ZTE GSM BSS Basic Feature Description V10R1 PDF

GSM BSS
Description
V10R1
Basic
Feature
GSM BSS Basic Feature Description V10R1
GSM BSS Basic Feature Description

Version
Date
Author
Approved By
Remarks
V1.0
2010-8-15
Not open to the Third Party
V1.1
2010-12-20
Not open to the Third Party
2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

ZTE CONFIDENTIAL: This document contains proprietary information of ZTE and is not to be
disclosed or used without the prior written permission of ZTE.
Due to update and improvement of ZTE products and technologies, information of the document is
subjected to change without notice.
ZTE Confidential Proprietary
ZTE GSM BSS Basic Feature Descripiton V10R1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
Instruction ....................................................................................................... 1
2
2.1
2.1.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
Service............................................................................................................. 2
Voice Service.................................................................................................... 2
ZGB-01-01-001 Full Rate (FR) Speech Codec ............................................... 2
Data Service ..................................................................................................... 3
ZGB-01-02-001 Quality of Service (QoS) ....................................................... 3
Supplementary Service ..................................................................................... 4
ZGB-01-03-001 Emergency Call Handling ..................................................... 4
ZGB-01-03-002 Data Traffic Channels ........................................................... 5
ZGB-01-03-003 Short Message Service (SMS) .............................................. 5
3
3.1
3.1.1
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
Mobility Management ..................................................................................... 7

Paging .............................................................................................................. 7
ZGB-02-01-001 Paging .................................................................................. 7
Handover and Reselection................................................................................ 8
ZGB-02-02-001 Basic Handover .................................................................... 8
ZGB-02-02-004 Support 64 Neighboring Cells ............................................. 11
ZGB-02-02-006 Cell Reselection.................................................................. 12
ZGB-02-02-007 Cell Selection...................................................................... 13
4
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.2.7
4.2.8
4.2.9
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
Resource Management ................................................................................ 15

Access Control ............................................................................................... 15
ZGB-03-01-001 MS Access Control ............................................................. 15
ZGB-03-01-002 Directed Retry..................................................................... 16
ZGB-03-01-003 Queuing .............................................................................. 17
ZGB-03-01-004 Immediate TCH Assignment ............................................... 18
Channel Allocation .......................................................................................... 20
ZGB-03-02-001 Support of SDCCH/4 and SDCCH/8 ................................... 20
ZGB-03-02-002 Flexible SDCCH Configuration ........................................... 20
ZGB-03-02-003 Dynamic Configuration of SDCCH ...................................... 21
ZGB-03-02-004 MAC Dynamic Allocation Mode .......................................... 22
ZGB-03-02-005 Static Channel Management............................................... 23
ZGB-03-02-006 Dynamic Channel Management .......................................... 23
ZGO-03-02-001 Idle Channel Measurement ................................................ 24
ZGO-03-02-002 Enhancement on CS Channel Allocation ............................ 25
ZGO-03-02-003 Enhancement on PS Channel Allocation ............................ 27
Circuit Management........................................................................................ 29
ZGB-03-03-001 2M High Speed Signaling Link ............................................ 29
ZGB-03-03-002 Enhanced E1 Link between BSC and BTS ......................... 30
ZGB-03-03-003 LAPD Cluster ...................................................................... 30
ZGB-03-03-004 TC Resource Dynamic Sharing .......................................... 31
ZGB-03-03-005 PCU Resource Dynamic Allocation..................................... 32
Reliability ........................................................................................................ 33
ZGB-03-04-001 BSC Load Control............................................................... 33
ZGB-03-04-003 BTS Recovery .................................................................... 34
ZGB-03-04-004 Dry Contact Alarm .............................................................. 35
II
4.4.4
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4
4.5.5
4.5.6
4.5.7
4.5.8
4.5.9
4.5.10
4.5.11
4.5.12
4.5.13
4.5.14
4.5.15
4.5.16
ZGB-03-04-006 Backward Compatibility for BTS ......................................... 36

