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EARTHQUAKE
CLASSIFICATION
NEW WAY OF
MAGNITUDES
S.J. DUDA
and R. NORTMANN
September
23. 1982)
ABSTRACT
Duda,
S.J. and
classification
Nortmann,
tion of Earthquakes.
Mon~hromatic
the spectral
functions
taking
routinely
radiation
red earthquakes-a
of body-waves
into account
Quantifica-
radiated
periods
from earthquake
of waves recorded,
a means to recognize
improve
the consistency
differences
magnitude
in
calibration
of magnitude
figures
to earthquakes.
blue and
magnitudes.
magnitudes,
contents
assigned
Preponderance
in another
regionalization
of short-period
of earthquakes
radiation
according
in one class
is compared
to their spectral
of earthquakes,
and
character
are
of long-period
earthquakes.
INTRODUCTION
B.V.
magnitude
M, i,, bated
is employed,
the surface-wave
the bk>dy-wave
magnitude
used. It is eventually
of rhc: loyal
ITlliigtl~tUd~
ail unspecified
mixture
magnitude
type underlying
u~uail~
the magnitude
figures uith
the
the Sg- 01
f<)i
IS
each other is
a formidable task! The large variety cf magnitude scales indicates that the strength
of earthquakes needs to be d~terin~ned in various parts of the radiated spectrum.
It is obvious that P- and S-waves are the only waves radiated from the focus. and,
in principle, it suffices to base the magmtude scale on the two kinds of body--waves.
In the past. the problem of radiation intensity as function cf :ta\e
investigated
theoretically.
We refer here. m particular,
to the papers
( 1964, 1966). Hirasawa
penod was
by Haskeil
and Jacob
(1968). Brune ( 1970). Savage ( 1972). Hanks and Wyss ( 1972) and Geller ( 1976). The
investigations
aim at finding the relation between the phybical parameter> of the
focal process on one side, and the radiated signal in the time or frequency domain
on the other. The physical parameters of special importance
are thereby the fault
length and width, the dislocation. the fracture velocity. the rise tmte. the stress drop
and the seismic moment. Based on the similarity principle, the authors postulate
relations between two or more of the parameters. The spectra of the signals radiated
though prove to be dependent on the model, and no unanimous
opinion exists as to
the optimum
model. applicable to ail earthquakes.
For a given model. however. the
shape of the spectrum radiated is fixed, as is the relation betueen the InagnItud~s
obtained as result of sampling the spectrum in the respective penod ranges.
It is seen that
only the strength
together
the seismic
of long-periodic
additional quantities.
It has been proposed
radiated
of an earthquake---
radiation,
parameters
(Nortmann
SO
moment
if measurable--reflects
controlling
and Duda,
at other periods,
by
of radiation
by way of
291
In this paper
sented.
Assuming
monochromatic
model,
monochromatic
an earthquake
magnitudes
or whether
MONOCHROMATIC
model,
empirically
significant,
Digital
magnitudes
for a choice
the question
is investigated,
determined,
measurable
of earthquakes
satisfy
deviations
are pre-
whether
the predictions
the
of the
of the monochromatic
magni-
are present.
MAGNITUDES
broad-band
seismograms,
obtained
at the Central
Seismological
Observs-
with mid-band
and band-edge
the bandwidth
periods
as given in
to
are proportional
range.
to the ground
earthquake.
The seismogram
traces
period
From the figures, it is seen that for the given earthquake the maximum ground
velocity at the station occurred a! filter position 3 (mid-band
period: 4 s) for the
1w
150
135
_ .-__--__~-~.---
_-__._._..__-..-.-~
___~.__
12r
105
90
75
60
150
.--. -
15
15
3C
60
9)
051
120Q 115
150
165
180
Kllr;l
50
02
I9
I4
05
22
10
1978 Mar.24
I978 Dec. 06
1980 Feb. 23
1980 Feb. 23
1980 Dec. 3 I
2403B
O612B
2302A
2302B
3112
1978 Aug. 23
1978 Nov. 29
I979 Mar. 14
1979 Oct. 21
1980 Aug09
1980 Oct. 24
29118
1403
2710
0908
2410
1978 Mar. 19
1903
2308
Centrui A mtwcu
16
09
35
07
35
45
53
Ii
14
05
14
region number
l6.ON
47
52
I9
l8.2N
72
88.5W
98.2W
22
90.9w
l5.9N
5P
101.3w
13.8N
49
1X
56
36
17.8N
57
X5.2W
10.2N
38
96.6W
99.7w
I7.ON
I4
30
39
00
88.3
6.4
h.1
5.7
84.2
6.5
87.2
6.4
5.7
5.K
90.3
89.U
86.4
YO.1
29.3
46
01
3R.lN
49.OE
20
35
1X
19X0 May04
0405
6.4
6.X
1.6
7.7
7.0
6.4
A.
