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9/24/2013
Unit 2.
Composite materials
and structures:
Professor C Bhaskaran
Methods of analysis:
NIET
Syllabus
Unit 3. Laminated Plates:
Objective:
To understand the design and
fabrication of composite materials
and structures.
Unit 1.
Stress-strain Relation:
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Books:
1. Calcote L.R., The analysis of laminated composite structures
Von Nostrand Reinhold company, New York.
2. Jones R M., Mechanics of composite materials McGraw-Hill.
3. M. Mukopadhyay Mechanics of composite materials and
structures Universities Press.
4. Isaac M Daniel & Ori Ishai
Engineering Mechanics of
composite materials Oxford University Press.
5. Avtar K Kaw. Mechanics of composite materials crc press.
6. Krishan K Chawla Composite materials: Science and Engg.
References:
1. Agarwal B D & Broutman L J The analysis and performance
of Fibre composites. John Wiley and sons.
2. Lubin G. Handbook of Advanced Plastics and Fibre glass
- Von Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
3.
Dowling
Mechanical Behaviour of Materials.
Definitions:
A composite material is a material system
composed of two or more physically
distinct phases whose combination
produce aggregate properties that are
different from those of its constituents.
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Ceramic-metal composites
Metal- polymer
composites
Natural composites:
metals
ceramics
polymers
What is a composite?
A composite is a structural material which consists of
two or more constituents. The constituents are
combined at a macroscopic level and are not soluble in
each other. One constituent is called the reinforcing
phase and the other in which it is embedded is called
the matrix. The reinforcing phase material may be in
the form of fibres, particles or flakes. The matrix phase
materials are generally continuous.
Example:
Concrete reinforced with steel,
Epoxy reinforced with graphite fibres.
- plastics(polymers),
metals, or ceramics
and
reinforcements
- Fibre or particles
Composite materials
examples:
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Classification
Based on
i) the Matrix Material
ii) the Shape of reinforcement
Reinforcements:
(metal, polymer or ceramic)
Composite materials
PMC
MMC
fibre
CMC
particle
flake
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Fibre
Polymer
Metal
Ceramic
Carbon
Glass, Carbon,
Aramid (Kevlar),
Boron
Boron, Carbon,
Borosic,
Silicon carbide,
Alumina
Silicon carbide,
Alumina,
Silicon nitride.
Carbon
Matrix
Epoxy, Polyester,
Polyimide
Polysulfones,
Aluminium,
Magnesium,
Copper, Titanium.
Silicon carbide,
Alumina,
Glass-ceramic,
silicon nitride
Carbon
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Disadvantages:
Disadvantages:
- poor reliability and repeatability.
- Anisotropic
- PMCs are liable to be attacked by chemicals and
solvents
- generally expensive and man intensive .
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Polymer:
Materials
solid, liquid, gas
Metallic and non-metallic materials
Organic and inorganic materials
Metals
Ferrous metals:
Iron, Steel, steel alloys, cast iron.
Non-ferrous metals:
Aluminium (Al), Copper (Cu),
Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn),
Gold (Au), Silver (Ag),
Tin (Sn), Titanium (Ti), Zinc (Zn), etc
Non-metallic materials:
Polymers:
can be divided in to
Thermosetting polymers
and Thermoplastic polymers
(and also elastomers).
Thermoplastic polymers:
These materials gets softened when
heated and can be formed in to various
shapes, which will be retained on cooling.
Can be subjected to several cycles of
heating and cooling.
Polyethylene, PVC, Nylon, Polystyrene, etc.
[ C H2-CH2 ]n
Polyethylene monomer
0000000000000000
chain formation in making a polymer
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Thermosetting Polymers:
some of the polymers undergo some
chemical change on heating and convert
them in to a rigid structure. They are like
the yolk of the egg, which on heating sets
into a mass, and , once set can not be
reshaped. Such polymers are called
thermosetting polymers.
Eg., Phenolics, Amino resins, Epoxies.
Elastomers:
Polymers that exhibit significant elastic
behaviour is termed as elastomers.