GPRS/EDGE .................................................................................................. 36
ZGB-03-05-001 Coding Scheme CS1~CS4 ................................................. 36
ZGB-03-05-002 Initial Coding Scheme Per Cell Settable ............................. 38
ZGB-03-05-005 8/11 bit Access Burst .......................................................... 38
ZGB-03-05-006 Class A, B, C MS ................................................................ 39
ZGB-03-05-007 One Phase Access ............................................................. 40
ZGB-03-05-008 Two Phase Access ............................................................. 41
ZGB-03-05-009 Network Mode of Operation (NMO) 1~3 ............................. 42
ZGB-03-05-011 Timeslot Multiplexing .......................................................... 44
ZGB-03-05-012 GPRS Link Adaptation ........................................................ 45
ZGB-03-05-013 Delayed TBF Release in DL ............................................... 45
ZGB-03-05-014 Delayed TBF Release in UL ............................................... 46
ZGB-03-05-015 RLC Acknowledged/ Unacknowledged Mode ..................... 47
ZGB-03-05-016 Downlink BVC Flow Control ................................................ 48
ZGB-03-05-017 Downlink MS Flow Control .................................................. 49
ZGO-03-05-003 EGPRS Packet Channel Request on CCCH ...................... 50
ZGO-03-05-007 EGPRS Activation per Cell ................................................. 50
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
Network Performance................................................................................... 51
Coverage Enhancement ................................................................................. 51
ZGB-04-01-001 Receiving Diversity ............................................................. 51
ZGB-04-01-002 Support Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) ............................ 52
Network Quality Improvement......................................................................... 53
ZGB-04-02-001 Traffic Hold at Channel Blocking ......................................... 53
ZGB-04-02-002 Static BTS Power Control ................................................... 54
ZG0-04-02-019 Discontinuous Reception (DRX) .......................................... 54
6
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.2
6.2.1
Transmission ................................................................................................ 55
Flexible Networking ........................................................................................ 55
ZGB-05-02-001 Automatic Bridge in BTS Chain Networking ........................ 55
ZGB-05-02-002 Star, Tree, and Chain Networking ....................................... 56
ZGO-05-02-031 Distributed Architecture of BTS .......................................... 57
Synchronization .............................................................................................. 58
ZGB-05-03-001 Clock Synchronization ........................................................ 58
7
7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4
7.1.5
7.1.6
7.1.7
7.1.8
7.2
7.2.1
Others ............................................................................................................ 60
O&M ............................................................................................................... 60
ZGB-06-01-001 Monitoring Um Interface ..................................................... 60
ZGB-06-01-002 Abis Interface Monitoring .................................................... 61
ZGB-06-01-003 Performance Data Measurement ........................................ 62
ZGB-06-01-005 BSC Monitor Functions ....................................................... 63
ZGB-06-01-006 BTS Software Loading ........................................................ 64
ZGB-06-01-007 Cell Traffic Statistics ........................................................... 67
ZGB-06-01-008 BSC Diagnostic Tests ......................................................... 67
ZGO-06-01-003 BSC LMT ........................................................................... 69
Security .......................................................................................................... 70
ZGB-06-02-001 A5/1 and A5/2 Ciphering Algorithm ..................................... 70
Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................................................................... 72
III
ZTE GSM BSS Basic Feature Descripiton V10R1
FIGURES
Figure 4-1 Immediate Assignment of TCH ......................................................................... 19
Figure 6-1 Star, tree and Chain Networking ....................................................................... 57
TABLES
Table 2-1 RLC transmission modes corresponding to reliability class .................................. 3
Table 4-1 Bandwidth Requirement of LADP Cluster ........................................................... 31
Table 4-2 Coding Scheme CS1-CS4 .................................................................................. 37
Table 4-3 Three Network Operation Modes........................................................................ 43
IV
Instruction
The complete set of feature description for radio access part of ZTE GSM consists of
three documents:
ZTE GSM BSS Basic Feature Description,
ZTE GSM BSS Optional Feature Description,
ZTE NetNumen-M31 Feature Description.
This document contains the basic features of ZTE GSM BSS.
ZTE GSM BSS Feature ID number is in the format of ZGx-xx-xx-xxx. The header ZG
stands for ZTE GSM.
ZTE GSM BSS Basic Feature Description V10R1
Service
2.1
Voice Service
2.1.1
ZGB-01-01-001
Full Rate (FR) Speech Codec
Benefits
This feature is a speech codec that gives good speech quality used for Full Rate traffic
channels and makes the user have better experience.
Description
Full rate speech coder is the basic coding scheme of GSM system. It uses Linear
Predictive Coding with Regular Pulse Excitation (LPC-RPE codec). It is a full rate
speech codec and operates at 13 kbps. Full Rate Speech Codec is based on RPE-LTP.
160 speech samples in 13-bit PCM are mapped to 260bit (interval is 20ms and sampling
rate is 8KHz), which is called coding. Decoding refers to the mapping relation between
the 160 reconstructed speech samples from 260bit coding packet to export packet. The
coding stream is 13kbit/s.
The traffic channel using FR speech codec is usually expressed by TCH/F. One TRX
supports maximum 8 TCH/F time slots. It can give good speech quality with Mean
Opinion Score (MOS) 3.8.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
2.2
Data Service
2.2.1
ZGB-01-02-001
Quality of Service (QoS)
Benefits
This feature enhances high-end subscribers service experience in the case of restricted
radio resource for packet service.
Description
GPRS QoS includes the parameters as follows:
Delay class: 1 (short delay) ~ 4 (background)
Reliability class: 1 ( 10-5) ~ 5 (>5*10-4)
Peak throughput class: 1 (<16Kb/s) ~ 9 (M2Mb/s)
Precedence class: 1 ~ 3
Mean throughput class:
1 (lowest, 0.22kbps) ~ 18 (highest, 111kbps), 31 (best effort).
These QoS parameters are negotiated by MS and SGSN in the process of PDP
activation. BSC obtains QoS parameters from SGSN downlink data.
On the Best Effort principle, BSC processes reliability class and precedence class as
follows:
Table 2-1
RLC transmission modes corresponding to reliability class
Reliability class
LLC Mode
RLC Mode
Acknowledged
Acknowledged
Acknowledged
Acknowledged
Unacknowledged
Acknowledged
Unacknowledged
Unacknowledged
Unacknowledged
Unacknowledged
The RLC mode of uplink TBF is determined by mobile phones, while the RLC mode of
downlink TBF is determined by BSC. According to the wireless transmission features,
BSC sets the RLC mode to acknowledged mode for all reliability classes in the downlink.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
2.3
Supplementary Service
2.3.1
ZGB-01-03-001
Emergency Call Handling
Benefits
Emergency calls have the highest priority, even if the system congests or overloads,
emergency calls will be handled rapidly and guaranteed good service quality. This
enhances emergency call handling efficiency and user satisfaction.
Description
Emergency call is a basic voice service of the GSM system. When the MS accesses the
network using an emergency call, the BSS treats and provides higher priority and faster
service to it. So TCH channel will be allocated with higher priority. Allocation of SDCCH
channel will be considered if the TCH channel is busy.
Emergency calls have highest priority, even if the MS does not have any SIM card or the
SIM card is locked, he/she still can dial emergency calls successfully, even if the system
congests or overloads, emergency calls will be handled rapidly and guaranteed good
service quality.
Introduced version
Before V09R1
4
Enhancement
None
2.3.2
ZGB-01-03-002
Data Traffic Channels
Benefits
Circuit Switched Data services (CSD) shows more ways to support dada services for 2G
operators. Operators can provide diversified services on the data platform of CSD to
attract more subscribers and achieve more profits.
Description
ZTE GSM BSS adopts TCH/F9.6 (transparent and non-transparent) data channels to
deliver circuit switched data services at a rate of 9.6 Kbits/s. The BSS provides the
lower-layer bearer service but does not process the upper-layer services. In nontransparent data services, a set of radio link protocol is used for data correction and
retransmission between Mobile Station (MS) and Core Network (CN).
Introduced version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
2.3.3
ZGB-01-03-003
Short Message Service (SMS)
Benefits
This feature has great potential in attracting target subscribers and increasing revenue.
Many services can be deployed with short messages, such as stock information, current
exchange rate and weather forecast.
In addition, operator can send advertisement, bill and charge information to specific
subscribers by SMS, which makes them charge on not only subscribers, but also the
enterprise that needs the service.
Description
Support bi-directional (MT/MO) message transmission between MS and SMC.
One MS sends text to another MS (point to point, PTP) through network and SMC. The
text should not exceed 160 (English) letters or 80 (Chinese) characters.
SMC is in charge of short message storing and forwarding. This service is not only for
GSM users, but also for fixed network users that are able to receive short messages as
well.
BSS establishes links (SAPI =3) to transmit SMS. This transmission procedure is
transparent to BSS. MS sends and receives SMS in either busy or idle state.
In idle state, MS sets up a link (SAPI = 3) at Abis interface before sending or receiving
short messages. Then it will set up SAPI connection at Abis interface to send or receive
short messages.
Even if a call is coming, MS still can receive short message. After BSC receives the
short message from SMC, it will send Establish Request message to set up a link at
Abis interface first. BSC then transmits the short message to MS after a successful
setup.
When MS is going through a call, short messages are carried on SACCH channel. When
MS is in idle state; short messages can be carried on SDCCH channel or FACCH
channel according to the network state.
Introduced version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
Mobility Management
3.1
Paging
3.1.1
ZGB-02-01-001
Paging
Benefits
This feature is a basic step to setup a call and send a SMS. Large paging capacity and
flexible process avoids congestion caused by paging overload and improves the call
setup success rate.
Description
Paging procedure is initialized by MSC or SGSN to locate the MS. After receiving the
paging message from CN, BSC sends the paging request to all cells in specified LA.
There are two kinds of paging: IMSI paging and TMSI paging. When IMSI is used for
paging, one paging message can contain two IMSI numbers, while four TMSI can be
packed in one paging message.
Paging is sent via CCCH. Downlink CCCH is shared by PCH and AGCH. Among them,
PCH sends paging message, and AGCH sends immediate assignment and immediate
assignment rejection message. According to GSM specification, there are 3 paging
groups in one multi-frame when the CCCH and SDCCH share one control channel, and
there are 9 paging groups when CCCH and SDCCH are configured individually. The
paging group in one multi-frame is shared by PCH and AGCH. Thus, the paging capacity
depends on the configuration method of CCCH, PCH, AGCH, and the ratio of IMSI
paging to TMSI paging. ZTE BSC supports a flexible channel configuration to provide
different paging capacity. The maximal paging capacity for one LAC is 400,000 times per
hour. ZTE BSS also supports paging retransmission. When the paging message is not
replied within certain duration, it will be retransmitted.
There are three paging types:
CS call paging, PS paging, and SMS paging. Usually all
these paging messages are sent via CCCH. In order to avoid paging congestion, all
these traffics should be considered so that the LAC can be defined properly.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
3.2
Handover and Reselection
3.2.1
ZGB-02-02-001
Basic Handover
Benefits
This feature enables the basic handover, allowing the terminals to keep talking while
moving in the cell or to the other cells, so as to guarantee the users voice quality during
handover as well.
Description
This feature enables the basic function related to the mobility management, which is
handover. The terminals report the measurement reports every 480 ms during the voice
conversation, and then BSC decides whether the terminals need to handover according
to the measurement reports. BSC updates the BCCH Allocation (BA) list first, and then
selects the suitable cell to handover after the handover decision is made. In order to
avoid the frequent handover failure, relevant failure penalty is adopted, which decreases
the signaling load and increases the handover successful ratio.
ZTE GSM supports BSC in dealing with the measurement reports with the sliding
window mechanism and the weighted average algorithm, and then selects the higher
priority handover algorithm according to the different handover reasons. For the intra-cell
handover, the suitable carrier and the timeslot of the minimum interference band is
selected; for the inter-cell handover, the target cell based on the layer strategy and the
handover decision criterion is selected.
The determinant factor of the target cells sequencing is load, priority and power margin.
First, sequence and filter the target cells list according to the traffic: the cell with full
traffic or exceeding the traffic threshold should be deleted from the list. Then sequence
all the target cells based on the priority. At last, sequence all target cells with the same
priority based on the power margin. Select the first cell in the list as the target cell to
handover.
If handover fails, the handover failure penalty should be adopted, which avoids the
repeated handover failure, and increases the successful handover ratio. For the intracell handover, BSC restrains the user not to attempt handover during the penalty time of
handover failure. For the inter-cell handover, BSC deducts the offset value based on the
signal level of the cell, which reduces the possibility of the user handover to the last
failed target cell during the penalty time of handover failure.
In order to prevent the repeated handover, BSC compares the current time point with the
time point of last successful handover. If the difference between the two time point
exceeds the penalty time of repeated handover, the handover procedure is going on; if
not, the source cell of last handover should be deleted from the target cells list of this
handover first, and then select the suitable target cell for this handover.
The handover mode is divided into the synchronous handover and the asynchronous
handover, the synchronous handover is used for the inter-cell handover in the same site,
and the asynchronous handover is used for the handover between the different sites.
ZTE GSM supports basic and optional handover algorithms. Basic handover algorithm
includes: signal quality (uplink/downlink) handover, signal level (uplink/downlink)
handover, signal interference (uplink/downlink) handover, ultra-distance and Power
Budget (PBGT) handover. The details are shown as follows:
Signal Quality (Uplink/Downlink) Handover
Signal quality handover is a basic criterion for inter-cell handover, which is composed of
uplink and downlink, and the handover decision is the same. When the channel quality is
getting worse, the radio link maybe abnormal to release the occupied channel, leading to
the users call drop. In order to avoid this situation, when the mean error rate is greater
than the quality threshold for P times in N times, BSC triggers the signal quality
handover to save this call.
Signal Level (Uplink/Downlink) Handover
Signal level handover is a basic criterion for inter-cell handover, which is composed of
uplink and downlink, and the handover decision is the same. When the interference is
too low to trigger the interference or quality handover even the level fading is serious,
leading to the users call drop. In order to avoid this situation, when the signal lever is
lower than the level threshold for P times in N times, BSC triggers the signal level
handover to save this call.
Signal Interference (Uplink/Downlink) Handover
Signal Interference handover is the basic criterion for intra-cell handover, which is
composed of uplink and downlink, and the handover decision is the same. When the
interference occurs, the interference degree of every channel in the cell is different. So
the handover in the different channel of the same cell solves the interference problem.
When the signal quality is getting worse but the signal level is higher, the terminal enters
the pre-defined interference area for P times in N times, BSC triggers the signal
interference handover to save this call.
If there is not idle channel in the serving cell, the handover should be converted to the
signal quality handover to try the inter-cell handover. The difference between the signal
interference handover and the signal quality handover is: when the signal interference
handover occurs, the signal quality isnt worse to influence the call and the signal level is
high at present.
Ultra-Distance Handover
Ultra-distance handover is a basic criterion for inter-cell handover. If the terminal is far
from BTS, the ultra-distance handover is done to the nearest neighboring cell. When the
Time Advance (TA) is greater than the distance threshold for P times in N times, BSC
triggers the ultra-distance handover to save this call.
PBGT Handover
PBGT handover is a basic criterion for inter-cell handover, so as to keep the call in the
suitable cell. PBGT is gained from the signal level of the neighboring cell subtracting that
of the serving cell. When the downlink level of the neighboring cell is lower than the
initial threshold, if the PBGT of the neighboring cell is greater than the preset PBGT
10
threshold for P times in N times, BSC triggers the PBGT handover. PBGT handover is a
non-saving handover.
In order to make the PBGT occur in the same layer, and the neighboring cells level of
other layers is strong enough to execute the inter-layer PBGT handover, the inter-layer
timer should be set when the terminal accesses the network. If the inter-layer timer isnt
out, the neighboring cells level should add the offset value of the upper layer for PBGT
handover to the upper layer, and the neighboring cells level should add the offset value
of the lower layer for PBGT handover to the lower layer. If the timer is out, the normal
PBGT handover is executed.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
3.2.2
ZGB-02-02-004
Support 64 Neighboring Cells
Benefits
This feature improves radio network performance and reduces call drop rate by
providing enough neighboring cells.
Description
This feature increases GSM neighboring cells from original 32 to 64 ones, meeting the
demand from growing network capacity and complexity. BSC supports handover and
cell reselection between different frequency bands with maximum 64 GSM handover
neighboring cells, 64 GSM cell reselection cells, and maximum 96 GSM/UMTS
neighboring cells. BSS sends neighboring cell list to MS by system information.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
11
None
3.2.3
ZGB-02-02-006
Cell Reselection
Benefits
This feature enables the reselection to the suitable neighboring cell in the idle mode and
the connected mode for the terminal, ensuring the terminal to offer the best radio
connection.
Description
This feature enables the cell reselection algorithm, which is defined in 3GPP protocol.
The terminal implements the cell reselection through the measurement of the radio
signal in BCCH carriers for the serving cell and the neighboring cells. The signal quality
criterion parameter C2 is only used for cell reselection and is defined by:
C2
C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET - TEMPORARY_OFFSET * H
(PENALTY_TIME - T)
C2
for PENALTY_TIME <> 11111
C1 - CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
for PENALTY_TIME = 11111
Where
T is a timer implemented for each cell in the list of strongest carriers.
CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET applies an offset to the C2 reselection criterion for the cell.
TEMPORARY_OFFSET applies a negative offset to C2 for the duration of
PENALTY_TIME after the timer T has started for the cell.
PENALTY_TIME is the duration for which TEMPORARY_OFFSET applies.
If one of the following conditions is satisfied, the cell reselection is triggered:
If C1<0 lasts for 5s;
12
During 5s, if the serving cell and the neighboring cell are in the same Location Area
Code (LAC), when C2 (n) > C2 (s) the cell reselection occurs; if not, and C2 (n) >
C2 (s) + CRH the cell reselection occurs;
Where
C2 (n) is the C2 value of the neighboring cell.
C2 (s) is the C2 value of the serving cell.
CRH applies the hysteresis of cell reselection.
If the cell reselection occurs before the previous 15s, and C2 (n) > C2 (s) + 5dB, the cell
reselection occurs.
ZTE GSM supports the terminals controlled cell reselection, BSC sends the cell
reselection parameters to the terminal through the system information SI 2quater, and
then the terminal selects the cell satisfied with the reselection conditions to reselect in
the searching neighboring cells.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
3.2.4
ZGB-02-02-007
Cell Selection
Benefits
This feature is the basic feature of GSM radio network.
Description
When the MS is switched on or following recovery from lack of coverage, it finds
available GSM PLMN, and selects an appropriate cell for residence. This process is
called "cell selection."
13
To select one appropriate cell is constrained by many factors, such as whether the cell
belongs to selected network, whether the cell is prohibited from accessing or not, the cell
priority, whether MS access level is prohibited by the cell and whether RF channel
quality is good enough. GSM standard defines C1, the path loss criterion parameter, to
demonstrate RF channel quality, which is the important factor for cell selection. The path
loss criterion is satisfied if C1 > 0.
If MS does not store BCCH message, it searches all the 124 RF channels (for dualmode MS, it also needs to search 374 GSM1800 RF channels), reads received signal
strength of each channel and calculates average signal level.
After MS tunes to the carrier with highest receiving level, it confirms whether it is BCCH
carrier or not. If so, the MS attempts to decode SCH to synchronize with this carrier and
reads system broadcast message on BCCH. The MS can only reside in the cell if the MS
correctly decodes BCCH data the cell belongs to the selected PLMN, C1 is larger than 0
and the cell access is not barred. Otherwise, MS is tuned to the next maximum carrier
until it finds an available cell.
If the MS fails to find an appropriate cell after searching 30 RF channels with best signal
strength, it continues monitoring the signal strength of all RF channels and searches
BCCHs with access not barred and C1 larger than 0. After finding an appropriate carrier,
the MS selects the cell without taking into account PLMN identification. In such a mode,
only emergency calls can be made.
If an MS stores BCCH carrier information before last power-off, it first searches the
stored BCCH carrier. If the MS can decode BCCH data of the cell but cannot reside in
the cell, it checks the BCCH Allocation (BA) list of the cell. If it still fails to find an
appropriate cell after searching all BCCH carriers in the BA list, the MS will initiate cell
selection procedure in the way described above.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
14
Resource Management
4.1
Access Control
4.1.1
ZGB-03-01-001
MS Access Control
Benefits
This feature allows the operator to classify the subscribers to provide preferential service.
With Access Class Control (ACC), network operators can define some cells to be only
accessed by authorized subscribers.
For example, in traffic hotspot area, operators offer the additional cell to enforce the
traffic abilities; but only authorized subscribers can access the cell. So the operators can
ensure better service for these subscribers in busy hour. and additional income might be
obtained.
This feature can also be used to ensure telecommunication for staffs from special
sections in case of emergency.
Description
BTS continually broadcasts system information message to all MSs in the cell; an
important function of this message is to indicate the MS how to access this cell.
ACC information is included in system information. The GSM protocols define 16 classes:
10 classes (0-9) are randomly allocated to normal subscribers.
Class 10 is dedicated to emergency call.
5 classes (11-15) are allocated to specific high priority subscribers.
Every class is indicated by one bit in system information. If the bit is set to 1, the MS with
the corresponding ACC will be forbidden. Every MS is assigned an ACC, which is saved
in SIM card.
15
By setting the different ACCs, operator can enable some ACCs to access special cells.
These configurations are set in OMCR and included in system information broadcasted
by BTS.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
In ZTE BSS version before V09R2, which access classes of users are forbidden to
access in case of radio resource congestion are configured statically on OMCR. So it is
possible for some users to be always forbidden to access in case of radio resource
congestion, while the other users can always access.
In V09R2, MS Access Control function applies sliding window method to decide the
forbidden MS classes, which avoids forbidding some fixed classes of MS.
There are 2 sets of access control parameters for resource congestion scenario, 2 sets
of access control parameters for normal scenario.
Which set of access control
parameters to be used can be configured on OMCR. Each set of access control