523
73
71
5X
60
7x
59
338
366
5
371
5.
34x
366
345
330
221
221
-21
721
221
221
221
221
221
I
5.3
19.5
31
29.8E
35.75
5X
30
05
1980 May 02
6.6
h.U
5.1
6.5
5.X
7.0
7.6
7.5
6.8
5.7
5.3
MS7
Rcginn
No. h
5.3
6.0
0.0
5Y.7E
3X.7
0205
33.9N
79
34
21
06
1979 Dec. 31
33
31.5E
36.2N
22
21
02
1979 Nov. 14
1411
6.1
6.0
6.7
5.)
63
6.7
6.5
5.9
29.5
37.5
6.4
6.
57
_.
5.4
nlh
Magnitude
20.0
3112B
98
3i.aE
32
34
27
33
4X.9E
09
36.4N
79.7
45
78.6
79.3
44
53
7x.3
79.4
78.7
91
33
63.6E
1979 May ZR
2805A
37.7N
19
22
40.4N
23
30
I5
1978 Nov.04
0411
151.5E
146.9E
43.2N
53
3X
46.ON
146.8E
43.5N
03
51
I?
146.6E
44.6N
01
32
148.Yk
44.2N
I9
197X Jun. 04
0406
M~PrrAsia
148.4E
44.9N
20
I5
47
03
lY8O Mar.23
2303E
South
79.5
46
149.OE
44.2N
02
31
00
1978 Mar.23
2303A
33
79.6
149.9E
79.5
51
45
149.7E
44.43\3
02
OX
44.5N
I6
02
03
09
idegr.)
197X Feb. 09
(deg. 1
____~
Epicentral
distance
Depth
(km)
1978 Jan. 14
EpIcenter
0902
time
Kurii Islunds
1401B
Orlgm
Date
studied
No. =
quake
Earth-
List of earthquakes
TABLE I
299
0 .l
.izs
.is
.5
Fig. 2. 2-octave
Fig. 3. Kuril
broad-band
band-pass
Island
16
earthquake,
record
Band-Edpe Period. s
Mid-Band Period. 9
of monochromatic
component),
seismograms
obtained
from
magnitudes
91 km, 44.6N.
$4
filters employed
the broad-band
123
$2
to a velocity
amplitude
and E-W-component
of 100 pm/s.
of the
P-wave.
and
seismogram
minimum
at filter
position
4 (mid-hanci
the
P-wave
a+ filter
perwd:
psittcm
5 14 due
to
fht;
f3c.t
th,,t
pervious
teleseismic
distances.
perIoda
31nvnd
f-he
0.25
tz!
nc ~~.~fficient
the rnir~irnllrn
m:mtle
he
i\ not
wr.~~r.~blcl
a1
It is the primary role of any rnsgnit(lde wale to I-ompencate the ~+ser\:ed ground
motion for the attenuation
of the \xa\e alony the ray path, and trl .irrivb,t: al CT-K(>Imore numbers characteristic
From the P-wave and
measured
were determined.
seismograms
magnitudes
can
be
magnitudes
anti Dudn
magnitudes
for each of the filter plktions
types of body-waves.
It ii wen from the
In Fig. 4. that---;tt
of hnth
its thr\
in Fig. ?. monochromatic
variance
types of bodv-wales
In
,j
'A
Wan
Fig. 4. Monochromatic
magnitudes
nents).
to the seismograms
corresponding
arithmetic
periods
average
of band-edge
m(r)
for P-wave
frequencies:
in Fig. 3. The
T, = (T-,, t
301
maximum at filter position 3 (mid-band period: 4 s). The shift of the spectral
maximum for S-waves towards shorter periods is due to a stronger compensation of
S-waves with decreasing period, in course of the magnitude determination, if
compared with that of P-waves.
The spectrum of the ground motion at teleseismic distances is biased relatively to
t.he spectrum of the waves radiated from the focus. The bias is caused by the
different attenuation for P- and S-waves. due to the different perviousness of the
intervening medium for both types of body-waves. As a rule, the attenuation iq
higher for S-waves. For a given wave type, the perviousness increases with the period
of the wave. The period-dependent calibration function of Nortmann and Duda
(1983) compensates the bias, and yields magnitude figures believed to reflect the
strength of the radiation of P- and S-waves from the focus. Thereby. the monochromatic magnitudes m(T) are related to the energy spectral density of either wave type
by the relation:
E(T)
1()Zrn(?l~k
in J/Hz
The constant k was chosen as - 1.4, in order to assure maximum consistency with
magnitude figures obtained earlier on the basis of the calibration functions of
Gutenberg and Richter (1956) (cp. Nortmann and Duda, 1983).
From Fig. 4, it can be seen that for the given earthquake the monochromatic
magnitudes for the S-wave are about 1.6 units larger than those for the P-wave.
