Engineering Data Book III

Appendix A
Nomenclature:
A
A
AL
Aeff
Afin
Afo
AG
AGd
AL
ALd
Ao
Ap
ArL
Aroot
Atotal
a
aL
a0-a4
a1-a4
B
BB
Bc
BF
Bo
BS
BR
b
b
b
b0-b4
b1-b4
C
C
Co
C1
C1
Cbh
Cbp
Csf
cb
cL
cp
cpG
(cp)G
cpL

empirical constant [-]

cross-sectional area of tube [m2]
cross-sectional area occupied by liquid-phase [m2]
effective surface area of finned tube per unit length [m2/m]
surface area of fins per unit length [m2/m]
external heat transfer area of low finned tube per unit length [m2/m]
cross sectional area occupied by vapor [m2]
dimensionless cross sectional area occupied by vapor [-]
cross sectional area occupied by liquid [m2]
dimensionless cross sectional area occupied
external heat transfer area of tube bundle [m2]
cross-sectional area of fin [m2]
Archimedes number [-]
root area between fins on tube per unit length [m2/m]
total surface area of finned tube per unit length [m2/m]
empirical constant [-]
thermal diffusivity of the liquid [m2/s]
empirical constants [-]
empirical constants [-]
empirical constant [-]
Chisholm parameter for bubbly flow transition [-]
baffle cut [%]
Chisholm parameter for spray flow transition [-]
boiling number [-]
Chisholm parameter for stratified flow transition [-]
boiling range (or temperature glide) [K]
empirical constant [-]
empirical exponent [-]
interfin spacing at the fin tips [m]
empirical constants [-]
empirical constants [-]
constant in DNB equation [-]
empirical constant [-]
Shah factor [-]
constant in Rohsenow correlation [-]
constant in tube number expression [-]
constant in bundle bypass expression [-]
constant in bundle bypass expression [-]
empirical surface factor in Rohsenow correlation [-]
fraction of tube perimeter retaining condensate [-]
similarity factor [m-3/4]
specific heat [J/kg K]
vapor specific heat [J/kg K]
vapor specific heat [J/kg K]
liquid specific heat [J/kg K]

Appendix

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Engineering Data Book III

(cp)L
c1, c2
c1-c5
Ca
D
D
D
D
Db
Dctl
Dfo
Dfr
Dotl
Dreq
Droot
Ds
Dt
dbub
df
di
dmean
di
di,o
dp
dTbub
E
E2
Emf
Enew
ERB
e
ef
F
F1(q)
F2(q)
FC
Fc
F(M)
Fnb
FP
FPF
FrG
FrL
Frso
Fpf
FS
Ftp
fpm

fI
fI,plain

liquid specific heat [J/kg K]

empirical parameters [-]
empirical constants [-]
capillary number [m]
external tube diameter [m]
tube diameter [m]
fin tip diameter [m]
tube or cylinder diameter [m]
diameter of baffle [m]
centerline tube limit diameter of tube bundle [m]
diameter over fins [m]
root diameter of low finned tube [m]
outer tube limit diameter of tube bundle [m]
equivalent projected tube diameter of low finned tube [m]
root diameter of finned tube [m]
internal diameter of heat exchanger shell [m]
outside tube diameter [m]
bubble departure diameter [m]
internal tube diameter at base of microfins [m]
internal tube diameter [m]
internal tube diameter at mean height of microfins [m]
internal tube diameter [m]
reference internal tube diameter (= 0.01 m) [m]
droplet detachment diameter [m]
rise in bubble point temperature [K]
convection enhancement factor [-]
stratified flow correction factor [-]
microfin factor [-]
new convection enhancement factor [-]
microfin convection factor [-]
corrugation depth [m]
fin height [m]
two-phase multiplier [-]
dimensionless exponent as function of q [-]
dimensionless exponent as function of q [-]
area fraction occupied by tubes between baffle tips [-]
mixture correction factor [-]
residual correction factor [-]
nucleate boiling correction factor [-]
pressure correction factor [-]
pressure correction factor of Gorenflo [-]
Froude number of vapor phase [-]
liquid Froude number [-]
Soliman liquid Froude number [-]
pressure correction factor [-]
Shah factor [-]
two-phase convective multiplier [-]
fins per meter [m-1]
Fanning friction factor [-]
tube bank friction factor [-]
plain tube bank friction factor [-]