parameters consists of the first barred access class, barred classes window size and
window sliding time interval.
4.1.2
ZGB-03-01-002
Directed Retry
Benefits
Directed retry realizes wireless resources sharing among neighboring cells during
assignment, effectively relieving the network congestion and the unbalanced usage of
wireless resources and greatly enhancing the assigning success rate.
Description
During TCH assignment, MS turns to serving cell for TCH channel resource; if network
doesnt have available TCH resource, cell will make forced release, forced handover or
queuing attempt according to calling priority, preemption vulnerability indicator, queuing
16
permission indicator and preemption capability indicator in assignment request; if the

attempt fails, directed retry procedure is initiated.
Then, according to measurement reports sent by MSs, network sorts the adjacent cells
which meet the rule 1 for handover to get the directed retry target cell list.
When sorting adjacent cells, the cells overloaded compared to load threshold are filtered
out first, and the remaining cells are sorted in accordance with the dynamic priorities and
power budget surplus.
Afterwards, BSC turns to the first cell in the target cell list for TCH channel. When TCH
channel is allocated from target cell, channel description of target cell are sent to MS
through assignment or handover command, MS then accesses to target cell. If network
doesnt support directed retry function, when MS fails to initiate forced release, forced
handover and queue, it sends to MSC the failure message and waits for clear command
from MSC, then releases wireless resources.
In addition, according to whether the attempted cells in directed retry cells list belong to
the BSC, directed retry is divided into internal and external directed retry. If the
attempted cells of directed retry belong to the BSC, then MS can directly apply channels
to the cell and make internal directed retry. If the attempted cells do not belong to the
BSC, MS has to send handover request to MSC through A interface and make external
directed retry via inter-BSC external handover flow. External directed retry in BSC part
may select whether to send request failure to MSC; if Yes is selected, request failure
will be delivered to MSC firstly before sending handover request with cause labeled as
directed retry.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.1.3
ZGB-03-01-003
Queuing
Benefits
17
This feature improves the usage of the radio resources, improves the ratio of successful
assignment.
Description
In the assignment procedure of call setup or handover, if the serving cell has no idle
TCHs, and the queuing is allowed in this cell, and MSC indicates in the assignment
message that this MS is allowed to be queued, then the MS is put in a queue.
If some other MS releases a call or hands over to another cell and the serving cell has
idle TCHs, BSC will check if there is idle channel that can match some MSs request in
the queue in respect of subcell, channel type and frequency band. If there is such an idle
channel that matches, it will be assigned to the MS in the queue, then the call setup or
handover procedure continues.
Queuing time can be set individually for call attempts and for handover. When queuing
time is set to zero, the queuing function is deactivated.
By putting subscribers in queue instead of rejecting it when the radio resources are busy,
this feature increases the success ratio of call setup and handover.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.1.4
ZGB-03-01-004
Immediate TCH Assignment
Benefits
This feature reduces the call setup time.
Reduce call failures caused by unavailable idle SDCCH in the serving cell.
Description
18
When this feature is activated, BSS assigns a TCH channel for MS in immediate
assignment procedure. This TCH channel is used as SDCCH to carry the dedicated
signallings. Then in assignment procedure, this channel is modified to a TCH channel to
carry user voice data. This is shown in the following graphic.
Figure 4-1
Immediate Assignment of TCH
On OMCR, the operator can configure which kind of call can initiate immediate
assignment. Usually emergent call and call re-establishment are configured to apply this
feature.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
19
4.2
Channel Allocation
4.2.1
ZGB-03-02-001
Support of SDCCH/4 and SDCCH/8
Benefits
This feature improves the channel utilization ratio by configuring different SDCCH type
according to cell traffic.
Description
SDCCH is used to transmit system signaling before TCH assignment, such as MS
register, Authentication, and Location Update. As one kind of low data rate logical
channel, several SDCCH channels can be mapped to one physical channel. There are
two different ways to configure SDCCH. One is combination with BCCH. In this
configuration, 4 SDCCH can be configured in the TS0 of BCCH TRX. This kind of
SDCCH is called SDCCH/, while SDCCH/8 means that a whole physical channel is
configured to eight SDCCH channels.
Which kind of configuration should be used depends on the capacity of a cell. Normally
SDCCH/4 is only used for a cell with no more than two TRXs. In ZTE BSS system,
SDCCH/4 and SDCCH/8 can be configured in a cell at the same time or individually.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.2.2
ZGB-03-02-002
Flexible SDCCH Configuration
Benefits
This feature allows operator to configure any number of SDCCH in one cell to reduce the
risk of SDCCH congestion.
Description
20
ZTE BSS supports flexible configuration of SDCCH.

SDCCH can be allocated to every TRX in a cell.
SDCCH can be configured on every TS of one TRX.
Whether a cell supports frequency hopping or not has no effect on SDCCH.
For an extended coverage cell, SDCCH can be configured on both extended and
ordinary TRXs.
With the methods provided above, operator is able to configure SDCCH flexibly
according to cell traffic. It reduces the risk of SDCCH congestion and improves the
network performance.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.2.3
ZGB-03-02-003
Dynamic Configuration of SDCCH
Benefits
This feature reduces call attempt failure caused by busy SDCCH.
Description
When this feature is activated, BSC adjusts the SDCCH number in a cell automatically
according to the load of SDCCH,
When the SDCCH channels in a cell are overloaded referring to the threshold set on
OMCR, and TCH channels are idle according to another threshold set on OMCR, BSC
changes one TCH into 8 SDCCHs automatically.
21
When SDCCH channels are idle, BSC combines 8 redundant SDCCH channels into 1
TCH channel to provide more traffic channels. Only those SDCCH channels formerly
obtained from TCH can be combined into TCH channels.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.2.4
ZGB-03-02-004
MAC Dynamic Allocation Mode
Benefits
Dynamic Allocation Mode is defined in 3GPP which is the primary function to introduced
PS service.
Description
ZTE GSM BSS supports two MAC modes: Dynamic Allocation and Extended Dynamic
Allocation. This feature supports dynamic allocation. For Extended Dynamic Allocation,
please refer to ZGO-03-02-007
MAC Extended Dynamic Allocation.
With Dynamic Allocation, Network allocates one timeslot to more than one MS with
specified USF. For downlink data, the USF information is decoded in RLC/MAC headers
to determine which MS is assigned to send radio block in the uplink. In this way, the BSS
controls the uplink access of multiple MS on a timeslot.
The number of downlink PDCHs should be more than uplink PDCHs in Dynamic
Allocation mode.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
22
None
4.2.5
ZGB-03-02-005
Static Channel Management
Benefits
This feature provides basic channel management for GSM service.
Description
ZTE GSM BSS supports static channel and dynamic channel. This feature only
describes static channel management. For dynamic channel management, please refer
to ZGB-03-02-006 Dynamic Channel Management.
There are two kinds of static channels: static TCH and static PDCH. Static TCH is only
used for CS service, not PS service. Likewise, static PDCH is only used for PS service.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.2.6
ZGB-03-02-006
Dynamic Channel Management
Benefits
This feature provides flexible channel management to improve channel resource
utilization.
Description
ZTE GSM BSS supports static channel and dynamic channel. This feature only
describes dynamic channel management. For static channel management, please refer
to ZGB-03-02-005 Static Channel Management.
23
With this feature, BSS allocates channel dynamically to CS service or PS service based
on traffic load. Dynamic channels are allocated to CS service while CS traffic load is
high or allocated to PS service while PS traffic is high. If CS and PS traffic are both high
in the same time, the dynamic channel is assigned to CS service with priority. For
dynamic channel allocation priority of PS service, please refer to ZGO-03-02-009
Flexible Priority Handling of Packet Data Channel.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.2.7
ZGO-03-02-001
Idle Channel Measurement
Benefits
This feature improves network quality and user satisfaction by providing interference
measurement result to assign suitable channel to establish new calls.
Description
BTS measures the idle channels interference level and classifies the results into 5
levels, then reports it to BSC.
The channel with lowest interference level is considered to be the best. During the
channel assignment procedure, BSC assigns the channel with lowest interference level
first. For example, channel with degree 1 is assigned first, then degree 2, 3, 4, 5.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
24
4.2.8
ZGO-03-02-002
Enhancement on CS Channel Allocation
Benefits
With this feature, levels for different users or applications will be in the initial cut into
channel management to ensure maximum utilization of spectrum resources.
Different allocation functions have different emphases in order to improve network
stability and system capability.
The operator can optimize the network with customized parameters.
Description
This feature supports following channel allocation methods.
Channel allocation on speech channel with different rates
Several channel allocation manners can be selected in order to control and use the FR
and HR channels flexibly. The system supports channel allocation according to the
subscribers priority.
The optional priority based managements are as following:
FR priority
HR priority
Only FR channel to be allocated
Only HR channel to be allocated
Transceivers selected according to priority
Transceivers are separated into five classes according to the radio parameter and the
channels in the transceivers: 1 is the highest priority, 5 is the lowest priority and the
default value is 3. The priority is configured in OMCR, and the BCCH transceivers are
set as the highest priority 1 and other transceivers are set 2 to 5 according the priority in
general condition. The channels of transceivers with high priority are selected by the
system first.
25
Channel Allocation on TRX Priority