From the observation at a single station, as in the present case, and without knowing
the position of the station with respect to the nodal lines of the fault-plane solution.
it cannot be excluded that the difference is simply due to the geometric radiation
pattern of the earthquake. Should the difference be genuine, however, it would
signify that the total seismic energy radiated from the focus in the form of S-waves is
3.2 orders of magnitude larger than that of P-waves. i.e. that the P-wave radiation is
negligible energywise with respect to that of the S-wave.
NORMAL.
BLUE AND
RED EARTHQUAKES
Haskell (1964, 1966) has investigated the theoretical energy density spectrum of
the far field radiation from a dislocation source in an elastic medium. The maximum
of the spectrum occurs at a period depending on the fault length and the rise time of
the earthquake (deterministic model). or the correlation length and the correlation
time of the earthquake process (statistical model). The spectrum decays with
increasing periods in proportion to the square of the period, and with decreasing
period in proportion to the 2nd to 4th power of the period. The width of the
spectrum depends on the physical parameters characterising the process at the focus.
On the basis of the similarity principle of Aki (1967), the period of the maximum
is simply proportional to the fault length. Also, the displacement amplitude spectral
density at the period of the maximum is proportional to the 3rd power of the fault
length. Consequently.
the maximum of the energy density spectrum radiated
the focus is proportional
to the 4th power of the period of the maximum.
The proportionality
principle.
constants.
The uncertainties
parameters.
in particular
lead to a multitude
however.
with respect
with respect
of theoretical
cannot
be obtained
earthquake
models.
focal process,
to the interdependence
to the proportionality
of the physical
constants.
The question
eventually
arises whether
can be found.
from
earthquakes
for the
need to be
earthquakes.
Earthquakes
deviating
significantly
labeled as blue
and red. in order to express a relative preponderance
of
short-period
and long-period radiation of seismic waves (Duda and Nuttli, 1974).
REGIONALIZATION
The following
and the analysis
tion.
Figure
AND EMPIRICAL
discussion
is limited
of monochromatic
5 displays
the focus
corresponding
P-wave
are grouped
P-wave
magnitudes,
magnitudes
investiga-
in three regions,
as indicated.
in
The
are shown as function of the respective filter position (cp. Fig. 2). All
exhibit a maximum of their monochromatic
magnitudes
in the period
to the monochromatic
S-wave magnitudes
monochromatic
MODEL
of each
density
monochromatic
near
the period
magnitude.
magnitude
occurs, with one exception, either at
the mid-band
periods are 4 s and 16 s. and the
Asia earth-
quakes are clearly broader than those of the Central American earthquakes.
The slope of the energy density spectra at short-periods,
as seen from the
monochromatic
magnitudes in Fig. 5. is proportional
to about the 4th power of the
303
KurllIslands
South-West Aslo
lb)
6-
0 1978 ILOIB
0 1976 0902
19
A 1978 2303A
1960 2302A
A 1978 2303E
0 1960 23028
, 1976 2LO3B
V 1980 3112
5-
f
.I
rlll
5-
06128
0 1978 OLO6
-l
Period s
1978 Ull
A 1979 IL11
1980 0205
Period.
s
1979 2805A
0 1979 31128
A 1980 0405
IO
100
CentralAmerica
ICI
19781903
o 1978 2308
A 1978 29118
A 1979 IL03
.-
/I
dr
Fig. 5. Monochromatic
Fig.
1980 0908
1980 2410
,.!,,
, !,
magnitudes
m(T)
Period.
s
IO
,,,,,
100
for P-waves,
for earthquakes
4.
305
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The investigation was performed under a research grant of Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn-Bad Godesberg.
One of us (R.N.) wishes to acknowledge the support of IASPEI for his participation in the General assembly in London, Ontario, Canada.
REFERENCES
H. and Jacob,
K.H.,
source time-functions.
1968. Investigation
Geophys.
of the dynamical
J.R. Astron.
process
Geophys.,
in earthquake
Univ. Frankfurt,
foci by
13.
J. Geophys.
Res.,
306
Duda,
O.W.,
1974. Earthquake
magnitude
scales. Geophys.
Surv..
1: 429-45X.
regionalization.
Bull. Seismol.
for earthquake
source parameters
and magnitudes.
B. and Richter.
T.C. and Wyss, M.. 1972. The use of the body wave spectra
parameters.
Haskell.
Ann. Geofis..
in the determination
9: I- 15.
of seismic source
density
from propagating
density
from propagating
T. and Stauder.
body
waves
from
a finite moving
source.
Bull.
from
their
Tectonophysics.
93:
R. and
magnitudes.
of spectral
Duda,
Quantification
properties
of earthquakes
of Earthquakes.
251-275.
Savage,
of corner
frequency
to fault dimensions.
J. Geophys.