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MASONRY-INFILLED
MASONRY
INFILLED FRAMES
Infills that are too strong & stiff relative to the concrete
structure itself
may override its seismic design, including the
efforts
ff t off the
th designer
d i
& the
th intent
i t t off EC8 to
t control
t l
inelastic response by spreading inelastic
deformation
demands throughout the structure
(e.g. when ground storey infills fail soft storey).
Infills non-uniformly distributed in plan or in elevation:
concentration of inelastic deformation demands in
part
of the structure.
Adverse local effects on structural frame
pre-emptive brittle failures.
(c)
infill strut
1
2-storey frame: Elements in infilled storey shielded from large moments &
deformations.
de
o at o s But
ut g
ground
ou d sto
storey
ey co
columns
u sa
are
eo
overloaded.
e oaded See
See:
(a) bending moments & deformation in frame w/o infills;
(b), (c) bending moments & deformation in frame w/ stiff infills in 2nd storey.
(b)
( )
(a)
VRw:
Ed
10
11
12
13
0.175Lbn
b
cos H 0.4
1
4
E w bw sin 2
4Ec I c H n
14
15
16
17
18
1. Carry out linear analysis for the design seismic action using two models :
Model SP: including the contribution of all elements (secondary or
primary seismic) to lateral stiffness;
Model P: neglecting the contribution of secondary seismic elements
to lateral resistance & stiffness
(e.g., introduce appropriate hinges at their connections to primary elements,
so that the secondary ones have stiffness only against gravity loads).
19
20
Total contribution of flat slab frames and of the walls in their weak
direction to lateral stiffness: 13.9% of that of the walls in their strong
di ti
direction.
21
22
23
Concrete diaphragms
Dissemination of information for training Lisbon 10-11 February 2011
24
Model
M d l such
h di
diaphragms
h
as d
deep b
beam or plane
l
ttruss
or strut-and-tie model, on elastic supports.
25
26
Longest tension ties collect in-plane load qE =1.728kN/m2 along the full
plan dimension,
dimension Lx. For their ULS verification in tension,
tension any vertical
section through the flat slab normal to hor. direction X should have
reinforcement area at least dqELx/fyd=1.1x1.728x25/(0.5/1.15)=110mm2/m
over and above what is required for moment resistance of the flat slab for
the moment due to the quasi-permanent floor gravity load, Mg+2q.
(d=1.1: overstrength factor per EC8 for the design of diaphragms).
The reinforcement of the flat slab has been dimensioned for ULS in
bending for the flat slab moments under the factored gravity loads, Md.
Th surplus
The
l off reinforcement
i f
t area over and
d above
b
what
h t is
i necessary ffor
ULS resistance under Md: As=max[As,min; Md/(zfyd)]-Mg+2q/(zfyd), where
z=0.11m the internal lever arm, Mg+2q= (8.2/14.7)Md and As,min the
minimum
i i
reinforcement
i f
t area iin th
the fl
flatt slab
l b per EC2
EC2.
27
Potentially critical: tension ties heading towards the edge column next to W2
((Section 2-2):
) As=(1-8.2/14.7)x47.3/(0.11x0.5/1.15)
(
)
(
) =438mm2/m >110mm2/m
Between edge columns and 1st parallel row of interior columns (Section 3-3):
As=(1-8.2/14.7)x37.85/(0.11x0.5/1.15)=350mm2/m >110mm2/m.
Check of tension chord between supports of the deep beam by walls W1.
Dissemination of information for training Lisbon 10-11 February 2011
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