WHAT_REALLY_KILLED_THE_DINOSAURS

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WHAT REALLY KILLED THE DINOSAURS

CHAPTER ONE: Maybe The Theorists Got It Wrong
In 1980, Dr Luis Alvarez hypothesized that a massive meteorite hit the
earth 65 million years ago, leaving a deposit of white powder around the
world, known in geology as the K-T boundary.
Below the K-T boundary, fossils of large dinosaurs are found, but above
the boundary - no dinosaurs. This observation has been the reason for the
main accepted theory for the last two decades,
that a large meteorite killed the dinosaurs. But it
that true?

THE DEBATE: Asteroid or Volcano

Fig. 1) Dr. Luis Alvarez and son

Walter discover the "Boundary"

Some paleontologists are now proposing that

possibly the geologic record shows that severe
climate change from extreme volcanic activity
during the time was responsible for the death of
the dinosaurs. The debate is now forcing
scientists to choose up sides - Was it meteorite or
volcanoes? But what if both are wrong, and it
was neither?
Some of the data seem to indicate it might
have been a meteorite, but other observations
seem to favor a volcanic cause. But there are also
holes in both theories. Some of the geologic and
scientific observations can't be explained by

either or both of the theories.

Such as why did whatever happened at the K-T boundary, kill only all the
large reptilians, the dinosaurs, but seemed not to have any affect on such
smaller ancient reptiles as turtles, crocodiles and alligators? Those animals
along with similar reptiles still remain alive today. Also not affected were
reptilian-like birds and even insects, other than most of them became much
smaller after the K-T event.

THE CHANGES: At the Cretaceous-Tertiary K-T Boundary

Some clear changes in the lifeforms on earth did occur at the K-T
boundary. Prior to the boundary, the predominant form was reptilian, but
afterward, the predominant form was small non-reptiles such as early
marsupials and mammals. Most scientists, misconstrue this change as from
"cold-blooded" animals to "warm-blooded" animals. Not So.
The difference between reptiles and mammals is not the temperature of
the blood but the mechanism used to maintain that temperature. Reptiles have
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no internal organ or means for maintaining their temperature. If the

temperature is too hot, then reptiles must hide under a rock or in the shade to
keep cool. Or if the temperature is too cool then reptiles must "sun"
themselves to gain heat, or burrow in the ground or stay in water to stay
warm or regulate their temperature. But normally, reptilian blood
temperature is just about the same as in mammals. Reptiles must use external
means to regulate their temperature.
Most mammals have something like a thyroid gland that monitors the
external air temperature breathed in and flowing through the throat, and also
monitors the blood temperature flowing from heart to brain. This unique
gland sits in the throat and has both hot carotid arteries coming directly from
the heart and passing through both thyroid lobes. The thyroid gland then
releases the proper amount of thyroxin to control evaporative cooling in the
lungs and metabolic heating to maintain a constant blood-brain temperature despite the outside air temperature and weather conditions.

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE: 100 Degrees

For both reptiles and mammals, in fact almost all animals with nerve and
brain tissue, that brain tissue must be kept at a temperature of about 100F
within a few degrees, to remain electrically and chemically active. If not, then
the brain tissue ceases to function properly and coma and death soon result.
Note that temperature for future reference.
While human body temperature is about 98.6 degrees, the brain
temperature is about 99 to 100 degrees. If the brain temperature falls to about
95 degrees, then the individual goes to sleep. During sleep, the brain
temperature begins to rise each morning and is back to 100 degrees about 15
minutes before waking up. If the temperature of a mammal's brain drops
about 10 degrees the result is coma. In some animals this coma condition is
recoverable and is called hibernation, which is a winter survival mechanism
for some animals.
If a reptile falls asleep and the surrounding air temperature falls to 70
degrees, the reptile may not wake up. Reptiles have no means to regulate their
brain temperature during sleep. That's why
terrariums are usually kept heated above room
temperature, or the reptile may not survive.
What that means is that most mammals.
marsupials and birds can tolerate weather
changes from arid desert heat to frigid blizzard
snow storm and still survive. But most reptiles
wouldn't have a chance over that wide range of
climate. Today, the reptiles only live in a very
narrow range of climates around the earth.
Birds such as penguins, and mammals like the
seals live in 32 degree freezing Antarctica and Fig. 2) Heated Terrarium With
Incandescent Hood for Constant
the Arctic, but reptiles do not.
Warmth Above Room Temperature,

THE GREAT SHIFT: Gymnosperms to

Angiosperms -- The Record of the Seeds

Which Is Not Necessary For Mammal

Pet Cages

Usually not discussed at all, in what may have happened during the K-T
Boundary event, is that not just animals such as dinosaurs were affected, but
also an extreme and vast change in the plant lifeforms of earth also occurred
at that same time.
Prior to the K-T shift nearly all of the plants were gymnosperms. In
general these are non-flowering non-seed-bearing plants like ferns. fern trees,
and fern palms, or needled trees such as redwoods or pines trees. These plants
are also called "evergreens" since these plants seem the same, or green, all

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year round. They are not seasonal plants. These primitive plants do have a
simple form of seed or spore but without any protective covering. The name
gymnosperm means naked-seed.
After the K-T boundary, most of the vast variety of new plant forms were
angiosperms. These are the flowering plants, which either completely die each
year and regrow each spring from seeds dropped the previous year. Or if it is
a large tree, the leaves are completely dropped and new growth comes from
new leaves and flowering portions of the tree each spring. The seeds of
angiosperms have hard coverings or casings which can tolerate hot arid
drying desert heat and even cold freezing, then still sprout the next year. The
name angiosperm means covered-seed.
What this means is that after the K-T boundary, the new predominant
lifeforms, both plants and animals, were the ones which could tolerate wide
changes in the seasons from winter to summer. But before the K-T boundary,
the plants and animals had no means to respond to seasonal changes. But what
causes seasonal changes? They are caused by the tilt of the earth.

