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CHALLENGE PROBLEMS:
CHAPTER 6
A Click here for answers.
; 1. Three mathematics students have ordered a 14-inch pizza. Instead of slicing it in the traditional
way, they decide to slice it by parallel cuts, as shown in the figure. Being mathematics majors, they
are able to determine where to slice so that each gets the same amount of pizza. Where are the cuts
made?
1
dx.
x7 x
The straightforward approach would be to start with partial fractions, but that would be brutal. Try
a substitution.
2. Evaluate y
3
7
3. Evaluate y (s
1 x7 s
1 x 3 ) dx.
14 in
4. A man initially standing at the point O walks along a pier pulling a rowboat by a rope of length L.
The man keeps the rope straight and taut. The path followed by the boat is a curve called a tractrix
and it has the property that the rope is always tangent to the curve (see the figure).
(a) Show that if the path followed by the boat is the graph of the function y f x, then
pier
f x
L
(x, y )
dy
sL 2 x 2
dx
x
5. A function f is defined by
f x
cos t cosx t dt
0 x 2
ln xn dx 1n n!
7. Show that
1 x 2 n dx
2 2n n!2
2n 1!
2k 2
Ik
2k 3
(a) How is the graph of y f x sin nx related to the graph of y f x? What happens
as n l ?
(b) Make a guess as to the value of the limit
lim
nl
f x sin nx dx
1t
bx a1 x t dx
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
t1
x
; 10. Graph f x sine and use the graph to estimate the value of t such that xt f x dx is a maxi-
mum. Then find the exact value of t that maximizes this integral.
11. The circle with radius 1 shown in the figure touches the curve y 2x twice. Find the area of the
12. A rocket is fired straight up, burning fuel at the constant rate of b kilograms per second. Let
v vt be the velocity of the rocket at time t and suppose that the velocity u of the exhaust gas is
constant. Let M Mt be the mass of the rocket at time t and note that M decreases as the fuel
burns. If we neglect air resistance, it follows from Newtons Second Law that
y=| 2x |
0
FM
dv
ub
dt
dv
ub Mt
dt
Let M1 be the mass of the rocket without fuel, M2 the initial mass of the fuel, and M0 M1 M2 .
Then, until the fuel runs out at time t M2 b, the mass is M M0 bt.
(a) Substitute M M0 bt into Equation 1 and solve the resulting equation for v. Use the initial
condition v 0 0 to evaluate the constant.
(b) Determine the velocity of the rocket at time t M2 b. This is called the burnout velocity.
(c) Determine the height of the rocket y yt at the burnout time.
(d) Find the height of the rocket at any time t.
13. Use integration by parts to show that, for all x 0,
0y
sin t
2
dt
ln1 x t
ln1 x
n 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
1
(j) Based on your graphs in parts (g) and (h), what can you say about x1
Tnx dx when n is odd
and when n is even?
(k) Use the substitution u arccos x to evaluate the integral in part (j).
(l) The family of functions f x cosc arccos x are defined even when c is not an integer (but
then f is not a polynomial). Describe how the graph of f changes as c increases.
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
ANSWERS
Solutions
3. 0
5. f 2
9. b baa 1bae1
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
SOLUTIONS
Exercises
1.
By symmetry, the problem can be reduced to finding the line x = c such that the shaded area is one-third of the area
c
of the quarter-circle. The equation of the circle is y = 49 x2 , so we require that 0 49 x2 dx = 13 14 (7)2
1
x
2
49 x2 +
49
2
sin1 (x/7)
49
12
1
c
2
49 c2 +
49
2
sin1 (c/7) =
49
.
12
This equation would be difficult to solve exactly, so we plot the left-hand side as a function of c, and find that the
equation holds for c 1.85. So the cuts should be made at distances of about 1.85 inches from the center of the
pizza.
3. The given integral represents the difference of the shaded areas, which appears
to be 0. It can be calculated by integrating with respect to either x or y, so we
y = 7 1 x3 x = 3 1 y 7 , so
1
0
1 y7
7
1 x3 3 1 x7 dx. But this
1
0
1 y 3 dy =
3
1 x7 7 1 x3 dx = 0.
1
0
f (x) =
=
1
2
cos t cos(x t) dt =
t cos x +
cos x +
1
4
1
2
sin(2t x)
sin(x)
1
2
1
4
cos x +
sin(x) =
1
4
sin(2 x)
1
4
1
2
sin(x)
cos x
1 x2
k+1
du = (k + 1) 1 x2
(2x), dv = dx v = x, and
1
0
+ 2(k + 1)
0
1 x2
1
0
x2(1 x2 )k dx
1 1 x2
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
Ik+1 =
2k + 2
Ik . Now to complete the proof, we use induction:
2k + 3
20 (0!)2
, so the formula holds for n = 0. Now suppose it holds for n = k. Then
1!
Ik+1 =
2k + 3
2k + 3 (2k + 1)!
(2k + 3)(2k + 1)!
2k + 2 (2k + 3)(2k + 1)!
[2(k + 1)]2 22k (k!)2
22(k+1) [(k + 1)!]2
=
(2k + 3)(2k + 2)(2k + 1)!
[2(k + 1) + 1]!
t0
b ut
a (ba)
bt+1 at+1
(t + 1)(b a)
1/t
. Then ln y = lim
t0
ut+1
(t + 1)(b a)
=
a
bt+1 at+1
.
(t + 1)(b a)
bt+1 at+1
1
ln
. This limit is of the form 0/0,
t
(t + 1)(b a)
1
=
ln
e
=
ln
.
bt+1 at+1
t+1
ba
ba
ba
eaa/(ba)
ln y = lim
t0
Therefore, y = e1
11.
bb
aa
1/(ba)
x
y0 = 2
= 2 x = 2 1 x2
2
1x
x2 = 4(1 x2 ) 5x2 = 4 x2 =
4
5
x=
2
5
segment is y 45 5 = 12 x 25 5
y = 12 x + 15 5 + 45 5 y = 12 x + 5, so c = 5 and
2
5
(2/5) 5
(2/5) 5
x
1
30
5 1 x2 2x dx = 2 5 x
1 x2 sin1 x x2
2
2
0
4
5 1
2
1
sin1
2(0)
=2 2
5
2
5
5
5
2
2
1
= 2 sin1
= 2 1 sin1
2
5
5
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
1
1
, dv = sin t dt, so du =
and
ln(1 + x + t)
(1 + x + t)[ln(1 + x + t)]2
I=
0
= lim
cos t
sin t dt
= lim
ln(1 + x + t) b
ln(1 + x + t)
cos b
1
+
+
ln(1 + x + b)
ln(1 + x)
where J =
cos t dt
(1 + x + t)[ln(1 + x + t)]2
cos t dt
1
+J
=
ln(1 + x)
(1 + x + t)[ln(1 + x + t)]2
cos t dt
. Now 1 cos t 1 for all t; in fact, the inequality is strict
(1 + x + t)[ln(1 + x + t)]2
1
1
<J <
ln(1 + x)
ln(1 + x)
dt
<J <
(1 + x + t)[ln(1 + x + t)]2
0<I <
2
.
ln(1 + x)
dt
(1 + x + t)[ln(1 + x + t)]2