The TRX priority is divided into five levels: level 1 to level 5. Level 1 is the highest
priority. BSS always prefers to allocate the high priority TRX when MS requests to
access the network. TRX priority is set by operator on OMCR.
Channel allocation on interference band
The BTS measures the receiving level values of idle channels, and calculates the
average value in the measurement period (480 ms). It converts the interference
averages to the information of corresponding interference bands and sends it to BSC.
The BSC classifies the interference bands of the channel into five levels: level 1 to level
5. For details, see ZGO-03-02-001 Idle Channel Measurement.
The channel interference affects the key indices of this channel, such as call quality, call
completion ratio, call drop rate, and handover completion ratio. Therefore, the
interference band information of the channel is a major factor which should be
considered preferentially in the enhanced channel allocation. Low-interference channel
is preferred in the channel allocation. For example, channels with level 1 interference
band will be assigned with priority, followed by level 2, 3, 4, and 5 orderly.
When problems such as radio channel cause the channel exception release, the BSC
sets the interference band of the channel to 0, and sets a punishment period in which
the interference band will not be updated. It acts as an assignment history record to
affect the current channel allocation, that is, the channel with interference band 0 will be
assigned at last in the channel allocation.
Channel allocation on TRX priority
The enhanced channel allocation algorithm sorts the intra-cell carriers by the
background configuration parameter Same Type Carrier Allocation Priority (carrier with
high priority precedes). The priority is divided into five levels: level 1 to level 5. Level 1 is
the highest priority.
Channel allocation on intra-cell handover
When handover is caused by the interference in the uplink or downlink, the channel in
the different transceivers is selected in priority. As the origin of the handover decision is
26
interference, in another word, there is interference in the current transceivers, the

possibility of interference on the other channels in the transceivers is large. Then the
channels on other transceivers are allocated according to priority, which improves the
handover success rate.
Channel allocation on reserved channel
When service with high user priority is used, the system is allowed to set several
reserved channels.
The difference from eMLPP is that in this feature, channels are reserved only for high
priority subscribers, but in the feature of eMLPP, the channel is not reserved, all the
subscribers can use the channel, but high priority subscriber will be allocated first when
congests.
To control the utilization of the reserved channels flexibly and satisfy the demands of the
different subscribers, system provides two ways: reserved channels are allocated in
priority; and other channels are allocated in priority. High priority subscribers can select
normal channels allocation in priority or reserved channels allocation in priority. The
purpose is to decrease the risk of call failure because of the network congestion.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.2.9
ZGO-03-02-003
Enhancement on PS Channel Allocation
Benefits
Enhanced PS channel allocation improves PS users throughput, increases frequency
efficiency, and enhances system performance and capacity.
The operator can optimize the network with customized parameters.
Description
27
This feature supports following channel allocation methods.

Channel allocation on Guarantee Bit Rate (GBR)
PCU allocates the channel resource to fulfill the GBR of streaming or conversational
service. When current available resource is hard to satisfy the GBR, PCU tries empty and
queue as eMLPP. For empty and queue on GBR service, please refer to ZGO-01-02-004
Streaming Service Policies.
Channel allocation on users throughput maximum
PCU allocates channel resource as much as possible according to the MS multi-slot
class and system capacity, increasing user throughput.
Channel allcocation on TRX load
BSS limits TRX number that allocated to MS by TRX load, avoiding PS service occurred
TRX overly. New TRX will be allocated for PS service only when service TRX load
exceeds the load threshold. With this way, BSS balances the CS/PS service and
resource.
Channel allocation on EGPRS/GPRS scheduling conflict
When the GPRS uplink and EDGE downlink multiplex the same radio channel, the
EDGE downlink rate will be limited due to the limitation of coding method (8 psk to
GSMK). In order to avoid this scenario, BSS allocates the channel considering the
conflict preferentially, and assigns the channel to MS without conflict.
Channel allocation on PDCH preference
For PS service, BSS allocates the channel with following order. Firstly, allocate static
PDCH; secondly, allocate dynamic channel with PS preference; and last, allocate other
dynamic channel. This method improves the utilization on static and PS preference
channel, reduces requirement on the other dynamic channel and avoids the PDCH
preemption by CS service when traffic load is high. For PS preference dynamic channel,
please refer to ZGO-03-02-009
Flexible Priority Handling of Packet Data Channel.
Channel allocation on TRX priority

The TRX priority is divided into five levels: level 1 to level 5. Level 1 is the highest
priority. BSS always prefers to allocate the high priority TRX when MS requests to
access the network. TRX priority is set by operator on OMCR.
Introduced Version
28
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.3
Circuit Management
4.3.1
ZGB-03-03-001
2M High Speed Signaling Link
Benefits
This feature extends the bandwidth of system signaling link on A/Ater interface, and
meets the requirement of large capacity networking.
Description
In GSM network, the signaling link between different signaling points is identified by the
Signaling Link Selection (SLS) field of signaling routing label. This field has 4 bits, which
means there are maximal 16 signaling links between two signaling points. When the
narrowband 64Kbps signaling link is used, the total bandwidth between BSC and MSC is
only 16*64Kbps. It limits the processing capacity of one BSC.
ZTE BSS system supports 2Mbps high speed signaling link. In one 2M signaling link,
TS0 is used for synchronization; TS1-TS31 is combined as one signaling link with
1.984M bandwidth. Maximal 16 high speed links can be configured for one signaling
point pair. It extends the bandwidth of signaling link and meets the requirement of large
capacity networking.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
29
4.3.2
ZGB-03-03-002
Enhanced E1 Link between BSC and BTS
Benefits
This feature enhances E1 transmission function (the number of E1 link, E1 link distance,
and E1 link impedance).
With this feature, network planning and implementation becomes easier.
Description
Enhanced E1 link between BSC and BTS supports the 75and 125impedance input.
This feature enhances E1 transmission, supports 2km-transmission or even longer
distance with unbalanced E1.
This feature supports more E1 links, as many as 16 E1 links.
This feature also supports automatic bridge function of E1 interface. For example, in
chain network, if BTS interface fails, E1 interface can hop to next BTS interface unit
automatically to ensure the normal function of other BTSs.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.3.3
ZGB-03-03-003
LAPD Cluster
Benefits
This feature saves the transmission resource of Abis interface, especially for large
capacity sites.
Description
30
After this feature is deployed, all LAPD signaling of one site is multiplexed on several
64kbps time slots rather than allocating one LAPD time slot for one TRX. According to
the LAPD signaling traffic, 1 to 4 64kbps time slots are allocated to one site. This feature
enhances the LAPD processing capability of BSC and saves the transmission of Abis
interface.
If a site has two racks, the LAPD links of the two racks are multiplexed together. The
time slots used for LAPD cluster work in load-sharing mode. When one of the time slots
fail, the signalling on other time slots are not affected.
The detailed bandwidth requirement of LADP Cluster is shown in following table.
Table 4-1
Bandwidth Requirement of LADP Cluster
TRX
Timeslot
Number
Number
Bandwidth
Peak Rate of
Signaling
64kbps
0~30kbps
7~16
128kbps
30~75kbps
17~26
192kbps
75kbps~120kbps
27~36
256kbps
120kbps~180kbps
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.3.4
ZGB-03-03-004
TC Resource Dynamic Sharing
Benefits
This feature makes the configuration of TC irrelevant to the codec types and distribution
of MSs in the network. As a result, the configuration of TC is simplified and the hardware
cost of TC is reduced.
Description
31
ZTE BSS TC unit supports 5 codec types: FR/EFR/HR/AMR-FR/AMR-HR. And the
processing ability for these codec types is the same.

When a call is initiated, the MS reports its bearer capability and the Class Mark to the
network. MSC informs BSS of the voice rate and voice codec type supported by this MS
in Assignment Request or Handover Request message. BSC chooses a codec type for
this call and allocates TC resource.
ZTE BSS TC resources are not allocated to radio channel resource statically, but are
shared by all radio channels. As a result, TC configuration is irrelevant to the distribution
of MSs in the network.
If Remote Transcoder feature is deployed, TC resources are dynamically shared not
only in one BSS, but also in multiple BSSs.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.3.5
ZGB-03-03-005
PCU Resource Dynamic Allocation
Benefits
PCU resource dynamic sharing saves the PCU resources, reduces the cost of PCU
resource, and saves investment. With this feature, cell and PCU resources are not
fixedly mapping anymore. When some of the PCU processing resources break down,
the PS service of cell attached on the processing resource will be dynamically switched
to other processing resources, which increases reliability of PCU.
Description
PCU process resources are dynamically allocated to cell when BSS is initialized. If a
PCU process resource fails, the system attaches new PCU process resource to take
over the fault process. When fault process is recovered, the system re-assigns the cell
32
with load balance.

BSS performs dynamic allocation when the target process fulfills the following conditions:
The process is working normally, no failure.
The number of cell serving this process does not exceed the maximum capacity.
The number of PDCH serving this process does not exceed the maximum capacity.
BSS selects the lowest load process to serve the cells one by one till every cell is
attached completely.
Introduced Version
V09R2
Enhancement
None
4.4
Reliability
4.4.1
ZGB-03-04-001
BSC Load Control
Benefits
This feature guarantees the BSS system stability during the traffic surge by means of
selective rejection of service requests.
Description
This feature deals with these 3 types of overload:
MSC overload: that is, when BSC receives OVERLOAD message via A interface;
Signalling overload: that is, when BSC application layer receives overload message
from BSC signalling transportation layer;
CPU overload: that is, when BSC detects that the CPU usage is too high.
33
In overload cases, BSC applies the following 2 methods to reject some service requests
to maintain system stability:
Access class control: that is, stop some MSs from accessing the network by
sending (Access Control Class N ACCN) in system information
FUC control: that is, the FUC module of BTS stops some MSs from accessing the
network according to the RACH random value of MSs
The BSC load control function adopts ZTE patent algorithm.

Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
In V10R1 BSC load control is enhanced by paging flow control and BHCA control.
There are two methods used to do paging flow control.
Priority based paging flow control; BSC will discard paging messages of low priority
subscribers when CPU load reaches the threshold set via OMC-R
Paging message number based flow control; BSC sets the threshold that how many
paging can be dealt with, if paging messages reach this threshold, new paging
messages will be discarded.
BHCA control, channel request threshold can be set via OMC-R, when BSC receives
more channel requests from Abis, new request received later will be discarded.
4.4.2
ZGB-03-04-003
BTS Recovery
Benefits
This feature enables BTS to restore the service immediately after the recovery of broken
Abis transmission link. It reduces the service outage time.
Description
34
BTS detects Abis status automatically and sets the service status as block after Abis
transmission is broken. When Abis transmission recovers, BTS applies parameter
refresh for BSC and checks the parameter with that locally set. After the check, BTS sets
the service status as unblock. Thus the service recovers.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.4.3
ZGB-03-04-004
Dry Contact Alarm
Benefits
With this feature, system monitors other equipments to ensure the BSS system stability.
Description
With this feature, BTS provides Dry Contact Alarm input and output interfaces. BSC can
monitor whether other equipments are functioning well without extra transmission.
Alarm type includes water alarm, fire alarm, smoke alarm and intruder alarm, etc. All
these alarm signals are connected with BTS through Dry Contact Alarm connector. BTS
collects these alarm messages, and sends to BSC. The OMCRs Alarm Management
terminal shows these alarms.
Operator can define Dry Contact Alarm type in alarm management module.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
35
4.4.4
ZGB-03-04-006
Backward Compatibility for BTS
Benefits
This feature saves the investment on upgrading and reduces the impact on the existing
network.
Description
BTS reports current software version to BSC via Abis interface after reboot. This
procedure helps BSS to keep compatible to all previous versions of BTS. BTSs of
different versions can co-exist in the same network.
The operator can upgrade BSC and some BTSs to deploy new features in some area
without upgrading the BTSs in other parts of the network.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.5
GPRS/EDGE
4.5.1
ZGB-03-05-001
Coding Scheme CS1~CS4
Benefit
This feature provides basic Packet Service for GPRS network.
Description
GPRS offers a number of coding schemes with different levels of error detection and
correction. Network can choose the Coding Scheme depend on data rate requirement
and radio channel quality. There are CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4 four types of coding
scheme, CS-1 has the strongest error correction capability and has lowest requirement
36
for radio environment, but it offers the minimum data throughput. To the opposite, CS-4
offer highest data throughput and have the weakest error correction capability, so it
needs highest C/I.
The following data rates are calculated theoretically based on the selected coding
scheme depending on C/I:
Table 4-2
Coding Scheme CS1-CS4

Coding Scheme
Modulation
Data throughput per timeslot
(kbps)
RLC/MAC data throughput per
timeslot (kbps)
CS-1
CS-2
CS-3
CS-4
GMSK
GMSK
GMSK
GMSK
9.05
13.4
15.6
21.4
12
14.4
20
CS-1: This coding scheme applies for the highest level of error detection and correction.
It is used in scenarios when interference levels are high or signal levels are low. When
applying CS-1, data is not necessarily been re-sent too often. CS-1 uses 1/2 encoder,
and results in data throughput of 9.05 kbps.
CS-2: This coding scheme is used for better channel quality. It effectively uses a 2/3
encoder and results in data throughput of 13.4 kbps.
CS-3: This coding scheme uses 3/4 encoder, to result in 15.6kbps data throughput.
CS-4: This coding scheme is used in good channel condition which has very weak
interference, without error correction it can result in 21.4kbps data throughput. So for MS
using maximum 8 timeslots, 171.2kpbs data throughput can be achieved.
Introduced Version
BeforeV09R1
Enhancement
None
37
4.5.2
ZGB-03-05-002
Initial Coding Scheme Per Cell Settable
Benefit
This feature offers operator capability to set initial coding scheme of MS based on
network condition. The coding scheme settable can provide MS with optimized access
data rate and make fully use of network resources.
Description
The initial coding scheme of PS user assignment can be set from OMCR based on cell
level, by cell level configuration to differentiate GPRS and EGPRS service parameters.
When the MS set up the Temporary Block Flow (TBF) connection, the link quality and
C/I are reported to BSC after a period of time, during which the MS will use the coding
scheme initially settled by the network. And after the period, the coding scheme will be
optimized according to the quality information reported by the MS and BTS.
By analyzing the overall channel quality condition, network user can set an initial coding
scheme which is very close to optimal coding scheme for the cell. It can reduce the time
to adjust to the optimal coding scheme and increase the data rate.
Introduced Version
BeforeV09R1
Enhancement
None
4.5.3
ZGB-03-05-005
8/11 bit Access Burst
Benefits
8 bit access is the primary access mode of PS service and 11 bit access shortens the
access delay and increases the throughput of EGPRS MS, thus improving subscriber
satisfaction.
Description
38
Two types of packet random access burst are supported in GERAN network: 8 bits
random access burst and 11 bits random access burst called the extended packet
random access burst. The MS shall support both random access bursts. 8 bit access is
the primary access burst; 11 bit access burst includes extend parameters such as MS
multi-slot class, thus can use one phase access to reduce the access delay. BSS
broadcasts the access type in system message PSI1, PSI13 and SI13 to indicate which
access type MS shall adopted.
Please refer to ZGB-03-05-007
One Phase Access for the description on the one
phase access.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.5.4
ZGB-03-05-006
Class A, B, C MS
Benefit
This feature provides support for PS basic service.
Description
Not all GPRS mobiles are designed to offer the same levels of service. In fact they are
split into three basic categories according to their capabilities to connect to GSM and
GPRS network. GPRS network can support the three types of mobiles connection and
provides differentiated services to different types of MSs. The three types of mobiles are
Class A, B and C, which are described as the following:
Class A: This class describes mobile phones that can be connected to both GPRS and
GSM services at the same time.
Class B: This class mobile can be attached to both GPRS and GSM services but they
can be used with only one service at a time. A Class B mobile can make or receive a
39
voice call, or send or receive a SMS message during a GPRS connection. During voice
call or SMS session, the GPRS service will be suspended and will be re-established
automatically after the voice call or SMS session is completed.
Class C: This classification covers mobiles that can be attached to either GPRS or GSM
services but user needs to switch manually between the two different types.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.5.5
ZGB-03-05-007
One Phase Access
Benefit
This feature provides support for PS basic service, to allow MS with certain capability to
quick access to packet network, to reduce latency.
Description
The packet access procedure using CCCH may be used to establish a Temporary Block
Flow (TBF) to support the transfer of LLC PDUs in the direction from MS to network or
from network to MS. For the uplink direction, there are two types of packet access: one
phase access and two phase access.
One phase access reduces initial TBF setup time by reducing signalling procedure and
to improved packet access speed. MS initiates one phase access mode and requests
one phase access in the Channel Request or Packet Channel Request message.
Network sends MS a packet uplink assignment message carrying information about
resources allocated to MS. Resource competition may be happened when different MSs
request the channel at same time. To handle the competition, the MS is asked to send
the TLLI in the begin RLC block after it receives the uplink assignment message. After
receiving the first RLC block, network side will fill the TLLI in PACKET UPLINK ACK and
send to MS. MS receives this ACK message and get the TLLI value. If this TLLI value is
40
identical with its own value sent to network side, it means the radio resource is allocated
to this MS. Then the one phase access procedure is completed, MS turns to packet
transfer mode.
One phase access can be used directly if the requested RLC mode is acknowledged
mode and the amount of data need to be transferred is less than 8 RLC/MAC blocks.
Normally, MS requests one phase access when transmitting paging response, cell
update and MM layer messages through TBF establishment By this feature, MS with
one phase access conditions can quick access to GPRS network to have improved
performance on latency.
Introduced Version
BeforeV09R1
Enhancement
None
4.5.6
ZGB-03-05-008
Two Phase Access
Benefit
This feature provides support for PS basic service, to ensure GPRS/EGPRS capable MS
access to network.
Description
The packet access procedure using CCCH may be used to establish a Temporary Block
Flow (TBF) to support the transfer of LLC PDUs in the direction from MS to network or
from network to MS. For the uplink direction, there are two types of packet access: one
phase access and two phase access, they are chosen based on MS access reason or
network can force MS to use two phase access.
Two phase access has complexer signalling procedure than one phase access. If two
phase access is initiated by MS, MS send two phase access request in the Channel
Request or Packet Channel Request message. The network sends a Packet Uplink
Assignment message containing single block assignment to MS to instruct second
41
phase access. Then MS sends a Packet Resource Request message on the allocated
single block. Upon receiving the message, the network returns a Packet Uplink
Assignment message in response. The competition solution on the network side ends
after the network receives TLLI used to identify MS. After MS receives the Packet
Uplink Assignment message, the competition solution on the MS side also ends if TLLI
in this message is identical with that in the Packet Resource Request message from
MS. After the competition solution succeeds, two phase access procedure ends and MS
switches to packet transmission mode. System can also be configured as Force Two
Phase Access, the network will force MS to adopt two phase access mode after
receiving the Channel Request or Packet Channel Request message from MS and
ignore the request reason of MS. Comparing with one phase access, by the second
phase access, network can acquire the MS capability such as Extended Uplink TBF
Mode etc.; by the information to effectively allocate radio resources.
The two phase access will be used in situations when the requested RLC mode is
unacknowledged mode or the RLC mode is acknowledge mode and the data need to be
translated is more than 8 RLC/MAC blocks. In addition, for EGPRS TBF mode capable
MSs (in an EGPRS capable cell), if the cell does not support EGPRS PACKET
CHANNEL REQUEST, then MS has to use two phase access no matter acknowledge
mode or unacknowledged mode.
Introduced Version
BeforeV09R1
Enhancement
None
4.5.7
ZGB-03-05-009
Network Mode of Operation (NMO) 1~3
Benefits
Based on the mode of operation provided by the network, the MS can choose, according
to its capabilities, to attach to GPRS services, to non-GPRS services, or to both.
Description
42
According to 3GPP standards, three network operation modes are defined.

- Network operation mode I: the network sends a CS paging message for a GPRSattached MS, either on the same channel as the GPRS paging channel (i.e., the packet
paging channel or the CCCH paging channel), or on a GPRS traffic channel. This means
that the MS needs only to monitor one paging channel, and that it receives CS paging
messages on the packet data channel when it has been assigned a packet data channel.
- Network operation mode II: the network sends a CS paging message for a GPRSattached MS on the CCCH paging channel, and this channel is also used for GPRS
paging. This means that the MS needs only to monitor the CCCH paging channel, and
that CS paging continues on this paging channel even if the MS has been assigned a
packet data channel.
- Network operation mode III: the network sends a CS paging message for a GPRSattached MS on the CCCH paging channel, and sends a GPRS paging message on
either the packet paging channel (if configured in the cell) or on the CCCH paging
channel. This means that an MS that wants to receive paging for both circuit-switched
and packet-switched services shall monitor both paging channels if the packet paging
channel is configured in the cell. No paging co-ordination is performed by the network.
Table 4-3
Three Network Operation Modes
Mode
II
III
Circuit Paging Channel
Paging Co-
GPRS Paging Channel
Packet Paging Channel
CCCH Paging Channel
CCCH Paging Channel
Packet Data Channel
Not Applicable
CCCH Paging Channel
CCCH Paging Channel
CCCH Paging Channel
CCCH Paging Channel
CCCH Paging Channel
ordination
Yes
No
No
When the Gs interface is available, all MSC-originated paging of GPRS-attached MSs

shall go via the SGSN, thus allowing network co-ordination of paging. Paging coordination shall be made by the SGSN based on the IMSI, and is provided
43
independently of whether the MS is in STANDBY or in READY state. The network