THE K-T EVENT: The Beginning of Earth Seasons

Is it possible that before the K-T boundary the earth was not tilted, then
whatever happened at the K-T boundary event also caused the earth to tilt at
23.5 degrees? This would mean that before the K-T event there were no
seasons, and this favored the older life forms of gymnosperms and reptiles.
But after the K-T boundary, the earth became tilted, causing seasons and
seasonal climate changes, and then favoring the new angiosperms and
mammals.
As further evidence, most angiosperms need the changes of the seasons to
trigger when to drop seeds or sprout. Most angiosperms also need the changes
in the length of the daylight as the seasons change to determine when to
bloom. Without the seasonal changes most angiosperms would fail. Does this
then show that angiosperms could not and did not develop before the K-T
boundary because the earth was not yet tilted and there were no seasons? Not
yet.
I have not seen any other scientist look at this possibility to explain the
disappearance of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. But if this possibility
were correct then current theories about orogeny, paleo-magnetism and plate
tectonics would also need to be revised. There is plenty of data in the geologic
record to show that this might be a good idea to revise all three at the same
time. And it might finally resolve the issue about what really killed the
dinosaurs.

WHAT REALLY KILLED THE DINOSAURS

CHAPTER TWO: What Caused the Earth to Tilt 65 Million Years Ago?
In chapter one, you probably found that there is significant evidence in
the geologic and scientific record indicating that the earth seems to have
somehow been tilted over about 23.5 degrees at the time of the K-T boundary
65 million years ago. And the tilting of the earth started seasons, along with
seasonal changes in climate, and that is what killed the dinosaurs. Could it
have been some wandering asteroid passing near or impacting earth that
caused the earth to tilt?
The laws of physics would say that nothing internal to the earth could
have caused the earth to tilt over on its own axis so it must have been some
event external to the earth such as a passing asteroid. Is that true? What if

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some huge volcanic explosion erupted in the earth's northern hemisphere.

The violent eruption could then act like a large rocket jet blasting into space,
causing the earth to recoil and tilt back from the blast and then tilting over at
23.5 degrees. Is that possible?
But again we get back to the current main scientific theories and dilemma,
that what killed the dinosaurs was either a wandering asteroid passing by or
impacting earth causing it to tilt over, and creating seasons and killing
dinosaurs. Or maybe it was a large volcanic explosion tilting the earth and
causing seasons and killing dinosaurs. Was it asteroid or volcanoes? Was it
some as yet unknown and undiscovered "deus ex machina" which caused the
tilt of the earth? Again, maybe it was neither. What does the actual geologic
record show?

THE LAYERS: Peeling the Earth Like an Onion

One of the important items of evidence is that, surely when earth was
formed it was layered, something like the layers of an onion. Each layer
downward was more dense and heavier than the layers above. Above the
heavy metallic mantle floats
the molten fluid asthenosphere
which is where most hot
volcanic lava comes from. This
material is mostly iron, silicon
and magnesium metallic alloys
and is called SIMA.
Floating on the asthenosphere is the lighter rocky
continental material. This
material is almost all silicon
and aluminum atoms which
are bonded with oxygen. Since
it is mostly silicon and
aluminum oxide it is called
SIAL. Metallic oxides are all
called ceramics and are much
Fig. 3) The Layered Onion Of Earth: The Rigid Layers of SIMA lighter and less dense than
and SIAL lithosphere Float On The Fluid Asthenosphere molten pure metals. So the
(shown in red)
lighter rocky ceramic SIAL
continents float on the heavier metallic SIMA asthenosphere.
Floating above the rocky SIAL is the layer of watery oceans or the
hydrosphere. And floating above all of those is the even lighter less dense
gaseous layer of air called the atmosphere. Thus the earth is something like a
layered onion with each layer going outward lighter and less dense than the
deeper layers below.
Information from NASA would seem to indicate that all of the other large
bodies, planets and big moons of our solar system also seem to be layered like
onions. Thus the earth is much like all other large bodies in orbit around the
sun. Except for one thing. A huge portion, three fourths of one of the layers of
the onion skin on planet earth is completely missing. Where did it go? And
how did such a thing happen?

THE GEOLOGIC MYSTERY: Where Did the Missing Continents Go?

For almost a century, since the 1912 publication of German geologist
Alfred Wegener's book, it has been recognized that three fourths of the rocky
continental SIAL material of earth is simply missing. Where did it go and
when did it disappear? One hundred years ago geologists did not have the
information we have now, so it has always just remained a geologic mystery.
But that mystery is now about to be solved.

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One of the new clues is that during the 1980's ocean-going prospecting
ships took a survey of the ocean beds of earth looking for minerals and oil.
The ocean bottom samples they brought back all showed that the ages of
almost all the lava-like SIMA material which makes up all the ocean beds are
no older than about 65 million years old. This was a surprising result but
seems to have been largely ignored by the scientific community.
What that means is that prior to 65 million years ago there probably was
a thick rocky continental layer of SIAL which uniformly and completely
covered the whole earth like an onion skin, just as on all the other planets and
moons in our solar system. Then about 65 million years ago something tore
away about three fourths of that rocky SIAL continental material and exposed
the hot SIMA asthenosphere below. That newly exposed hot asthenosphere
cooled and became the new ocean beds. The point in time at which the basaltic
SIMA material was exposed and cooled is indicated by their present age of 65
million years or less.

THE REMNANT CALLED PANGEA: Was It a Result of the K-T Event

or Pushed Together by Internal Forces
Another clue is that about that time, when three fourths of the rocky
continental material was ripped away, the rocky material that was left was
then all in one place and on one side of the planet earth. That remnant rocky
material which now only covers about one fourth of the planet was called
Pangea. And Pangea was originally all in one place. Since that time, that
remnant has broken
apart and has uniformly spread around
the earth to balance
the spinning planet in
its orbit. The broken
remnants became the
present day continents,
which are now widely
spread around the
planet.
Modern
day
theory
mistakenly
dates the breakup of
Pangea into the two
Fig. 4) A Typical Guess of What Pangea May Have Looked Like 200
Million Years Ago. This Is Shown Incorrectly. The Upper Portion Called major com- ponents of
"Laurasia" Should Be Rotated Clockwise About 45 Degrees. This Would Laurasia
and
Close The Large Opening On the Right Called The Tethys Sea.
Gondwanaland about
250 million years ago.
But, as we will soon see, this could be simply a problem of geography and
paleo-magnetic measurements. If the whole remnant body of Pangea was
originally rotated about 45 degrees clockwise, then the magnetic dating of
Laurasia and Gondwanaland would show they were all in the same place at
the same time 250 million years ago, and even up to 65 million years ago.
They had always been all in the same place as part of the non-moving
uniform layer of rocky material completely covering the earth. They had been
in the same place since the oldest measured dates going back well beyond 600
million years ago. But then they broke up and started to spread apart about 65
million years ago. This accounts for why all the present day ocean beds have
an age of 65 million years or less.
Is it possible that whatever event ripped away three fourths of the earth's
continental surface material 65 million years ago is also what caused the earth
to tilt over at 23.5 degrees, causing the beginning of seasons and the demise of
the dinosaurs?