Appendix

A-2

Engineering Data Book III

i
k
L
oil
Fsbp
Fw
G
GaL
g
H
h
h
dh
hL
hLd
hLG

interfacial friction factor [-]

friction factor of phase k (where k is either G or L) [-]
Fanning friction factor of liquid [-]
mixture factor on pressure drop [-]
ratio of bypass area to cross flow area [-]
area fraction occupied by baffle window [-]
total mass velocity [kg/m2s]
Galileo number of liquid [-]
acceleration due to gravity [9.81 m/s2]
height of nozzle above top tube row [m]
liquid height inside channel [m]
enthalpy [J/kg]
change in enthalpy [J/kg]
enthalpy of saturated liquid [J/kg]
dimensionless liquid height inside channel [m]
latent heat of vaporization [J/kg]

h 'LG

latent heat of vaporization corrected from subcooling [J/kg]

latent heat absorbed by fluid [J/kg]
latent heat of vaporization [J/kg]
sensible heat absorbed by fluid [J/kg]
total heat absorbed by fluid [J/kg]
Jakob number of liquid [-]
bundle bypass correction factor [-]
baffle cut correction factor [-]
laminar flow correction factor for low finned tubes [-]
superficial velocity (m/s)
ideal heat transfer factor [-]
baffle leakage correction factor [-]
laminar flow correction factor [-]
laminar flow correction factor at Re = 20 [-]
unequal baffle spacing correction factor [-]
wall viscosity correction factor [-]
Taitel and Dukler parameter [-]
boiling factor of Danilova [-]
Kapitza number [-]
thermal conductivity [W/m K]
liquid thermal conductivity [W/m K]
length [m]
length of tube [m]
diametral clearance between Ds and Dotl [m]
inlet baffle spacing [m]
central baffle spacing [m]
height of baffle cut [m]
outlet baffle spacing [m]
developing length [m]
equivalent vertical height of fin [m]
fin height [m]
average fin thickness assuming rectangular profile [m]
width of pass partition lane [m]
width of bypass lane between tubes [m]

hlatent
hLV
hsensible
htotal
JaL
JB
JC
Jf
Jg
jI
JL
JR
(JR)20
JS
J
K
Kp
Ka
k
kL
L
L
Lbb
Lbi
Lbc
Lbch
Lbo
Ldev
Lfin
Lfh
Lfs
Lp
Lpl

Appendix

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Engineering Data Book III

Lpn
Lpp
Lsb
Lta
Ltb
Ltp
Ltp,eff
M
M
MN
m
m
m

tube pitch normal to direction of flow [m]

tube pitch parallel to direction of flow [m]
diametral clearance between Ds and Db [m]
effective tube length [m]
tube-to-baffle hole diametral clearance [m]
tube pitch from tube center to tube center [m]
effective tube pitch from tube center to tube center [m]
mass flow rate [kg/s]
molecular weight [kg/kmol]
additional term from integration [(kg/ms)4/3]
exponent [-]
Blasius exponent [-]
fin efficiency parameter [m-1]
mass velocity of fluid at maximum cross-section of bundle [kg/m2 s]
total mass velocity of liquid and vapor [kg/m2 s]
bubbly flow transition mass velocity [kg/m2s]

&
m
&
m
& bubbly
m
&e
m
equivalent mass velocity [kg/m2 s]
&G
mass velocity of vapor [kg/m2s]
m
& high mass velocity at transition from annular to stratified-wavy flow [kg/m2 s]
m
&L
m
mass velocity of liquid [kg/m2s]
& low mass velocity at transition from stratified-wavy to stratified flow [kg/m2 s]
m
& min minimum value of mist flow transition mass velocity [kg/m2s]
m
& mist mass velocity at transition from mist flow [kg/m2 s]
m
& ref reference mass velocity [= 500 kg/m2 s]
m
& strat mass velocity at transition from stratified-wavy to stratified flow [kg/m2 s]
m
& total total mass velocity of liquid plus vapor [kg/m2s]
m
&w
m
window mass velocity of fluid [kg/m2 s]
& wavy mass velocity at transition from annular to stratified-wavy flow [kg/m2 s]
m
& wavy(new) new wavy flow transition mass velocity [kg/m2s]
m
N
N
N
Nb
Nc
Nf
Nss
Ntcc
Ntcw
Ntt
Ntw
Nu
NuL
Numf
NuD
Nunb
Nu
Nu,lam
Nu,sub

number of tubes passed in crossflow [-]