operates in mode I.
When the Gs interface is not available, all MSC-originated paging of GPRS-attached
MSs shall go via the A interface, and co-ordination of paging cannot be performed. The
network shall then either:
- operate in mode II, meaning that the packet common control channel shall not be
configured in the cell; or
- operate in mode III, meaning that the packet common control channel shall be used for
GPRS paging when the packet paging channel is configured in the cell.
The network operation mode (mode I, II, or III) is indicated in system information to MSs.
For proper operation, the mode of network operation should be the same in all cells of a
routing area.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.5.8
ZGB-03-05-011
Timeslot Multiplexing
Benefits
GPRS service has different timeslot allocation strategies from voice service, which helps
to improve efficiency of timeslot.
Description
GPRS timeslot allocation is different from voice service. The time slots for uplink and
downlink voice are allocated simultaneously and they will be used exclusively by a MS
till the call is terminated to release them. While GPRS time slots are allocated on uplink
and downlink respectively according to data transfer requirements. And several MSs are
able to use one time slot simultaneously to maximize the timeslot efficiency.
44
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.5.9
ZGB-03-05-012
GPRS Link Adaptation
Benefits
This feature improves the adaptation of the link and increases the system throughput
efficiently.
Description
The link adaptation algorithm compares the estimated channel quality with threshold
preset in the OMC-R in order to select appropriate coding scheme. According to different
evaluated parameters: C/I, BLER and BER, different link adaptation algorithm models
are designed
The threshold consists of the switching points between four coding schemes: CS-1, CS2, CS-3 and CS-4. It is set in BSC parameters settings. These switching points between
coding schemes are configurable, to make the user choose an optimal link adaptation
algorithm model according to the overall conditions of channel quality, hence
the efficiency of link adaptation.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.5.10
ZGB-03-05-013
Delayed TBF Release in DL
Benefits
45
improving
When the GPRS channel carries the burst IP traffic, it sets up and releases the radio
resource frequently, while TBFs release and setup takes some time and occupies radio
interface resource, which causes high signaling load and decreases the data transfer
efficiency. The delayed TBF release in DL avoids the unnecessary procedure of TBF
setup and release so as to improve the GPRS data transfer performance.
Description
When BSS sends the last RLC block, FBI is not set to 1, and the idle BIT in the RLC
block is filled with filling bit, sending the virtual LLC frame periodically to keep connection.
After a period of time, if it doesnt yet have any new downlink or uplink traffic request, the
connection will be released. Otherwise it will transfer the data over the existing RLC link
immediately.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.5.11
ZGB-03-05-014
Delayed TBF Release in UL
Benefits
When the GPRS channel carries the burst IP traffic, it sets up and releases the radio
resource frequently, TBFs release and setup takes some time and occupies radio
interface resource, which causes high signaling load and decreases the data transfer
efficiency. The delayed TBF release in DL avoids the unnecessary procedure of TBF
setup and release so as to improve the GPRS data transfer performance.
Description
When BSS receives RLC block with CV=0 sent by MS, it
postpones sending PACKET
UPLINK ACK with FAI=1 message. During this period of time, if there is new downlink or
uplink traffic request, it
immediately transfers the data over the existing RLC link.
Otherwise the TBF connection will be released.
46
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.5.12
ZGB-03-05-015
RLC Acknowledged/ Unacknowledged Mode
Benefits
The feature is the basis for introduction of PS service.
Description
ZTE GSM BSS support two RLC modes defined in 3GPP: RLC acknowledged mode
and RLC unacknowledged mode.
RLC acknowledged mode: each data block transmitted on the TBF should be
acknowledged by receiver. The sender shall resend the blocks indicated lost by receiver.
TBF cant be released until each data block transmitted on the TBF is complete and
acknowledged. This mechanism ensures the transmission reliability of the RLC data
blocks.
RLC unacknowledged mode: the receiving party acknowledges the received RLC data
blocks as in RLC acknowledged mode. The data block, however, is not required to be
resent by sender. The TBF is released after the data transmission is complete although
maybe some data are lost during the transmission.
The RLC mode of the uplink TBF is dependent on the service type requested by the MS
and the RLC mode of the downlink TBF is dependent on the RLC mode in the QoS
parameters contained in the downlink LLC PDU.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
47
None
4.5.13
ZGB-03-05-016
Downlink BVC Flow Control
Benefits
This feature is a basic feature of PS services. The BVC flow control mechanism controls
the loading of the BSS LLC PDU queues per BVCI between SGSN and BSC in the
downlink direction. It prevents link congestion and improves service quality.
Description
Gb interface and Um interface have different data transmission rate. Throughput on the
Gb interface is greater than that on the Um interface. Furthermore, the downlink
throughput on the Um interface is unstable that is impacted by various factors such as
radio quality, the multi-slot capability of the MS and traffic load in the cell. In order to
balance the throughput between Gb interface and Um interface, the downlink flow
control is introduced.
The principle of the downlink flow control procedure is that PCU sends flow control
parameters to SGSN which allow SGSN to locally control its transmission output in the
direction from SGSN to PCU.
Downlink flow control includes downlink BVC flow control and downlink MS flow control.
This feature only describes the downlink BVC flow control. For downlink MS flow control,
please refer to ZGB-03-05-017 Downlink MS Flow Control.
There is a downlink buffer for each BVC, identified as BVCI, in a PCU. PCU reports to
SGSN the flow control parameters including the size of the maximum bucket of each
BVC cell, the cell leak rate, the default MS bucket size, the default MS leak rate and etc.
Based on the reported parameters, SGSN adjusts the downlink data rate of the cell to
implement the flow control to prevent frequent data loss caused by congestion or
transmission interruption due to insufficient flow.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
48
Enhancement
None
4.5.14
ZGB-03-05-017
Downlink MS Flow Control
Benefits
This feature is a basic feature of PS services. The MS flow control mechanism controls
the loading of the BSS LLC PDU queues per MS between SGSN and BSC in the
downlink direction. It prevents link congestion and improves service quality.
Description
Gb interface and Um interface have different data transmission rate. The throughput on
the Gb interface is greater than that on the Um interface. Furthermore, the downlink
throughput on the Um interface is unstable that is impacted by various factors such as
radio quality, the multi-slot capability of the MS and traffic load in the cell. In order to
balance the throughput between Gb interface and Um interface, the downlink flow
control is introduced.
The principle of the downlink flow control procedure is that PCU sends flow control
parameters to SGSN which allows SGSN to locally control its transmission output in the
direction from SGSN to BSC.
Downlink flow control includes downlink BVC flow control and downlink MS flow control.
This feature only describes the downlink MS flow control. For downlink BVC flow control,
please refer to ZGB-03-05-016 Downlink BVC Flow Control.
The downlink data from SGSN to MS is buffered by PCU. PCU reports to SGSN the flow
control parameters, including the TLLI identifying the MS, the size of the maximum
bucket of each MS and MS leak rate. Based on the reported parameters, SGSN adjusts
the downlink data rate of the MS to implement the flow control to prevent frequent data
loss caused by congestion or transmission interruption due to insufficient flow.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
49
Enhancement
None
4.5.15
ZGO-03-05-003
EGPRS Packet Channel Request on CCCH
Benefits
This feature enables MS to access the network with packet channel request on CCCH,
so the control channel can be reduced and more timeslots can be used for traffic,
providing more timeslots for traffic and increasing system capacity.
Description
There are two ways to access the network for PS service, one is on CCCH, and the
other is on PCCCH. Because access on CCCH does not need dedicated PCCCH
channel, the number of traffic channel is increased to carry more PS traffic.
An MS initiates PS access by sending a (Packet) channel request on RACH, and the
network responds on AGCH to start PS transfer.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
4.5.16
ZGO-03-05-007
EGPRS Activation per Cell
Benefits
This feature enables EGPRS network configured flexibly to make use of radio resource
more effectively and efficiently; and cell configuration is optimized.
Description
50
Each cell managed by BSS can be configured to support EGPRS when EGPRS function
is introduced, which means some cells can be enabled for EGPRS service while some
cells are disabled for EGPRS service. With the flexible mechanism, the operator can
select whether or not to activate the EGPRS function in every cell according to
subscribers request.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
Network Performance
5.1
Coverage Enhancement
5.1.1
ZGB-04-01-001
Receiving Diversity
Benefits
This feature relieves the impact of interference due to fading as well as smoothes the
received signal and contributes to a more reliable and cost efficient network.
Description
Receiving Diversity is a coverage enhancement technology. It achieves by having two
antennas independently receive the same signal. Each signal is
independently
influenced by fading. This improves the signal quality and diminishes the effects of
fading.
Each cell has two antennas independently to receive the same signal. According to
ZTEs receiving diversity algorithm, it improves the receiving sensitivity and system voice
service quality.
51
There are two algorithms for the receiving diversity: Max Rate Combining (MRC) and
Interference Rejection Combining (IRC). IRC technology is more suitable for
environment where uplink interference is very strong. For example: in an urban area
where there is frequent frequency multiplexing.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
5.1.2
ZGB-04-01-002
Support Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)
Benefits
This feature enhances uplink receiving sensitivity. Together with downlink coverage
enhancement technology, it enlarges the coverage of the site, and quickly optimizes the
whole network.
Description
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) is a low noise amplifier device which is installed close to
receiving antenna on the top of the tower. It amplifies the received signals before they go
into the cable.
BTS provides external interface to TMA and monitors the TMA working status. BTS
provides power supply to TMA and monitors the TMA working voltage. When the voltage
is abnormal, BTS reports the alarm to OMCR, and blocks the corresponding carrier
when alarms occur.
TMA will give 2-3 dB uplink gain to enlarge the coverage. This feature can be used with
ZGO-04-01-002 Delay Diversity Transmission (DDT) or ZGO-04-01-003 Dual Power
Combining Transmission (DPCT) to keep the balance of uplink and downlink.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
52
Enhancement
None
5.2
Network Quality Improvement
5.2.1
ZGB-04-02-001
Traffic Hold at Channel Blocking
Benefits
This feature increases the service performance of the network and decreases the call
drops caused by system maintenance.
Description
When blocking cells, TRXs or TCH timeslots manually, new calls will not be assigned to
these pending cells, TRXs or TCH timeslots and if there are ongoing calls in these
pending cells, TRXs or TCH timeslots, forced handover to other TCH timeslots will be
executed to hold the ongoing calls and delay the blocking. The length of time delay to
block can be set, after the delay the failed handover calls will be forced release. Blocking
will not start until there is no service in these pending cells, TRXs or TCH timeslots.
If merely TCH timeslots or some certain TRXs are to be blocked, service will be handed
over to other unblocked TRXs in this cell with priority; but if the cell is blocked entirely,
service will be handed over to its best neighboring cell only.
When the channel is detected an error, the ongoing call on the channel will be released
before channel blocking.
Introduced version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
53
5.2.2
ZGB-04-02-002
Static BTS Power Control
Benefits
This feature allows the operator to adjust the cell coverage according to the requirement
of network planning and optimization. It reduces the interference between different cells
and improves the efficiency of frequency utilization.
Description
The purpose of static power control is to meet the requirement of various coverage
scenarios and reduce the interference. Static power control is configured according to
the maximum BTS output power and network planning results. Upon completion of
network planning and configuration, static power usually remains unchanged, but
certainly allows necessary adjustment yet.
ZTE BTS supports downward adjustment of its maximum output power with 6 levels by
2dB/per step within an error of 1dB. The actual absolute output power of each level of
static RF power (N) must be 2 NdB lower than the absolute output power of the static
RF power level 0, the power level 0 means the maximum output power.
TRX transmits signal with the configured output power. If dynamic power control is
enabled, BTS can further adjust the output power according to the radio link quality.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
From V09R2, the static power of ZTE SDR can be adjusted by step of one watt. For
example, the static power of one TRX can be configure from 1W to 80W if the maximal
allowed power of this TRX is 80W.
5.2.3
ZG0-04-02-019
Discontinuous Reception (DRX)
Benefits
This feature helps to save the battery power of MS in idle mode.
54
Description
The BSS divides the MSs within a cell into groups. The group in which an MS resides is
known locally at both the MS and the BSS. All paging requests to each group are
scheduled and sent at a particular time which is derived from the TDMA frame number in
conjunction with the IMSI of the MS and some BCCH transmitted data.
Thus both the BSS and the MS know when relevant page requests will be sent and the
MS can power down for the period when it knows that page requests will not occur, thus
the battery power of MS is saved.
The page request contain the IMSI or the TMSI in order to identify the MS concerned.
The IMSI is always used to identify the paging population.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
Transmission
6.1
Flexible Networking
6.1.1
ZGB-05-02-001
Automatic Bridge in BTS Chain Networking
Benefits
The Chain networking saves transport resources compared to star or tree connection.
This feature improves the reliability of the transport resources by decreasing impact of
faults.
Description
55
BTS supports Chain networking to BSC. The depth of chain is less than 8. BTS
communicates with BSC by E1 interface.
In case one BTS is failing, Automatic Bridge Circuit over E1 link is activated to bypass
the failing BTS and ensures that the downstream BTS can run normally.
If an upstream BTS is in severe failure, the Automatic Bridge Circuit is activated. Then
the E1 link bypasses the failed BTS and ensures the connection of downstream BTSs to
BSC without any impact.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
6.1.2
ZGB-05-02-002
Star, Tree, and Chain Networking
Benefit
This feature provides flexible networking topology for BSC and BTS. A suitable
connection type is to be chosen to save the leased line costs according to actual
situation, such as transmission path and BTS location and capacity, etc.
Description
ZTE GSM BSS supports Star, tree and Chain connection on Abis interface between BTS
and BSC.
The following figure shows the possible link configurations on Abis interface between
BSC and BTS: star, tree and chain networking. Star networking is most commonly seen
in the actual network which is also mostly recommended. Star networking has simple
topology and most reliable on transmission; whereas tree and chain networking are of
higher multiplexing of the transmission resources and cost saving on it. But compared to
star networking, tree and chain networking are of less reliablity and more complicated
which are often used for situations with restricted transmission.
56
Figure 6-1
Star, tree and Chain Networking
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
6.1.3
ZGO-05-02-031
Distributed Architecture of BTS
Benefits
This feature saves equipment room and reduces cable loss and increases power output
in antenna port.
Description
Distributed BTS consists of baseband processing parts and radio processing parts.
Baseband processing parts are set in equipment room to make maintenance easily, and
radio parts are set close to antenna to reduce cable loss.
Distributed BTS uses fiber to connect baseband processing parts and radio processing
parts. Digital technology is adopted and no signal distortion happened in
between two parts.
57
transmission
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhanced Function
None
6.2
Synchronization
6.2.1
ZGB-05-03-001
Clock Synchronization
Benefits
This feature enables BSS to realize clock synchronization, so as to meet such kind of
requirement for various transmission modes and ensure system performance.
Description
In order to satisfy different application scenarios demands, BSC and BTS support
multiple clock synchronization methods. Different clock reference sources are configured
as per actual application scenario to synchronize BSC and BTS.
ZTE BSC supports following clock synchronization methods:
Clock Synchronization Extraction from Traffic Interfaces
BSC extracts line recovered clock from the message that contains synchronization timer
information at traffic interface, including E1/T1. It traces and locks the clock.
BITS Clock Synchronization
Electrical interface of Building Integrated Timing Supply System (BITS) is required being
coincided with ITU G.703. BITS clock reference quality should be in accordance with
ITU G.812. BSC supports
BITS reference input with 2.048MHz/2.048Mbps/1.544Mbps.
GPS Clock Synchronization