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The earth's geologic record still has much more information readily
available which can tell us the answer to that question. The problem is putting
all of the various pieces of scientific evidence together into one self-consistent
hypothesis.

WHAT REALLY KILLED THE DINOSAURS

CHAPTER THREE: Where did the Missing Continents Go 65 Million
Years Ago?
What we've seen so far is that sometime about 65 million years ago, the
earth was seemingly tilted over at 23.5 degrees and the seasonal changes of
winter and summer began. This was shown in the geologic record by the
sudden shift in the earth's plants and animals at the K-T boundary from the
earlier gymnosperms and reptilians, to the later angiosperms and mammals.
We've also seen that about 65 million years ago, about three fourths of the
rocky SIAL continental layer which had completely covered planet earth
seems to have suddenly all disappeared. This left behind one fourth of that
layer as the proto-continent, Pangea, which was all in one place and on one
side of the earth. This is shown in the geologic record as all the places where
the rocky material was ripped off and disappeared, meaning today's ocean
beds, all have an age of 65 million years or less.
If three fourths of the rocky continental layer mysteriously disappeared
65 million years ago, wouldn't it be reasonable that also three fourths of the
layers above, meaning the oceans and atmosphere would also have
disappeared at the same time? Does the geologic record show this. Yes, it
surely does, but only if you know where to look.

MYSTERIOUS OCEANS: Why It Took So Long for Life to Appear on

Land
If originally, there were four times as much land, ocean and atmosphere,
then the depth of the proto-oceans would be four times as deep as it is now.
Does the geologic record show that? With a current average depth of about
two miles today, the original depth would have then been about eight miles
deep. But that would have completely covered the whole planet with no land
or continents visible. Did that happen? What does the geologic record show.
One of the great mysteries of geology and paleontology is why did it take
so long for life to emerge on the land. Earliest life forms seem to appear in the
oceans somewhere about a billion or 1,000 million years ago. From about 700
million years ago during the PreCambrian Period to about 400
million years ago during the
Devonian Period, advanced lifeforms
including both plants and animals
abounded in the oceans in a vast
variety of complex and some rather
huge forms, but no life on the land.
Why?
Could it be that before 400
million years ago, there simply was
no land? The earth was completely
covered by water. All the continental
rocky land was covered by a vast
eight mile deep ocean. Thus there
was no land for the plants and

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animals to live on. Life only

existed in the miles deep ocean. That
solves one long-standing geologic
mystery, but then what made the
land mysteriously and suddenly
appear during the Devonian Period
400 million years ago?
To solve the mystery of the
sudden appearance of land during
the Devonian Period, paleontologists, biologists and botanists
would need to understand a basic,
though esoteric, principle of physics
called, Conservation of Angular
Momentum (CAM). Most bioscientists did not study physics or if
they did, they probably didn't really
understand the meaning of the
principle of Conservation of Angular
Momentum or CAM.

PRIMARY PRINCIPLE: The

Conservation of Angular
Mometum (CAM)
It turns out that without the
principle of CAM there would be no
planetary systems or solar systems,
no planets and certainly no life on
any planets. So how did CAM
suddenly make the land appear on
planet earth during the Devonian
Fig. 5) THE PHANEROZOIC TIME SCALE
Period 400 million years ago? And
how did it also suddenly make the
dinosaurs disappear 65 million years ago, at the same time as it made three
fourths of the continental rocky layer of earth disappear?
The usual explanation of Conservation of Angular Momentum given in
physics classes uses an ice skater, like Tara Lipinski at the Winter Olympics.
At the end of her skate routine she begins to spin around, then slowly brings
her arms closer to her body, and Tara seems to spin
faster and faster until she is only a swirling blur. And
why are ice skaters used as examples in physics classes?
Only an ice skater on the nearly frictionless ice, can
rotate rapidly and duplicate the rotation of bodies like
earth which rotate frictionlessly in space.
The CAM principle says, as any rotating body
reduces its distance from the axis of rotation, it must
rotate faster and faster to "conserve angular
momentum." At the end of Tara's routine, on the last
note of the music on the tinny rink-arena sound system,
Tara flings her arms outward and comes to a sudden
Fig. 6) Tara Lipinski Brings complete stop to a loud congratulatory applause. What
Her Arms Inward To Begin a wonderful display. It
Her
Astounding
Medal- turns out that planet
Winning Triple Axel Spin
earth is just as agile
and adept as Tara and
can do that very same trick. And has done it
several times in the past, as is shown in the

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geologic record.

MYSTERY IN THE AIR: Why the Earth

is Different
When the earth first formed it had a very
thick atmosphere, more than four times
thicker than at present. It was made mostly
of carbon dioxide, methane and ammonia,
just like all the other planets in our solar
system. The thick dense atmosphere covered
the massive thick layer of water about eight
miles deep, and there was no land.
As the planet cooled it shrank as hot
gases deep in the mantle were released into
the ancient atmosphere. As the planet earth
cooled and shrank, its diameter became
slightly smaller. But this is the same as skater
Tara, bringing in her arms and spinning
faster. As the earth's diameter shrank with
age it also rotated faster and faster.
The first life form on earth was not
animals, but was only simple single-celled
plants
called
blue-green
algae
or
phytoplankton. These "plants" as do all Fig. 7) Tara Lipinski Extends Her Arms
plants, take carbon dioxide, methane and and Legs Away From the Center Line of
Body To Stop Her Rapid Spin So That
ammonia,
and
converts
them
into Her
She Can End Her Routine and Accept Her
hydrocarbons, carbohydrates and ammonia Olympic Medal.
(or amino) acids which make up proteins and
which become the parts of the body of the plant. And then as a waste product
the plants release oxygen and nitrogen.
To do all of this, all that the plants needed was sunlight. With no
predators or other lifeforms to compete with, the plants completely filled the
oceans with sun-loving phytoplankton. And the "plantification" of earth
completely converted earth's entire atmosphere from carbon dioxide into
oxygen and nitrogen.

