Professional Documents
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edited by
products of chemistry
George B. Kauffman
California State UniversityFresno
Fresno, CA 93740
Chem-Is-Tree
Dana M. Barry
Center for Advanced Materials Processing (CAMP), Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699
A tree is a woody plant that contains chemicals and undergoes chemical reactions. The three main parts of a tree
are the crown, the stem, and the roots. The crown includes
foliage, twigs, and branches, which are really extensions of
the main stem. The stem, called the trunk or bole, furnishes
lumber, provides mechanical support of the crown, and conducts water and mineral nutrients upward and food downward. The roots, usually underground and as extensive as
the crown, anchor the trunk in the ground, absorb nutrients
and transport them to the stem, and store reserve food.
Chemical Make-Up
Wood is obtained from the stems, roots, and branches
of trees. It is not a homogeneous material with a uniform
structure but instead a group of tissues composed of different kinds of cells that perform specific functions in the living plant. Xylem is the principal water-conducting tissue,
phloem is the food-conducting tissue, and the cambium is a
layer of cells between the phloem and xylem that is responsible for generating new cells and for secondary growth.
Woods major component is the organic compound cellulose (C6H 10O5 )n, a polymer of glucose (see Fig. 1). It is classified as a complex homopolysaccharide because it results
from combining 9 or more identical monosaccharide units.
It is a colorless, virtually odorless and tasteless, combustible solid. Closely associated with the cellulose is a
phenylpropane polymer of amorphous structure called lignin, which can be separated from cellulose by a chemical
reaction at high temperature. The cellulosic outer layer of
trees is bark. The bark of certain species (oak, hemlock, and
others) provides tannic acid, and that of fir trees provides
the chemical quercitin used in medicine. The bark from the
oak species Quercus suber is in the form of cork, which is
extremely light and impervious to water.
Hemicellulose can make up as much as 30% of the dry
weight of wood. In contrast to cellulose, it is a heteropolysaccharide, containing monosaccharide residues in addition
to glucose, which is the most abundant one. Like cellulose,
most hemicelluloses function as supporting materials in a
trees cell walls.
Other chemical substances such as volatile oils, fatty
acids, and aromatic compounds are also present in wood.
Some are described below. Volatile oils, which may contain
terpenes and related materials, paraffins, and aromatic compounds, are responsible for the odor associated with fresh
wood. Pine oil, a combustible liquid having a piny odor and
containing tertiary and secondary terpene alcohols, is in the
wood of species such as Pinus palustris. Camphor, a ketone
used in medicine, occurs naturally in the wood of the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora. In addition, colored constituents provide esthetic value to wood, and certain phenolic
compounds confer resistance to fungal and insect attack.
Like most leaves, leaves of trees such as maples contain the green pigment chlorophyll and chemicals classified
as carotenoids (yellow and orange colors) and flavonoids
(red, yellow, blue, orange, and ivory colors) that are responsible for a trees beautiful fall colors (Fig. 2).
Trees and other plants need water and certain essential elements to grow and reproduce. In addition to carbon,
oxygen, and hydrogen, the building blocks for all organic
compounds, nitrogen is required for the protein and nucleotide components, phosphorus is used for energy metabolism and nucleic acids, and a variety of mineral elements
participate in enzymatic reactions and serve other functions
common to all living cells.
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cellulose
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Literature Cited
1. Hocking, M. B. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 10551059.
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