Resistance opposition to the passage of electric current through a conductor.

(in
dc circuits)
Conductance ease at which an electric current passes, it is the inverse of
resistance.

In uniform cross section object the resistance is proportional to objects

resistivity and length, and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area.
(rho) is the electrical resistivity which is the measure of
the materials ability to oppose electric current.

Superconductors have zero (0) resistance.

Ohms Law Voltage is directly proportional to current if
temperature remains constant.
Diodes and Batteries dont satisfy Ohms Law.

Reactance Reactance is the opposition of a circuit element to a change of electric

current or voltage, due to that elements inductance or capacitance.

An ideal resistor has zero reactance, while ideal inductors and

capacitors consist entirely of reactance, having zero or infinite
resistance.

Impedance opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is

applied. It extends the concept of resistance to AC circuits, and possesses both
magnitude and phase, unlike resistance which has only magnitude. In DC circuits,
resistance can be thought of as impedance with zero phase angle. It contains real
part as Resistance and imaginary part as Reactance. (Z= R + jX).
Faradays Law of Inductance Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil
or wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be induced in the coil. This induced emf is
equal to the negative of the rate of change of magnetic flux times the number of
turns in the coil. {Emf = -N/t}
Lenzs Law Polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a current whose
magnetic field opposes that change which produces it.
Magnetic Flux It is the product of the average magnetic field times the
perpendicular area that it penetrates. ( = BA)
Active Components rely on source of energy, can inject power into a circuit and
include amplifying components such as transistors, triode vacuum tubes and tunnel
diodes.
Passive Components
EGPWS The purpose for the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System
(EGPWS) is to help prevent accidents caused by Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT),

obstacles, or severe windshear. The Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning Computer

(EGPWC) accepts a variety of aircraft sensors and system inputs and applies
alerting algorithms to provide the flight crew with aural messages and visual
annunciations when the boundaries of alerting envelopes are exceeded.

Modes - Mode 1 - Excessive Descent (Warning message- SINKRATE, PULLUP)

Mode 2A/2B - Terrain Closure Rate (Warning message- TERRAIN, TERRAIN,
PULL UP)
Mode 3 - Descent After Takeoff (Warning message- DONT SINK, DONT SINK)
Mode 4A/4B/4C - unsafe Terrain Clearance (Warning message- TOO LOW
TERRAIN or TOO LOW GEAR, TOO LOW TERRAIN or TOO LOW FLAPS and TOO
LOW TERRAIN)
Mode 5 - Descent Below Glideslope (Warning message- soft or hard volume
GLIDESLOPE)
Mode 6 - Advisory Callouts (Optional)
Mode 7 - Windshear Detection (Optional for MK V/vii only)
ARINC 429 is a specification, which defines how avionics equipment and systems
should communicate with each other. They are interconnected by wires in twisted
pairs. The specification defines the electrical and data characteristics and protocols,
which are used. ARINC 429 employs a unidirectional data bus standard known as
Mark 33 Digital Information Transfer System (DITS). The unidirectional ARINC 429
system provides high reliability at the cost of wire weight and limited data rates.
Military aircraft generally use a high-speed, bi-directional protocol specified in
Military Specifications MIL-STD-1553.
SERVICE BULLETIN It is the official document use to notify operators of approved
technical data and logistics information governing the embodiment of modifications
or the performing of inspections on in-service aircraft. It contains Compliance
(mandatory, recommended or optional), Modification no., effectivity, spares,
approval (e.g. mandatory SBs approved by EASA), Material cost and availability,
weight and balance, references and affected publications.
ASB (Alert Service Bulletin) The ASB is a specific format of Service Bulletin
issued because its content requires the urgent attention of the Operator. The action
described in the ASB has usually to be performed within a number of weeks or
months after the issue date. The ASB is identified by the introduction of the 'A' letter
in the SB reference in place of the '-' located between the ATA Chapter and the
sequence number. To help Operators recognize immediately the urgent nature of
the document, hard copies of the ASB will be printed on light blue color paper with
the word 'ALERT' in the heading.