BATTLE OF THE 'SEXES': Plants versus Animals

Billions of years later after the first plants had converted most of the
primeval atmosphere into oxygen and nitrogen, the first single-celled animals
appeared. Animals were a very different form of life. They can't survive on
just air and sunlight, as do the plants. The animal were not "breath-airians."
The animals needed something to eat to get their energy. They ate the plants.
Thus ended the great age of atmosphere conversion, and began the earth's
present balance between two competing and complementary lifeforms, plants
and animals. It leaves the earth now with its oxygen-nitrogen atmosphere.
That's why no other planets in the solar system have an oxygen atmosphere,
since it's a by-product of single-celled plant life and requires a very deep
watery ocean.
So what happened 400 million years ago, during the Devonian period to
make land suddenly appear on earth? And then within a geologic blink of an
eye, in only a few hundred or thousand years, all manner of lifeforms, plants
and animals, suddenly spread in teeming abundance all across the newly
exposed land surface.
Then later, the Conservation of Angular Momentum (CAM) also caused
another vast change in earth about 225 million years ago which completely
devastated all life on earth, in a process called the "Great Dying." At that

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time, during the P-T or Permian-Triassic boundary, nearly 95% of all life
in both the oceans and on the land simply disappeared. Why? What was the
CAM event that caused the "Great Dying?"
And by that same CAM process with planet earth doing its imitation of
Tara Lipinski routines, the earth continued to change until 65 million years
ago at the K-T boundary, the dinosaurs along with three fourths of the rocky
continental layer on the earth's surface all suddenly disappeared. We are now
ready to put all the pieces of the geologic record evidence together to find out
what really killed the dinosaurs.

WHAT REALLY KILLED THE DINOSAURS

CHAPTER FOUR: How CAM Changed Orogeny, Paleomagnetism and
Plate Tectonics -- Putting It All Together
Previously, we've learned that science is currently in a dilemma: What
killed the dinosaurs - asteroid or volcanoes? But what if it were something
else? The observation of the layer of white powder at the K-T boundary 65
million years ago with dinosaur fossils below and none above, has lead to the
current dilemma. The real problem for science is usually not finding the right
answers, but is actually just finding and asking the right questions.
Why is it at the K-T boundary 65 million years ago, that the life forms on
earth suddenly shift from non-seasonal reptiles and gymnosperms, to the
seasonal mammals and angiosperms? Why is it that the seasons caused by the
tilting of the earth seem to begin at the K-T boundary? Why is it that the
basaltic beds of all the oceans all seem to be of the same age of 65 million years
or less? Why is it that all the rocky continental material seemed to be all in the
same place about 65 million years ago? And what made the other three
fourths of all the rocky continents suddenly disappear 65 million years ago,
exposing the new sea beds, and where did the missing continents go? None of
the current theories about the disappearing dinosaurs even ask or address
those questions.
Actually there are whole groups of many other unasked questions about
the K-T boundary, which have to do with observations about mountain
building, or Orogeny; and with what causes the earth's magnetic field, or
Paleomagnetism; and with what causes the continents to move around the
planet, called Plate Tectonics. If I gave you those questions, you would
intuitively know the answers. They are not hard to figure out. But that may be
too much information all at once. Let's look at the problem chronologically.

THE EARTH IS BORN: The Smelting of Iron and Removing the Dross
Ignoring for the moment how it got here, the earth at its beginning was in
orbit around the sun and was spinning on its axis. This seems to have occurred
about 4.5 billion years ago. At that time the earth was almost perfectly layered
like an onion, just like the other planets in the solar system. Each layer lighter
and less dense going outward from the center. As the earth cooled for some
billions of years, a firm surface crust was formed on the outside and the earth
began to shrink.
This is like heating raw iron ore in a vessel until it melts. The impurities
are usually lighter and float on the surface of the molten iron. As the vessel
with the hot metal cools, the impure dross solidifies into a crust on the surface
and can be scooped off the top. That is how most metallic ores are purified
and smelted. As it cools the metallic ore also shrinks.
The shrinkage of earth was caused for two reasons. Almost any hot metal

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will shrink when cooled. The core of the earth is hot metal. Also over time,
gases in the interior of the earth will leak out into the atmosphere. This is
similar to letting air out of a balloon and the balloon shrinks. Just as with ice
skater Tara Lipinski pulling in her arms, as the earth shrank, it spun around
faster and faster. What happens when the earth spins faster?
As the earth spins faster, the centrifugal force along the equator increases.
This is the same force that points away from the center, as when you swing a
bucket of water around you and the water stays in the bucket. The centrifugal
force holds the water in the bucket. So what happens to the earth?
It becomes oblate because of the outward centrifugal force around the
equator. And oblate means it becomes fatter around the middle, compared to
the distance around the poles. Another example is to look at the two pictures
of skater Tara Lipinski
as she begins her rapid
spin. While she is
spinning, her skirt is
thrown
outward
by
centrifugal so that it is
almost standing straight
out. Compare that to her
skirt
when
she
is
stopped. So while Tara is
spinning, a part of her,
her tutu skirt, becomes
"fatter" around the
middle. Many a Lipinski
fan paid good money just
to watch Tara become
"oblate" around the
Fig. 8) A geometric model of an Oblate Spheroid. This is created middle.
when a spherical body rotates very quickly and the equatorial region
The sun, and the
becomes fatter. In the Solar System, the planet Saturn is the most
outer
planets, Jupiter
oblate with an equator 10 percent larger than the polar distance.
and
Saturn,
are
measurably oblate, since they rotate fast enough for the centrifugal force to
make them fat around the middle. But those bodies are mostly gas so
becoming oblate is easy. But the earth is mostly a hard solid metallic ball. So
how does earth become oblate?