Shah parameter [-]
tube row number from top [-]
number of baffles [-]
total number of tube rows crossed by flow in entire heat exchanger [-]
number of fins per unit length of tube [fins/m]
number of sealing strip pairs [-]
number of tube rows crossed between baffle tips in one baffle compartment [-]
number of tube rows crossed in one baffle window [-]
number of tubes [-]
number of tubes in the window [-]
Nusselt number [-]
liquid Nusselt number [-]
microfin Nusselt number [-]
mean Nusselt number based on tube diameter [-]
nucleate boiling Nusselt number [-]
liquid film Nusselt number [-]
laminar liquid film Nusselt number [-]
subcooled liquid film Nusselt number [-]

Appendix

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Engineering Data Book III

Nu,turb turbulent liquid film Nusselt number [-]

Nustrat local Nusselt number for stratified flow [-]
Nu(x) local Nusselt number [-]
Nu(z) local film Nusselt number [-]
n
empirical exponent [-]
n
factor equal to 3 [-]
n
power law exponent [-]
nf
exponent on heat flux [-]
nf
nucleate boiling exponent [-]
PG
dry perimeter in contact with vapor [m]
PGd
dimensionless dry perimeter in contact with vapor [m]
Pi
perimeter of liquid-vapor interface [m]
Pid
dimensionless perimeter of liquid-vapor interface [m]
PL
wetted perimeter [m]
PLd
dimensionless wetted perimeter [m]
Pr
Prandtl number [-]
PrL
liquid Prandtl number [-]
p
exponent
p
pressure [N/m2]
p
pitch of corrugation [m]
pcrit
critical pressure [N/m2]
pf
axial fin pitch [m]
pG
vapor pressure [N/m2]
pr
reduced pressure (pr = psat/pcrit) [-]
pro
reference reduced pressure of Gorenflo [-]
psat
saturation pressure [N/m2]
pwall
saturation pressure at wall temperature [N/m2]
pbI ideal bundle pressure drop for one baffle compartment [N/m2]
pc
central baffle compartment pressure drop [N/m2]
pe
end zone pressure drop [N/m2]
ptotal bundle pressure drop [N/m2]
pw
window zone pressure drop [N/m2]
(dp/dz)G frictional pressure gradient of the vapor [Pa/m]
(dp/dz)L frictional pressure gradient of the liquid [Pa/m]
(dp/dz)frict frictional pressure gradient [Pa/m]
Q
heat transfer rate [W]
q
heat flux [W/m2]
qDNB heat flux at departure from nucleate boiling (critical heat flux) [W/m2]
qDNB,tube heat flux at DNB of tube [W/m2]
qo
reference heat flux [W/m2]
qONB heat flux at onset of nucleate boiling [W/m2]
R
fouling factor on fin [m K/W]
R
Chisholm parameter [-]
R
radius of tube [m]
Rb
bypass pressure drop correction factor [-]
RL
leakage pressure drop correction factor [-]
Rp
root mean surface roughness [m]
Rpo
reference root mean surface roughness of Gorenflo [m]
Rp,o
standard surface roughness (= 1.0 m) [m]
RS
baffle end zones pressure drop correction factor [-]

Appendix

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Engineering Data Book III

R
viscosity pressure drop correction factor [-]
RaL
Rayleigh number [-]
Re
Reynolds number [-]
Recrit critical film Reynolds number [-]
Ree
equivalent liquid Reynolds number [-]
Reeq
equivalent liquid Reynolds number [-]
ReG
local vapor Reynolds number [-]
ReGo local vapor only Reynolds number [-]
ReGt
Reynolds number with total flow as vapor [-]
ReL
liquid Reynolds number for all flow as liquid [-]
ReLs
superficial liquid Reynolds number [-]
ReLt
Reynolds number with total flow as liquid [-]
(ReL)film Reynolds number with total flow as liquid [-]
ReRB Reynolds number [-]
Reroot film Reynolds number of the condensate flowing in the root area [-]
Re
film Reynolds number [-]
Re
liquid Reynolds number of film [-]
Re* modified liquid Reynolds number of film [-]
Re,trans transition liquid film Reynolds number [-]
Renb
nucleate boiling Reynolds number [-]
ReS
swirl Reynolds number [-]
Retp
two-phase Reynolds number [-]
r
external radius of tube [m]
ri
internal tube radius [m]
rlm
leakage area parameter [-]
ro
critical nucleation radius [m]
rs
leakage area parameter [-]
rss
sealing strip parameter [-]
S
nucleation suppression factor
S
vertical pitch between centerline of tubes [m]
S2
stratified flow correction factor [-]
Sb
bypass area [m]
Sm
cross-sectional flow area at centerline [m]
Ssb
shell-to-baffle leakage area [m]
Stb
tube-to-baffle leakage area [m]
Sw
net flow area in window [m]
Swg
gross flow area in window without tubes [m]
Swt
area in window occupied by tubes [m]
Sw
swirl number [-]
s
fin pitch [m]
s
specific gravity [-]
T
temperature [K or C]
Tbub
bubble point temperaure [K]
Tbub
bubble point temperature of mixture [K]
Tcrit
critical temperature of mixture [K]
Tdew
dew point temperature of condensable mixture [K]
TDNB wall temperature at point DNB [K]
TG
bulk temperature of gas-vapor mixture [K]
TGi
interfacial temperature of gas-vapor mixture [K]
TIB
wall temperature at point IB [K]

