wall that is 0.5 m by 1.2 m on a side?
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Problems
An electric current is passed through a wire 1
mm in diameter and 10 cm long . The wire is
submerged in liquid water at atmospheric
pressure , and the current is increased until the
water boils. For this situation h = 5000 W/m2.oC,
and the water temperature will be 100 oC . How
much electric power must be supplied to the
wire to maintain the wire surface at 114 oC and
Resistance ?
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Problems
A 4.0-cm-diameter sphere is heated to a

temperature of 200 oC and is enclosed in a large
room at 20 oC. Calculate the radiant heat loss if
the surface emissivity is 0.6.
January 31, 2015

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BITS, PILANI K. K.

BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

Tutorial timings: Saturday 8:00 am

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

January 31, 2015

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

What are we going to talk about?

January 31, 2015

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

Engineering, Technology and Science,

Engineering is a specific profession uses Science and

Engineering, Technology and Science,

Engineering is the art of doing things well with one dollar

January 31, 2015

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

Science and Engineering, Like or Unlike Poles

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

Research Triangle (Science)

Largely individual based

Research Pentagon (Engineering)

Largely Society based

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Who is a chemical engineer?

Answer: None of these

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

Who is a chemical engineer?

IT IS THE CHEMICAL ENGINEER ALONE THAT

January 31, 2015

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia

January 31, 2015

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

Flow sheet for ammonia preparation

January 31, 2015

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

Control room of a nuclear

Chemical Engineering at the Centre

January 31, 2015

What is Heat Transfer?

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

Why is this course important?

OUTPUT = F (INPUT, KINETICS, CONTACTING)

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

What is involved in reactor design?

January 31, 2015

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

Is Heat Transfer difficult?

January 31, 2015

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

January 31, 2015

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

Let us prepare ice tea

January 31, 2015

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

Relation with Thermodynamics

It does not talk of rate (with respect to time)

Heat Transfer is one of the rate processes

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

Heat Transfer tree

January 31, 2015

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

Occurs within a single medium

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA

Fouriers law of heat conduction