THE EARTH BECOMES OBLATE: The Bowling Ball versus The Soccer
Ball
If you spin a bowling ball faster and faster it will not get fat around the
middle. It is just too hard and solid to change shape. If you spin a soccer ball
faster and faster it will begin to flatten out and get fat around the middle. It's
hard to make a model of a bowling ball inside a soccer ball to make a model of
earth. So we can pretend using a bowling ball which is covered with a layer of
soft clay around the ball, and then spin the ball and clay faster and faster.
What will happen is that the clay will begin to slowly migrate to the
equator of the spinning bowling ball. This also happened to the earth about 2
billion years ago. The rocky lithosphere of earth slid toward the equator on
the hot fluid layer of molten asthenosphere. This caused the rocky lithosphere,
like the clay on the bowling ball, to be squeezed together and build up into a
thick ring along the equator.
Like the soft soccer ball, the earth's rocky lithosphere floating on the fluid
asthenosphere became thicker around the middle and the earth appeared to
became oblate. But it was really only the material along the earth's surface
around the equator that changed shape. The earth's highly compressed solid
core and lower mantle, like the solid bowling ball, did not change shape.

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LAND APPEARS ABOVE THE OCEANS: The Orogeny of the

Geosynclines
This slow squeezing and building up of the earth's surface lithosphere
toward the equator causes a unique form of mountain to be created. These
mountains are called "geosynclines" and look something like the skin of
wrinkly fruit or a dried prune. This will be one of the important "questions"
later in the proof. Where are the geosyncline mountains today? The location of
the
present
day
geosyncline mountains,
for the first time in
science, accurately mark
the position of the
original
earth
crust
compared to the location
of the earth's equator,
prior to the time of the
K-T boundary.
Scientists wanting to
duplicate the experiment
with the bowling ball
covered with a layer of
clay might find it easier
to use another model.
There
is
nothing
equivalent to the force of Fig. 9) A Landsat MSS synthetic color photo of the Geosyncline
of central Pennsylvania. The mountians are made of ancient
gravity on the bowling region
seafloor sediment that has been pushed together and then raised up.
ball to hold the clay to The rippling sinuous mountians are typical of geosyncline formations
the surface. A better around the world. In this photo the ancient earth equator ran from the
experiment would use a lower central to the upper right. This shows that the American
continent was originally on the equator and then rotated counterhollow
clear
Lucite clockwise
about 60 degrees to its present position.
plastic ball lined with
clay on the inside. Then spin the plastic ball and watch how the clay layer is
forced toward the equator, building up a thick ring around the equator with a
rippled surface simulating the formation of geosyncline mountains.
It is important to note that the cause of the pushing up of the geosyncline
mountains along the equator was due to the Conservation of Angular
Momentum (CAM) and not due to anything called Plate Tectonics. During the
Devonian period 400 million years ago, the centrifugal force squeezing the
geosyncline mountains, had created a narrow strip of mountain ranges all the
way around the equator raised up almost to a height of about eight miles. It
was at that point in time, the rocky lithosphere material first peeked above the
waves of the ancient eight mile deep ocean.
It was just after the Devonian, and in the Carboniferous age that the life
in the oceans suddenly burst forth upon the land in wild abundance. That's
why it took so long for life to move from the oceans to the land. The land
suddenly appeared during the Devonian, caused by the conservation of
angular momentum (CAM) and the earth spinning faster and faster as it
cooled.

THE CARBONIFEROUS AGE: The Location of the Geosynclines Today

The massive growth of the rain forest-like ancient gymnosperm plants
such as fern trees, redwoods and pines, so covered the newly exposed land that
they died and left thick layers of dead trees and plants now called coal layers
along the geosyncline mountains. It is no accident that the prototypical
example of the geosyncline mountains is the present day Allegheny mountains
and the Carboniferous age coal fields in the eastern United States.

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It is also no accident that the typical subdivisions of the coal-making or

Carboniferous age are called the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian ages. Those
ages mark the position
and gradual uplifting
and expan- sion of the
narrow
strip
of
geosyncline mountains
above the eight mile
deep ocean which still
covered the whole rest
of the planet. Any
place
around
the
world where you now
find the narrow strips
of wrinkled sinuous
geosyncline
mountains and large
coal deposits mark the
location around the
Fig. 10) A typical Carboniferous Age gynmosperm equatorial forest filled
with ferns, fern trees and evergreen pines and redwoods. The forest floor world which was the
became a peat bog sometimes miles thick. When the peat bog was original tropical rain
buried and compressed it became soft brown bituminous coal. When the forest
along
the
trees were buried and compressed they became hard black anthracite
equator
of
the
earth
coal. The vast coal beds of America, Europe and Asia follow the line of
the Paleozoic equatorial geosyncline mountain formations around the during the late Paleoworld. This was the original equatorial rain forest before the K-T zoic
and Mesozoic
boundary event.
periods.
From that observation, it is easy to show that modern scientific attempts
to recreate the original position of Pangea are quite wrong, since they don't
place the geosynclines mountains and their coal deposits along the equator. If
maps of Pangea are rotated clockwise about 45 degrees, and what is now
called the Tethys Sea is closed up, then the geosyncline mountains and coal
deposits begin to line up with the equator. Thus showing that current ideas
about when and where Pangea was located, based on paleomagnetism and
other data are simply incorrect.
From the first appearance of land 400 million years ago, to the end of the
Cretaceous age 65 million years ago, the lithospheric rocky continental
material continued to slide toward the equator and rise higher and higher.
The earth, like Tara the skater pulling in her arms, cooled and spun faster and
faster. In our model of a bowling ball covered with clay, if spun fast enough, a
big chunk of the thick clay layer around the equator of the bowling ball, about
half or more, will simply and suddenly break free and fly off into space. Thus
releasing a huge amount of angular momentum, and like Tara putting out her
arms at the end of her routine, the earth will suddenly slow down and become
stable again.

THE UNASKED QUESTIONS: The Result of NOT Asking Questions

The question for you is, what do you think happened to that huge chunk
of three fourths of the earth's rocky lithosphere layer when it broke away and
spun off into space 65 million years ago? And also what do you think
happened to all those huge reptilian dinosaurs remaining on the side of the
earth opposite to the point where the big chunk flew off into space, and the
earth suddenly slowed down? You get extra points for also figuring out why
that made the earth tilt over 65 million years ago and start earth's seasons.
Hint: the orbit of the moon is tilted to the ecliptic plane of the planets and the
equator of the earth.
If you think this analysis is too new and outlandish to be possible. Maybe
not. I published this analysis along with an in-depth rigorous mathematical

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proof in 1993. I sent copies of the publication to scientists around the

world, including all of the scientists at the USGS. It seems the analysis was
then too far outside their accepted paradigm. It was completely ignored. But
that was their problem, not mine.
In 1993 the Alvarez theory of asteroid impact causing the dinosaur demise
was so deeply entrenched in mainstream science that any alternatives were
quickly rejected without consideration. But today, the current divisions of
theorists between asteroid or volcanic causes, means science is now looking
around for new answers - since none of the currently accepted theories seem to
work. And as I just pointed out they also don't seem to answer the many other
important questions about what else happened at the time of the K-T
boundary 65 million years ago.