Appendix

A-6

Engineering Data Book III

TL
TMFB
Tman
Tsat
Tsat
Tw
Twall
T
Tf
TI
t
t
troot
ttip
Twall
Tbp
Tsat
U
u
uG
uGs
ui
uLG
uLs
uy
u
v
vi
We
WeL
w
winlet
X
Xtt
x
x
xB
xcrit
xF
xIA
xmax
xmin
xS
Y
Y
Y
y
y
ZG
z

local subcooled temperature of liquid [K]

wall temperature at point MFB [K]
manufacturers reference temperature [C]
saturation temperature [K]
saturation temperature of pure refrigerant [K]
wall temperature [K]
wall temperature [C]
wall superheat [K]
temperature difference across film (= Tsat-Tw) [K]
ideal wall superheat for boiling of a mixture [K]
mean thickness of fin [m]
twisted tape thickness [m]
thickness at root of fin [m]
thickness at tip of fin [m]
wall temperature [K]
boiling range or temperature glide of mixture [K]
wall superheat (= Twall-Tsat) [K]
overall heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
velocity in x-direction [m/s]
vapor velocity [m/s]
modified Baker parameter based on superficial vapor velocity [m/s]
suction velocity at interface [m/s]
superficial velocity of vapor with respect to liquid [m/s]
modified Baker parameter based on superficial liquid velocity [m/s]
velocity in y-direction [m/s]
free stream velocity in z-direction [m/s]
velocity in y-direction [m/s]
velocity of interface in z-direction [m/s]
Weber number [-]
Weber number of liquid [-]
local oil mass fraction [kg/kg]
inlet oil mass fraction [kg/kg]
mass fraction of mixture in liquid phase [kg/kg]
Martinelli parameter with both phases turbulent [-]
exponent in Rohsenow correlation [-]
vapor quality [-]
vapor quality at transition to bubbly flow [-]
vapor quality at location of critical heat flux [-]
vapor quality at transition to spray flow [-]
vapor quality at transition from intermittent to annular flow [-]
vapor quality at the intersection of annular flow and mist flow transition curves [-]
vapor quality at minimum of mist flow transition equation [-]
vapor quality at transition to stratified flow [-]
ratio of vapor to liquid frictional pressure gradient [-]
mass fraction of mixture in vapor phase [kg/kg]
twist ratio [-]
exponent in Rohsenow correlation [-]
length [m]
ratio of sensible cooling duty for vapor to total condensing duty [-]
distance along y-axis [m]

Appendix

A-7

Engineering Data Book III

z
z
z*

length from top [m]

length around perimeter of tube from top [m]
dimensionless length from top [m]

Greek symbols:

heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K]

mean film heat transfer coefficient on tube array [W/m2 K]

local perimeter averaged heat transfer coefficient inside a tube [W/m2 K]

b
heat transfer coefficient on bottom of finned tube retaining condensate [W/m2 K]
cb
convective boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
eff
effective condensing coefficient for condensable mixture [W/m2 K]
FZ
Forester-Zuber nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
f
mean film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
f
local film condensing coefficient around non-stratified top perimeter of tube [W/m2 K]
f
helix angle of microfins [degrees]
f(z) local film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
f+(z) dimensionless local film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
f() local film heat transfer coefficient at angle from top of tube [W/m2 K]
f(x) local condensing coefficient at vapor quality x [W/m2 K]
fin
heat transfer coefficient on fin [W/m2 K]
G
turbulent heat transfer coefficient of vapor [W/m2 K]
Gt
forced convection heat transfer coefficient with total flow as vapor [W/m2 K]
grav
gravity-dominated film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]

falling film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]

