If and only if

If and only if

Logical symbols
representing iff
In logic and related fields such as mathematics and philosophy, if and only if (shortened iff) is a biconditional
logical connective between statements.
In that it is biconditional, the connective can be likened to the standard material conditional ("only if", equal to "if ...
then") combined with its reverse ("if"); hence the name. The result is that the truth of either one of the connected
statements requires the truth of the other, i.e., either both statements are true, or both are false. It is controversial
whether the connective thus defined is properly rendered by the English "if and only if", with its pre-existing
meaning. There is nothing to stop one from stipulating that we may read this connective as "only if and if", although
this may lead to confusion.
In writing, phrases commonly used, with debatable propriety, as alternatives to P "if and only if" Q include Q is
necessary and sufficient for P, P is equivalent (or materially equivalent) to Q (compare material implication), P
precisely if Q, P precisely (or exactly) when Q, P exactly in case Q, and P just in case Q. Many authors regard "iff"
as unsuitable in formal writing; others use it freely.[citation needed]
In logic formulae, logical symbols are used instead of these phrases; see the discussion of notation.

Definition
The truth table of p q is as follows:[1]

Iff
p q pq
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

Note that it is equivalent to that produced by the XNOR gate, and opposite to that produced by the XOR gate.

Usage
Notation
The corresponding logical symbols are "", "" and "", and sometimes "iff". These are usually treated as
equivalent. However, some texts of mathematical logic (particularly those on first-order logic, rather than
propositional logic) make a distinction between these, in which the first, , is used as a symbol in logic formulas,
while is used in reasoning about those logic formulas (e.g., in metalogic). In ukasiewicz's notation, it is the
prefix symbol 'E'.
Another term for this logical connective is exclusive nor.

If and only if

Proofs
In most logical systems, one proves a statement of the form "P iff Q" by proving "if P, then Q" and "if Q, then P".
Proving this pair of statements sometimes leads to a more natural proof, since there are not obvious conditions in
which one would infer a biconditional directly. An alternative is to prove the disjunction "(P and Q) or (not-P and
not-Q)", which itself can be inferred directly from either of its disjunctsthat is, because "iff" is truth-functional, "P
iff Q" follows if P and Q have both been shown true, or both false.

Origin of iff
Usage of the abbreviation "iff" first appeared in print in John L. Kelley's 1955 book General Topology.[2] Its
invention is often credited to Paul Halmos, who wrote "I invented 'iff,' for 'if and only if'but I could never believe I
was really its first inventor."

Distinction from "if" and "only if"

1. "Madison will eat the fruit if it is an apple." (equivalent to "Only if Madison will eat the fruit, is it an
apple;" or "Madison will eat the fruit fruit is an apple")
This states simply that Madison will eat fruits that are apples. It does not, however, exclude the possibility that
Madison might also eat bananas or other types of fruit. All that is known for certain is that she will eat any and
all apples that she happens upon. That the fruit is an apple is a sufficient condition for Madison to eat the fruit.
2. "Madison will eat the fruit only if it is an apple." (equivalent to "If Madison will eat the fruit, then it is an
apple" or "Madison will eat the fruit fruit is an apple")
This states that the only fruit Madison will eat is an apple. It does not, however, exclude the possibility that
Madison will refuse an apple if it is made available, in contrast with (1), which requires Madison to eat any
available apple. In this case, that a given fruit is an apple is a necessary condition for Madison to be eating it.
It is not a sufficient condition since Madison might not eat all the apples she is given.
3. "Madison will eat the fruit if and only if it is an apple" (equivalent to "Madison will eat the fruit fruit is an
apple")
This statement makes it clear that Madison will eat all and only those fruits that are apples. She will not leave
any apple uneaten, and she will not eat any other type of fruit. That a given fruit is an apple is both a necessary
and a sufficient condition for Madison to eat the fruit.
Sufficiency is the inverse of necessity. That is to say, given PQ (i.e. if P then Q), P would be a sufficient condition
for Q, and Q would be a necessary condition for P. Also, given PQ, it is true that QP (where is the
negation operator, i.e. "not"). This means that the relationship between P and Q, established by PQ, can be
expressed in the following, all equivalent, ways:
P is sufficient for Q
Q is necessary for P
Q is sufficient for P
P is necessary for Q
As an example, take (1), above, which states PQ, where P is "the fruit in question is an apple" and Q is "Madison
will eat the fruit in question". The following are four equivalent ways of expressing this very relationship:
If the fruit in question is an apple, then Madison will eat it.
Only if Madison will eat the fruit in question, is it an apple.
If Madison will not eat the fruit in question, then it is not an apple.
Only if the fruit in question is not an apple, will Madison not eat it.