WHAT REALLY KILLED THE DINOSAURS

CHAPTER FIVE: The K-T Event 65 Million Years Ago
In Chapter Four, we left the earth spinning so rapidly that the rocky
continental lithosphere had formed a thick belt or ring around the equator of
the solid core of the earth. As the earth spun faster and faster the net
gravitational force along the equator, which is the downward non-spinning
gravity force minus the upward centrifugal spinning force, soon approaches
zero.
Then about 65 million years ago, a large portion of that thick belt of land
around the equator had less than zero gravity. Then the only thing holding it
to the earth was the mechanical adhesion of the thick fluid lava layer called
the asthenosphere. Then it simply overcame that sticky adhesion, something
like unzipping a huge strip of Velcro around the equator, and it floated off
into space.
That three fourths of the thick rocky ring around the earth carried with it
a large amount of the rapidly spinning earth's energy in the form of angular
momentum. It spiraled outward and was so large that it formed into a sphere
by its own gravity and became what is today called the moon.

A LITTLE MATH GOES A LONG WAY: Happy Birthday Moon

To prove that, let's do a little math. If the earth spins at 24 hours per day,
as it does today, then the force of gravity at the equator is about the same as
the force of gravity at the north and south poles. If the earth spins faster, in
about a 12 hour revolution day, then the force of gravity at the equator is
around half of what it would be at the poles. And if the earth spins around in
about 7 hours, then the force of gravity becomes rather close to zero at the
equator, while the force at the poles remains the same.
There are several planets and moons in the solar system which rotate
about that fast. It merely indicates how long the body in space has been
cooling and shrinking. Rapid spinning is a normal part of planet and moon
evolution, and is caused by the body shrinking with age and the principle of
Conservation of Angular Momentum (CAM).
With another quick calculation we can find the volume of the missing
three quarters of the rocky continents of earth. Simply take three fourths of
the surface area of the earth and multiply that by 37 miles, or the average
depth to the hot molten fluid asthenosphere where the separation took place.
That volume of the three fourths of the surface material missing from the
earth's rocky layer is exactly equal to the volume of the moon. And that
calculation also shows the two volumes are exactly the same with an accuracy

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of about one percent. Amazing.

That amazing fact, that the volume of the moon is exactly equal to the
volume of the missing rocky continents of earth does not yet prove that the KT event might not have been caused by some asteroid impact or some massive
volcanic explosion. But another quick calculation will.

CALCULATING THE CAM: The Asteroid Mysteriously Disappears

If you calculate the spinning energy of the earth, actually it's total angular
momentum, just prior to 65 million years ago, then the principle of the
Conservation of Angular Momentum (CAM) says that even if a portion of the
earth separates and flies off into space, all of the angular momentum will
"always" be conserved.
If you calculate the total angular momentum of today's earth and the
moon and add them together, you will find that the sum is exactly equal to the
original angular momentum of a rapid spinning oblate earth rotating with a
speed of about 7 hours per revolution. This is important, since it shows that no
other body, such as a nearby roaming asteroid impact could have been
involved in the process.
If there had been an impact with some asteroid, then the asteroid's
angular momentum would have also been transferred to either the earth or
moon or both. But since the total angular momentum of the present day earth
and moon system is exactly equal to the angular momentum of an oblate earth
rapidly spinning at near the "zero g speed" 65 million years ago, then no other
body could have been possibly involved in the process. Otherwise, the
calculations of angular momenta of before and after the K-T event would not
be equal.

VISITING THE PLANETS: Many Moons Ago and the Inverse Bode's
Law
A little further calculation can show that almost all of the moons in our
solar system were ejected from their parent planet by this very same process.
It is a natural part of the aging and evolution of planetary systems. As a
rotating planet cools, it spins faster and faster, becoming oblate and unstable.
It releases a moon from the oblate surface, just like Tara Lipinski putting out
her arms to slow down her spin, decreasing the planet's rotation rate and it
becomes stable again. This may be repeated with the larger planets. After a
long time, the larger planets continue to cool and shrink and release another
moon. The larger the planet the more moons it produces to become stable.
A mathematical proof involves the observation of the Inverse Bode's Law.
The Inverse Law shows that the spacing of each of the planets from outward
to inward is about 62 percent of the distance of the next outer planet. The
Inverse Bode's Law also holds true for the major moons of the solar system,
including the formation of a broken ring or asteroid system after the third or
fourth planet or moon inward.
The moons also show the same pattern of three or four large regularly
spaced moons, a ring system and then several smaller regularly space moons
which follow the "law" inside the ring system. Many other smaller atypical
moons give away the fact that they are randomly "captured" intruders, and
don't follow the "law", since they are very tiny and usually rotate out of the
plane of the ecliptic and may even rotate backwards.
That amount of regularity, symmetry and following the same "law" in
both the planets of the solar system and the moon systems around the planets
cannot be accounted for by the random formation of planets and moons out of
a primordial nebula of dust around a star. But using the principle of
Conservation of Angular Momentum (CAM), and the observation that the
planets and moons are using Tara rotation routines to transfer angular

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momentum from one body to another can account for the regular spacing,
spin rates and relative sizes of the planets and moons. If that is accurate for
the other planets and moons, then surely it would also account for the
formation of earth's moon.