BSC supports GPS clock synchronization, which owns a special FD. For details, refer to
ZGO-05-03-001 GPS Synchronization.
58
whether BSC to use clock references, which clock references to use and the master
clock reference can all be set on OMC. When current reference clock is lost, BSC
switches to available reference clock with lower priority automatically; if all the reference
clocks are lost, BSC can maintain the normal system services.
ZTE BTS supports following clock synchronization methods:
Clock Synchronization Extraction from Abis Interfaces
If Abis interface adopts E1/T1 transmission, extract synchronization from Abis interface.
When one of the links fails, it automatically switches to another working link so as to
realize redundancy backup. Abis interface of BTS is available to be configured with
multiple E1/T1 to connect to BSC. If line recovered clock reference source is configured,
BTS automatically selects one E1/T1 in ascending order to extract clock.
BTS is also able to output 2.048 Mbps clock signals via E1 interfaces. The clock
complies with ITU-T G.703 and is provided as a clock reference to the other NodeB/BTS
or other equipment located in the same site.
BITS Clock Synchronization
BTS supports BITS-2MHz and BITS-2Mbps clock. For BITS-2MHz, the physical layer
must be comply with the requirement of interface T12 in Chapter 13. As for BITS-2Mbps,
the physical layer must be comply with the requirement of interface E12 in Chapter 9.
For SDR BTS, BITS-2MHz clock is accessed from SMA interface in front panel of CC
board. The SMA interface and GPS interface are shared, which means BITS-2MHz and
GPS is a pair of mutex reference clock; only one of them can be configured the
reference clock. BITS-2Mbps clock is accessed from the 8th E1 receiver. Hence BITS2Mbps and the 8th E1 are also mutex, only one of them can be selected, which should
be decided when configuring the site.
For V3 BTS, BITS-2MHz clock is firstly to access to the top of the cabinet, then connect
to rear board
to enter CMB. While BITS-2Mbps clock is directly connected to BTS by
E1.
GPS Clock Synchronization
59
BTS supports GPS clock synchronization, which owns a special FD. For details, refer to
ZGO-05-03-001 GPS Synchronization.
IEEE1588 IP Clock Synchronization
Only SDR BTS supports IEEE1588 IP clock synchronization, which owns a special FD.
For details, refer to ZGO-05-03-002 IEEE1588 V2 IP Clock Synchronization.
BTS reference clock is configured on OMC. Each reference clock is allowed to be
specified with certain priority; system then selects one with highest priority as its
reference clock. When current reference clock is lost, BSC switches to available
reference clock with lower priority automatically; if all the reference clocks are lost, BSC
can maintain the normal system services.
Introduced Version
V09R1
Enhancement
None
Others
7.1
O&M
7.1.1
ZGB-06-01-001
Monitoring Um Interface
Benefits
This feature detects and releases faulty radio channels in time, thus increasing the
efficiency of radio resource utility.
Description
The BTS monitors radio channel in the uplink, while the MS monitors radio channel in
the downlink.
60
The BTS monitors radio channel in the uplink according to two criteria. The first criterion
is the ratio of SACCH channel failure. The second criterion is the uplink signal level and
quality. Which criterion to apply is configured on OMCR.
If the first criterion is applied, a counter S is in work. Counter S has an initial value above
zero. Every time the BTS fails to decode an uplink SACCH frame, counter S decrements;
every time the BTS successfully decodes an uplink SACCH frame, counter S is
increased by 2. When the counter S is deduced to zero, BTS decides that this radio
channel is faulty and initiates a channel release procedure.
If the second criterion is applied, the BTS calculates the average value of uplink signal
level and quality. When the average value of uplink signal level or quality is worse than a
threshold, BTS decides that this radio channel is faulty and initiates a channel release
procedure.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
7.1.2
ZGB-06-01-002
Abis Interface Monitoring
Benefits
This feature enables the network operation and maintenance staff to detect the Abis
interface failure in time, so that they can take measures quickly.
Description
In ZTE GSM BSS the Abis interface adopts E1, T1 or IP access methods. Abis signaling
fault detection and alarming are provided for all these three methods.
When E1/T1 access is adopted, the Abis signaling is carried on LAPD links. When the
LAPD board of BSC detects LAPD links failure or the main processing board of BSC
61
detects communication failure with the LAPD board, LAPD link failure alarms are sent to
OMCR.
When IP access is adopted, the Abis signaling is carried on SCTP protocol. The SCTP
protocol module of BSC manages the SCTP link state according to RFC 2960
specification. When protocol module of BSC detects SCTP links failure, Abis interface
failure alarms are sent to OMCR.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
7.1.3
ZGB-06-01-003
Performance Data Measurement
Benefits
This feature is a basic function and helps the operator to supervise the state and
performance of the whole BSS network.
Description
ZTE GSM BSS supports the collection, storage, analysis and report of performance data.
BSC collects the performance data and sends it to OMCR periodically. O&M staff can
set the measurement objects, measurement types and measurement frequency on
OMCR.
Measurement objects include cell, TRX, channel, No.7 signaling office, BVC, etc;
Measurement types include TCH/F measurement, TCH/H measurement, TBF procedure
measurement, handover measurement, etc. Every type of measurement consists of
many counters.
Measurement frequency includes 15min, 30min, 1h, 12h and 24h. OMCR adds up the
counter values according to the frequency and stores the results into data base.
62
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
7.1.4
ZGB-06-01-005
BSC Monitor Functions
Benefits
This feature enables the operator to continuously monitor the BSC. If a problem occurs,
it easily detects and locates. This feature improves the stability of the BSS system and
increases the quality of the radio network.
Description
BSC monitors the process sources and wireless resources. If a problem occurs, alarm is
sent to the OMCR, and the boards are rebooted. The problem caused by software or
data processing can be solved automatically.
OMP continuously monitors the boards, for example:
The OMP continuously monitors the running of TC unit. If a board fails, it is to be
blocked and diagnosed immediately, then to be rebooted. And an alarm is sent to the
OMCR to remind the network maintenance engineer. The process of new service
wouldnt be assigned to the failure board until the fault is recovered or the board is
replaced.
BSC's control plane processing board CMP adopts 1 +1 backup mode. If the system
detects failure of the active board, the board is to be automatically rebooted; and the
service process goes to the backup board, ensuring service not to be interrupted.
OMP also monitors the overall business process. If it detects a fatal error, the BSC is to
be restarted; the system is capable of being resumed within 8 minutes because the
parameters access is local style instead of remote access from OMCR.
63
BSC continuously monitors the states of the cells. If the cell is abnormal, the non-traffic
alarm, serious interference alarm and other alarms will be send to the OMCR to notify
maintenance person.
None-traffic Alarm:
System periodically checks the performance counters of cells and analyzes
the
related counters such as number of SDCCH seizure success counter , number of