,dev developing region falling film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
,lam laminar falling film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
,lturb turbulent falling film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
I
ideal heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
I
ideal boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
I
ideal tube bank heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
ideal heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
id
L
liquid only heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
Lt
forced convection heat transfer coefficient with total flow as liquid [W/m2 K]
(N) heat transfer coefficient on Nth tube [W/m2 K]
(N=1) heat transfer coefficient on top tube [W/m2 K]
mean mean heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
nb
nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
mf
microfin convective boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
nom
nominal heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
o
reference nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K]
nb
nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
nb,I
ideal nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient of mixture [W/m2K]
nb,o
standard nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
ref-oil flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant-oil mixture [W/m2 K]
sh
shear-dominated film heat transfer coefficient
ss
shell-side single-phase heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
strat
mean film heat transfer coefficient around bottom of tube in stratified flow [W/m2 K]

Appendix

A-8

Engineering Data Book III

tp
tt
vapor
wet
(x)

two-phase flow boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]

twisted tape two-phase flow boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
vapor phase heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
wetted wall heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
local perimeter averaged heat transfer coefficient inside a tube at vapor quality x [W/m2 K]
angle of surface with respect to the horizontal [rad]
angle around perimeter of tube with respect to top [rad]
condensate retention angle from bottom of tube [rad]
contact angle [deg]
value used for calculation of [-]
L
liquid mass transfer coefficient [= 0.0003 m/s]
mL
mass transfer coefficient in liquid [0.0003 m/s]

Baker gas-phase parameter [-]

liquid film thickness [m]

*

nondimensional liquid film thickness [m]

void fraction of vapor [-]

angle from top of tube [rad]

d
angle at end of developing region [rad]
f
angle at end of stagnation flow region [rad]
i
angle at end of impingement region [rad]

condensate flow rate per unit width of wall [kg/ms]

evap liquid flow that has been evaporated when reaching the bottom of the array [kg/m s]
feed
liquid flow rate of liquid applied to the top of the array [kg/m s]
L
liquid flow rate per unit length on plate or one side of tube [kg/m s]
() condensate flow rate per unit width at angle from top [kg/ms]
(N) condensate flow rate (on one side) per unit length off bottom of tube N [kg/ms]
bottom(N) condensate flow rate (from one side) per unit length off bottom of tube N [kg/ms]
top(N) condensate flow rate (from one side) per unit length onto top of tube N [kg/ms]
(z)
condensate flow rate per unit width at distance z from top [kg/ms]
crit
critical wavelength [m]
dangerous wavelength [m]
d
T
Taylor wavelength [m]

similarity variable [-]

fin
fin efficiency [-]
surface surface efficiency [-]

one-half of apex angle of a trapezoidal fin [rad]

dynamic viscosity [Ns/m2]

L
liquid dynamic viscosity [Ns/m2]

kinematic viscosity [m2/s]

L
liquid kinematic viscosity [m2/s]

similarity variable [-]

ctl
centerline angle around top perimeter of tube [degrees]
dry
dry angle around top perimeter of tube [radians]
ds
baffle cut angle on shell diameter [degrees]
max dry angle at xmax [radians]
strat stratified angle around lower perimeter of the tube [radians]

bubble point temperature rise at interface relative to bulk [K]

Appendix

A-9

Engineering Data Book III

bp

air

G
G*
L

man
oil
ref

V
water

water
i
i*
i+

G
L

oil
ref
ref-oil

wall

water

Ph

boiling range or temperature glide of a mixture [K]

density [kg/m3]
liquid density of refrigerant-oil mixture [kg/m3]
density of air [kg/m3]
vapor density [kg/m3]
fictitious vapor density [kg/m3]
liquid density [kg/m3]
liquid density of oil according to manufacturer [kg/m3]
liquid density of oil [kg/m3]
liquid density of refrigerant [kg/m3]
vapor density [kg/m3]
density of water [kg/m3]
surface tension [N/m]
surface tension of water [N/m2]
interfacial shear stress [N/m2]
dimensionless interfacial shear stress [N/m2]
dimensionless interfacial shear stress [N/m2]
dynamic viscosity [Ns/m2]
vapor dynamic viscosity [Ns/m2]
liquid dynamic viscosity [Ns/m2]
dynamic viscosity of pure oil [Ns/m2]
dynamic viscosity of pure refrigerant [Ns/m2]
dynamic viscosity of local refrigerant-oil mixture [Ns/m2]
dynamic viscosity at wall [Ns/m2]
dynamic viscosity of water [Ns/m2]
geometrical function [-]
intertube spacing factor [-]
friction factor [-]
similarity variable [-]

Subscripts :
fin
G
L

fin
vapor
liquid

Appendix

A-10