TIMING THE K-T BOUNDARY EVENT: Dinosaurs With Wrist

Watches
So what happened 65 million years ago? Some massive catastrophic
earthquake event that shook the earth and killed the dinosaurs, as three
fourths of the continents took off into space and became the moon? No. Most
of the animals and plants living on the earth's surface would hardly notice
much of a change. For most of the Cretaceous Age the animals and plants
living on the strip of land around the equator were in an almost zero g
environment. It was almost like floating in space or walking on the moon.
What happened after the K-T event was that the force of gravity near the
equator, where the animals lived, went from near zero to suddenly increase to
about its present force. Other than that, not much difference before and after
the K-T event. At that event, dinosaurs wearing watches might notice that the
length of the day had changed from 7 hours to 24 hours, but I don't think they
noticed.
I should note that when three fourths of the rocky lithosphere, went off
into space, so did three fourths of the plants and animals on that land, three
fourths of the oceans with the fish in them, along with three fourths of the
earth's atmosphere. But the moon is too small to have enough gravity to hold
on to the oceans and atmosphere. Those
simply evaporated into the vacuum of
space. The moon then became dry and
lifeless. But that does account for the
existence of mysterious riverbeds, deltas
and rills still seen on the dry moon. For a
short time the moon was completely
covered by water. Even today, the general
appearance of the moon close-up is that of
rock strewn ocean bottom.
Before the K-T event, with almost zero
gravity force, the huge 60 ton dinosaurs
Fig. 11) A 6-foot dragonfly, Meganeura, from could walk around as easily as a chicken
the Carboniferous era. If you build a model
of this dragonfly today, it won't even glide crossing the road. With little gravity, the
let alone fly. So how did they fly 350 million gigantic 6 foot dragon flies could "swim"
years ago, unless the earth was far different through the very dense atmosphere as
from today?
easily as a house fly buzzing past your nose.
After the K-T separation event and the increase in gravity from near zero to
the present day force, all of the huge mega-fauna, such as dinosaurs, which
evolved during the previous several million years, simply were crushed by
their own weight. Only the small animals. both reptiles and mammals,
survived. And that is what is seen in the
geologic record.
For scientists wanting real numbers,
you would need to use two dimensionless
scientific numbers called the Reynold's
Number and the Froud Number. The
Reynold's Number relates viscosity force
(air resistance) to gravity force. The Froud
Number relates momentum or inertia to
gravity force. These are often called the Fig. 12) A 60-ton Sauropod (lizard-foot)
rules of scaling.
from the Mesozoic era just prior to the K-T
Prior to the K-T event huge 6 foot event. This animal stood about as tall as a 4

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dragonflies were flying, but today even or 5 story building. Decades ago museums
the largest are much smaller than a half displayed models and pictures showing
animals dragging their heavy tails.
foot in size. The Reynold's Number ratio is these
But evidence from fossil foot prints shows
10 to one. Prior to the K-T event, 60 ton no evidence of tail dragging. Thus they
dinosaurs walked around, while today the walked with the tails high in the air to
biggest walking animals are only about 6 balance their long necks. That would only
necessary if they ran very swiftly.
ton elephants. The Froud Number ratio is be
Pictures such as this, looking like slow
10 to one. A quick use of the Reynold's and moving giants, like elephants, probably are
Froud Numbers would show that prior to not accurate. The small running animals
here are probably more correctly
the K-T event the net force of gravity along shown
shown.
the equator was only about 1/10th of what it
is today on earth.
From that ratio of ten to one, you can easily calculate the earth's rotation
rate of about 7 hours to produce a net gravity of only about 1/10g. That's
almost half of the present day gravity on the moon. As a human being with
that small gravity force on earth, you could easily lift cars with one hand, leap
tall buildings and wear a big red S on your shirt. The earth was a very
different place just prior to the K-T boundary event.

ANOTHER LOOK AT THE GEOLOGIC RECORD: What Do the

Chinese Know?
Next we will take another look at the geologic record, but this time with
new information. We will also include the evidence brought back from the
moon by the Apollo astronauts as part of the "geologic" record. In fact, prior
to 65 million years ago, the moon was part of the earth, so it is part of the
missing geologic record. We will find that along with three fourths of the
missing continents, the moon also has three fourths of the now missing supply
of oil, gas, gold, diamonds and all the other valuable "mineral wealth" of the
earth. The moon is a vast treasure trove just waiting to be mined. And with
riches far greater than on earth.
All of those precious materials are all neatly compacted on the far side of
the moon. The near side of the moon, the part we always see, is simply the
bottom part
of the missing
continents or the
old
heavy
iron rich lava
asthenosphere.
That's why
the thin front
side is covered with black
lava
parts
called maria.
The lava
heavy side of
the
moon
aways points Fig. 13) The latest NASA topographical map of the moon. The colors indicate the
above average lunar terrain. The dark blue at the top of the near side and
toward
us. altitude
dark purple at the bottom of the far side are low spots with a depth of 3 to 5 miles
That's
below the average. These low spots are the remnants of the very thin crustal layers
because the from the earth's original north and south polar regions. The large bright red area on
far side slanting from upper left to lower right is the now missing 3/4th of the
heavy side of the
geosyncline equatorial region of earth. The average height of the red region is about
the
moon 5 to 7 miles above the average terrain height which is shown in yellow. Thus the
always points moon is not really round at all. It is heavy on the near side and has a very thick layer
"downward" of much lighter rocky material on the far side.
toward
the

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center of the earth, just as does a pendulum weight always hangs

downward toward the center of the earth. And a pendulum may swing back
and forth while pointing to the center of the earth, just as does the moon rock
back and forth with a motion called Libration. The moon behaves like a
pendulum in space with its heavy side always facing downward toward us.
There are no black maria or seas of lava on the far side of the moon. The
back side of the moon is appreciably higher and thicker and made of much
lighter rocky continental material. It used to be the very thick belt of land
around the oblate earth just before it separated. Are there dinosaur fossils on
the far side of the moon? Nobody ever asked that question before, so I will let
you answer.
It would seem that the backside of the moon would make an ideal space
port. Working in one sixth gravity would make mining and manufacturing
much easier. The abundance of metallic and ceramic materials in the soil
along with vast resources of precious materials and fuel would mean making
large spacecraft for long distance travel quite possible and much easier than
on earth.
According to NASA, they plan to return to the moon by 2015 to begin a
manned space program to other planets. According to the Chinese, they plan
to arrive at the moon and stake claims to all the mineral rights just before
2015. Do the Chinese know something about the moon that NASA doesn't?
What we will find by looking again at the geologic record is the evidence
showing exactly what really killed the dinosaurs. And why there is a white
powdery layer surrounding earth called the K-T boundary which is rich in
Indium. Be sure to tell your friends what you just read and where you read it otherwise they won't believe you.
BroJon News: Monday August 22, 2005

THE SHOCKING GREAT WAR:

CREATION VERSUS EVOLUTION
Who Has the Correct Answer?
It's Time to End the Insane Debate
ADDENDUM TO ALL THREE TRIPTYCH PARTS OF THE
KINECHRON INVESTIGATION
1. DID JOSHUA MAKE THE SUN STAND STILL -- Chapter 4
2. WHERE DOCTOR EINSTEIN WENT WRONG -- Chapter 3
3. WHAT REALLY KILLED THE DINOSAURS -- Chapter 6
RESOLVING THE GREAT DEBATE
Recently the Science Vs. Religion debate has heated up over the battle of
which "theory" is correct -Creation or Evolution. The debate has recently
ranged from the depths of the White House, to numerous School Boards,
lawsuits and even many college campuses. And which theory is correct? It
turns out that neither side can "prove" they are correct - for the simple reason
that both sides are wrong.
1.) CREATION: The biblical text does not say that the earth is only about
4,004 years old. That was Bishop Usher who made that mistake and he was
wrong -- not the bible. The bible, in fact, says nothing about age of the earth.
Bishop Usher made a mistake in assuming that Genesis Chapter 5 was about
the ages of the patriarchs.
Instead it contains a hidden critical piece of scientific information,
necessary for maintaining the Hebrew culture - the exact length of the year,
365 days. Before about 2,000 BC, most middle-eastern advanced cultures used
a 360 day lunar calendar which is good enough for being a shepherd or camel

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herder. But to be a true farmer and use agriculture, you need to know the
exact length of the year to be able to know when to plant your crops the next
year. I will explain and prove that in detail later.
So Bishop Usher was wrong. People who believe in the "young earth" are
wrong, based on a mistaken translation by a Bishop who was not a scientist. A
Bishop who didn't understand the scientific and historical meaning of Genesis
5, which documents the "evolution" of ancient cultures from huntergathering-herding societies, into full-fledged agricultural societies which need
a proper 365 day solar calendar to survive.
2.) EVOLUTION: Charles Darwin was also very wrong. Evolution by
"natural selection" was not the process which created the myriad lifeforms
that now exist on earth. There is plenty of evidence which can prove that. The
one item of critical evidence to prove that Darwin's Evolution is not correct is
that after 150 years of diligent searching, not one, no, not even one example of
a missing link or any intermediate species form has ever been discovered. But
that is exactly what is needed to show Darwin's evolution theory was correct.
Since no intermediate species have ever been found, therefore Darwin's
gradual evolution theory by "natural selection" is shown to be false.
Thus the arguments for both sides of the heated debate between "creation
vs evolution" are non-starters. They are BOTH wrong. It's like two blind
people arguing over the color of the sky or the sun. Neither side can prove the
other side is correct or incorrect. It is a useless debate and a waste of time. I
won't mention the number of angels on heads of pins as another example of
useless philosophical debates.
Actually, creation and evolution are also BOTH correct, to some degree.
Not in anyway that most people believe -- but just enough to fool both sides
into thinking that they each might actually be correct.
Every 1 to 2 million years, the magnetic field of the earth reverses the
north and south magnetic poles. The earth itself does not reverse - just the
magnetic field. During the reversal process, the earth's magnetic field, which
usually acts as a shield protecting lifeforms from intense solar X-rays, gamma
rays, and deadly dangerous ionizing particle radiation, suddenly disappears.
The deadly intense solar radiation is momentarily allowed to strike the surface
of the earth.
Within hours, about 99 percent of all life on earth is instantly killed by the
intense radiation. Those few 1 percent of survivors, hidden in caves, in holes in
the earth, or under water are highly deformed, damaged and mutated by the
intense radiation causing direct damage to the DNA molecules in their
reproductive cells. But the radiation damage is not visible in those survivors,
but it is clearly seen in their direct offspring.
Within months or a year, or less than one generation, the surviving
mutants which may or may not still be viable, may be able to reproduce. This
results in multitudes of numerous competing similar but highly modified
mutant lifeforms. Then and only then, does Darwin's evolution process of
"natural selection," enter the scene, to cull the less able or disabled mutant
forms to be lost to history, while the strong survivors with many new
adaptable traits become numerous new species. The new species were
suddenly "created" by the intense radiation within one generation.
Example: About 1 million years ago, during the last magnetic field
reversal, one species, Saber Tooth tigers, were extremely irradiated and in less
than a year became, modern lions, tigers, pumas, ocelots, bobcats, pussycats
and numerous other feline species. None of the new species was ever seen
before the massive radiation event at the magnetic field reversal. Darwin's
"evolution" didn't and couldn't do all of that within several years. But that is
what the geologic record shows -- almost instantaneous "creation" of many
new species by intense random radiation with no intermediate "missing link"

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forms, and all within one generation.

Since the time of the age of dinosaurs, which ended 65 million years ago,
there have been about 15 to 20 magnetic field reversals. At each reversal, there
is almost instantaneous creation of multitudes of new lifeforms, usually
resulting in many forms coming from just one earlier life form. And usually
the earlier life form disappears, since it is no longer competitive.
Another example: The early horse, eohippus, about the size of a dog,
disappeared, but became donkeys, horses and several equine variants such as
zebras which are almost related species. Notice, in this process there is no
gradual evolution -- and thus no "missing links" between species.
Charles Darwin, when he invented his evolution theory, knew nothing
about this, since "radiation" was not "discovered" until 50 years later by
Madame Currie. And the effect of radiation on DNA was completely
unknown, until DNA was "discovered" by Watson and Crick 100 years after
Darwin. Thus Darwin, in the mid-19th century, had no clue as to what might
be the actual cause to make one species change into another species. Thus
Darwin's Theory is wrong.
No missing links between species have ever been discovered. Now you
know why. The new species were "created" almost in the blink of an eye, by
intense solar radiation. No intermediate species or "missing link" were ever
born. The new mutant species were born directly from their highly radiated
and DNA-modified parents.
Thus, almost instantaneously, in geologic time, the new lifeforms are
"created" by the intense radiation, and then the survivors quickly "evolved"
in just one generation into the many viable new species.
Thus, it is time to end the inane debate between "creation versus
evolution." Both scientific and religious "beliefs" are wrong and cannot be
proved to be true. Both can be proved to be false. And also both are partly
"right" -- but for the wrong reason.
Marshall Smith
Editor, BroJon Gazette
www.brojon.com
-- BROTHER JONATHAN GAZETTE

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10.09.2007