Eg., Natural rubber, Neoprene, Polyurethane.
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Hybrid composites:
Different fibers can be combined to
make a composite to cost less or
perform better. Composites that are
made of more than one type of fibre
or resin are called hybrid composites.
Applications:
1. Aircraft, Aerospace & Military
2. Marine field
3. Automotive
4. Sporting Goods
5. others.
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-Continued-
-continued-
-cotinued-
Automotive field:
FRPs are being used to make many parts
of cars. Exterior parts of the cars, such as
canopy, door etc are made of composites.
Chassis components leaf spring is made of
FRP.
Sporting goods:
Because of the reduction in weight
many sports goods are being made
using composite materials.
Tennis rackets, fishing rods, archery
bows, bicycle frames, sail boats and
kayaks, oars, paddles, canoe hulls,
javelins, helmets, golf clubs, hockey
sticks, athletic shoes surf boards etc.
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Hookes law:
States that the deformation is directly
proportional to the load or strain is
directly proportional to the stress up
to elastic limit, for a linearly elastic
material.
{} = [1/E] {},
where E is the proportionality
constant, called Youngs modulus.
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STRESS STRAIN
STRENGTH
STIFFNESS
TOUGHNESS
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Or
we can also have the strain-stress relation as,
ij = Sijkl kl
where, Sijkl are compliance
or flexibility coefficients.
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11
13
12
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i = Cijj
S11
similarly,
i = Sijj
S12
S12
S22
S13
S23
S14
S24
S15
S25
S16
S26
S13
S 23
S33
S34
S35
S36
S14
S24
S34
S44
S45
S46
S15
S25
S35
S45
S55
S56
S16
S26
S36
S46
S56
S66
i=j=1 to 6
Compliance or flexibility matrix
3- Dimensional
C11 C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C12 C22
C23
C24
C25
C26
C13
C23 C33
C34
C35
C36
C14
C24
C34 C44
C45
C46
C15
C25
C35
C45 C55
C56
C16
C26
C36
C46
C66
C56
13
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C11
C12
C13
C12
C22
C23
C13
C23
C33
C44
C55
C66
0
0
0
0
S55
0
0
0
0
0
0
S66
1
2
3
23
31
12
C11
C12
C12
C22
C66
Exx
GPa
Eyy
GPa
Gxy
GPa
xy
yx
Vf
Sp.
Gravity
Graphite 181
10.3
7.17
0.28
.016
0.7
1.6
Material
Boron
204
18.5
5.59
0.23
0.5
2.0
Glass
38.6
8.27
4.14
0.26
0.45
1.8
Kevlar
76
5.5
2.3
0.34
0.6
1.46
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23
31
orthotropic materials:
23 = 0
S44 0
31
S55 0
12
S66 12
Poissons ratio:
In general terms Poissons ratio, ij,
is defined as the ratio of the negative of
the normal strain in the direction j to the
normal strain in the direction i, when the
only normal load applied is in direction i.
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G12 = 1/S66.
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Where,
s=
S11
S12
S13
S21
S31
S22
S32
S23
S33
End of unit 1
Macromechanics:
Macromechanics deals with the establishment
of the stress- strain relationship and the
strength and stiffness of the composite material
applying the average properties established
through micromechanics analysis.
Stress and strain relations for uni-directional
and bi-directional lamina are developed using
the lamina properties. Methods for the
evaluation of the properties of the angle lamina
are established and the strength and stiffness of
the laminate are arrived at.
Note:
Crystalline and amorphous nature of
materials,
lattice structure,
grains and grain boundaries.
Long order and short order arrangement of
atoms and molecules.
Solid, Liquid, Gas.
Slurry ( mixture of liquid and solid)
Assignment-1:
1. Write down the generalized Hookes law.
2. Write the stress- strain relation for an orthotropic
material (3-D) and state the flexibility and stiffness
matrices in terms of the engineering constants, Es,
s and Gs.
3. Explain what are anisotropic, orthotropic,
monoclinic, transversely isotropic and isotropic
materials.
Date of submission: 12/8/13
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