SDCCH seizure failure counter, number of DL/UL TBF establishment success counter
and number of DL/UL TBF establishment failure counter. None-traffic and other
abnormal conditions of the cell can be detected. In this case, None-traffic alarm will be
send to OMCR and maintenance engineer is able to check the reason.
Serious Interference Alarm:
System periodically checks the wireless interference counters. Once a cell of the
interference exceeds the threshold pre-configured, serious interference alarm is to be
sent to OMCR to inform maintenance engineer.
Logical Channel Usage Monitoring:
System periodically checks the availability of the logical channels (TCH / SDCCH /
PDCH), if the free channel rate of a cell is lower than the threshold pre-configured, low
availability channel alarm is to be sent to OMCR to inform maintenance engineer.
Introduced version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
7.1.5
ZGB-06-01-006
BTS Software Loading
Benefits
64
ZTE GSM BTSs modules are highly integrated, leading to less network congestion and
interference when loading the software. So the process is safer and more reliable, and
improves loading efficiency.
Description
The SDR BTS software version can be categorized into two types: major version and
special version.
The major version is a packet delivered to a binary file when the foreground version is
released. For a specific BTS type, a major version packet contains all required board
software versions. It complies with standard naming conventions and format definition,
and has the capability of describing its own format. OMCB can extract a set of related
board software versions correctly by analyzing the packet. Major version is the normal
method to update software.
Special version is some board software version independent of the major version. The
special version is often used to verify the validity of single software instead of acting as
the main method to update the version.
The installation of BTS software contains the following steps:
1
Version warehousing
When new software version is released for the BTS, to ensure that the BTS can
use the latest software, this software should be added into the network
management server through the network management system, and synchronized
to NEs, that is, to be loaded into OMCB.
The OMCB resolves the major version packet into multiple separate version files
and stores them into its own hard disk. Meanwhile, the OMCB will record these
software versions in the database. This step is called version packet warehousing.
Version downloading
When the major version is warehoused, the version object can be opened on the
version tree to download the version packet.
65
Loading the major version, in fact, is loading all the board software in the major
version. This operation must be atomic. All the downloading operations either fail or
succeed.
The major version packet should be downloaded by using the differentiated method,
that is, only download the required board software after comparing the version
information. This method speeds the version downloading and relieves the network
congestion.
3
Version activation
The major version supports non-compatible activation only. The activation of the
major version includes two parts: table data configuration command and BTS
activation. The new version file will be loaded in the restart process of BTS.
Successful loading means successful activation. If problems occur in the loading
process, the process is stopped, and the version file is restored. Thus, the
activation fails.
When the major version is activated, the original version packet will act as the
spare version file. If required, you can use the original version through the
handover of version packet.
This feature also includes other version commands, such as Version deletion, Version
query etc.
Version deletion can be used to delete the whole packet of the major version or a single
file in the version packet.
Version query can be used to query the currently running version information of BTS
through the network management system.
Introduced Version
V09R1
Enhancement
Null
66
7.1.6
ZGB-06-01-007
Cell Traffic Statistics
Benefits
This feature is very important input for network analyses. Traffic statistical data reflects
whether the network resource is optimally configured or not, as well as the load
condition of equipment resources. The operator then can determine if it is necessary to
expand system capacity or adjust equipment parameters and resources according to the
result. According to traffic changes, the operator can also monitor performance of the
network to identify potential problems in a timely manner. And the operator can also
check the effect of network optimization by this feature.
Description
The traffic load of cell can be reported to operator through the performance statistics
BSC gathers the information of cell traffic and reports them to OMM by hour, OMM will
store them in the database and prepare report forms.
There are two kinds of traffic statistics, one is for SDCCH, and the other is for TCH.
System generates traffic reports every hour to compare the traffic difference of different
equipments in different time period, so as to analyze network traffic changing trend.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
7.1.7
ZGB-06-01-008
BSC Diagnostic Tests
Benefits
This feature enhances the efficiency of system maintenance; its specifically used in the
following scenarios.
67
Routine Maintenance: Users can set the routine tasks of equipment physical test and
communication links test. If the test results close to the outlier, the maintenance
engineer needs to pay attention to it and eliminate hidden dangers to avoid the real fault
occurred.
Troubleshooting: Users can set the immediate task, to help maintenance engineer
identifies the cause of the failure and locats fault position as soon as possible.
Description
This feature includes immediate test and routine test.
Immediate Test:
Maintenance engineer
is able to select the test objects at any time and test items in the
network management client and triggers the test. The system runs the task and the test
results can be observed immediately.
Routine Test:
Maintenance engineer is able to select test objects and test items, and pre-set the test
time. When test time arrives, the diagnostic test will be triggered and the test results are
automatically saved in OMCR server. Routine testing is generally used for routine
maintenance in order to reduce the workload.
Both immediate test and routine test results are automatically saved. Therefore, the
users can check the test results when
needed. Users can also inquire, delete, clean up,
export, refresh, print the results and customize the results list.
This feature includes the following test categories:
BSC TDM Link Loop Test:
BSC is enabled to set both E1 or 64K time slot loopback and send test packets whether
the TDM link works normally.
BSC Version Information:
68
This function gets the board types, the hardware version, the firmware version
information and other information to facilitate the users to determine whether to support
the feature which requires special hardware and firmware version.
BSC Media Stream Test:
Media stream test is to test the media flow state between two service boards. The test
includes the CS and PS domain media flow diagnostic tests. The system generates test
packets in the source boards, and the target boards receive and return the test packets
to the source boards. Media stream test checks whether the media stream flows are
working properly.
BSC Control Flow Test:
Control flow test contains the control link between OMP and the external boards test, the
link between the external boards test, and the main communications link between the
main and standby board test. The system generates test packets in the source boards,
and the target boards receive and return the test packets to the source boards. Control
flow test checks whether the internal control links are working properly.
BSC Board Test:
This test comprehensively diagnoses whether the board to be tested encounters
hardware faults. It also checks whether the major functional units, interfaces, etc. are
working properly.
Introduction Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
7.1.8
ZGO-06-01-003
BSC LMT
Benefits
69
This feature reduces construction investment because of more convenient construction;

even if the OMCR is not reachable, the BSC is commissioned. Operators can view the
BSC through the LMT to check the current status and alarms, as well as maintenance of
BSC.
Description
BSC LMT is the commission and maintenance tool when the OMCR is not reachable. It
provides the following functions:
Configuration management: Satisfy the commissioning requirements of the BSC.
Alarm management: View the current alarm of the BSC.
Diagnostic test: Provide the test of NE object to get more detailed information for the
convenience to locate the fault for users.
Status Management: View the status and statistics of various physical and radio
resources and perform the operations such as block/unblock, activate/deactivate.
By installing the LMT client in a PC, users can connect the LMT client to the BSC LMT to
commission the BSC. Alternatively, users can directly connect the display and mouse to
the LMT server and start the LMT client directly, thus commissioning the BSC.
Introduced version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
7.2
Security
7.2.1
ZGB-06-02-001
A5/1 and A5/2 Ciphering Algorithm
Benefits
70
This feature enables the A5/1 and A5/2 ciphering algorithm to send all information during
the air interface encrypted, guaranteeing the private information and signal of the user,
so as to provide sufficient security and stability of service.
Description
This feature enables two ciphering algorithms A5/1 and A5/2, which are defined in 3GPP
protocol. A5/1 is an algorithm with high intensity used in Europe, while A5/2 is used in
other countries with weak intensity. Since A5/2 is decrypted already, GSM association
allows all countries to use A5/1 and operators are suggested to use A5/1 as well.
ZTE GSM supports A5/1 and A5/2 ciphering algorithm to guarantee the private
information and signal of the user, thus providing sufficient security and stability of
service.
Before the ciphering procedure, there is an authentication procedure first. The
authentication procedure evaluates a ciphering key (Kc), which is one of the input
parameters in A5/1. The other inputs include the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
frame number. Kc changes along with the TDMA frame number.
A5/1 lies at BTS and the terminal, and this function is initiated when MSC/VLR sending
the message Cipher Mode Command to BSC. The message Cipher Mode Command
together with Kc and TDMA frame number is sent to BTS via the BSC, and then is sent
to the terminal forward. The terminal encrypts the message Cipher Mode Complete by
using A5/1, which is sent via the radio path to BTS. BTS decrypts the message Cipher
Mode Complete with Kc and TDMA frame number by using A5/1, then sends the
message Cipher Mode Complete to BSC and MSC. After this procedure, all information
over the air interface is ciphered. The realization of A5/2 is the same as that of A5/1.
This feature requires CN, BTS and the terminal to support it.
Introduced Version
Before V09R1
Enhancement
None
71
Acronyms and Abbreviations

Abbreviations
72
Full names
ACC
Access Control Classes
ACCN
Access Control Class
ADPCM
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
AGPS
Assisted GPS
AH
Antenna Hopping
AIU
Air Interface Unit
AMPS
Advanced Mobile Phone System
AMR
Adaptive Multi-Rate
ARQ
Automatic Repeat request
ASAP
As Soon As Possible
BA
BCCH Allocation
BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel
BER
Bit Error Rate
BSS
Base Station Subsystem
BTS
Base Transceiver Station
CAPEX
Capital Expenditure
CBCH
Cell Broadcast Channel
CCCH
Common Control Channel
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
CDU
Combiner Distribution Unit
CGI
Cell Global Identity
CMB
Controller & Maintenance Board
CMIS
Common Manage Information Service
CMM
Control and Maintenance Module
CPU
Central Processing Unit
CRO
Cell Reselection Offset
DCME
Digital Circuit Multiplication Equipment
DD
Delay Diversity
DDT
Delay Diversity Transmission
DRT
Dual Rate Transcoder
DSL
Digital Subscriber Line
DSP
Digital Signal Processor
DTM
Dual Transfer Mode
DTX
Discontinuous Transmission
EGPRS
Enhanced Data rate for Global Evolution
EDRT
Enhanced Dual Rate Transcoder
EFR
Enhanced Full Rate
EGPRS
Enhanced General packet Radio Service
FACCH
Fast Associated Control Channels
FEC
Forward Error Correction
FR
Full Rate
FRSC
Full Rate Speech Codec
FSMU
Far Sub-multiplexing Unit
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
FUC
Frame Unit Controller
GERAN
GPRS EGPRS Radio Access Network
GGSN
Gateway GPRS Support Node
GPP
General Peripheral Processor
GPS
Global Positioning System
GSM
Global System for Mobile Communication
HLR
Home Location Register
HR
Half Rate
ICE
Integrated Configuration Environment
IMSI
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IP
Internet Protocol
IRC
Interference Rejection Combining
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
ISP
In Service Performance
LAC
Location Area Code
LAN
Local Area Network
73
74
LAPD
Link Access Protocol for D-Channel
MAIO
Mobile Allocation Index Offset
MCPC
Multiple Channels Per Carrier
MIT
Managed object Instance Tree
MMI
Man Machine Interface
MO
Mobile Originating
MOC
Mobile Originated Call
MOS
Mean Opinion Score
MRC
Macro Ratio Combining
MS
Mobile Station
MSC
Mobile Switching Center
MT
Mobile Terminating
MTBF
Mean Time Before Failure
MTC
Mobile Terminated Call
NACC
Network Assisted Cell Change
NECI
New Establishment Cause Indicator
NIU
Network Interface Unit
NSEI
Network Service Entity Identifier
NSMU
Near Sub-multiplexing Unit
NSS
Network Switching Subsystem
NS-VC
Network Service Virtual Channel
OMC-R
Operation and Maintenance Center - Radio
OPEX
Operational Expenditure
PBGT
Power Budget
PCH
Paging Channel
PCM
Pulse Code Modulation
PCU
Packet Control Unit
PDU
Power Distribution Unit
PH
Phase Hopping
PIE
Priority Information Element
PLMN
Public Land Mobile Network
PoC
Push to talk over Cellular
PREC
Preemption Recommendation
PTP
Point to Point
PTT
Push To Talk
QoS
Quality of Service
QRI
Queuing Recommendation Indicator
RACH
Request Access Channel
RLP
Radio Link Protocol
RMM
Radio Management Module
RNC
Radio Network Controller
RR
Radio Resource
RTP
Real Time Protocol
SACCH
Slow Associated Control Channel
SAPI
Service Access Point Identifier
SCM
Switching Control Module
SCPC
Single Channel Per Carrier
SDCCH
Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel
SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SGSN
Serving GPRS Support Node
SID
Silence Descriptor
SMC
Short Message Center
SNM
Switching Network Module
STM
Synchronous Transport module
TA
Timing Advance
TC
Transcoder
TCH
Traffic Channels
TCH
Traffic Channel
TCPP
Transcoder Peripheral Processor
TCU
Transcoder Unit
TDD
Time Division Duplexing
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access
TD-SCDMA
Time Division Synchronous CDMA
TFO
Tandem Free Operation
75
76
TIC
Trunk Interface Card
TO
Temporary Offset
TRA
Transcoder Rate Adaptation
TRA
Trunk circuit Resource of A interface
TRAU
Transcoder and Rate Adaptation Unit
TRM
Transceiver Module
TRANCEIVER
Transceriver
TS
Time Slot
TSC
Training Sequence Code
UDP
User Datagram Protocol
UIR
Uplink Incremental redundancy
UNC
Universal Nodes Controller
UTRAN
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VAD
Voice Activity Detector
VLR
Visitor Location Register
VSWR
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
WCDMA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
WPA
Wireless Packet Access

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GSM BSS

GSM BSS Basic Feature Description V10R1

GSM BSS Basic Feature Description

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Not open to the Third Party

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

ZTE Confidential Proprietary

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

ZTE GSM BSS Basic Feature Descripiton V10R1

Mobility Management ..................................................................................... 7

Resource Management ................................................................................ 15

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

ZTE Confidential Proprietary

GSM BSS Basic Feature Description V10R1

ZGB-03-04-006 Backward Compatibility for BTS ......................................... 36

Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................................................................... 72

ZTE Confidential Proprietary

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

ZTE GSM BSS Basic Feature Descripiton V10R1

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

ZTE Confidential Proprietary

GSM BSS Basic Feature Description V10R1

ZTE Confidential Proprietary

2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.