If and only if
So we see that (2), above, can be restated in the form of if...then as "If Madison will eat the fruit in question, then it is
an apple"; taking this in conjunction with (1), we find that (3) can be stated as "If the fruit in question is an apple,
then Madison will eat it; AND if Madison will eat the fruit, then it is an apple".

Advanced considerations
Philosophical interpretation
A sentence that is composed of two other sentences joined by "iff" is called a biconditional. "Iff" joins two sentences
to form a new sentence. It should not be confused with logical equivalence which is a description of a relation
between two sentences. The biconditional "A iff B" uses the sentences A and B, describing a relation between the
states of affairs which A and B describe. By contrast "A is logically equivalent to B" mentions both sentences: it
describes a logical relation between those two sentences, and not a factual relation between whatever matters they
describe. See usemention distinction for more on the difference between using a sentence and mentioning it.
The distinction is a very confusing one, and has led many a philosopherWikipedia:Avoid weasel words astray.
Certainly it is the case that when A is logically equivalent to B, "A iff B" is true. But the converse does not hold.
Reconsidering the sentence:
If and only if the fruit is an apple will Madison eat it.
There is clearly no logical equivalence between the two halves of this particular biconditional. For more on the
distinction, see W. V. Quine's Mathematical Logic, Section 5.
One way of looking at "A if and only if B" is that it means "A if B" (B implies A) and "A only when B" (not B
implies not A). "Not B implies not A" means A implies B, so then there is two way implication.

Definitions
In philosophy and logic, "iff" is used to indicate definitions, since definitions are supposed to be universally
quantified biconditionals. In mathematics and elsewhere, however, the word "if" is normally used in definitions,
rather than "iff". This is due to the observation that "if" in the English language has a definitional meaning, separate
from its meaning as a propositional connective. This separate meaning can be explained by noting that a definition
(for instance: A group is "abelian" if it satisfies the commutative law; or: A grape is a "raisin" if it is well dried) is
not an equivalence to be proved, but a rule for interpreting the term defined.

Examples
Here are some examples of true statements that use "iff" - true biconditionals (the first is an example of a definition,
so it would normally have been written with "if"):
A person is a bachelor iff that person is a marriageable man who has never married.
"Snow is white" in English is true iff "Schnee ist wei" in German is true.
For any p, q, and r: (p&q)&r iff p&(q&r). (Since this is written using variables and "&", the statement would
usually be written using "", or one of the other symbols used to write biconditionals, in place of "iff").
For any real numbers x and y, x=y+1 iff y=x1.
A subset containing n elements of an n-dimensional vector space is linearly independent iff it spans the vector
space.
The triangular number n(n+1)/2 is an even perfect number iff n = 2p-1 is a Mersenne prime, with p being a prime
number. As of Feb 2013, only 48 such even perfect numbers and Mersenne primes have been discovered.
y(x) is a solution to the differential equation y=f(x,y) if and only if the curve associated with y(x) is an integral
curve of the direction field associated with y=f(x,y).

If and only if

Analogs
Other words are also sometimes emphasized in the same way by repeating the last letter; for example orr for "Or and
only Or" (the exclusive disjunction).
The statement "(A iff B)" is equivalent to the statement "(not A or B) and (not B or A)," and is also equivalent to the
statement "(not A and not B) or (A and B)".
It is also equivalent to: not[(A or B) and (not A or not B)],
or more simply:
[ ( A B ) ( A B ) ]
which converts into
[ ( A B) (A B) ]
and
[ ( A B) (A B) ]
which were given in verbal interpretations above.

More general usage

Iff is used outside the field of logic, wherever logic is applied, especially in mathematical discussions. It has the
same meaning as above: it is an abbreviation for if and only if, indicating that one statement is both necessary and
sufficient for the other. This is an example of mathematical jargon. (However, as noted above, if, rather than iff, is
more often used in statements of definition.)
The elements of X are all and only the elements of Y is used to mean: "for any z in the domain of discourse, z is in X
if and only if z is in Y."

Notes
[1] p <=> q (http:/ / www. wolframalpha. com/ input/ ?i=p+ <=>+ q). Wolfram|Alpha
[2] General Topology, reissue ISBN 978-0-387-90125-1

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