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RMHS Team 23 - Frederick/Jesse Cell Biology Notes:

Prokaryotic cell single celled microorganism (Archaebacterium or Eubacterium), most often with a cell wall but lacks
membrane bound organelles observed in Eukaryotic . Lacks specialized internal membrane-bound compartments
known as organelles Cell membrane- functions in transport, the movement of substances in and out of the
cell, and in energy production (breakdown of large molecules, photosynthesis) Cell wall- gives structural
strength (rigidity) to the cell Capsule- jelly-like substance which protects the cell wall from environmental
damage Nucleiod- contains a single circular molecule of DNA (stores genetic information) Cytoplasmregion surrounding the nucleiod and within the cell membrane - Contains ribosomes and RNA (site of protein
synthesis) Vacuole (vesicles)(blue-green algae)-site of photosynthesis (storage) Flagellum- protein
fiber the functions in movement
Eukaryotic cell * Possesses a complex membrane system * Has a true nucleus * Distinct membrane-bound intracellular
compartments called
organelles
CELL ORGANELLES:
- Chloroplast capture
solar energy for
photosynthesis (plant cells,
some algae)
- Golgi Body package,
distribute products
- Lysosomes digests
excess products and food
particles
- Mitochondria transform
energy through respiration
- Nucleus contains DNA
which controls cellular
activities
- Ribosome produce proteins Vacuole store substances - Cell (plasma) membrane phospholipid bilayer that protects
and encloses the cell; controls transport; maintains homeostasis Cell wall rigid second layer that protects and encloses the
cell (plant cells and some bacteria) - Cytoplasm: fluid-like substance that contains various membrane-bound structures
(organelles) that perform various functions. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) site of chemical reactions. Rough ER: contains
ribosomes. Smooth ER: lipid production. - Cytoskeleton provides internal structure - MICROFILAMENTS: fibers MICROTUBULES: cylinders
HOMEOSTASIS internal equilibrium; the plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell; a selectively
permeable membrane only allows certain substances to pass through. Negative Feedback: Glucose / Insulin levels in
cells - Positive Feedback: Blood platelets / Blood clotting
Effect of Concentration on a Cell 1. HYPOTONIC water moves in; cell bursts 2. HYPERTONIC water moves out; cell shrivels 3.
ISOTONIC no net movement; cell maintains equilibrium OSMOSIS is movement of water molecules
Plant Cells Turgor Pressure and Plasmolysis: Plant cells placed in distilled water (cell stiffens but retains shape- Higher Turgor
pressure; cell placed in concentrated salt water, lower Turgor pressure, cell body shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall, lower
Turgor pressure).

Type of organic compounds in the body decomposes to (upon digestion):


CarbohydratesPolysaccharidesmonosaccharides and disaccharides;
Lipids Tryglycerides Glycerol and fatty acids
Proteins Peptides Amino acids
Nucleic Acids DNA/RNA Nucleotides
High-Energy Compounds (e.g. Sugar) ATP Nucleotides and phosphate groups
Enzyme: enzymatic proteins (enzymes are mostly proteins, catalyst can be proteins or catalytic compounds)
Activation energy: the energy that must be added to a molecular system to allow a chemical reaction to start
Enzymes: Enzyme reactions are affected by temperature, pH, and substrate/enzyme concentration |Catalysts |Made of
Protein |May have non-protein parts |Lower Activation Energy |Not changed during reaction |Form Enzyme-substrate complex
|Inhibition by: (1) Competitive - binding at active site (2) Noncompetitive-binding at a site other than the active site |Enzymes
change the activation energy, but not changing free energy (G)
enzymes are very specific and only work on one or a few molecules substrate:

Three enzymatic mechanisms which can contribute to the formation of a transition


state is a catalyzed biological reaction
o Enzyme brings reacting molecules into close proximity
o Enzyme orients reactants into positions to induce favorable interactions
o Enzymes alter the chemical environment of the reactants to promote interaction
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS: chemical bonds are formed and broken within living things
creating chemical reactions that impact the ability to maintain life and carry out life
functions
- Cellular Respiration food molecules are converted to energy; there are three stages to
cellular respiration; the first stage is called glycolysis and is anaerobic (no oxygen is
required); the next two stages are called the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain and are aerobic (oxygen is required)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY (36 ATP, most ATPs produced in ETC stage)
- Photosynthesis plant cells capture energy from the Sun and convert it into food (carbohydrates-sucrose, cellulose, starch, etc); plant
cells then convert the carbohydrates into energy during cellular respiration; the ultimate source of energy for all living things is the Sun
(in Chemosynthesis, organisms use sulfur or nitrogen as the main energy source)
6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY(from sunlight) C6H12O6 + 6O2
- ATP ATP is a molecule that stores and releases the energy in its bonds when the cell needs it; removing a phosphate group (P) releases
energy for chemical reactions to occur in the cell and ATP becomes ADP; when the cell has energy, the energy is stored in the bond
when the phosphate group is added to the ADP ATP ADP + P + ENERGY
- Fermentation when cells are not provided with oxygen in a timely manner, this process occurs to continue producing ATP until oxygen
is available again; glucose is broken down; there are two types of fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation (muscle cells) Glucose Lactic Acid + 2ATP

Alcoholic Fermentation (plant cells) Glucose CO2 + Alcohol + 2ATP

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