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CONDUCTION (2)
Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Delhi
E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in
p
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
Temperature distribution and heat flow lines along two solid plates
pressed against each other for the case of perfect and imperfect contact
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
Consider heat transfer through two metal rods of cross-sectional area A that
are pressed against each other
other. Heat transfer through the interface of these two
rods is the sum of the heat transfers through the solid contact spots and the
gaps in the noncontact areas and can be expressed as
Q = Q
Mostexperimentallydetermined
Most
experimentally determined
valuesofthethermalcontactresistancefall
between0.000005and0.0005m2C/W(the
correspondingrangeofthermalcontact
conductanceis2000to200,000W/m2C).
contact
+ Q
gap
Q = h c A T int
erface
where A is the apparent interface area (which is the same as the crosssectional area of the rods) and Tinterface is the effective temperature
difference at the interface. The quantity hc, which corresponds to the
convection heat transfer coefficient, is called the thermal contact
conductance and is expressed as
(W/m2 oC)
int
erface
1
h c
int
erface
(m2 oC/W)
Importance of consideration
Th th
The
thermall contact
t t resistance
i t
range:
between 0.000005 and 0.0005 m2C/W
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
Q = Q
+ Q
T1 T
R1
T1 T
R 2
= (T1 T
R1 =
Q =
T1 T
R total
1
1
)
+
R 2
R1
L1
k 1 A 1'
'
2
where
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
1
R
total
1
1
+
R1
R 2
total
R1R 2
R1 + R
Combined series-parallel
series parallel
Q =
T1 T
R total
R1 R 2
+ R 3 + R conv
R1 + R 2
R total = R 12 + R 3 + R conv =
R1 =
conv
L1
k 1 A 1'
1
hA
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
L
k
'
2
L
k
A 3'
RD
RA
R1
RC
T1
R = R 1 +
R2
RE
T2
RF
RB
1
1
1
+
RA RB
+ RC +
1
1
1
1
+
+
RD RE RF
+ R 2
Q = UA T
(W)
UA =
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
1
R total
T1
T2
T3 T4
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
Q cond ,cyl = kA
dT
dr
A = 2 rL
L
r
r2= r
1
Q cond ,cyl
A
dr = T2=T kdT
1
Q cond ,cyl
T T2
= 2 Lk 1
ln( r2 r1 )
Q cond
, cyl
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
T1 T 2
R cyl
R cyl =
Q cond ,cyl
(W)
ln( r2 r1 )
2 Lk
For sphere
r r
Rsph = 2 1
4r1r2k
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
Resistance Network
cylindrical
R total = R conv ,1 + R cond + R conv , 2
=
ln (r 2 r1 )
1
1
+
+
(2 r1 L )h 1
2 Lk
( 2 r2 L ) h 2
spherical
R total = R conv
=
(4 r )h
1
+
1
,1
+ R sph + R conv
,2
r 2 r1
1
+
4 r1 r 2 k
( 4 r2 2 ) h
Multilayered cylinder
ln (r 2 r1 ) ln (r 3 r 2 ) ln (r 4 r 3 )
1
1
+
+
+
+
h 1A 1
2 Lk 1
2 Lk 2
2 Lk 3
h 2A
1 T 1 T T
T
k.r
+ k. + g& = C
k.r
+ 2
r r z z
t
r r
d dT
r
=0
dr dr
T =
T 2 T1
T ln r 2 T 2 ln r1
ln (r ) + 1
r
r
ln 2
ln 2
r1
r1
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
C1
ddT
Q = kA r
|r = r1 = k.2r1L.
dr
r1
Q = k.2r1L.(T2 T1 ).
2kL(T1 T2 )
r2
ln
r1
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
1
r
r1 ln 2
r1
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
Insulation
r2
T , h
r1
Thin wall
Ts
& T1
Q
Insulation
r2
T , h
r1
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
Thin wall
Ts
Ts
ln(r2 r1 )
2k
Rt
T
1
2r2h
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
Tofindrcr,settheoverallthermalresistancedRt/dr=0and
solveforr:
Rt =
ln(r ri )
1
+
2k
2rh
ri = inner radius
dRt
1
1
=
=0
2
dr
2kr 2r h
k
r = rcr =
h
2k
rcr =
h
For
Forinsulationthicknesslessthatr
insulation thickness less that rcr theheatlossincreases
the heat loss increases
withincreasingrandforinsulationthicknessgreaterthat
rcr theheatlossdecreaseswithincreasingr
Ifk=0.03W/(mK)andh=10W/(m2K):
k 0.03 W/(mK)
= 0.003m = 3mm
cylinder rcr = =
2
h
10 W/(m
( K))
2k
= 6mm
sphere rcr =
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
h
1
2kr22
1
r23 h
At r2=k/h
Total thermal resistance per unit length
d 2 R total
r
ln 2
r
1
= 1+
2k
2r2 h
dr2 2
R total
Heat transfer p
per unit length
g
1
1 1
=
>0
2 k 2k
3 2
2k h
(k h )
1
Q T Ti
=
L
Rtotal
=0
2kr2 2r22 h
dr2
r2 =
k
h
rcr ,cylinder =
=0
k
h
(m)
rcr , max =
k max, insulation
h min
0 .05 W m o C
5 W m 2o C
) = 0.01m = 1cm
rcr ,sphere =
2k
h
Summary
Table3.3
Table 3 3
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
d T
q
+
= 0
2
dx
k
T (x ) =
q 2
x + C1x + C 2
2k
Boundaryy conditions:
T ( L ) = T s ,1
T (L ) = T s , 2
qL 2
T (x) =
2k
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
C1 =
T s , 2 T s ,1
2L
T s , 2 + T s ,1
q
2
=
L +
2k
2
T s , 2 + T s ,1
x 2 T s , 2 T s ,1 x
1 2 +
+
2
2
L
L
Ts ,1 = Ts , 2 Ts
qL 2
T (x) =
2k
x2
1 2 + T s
L
qL
L2
T (0) To =
+ Ts
2k
Put x = 0
d
dx
qL
Ts = T +
h
1 d dT q
+ = 0
r
r dr dr k
dT
q r2
r
=
+ C1
d
dr
2k
q r2
T (r ) =
+ C 1 ln r + C 2
4k
Boundary conditions:
dT
|r = 0 = 0
dr
T ( ro ) = T s
C1 = 0
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
q ro
T (r ) =
4k
C 2 = Ts +
q ro
4k
r2
1 2 + T s
ro
q ro2 L = h ( 2 ro L )( T s T )
q ro
Ts = T +
2h