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Carcinogen - An agent which may produce cancer (uncontrolled cell growth), either
by itself or in conjunction with another substance
carcinogenic properties of
chemicals are identified from
(1) Human epidemiological studies
establishing relationships
between exposure to any given
chemical and cancer, and
(2) laboratory studies in experimental
animals
Caused by Chemicals,
radiation, and certain viruses
Cancer is a common condition and is thought to be most often due to environmental causes
rather than arising spontaneously. Important known associations with an increased risk of
cancer in humans include smoking (lung cancer), sexual promiscuity (cancer of the
cervix) and low-fibre diet (large bowel cancer).
A human carcinogen is a substance that induces cancer in humans.
Neoplasms use the blood, oxygen, and nutrient supplies of other tissues and
organs affecting the normal function of bodys organs and tissues. Neoplasms
that continue to grow unabated and spread, as happens in malignancies,
ultimately lead to death
Carcinogen - An agent which may produce cancer (uncontrolled cell growth), either
by itself or in conjunction with another substance
Caused by Chemicals,
radiation, and certain viruses
Chemical carcinogens
exert their effects after prolonged
exposure for years, often with a latent period
of several years
Carcinogen - An agent which may produce cancer (uncontrolled cell growth), either
by itself or in conjunction with another substance
Caused by Chemicals,
radiation, and certain viruses
Also, most carcinogens manifest a doseresponse relationships
Chemical carcinogens
exert their effects after prolonged
exposure for years, often with a latent period
of several years
Carcinogen - An agent which may produce cancer (uncontrolled cell growth), either
by itself or in conjunction with another substance
Caused by Chemicals,
radiation, and certain viruses
Example: asbestos fibers have demonstrated long
latent periods, with the first signs of cancers appearing
2030 years after exposure
Chemical carcinogens
exert their effects after prolonged
exposure for years, often with a latent period
of several years
Example:
asbestos fibers have demonstrated long latent periods, with the first signs of cancers
http://www.asbestos.com/asbestos/
MECHANISM OF CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
genotoxic carcinogens manifest their actions in three phases:
(1) initiation,
The routes of exposure, dose amount, absorption, and
(2) promotion, and
distribution of the chemical within the body as well as the
(3) progression
nature of the metabolic products.
The process of initiation by genotoxic carcinogens occurs when the chemical
reacts with the DNA molecule.
MECHANISM OF CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
genotoxic carcinogens manifest their actions in three phases:
(1) initiation,
The routes of exposure, dose amount, absorption, and
(2) promotion, and
distribution of the chemical within the body as well as the
(3) progression
nature of the metabolic products.
The process of initiation by genotoxic carcinogens occurs when the chemical
reacts with the DNA molecule.
MECHANISM OF CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
genotoxic carcinogens manifest their actions in three phases:
(1) initiation,
The routes of exposure, dose amount, absorption, and
(2) promotion, and
distribution of the chemical within the body as well as the
(3) progression
nature of the metabolic products.
Progression is the final phase of tumor growth after various substances of
neoplastic cells have emerged
alkylating agents
some naturally occurring compounds
various halogenated hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxin,
barbitals, synthetic and endogenous hormones, and many substances that are
enzyme inducers
Carcinogen - An agent which may produce cancer (uncontrolled cell growth), either
by itself or in conjunction with another substance
non-carcinogens
Known
carcinogens
suspected carcinogens
agents of undetermined
carcinogenicity
The statutory requirements relate specifically to those agents which must be labelled
"carcinogenic - category 1" or "carcinogen - category 2" under the Chemicals (Hazard
Information and Packaging) Regulations 1993 (CHIP)
Cancer staging is the process of determining how much cancer is in the body and where it is
located. Staging describes the severity of an individual's cancer based on the magnitude of
the original (primary) tumor as well as on the extent cancer has spread in the body.
There are four different types of staging:
Clinical Staging determines how much cancer there is based on the physical examination,
imaging tests, and biopsies of affected areas.
Pathologic Staging can only be determined from individual patients who have had
surgery to remove a tumor or explore the extent of the cancer. Pathologic staging
combines the results of both the clinical staging (physical exam, imaging test) with
surgical results.
Post-Therapy or Post-Neoadjuvant Therapy Staging determines how much cancer
remains after a patient is first treated with systemic (chemotherapy or hormone therapy)
and/or radiation therapy prior to their surgery or where no surgery is performed. This can
be assessed by clinical staging guidelines and/or pathologic staging guidelines.
Restaging is used to determine the extent of the disease if a cancer comes back after
treatment. Restaging helps determine the and the best treatment options for cancer that
has returned.
https://cancerstaging.org/references-tools/Pages/What-is-Cancer-Staging.aspx
This drug, used in the past for the relief of morning sickness, caused phocomelia, a very rare type of
congenital malformation among newborn babies
Teratogens are chemical and physical agents that can cause birth defects and
mortality among newborns, malformations, growth retardation, and functional
disorders.
Most of the organogenesis occurs during the embryonic stage, with the cells undergoing intensive
differentiation, mobilization, and organization.
Teratogens are chemical and physical agents that can cause birth defects and
mortality among newborns, malformations, growth retardation, and functional
disorders.
Teratogens may not cause morphologic defects in the fetal stage, during which growth and
functional maturation occur. However, they may induce functional abnormalities, such as central
nervous system deficiencies, which may not be detected at birth or shortly thereafter
How teratogens act depends on their certain chemical properties. Thus, their
mode of action in humans and animals may involve many different mechanisms
Such effects can cause cell death or somatic mutation in the embryo