AOT (All Operator Telex) The AOT is a telegraphic form of the Alert Service
Bulletin used to launch a VERY URGENT ACTION that is required to be taken by the
Operators concerned. This action is due to an event or finding which affects the
airworthiness of the involved Airbus aircraft or which represents a serious
operational impact for the Operator. The action is to be performed within a few days
or a few weeks from receipt of the AOT. For such cases, the AOT is the fastest
possible means of communication.
SIL (Service Information Letter) The SIL is used to provide technical
information of a non-urgent character:
- information related to product improvement, maintenance and/or operational
practices
- information on general issues or policies (e.g. SB Kit prices, French CNs,..).
- highlight of an information already (or scheduled to be) incorporated in the
Technical Documentation
The SIL is not airworthiness approved.
TFU (Technical Follow Up) The TFU is used to provide on a regular basis all
Operators with comprehensive information on technical issues and status of
development/availability of product improvements. The TFU is not airworthiness
approved. The TFU is not part of the contractual Maintenance or Operational
Technical Documentation. The TFU cannot be considered as a maintenance data
when working under EASA Part 145 rules.
OIT (Operator Information Telex) When it is necessary to communicate quickly
to the Operators a piece of information that does not requires to formulate a specific
action, the OIT is issued:
- to inform on a significant in-service event requiring a particular attention by:
increasing his general level of awareness and vigilance
putting across, where possible, specific messages such as reminders on existing
procedures or notifications of issuance of important maintenance documents (e.g.
an Alert SB, an Inspection SB, a Temporary Revision of a Manual) further to their link
with the aircraft airworthiness
- to provide general information about maintenance operations where Airbus has
identified a requirement to quickly notify the Operators. The OIT is not airworthiness
approved.
AIT (Accident Information Telex) In the event of an accident resulting in severe
damage or total loss of the aircraft, an AIT will be issued to communicate known
facts related to the accident. As aircraft accident investigations are subject to ICAO
13 regulations and conducted by the relevant governmental authorities, the AIT
issuance is coordinated with the investigating authorities.
AD (Airworthiness Directive) - These are the legally enforceable rules issued by
the respective state civil agencies(EASA/FAA/DGCA/CASA and others) accounting to

unsafe condition which might be foreseen or experienced in service based on the

subject findings in view of the continued airworthiness of the product. The product
might be aircraft or its any associated component.
Content- AD No., Type approval holders name, Type/Model, ATA No, manufacturer,
applicability, Reason of Ad, effective date, required actions and compliance time,
reference publications and remarks.
Mandatory Mods This terminology is used by DGCA to define those
Airworthiness Directives (which are basically mandatory) and also includes those
airworthiness directives calling for inspection as well as. In general usage of this
term should be for those SBs which are mandatory and calls for a modification on
the aircraft.
SHIELDING Shielding is the process of applying a metallic covering to wiring and
equipment to eliminate interference caused by stray electromagnetic energy.
Shielded wire or cable is typically connected to the aircrafts ground at both ends of
the wire, or at connectors in the cable. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) is caused
when electromagnetic fields (radio waves) induce high-frequency (HF) voltages in a
wire or component. The induced voltage can cause system inaccuracies or even
failure, therefore putting the aircraft and passengers at risk. Shielding helps to
eliminate EMI by protecting the primary conductor with an outer conductor.
BONDING The permanent joining of metallic parts to form an electrically
conductive path that ensures electrical continuity and the capacity to conduct safely
any current likely to be imposed.
GROUNDING - Intentionally connected to earth through a ground connection or
connections of sufficiently low impedance and having sufficient current-carrying
capacity to prevent the buildup of voltages that may result in undue hazards to
connected equipment or to persons.

Alternating Current

Current that regularly reverses the direction of its flow.

Amp

Unit of measure for the strength of an electrical current.

Atom

The smallest particle of an element that still retains its characteristics.

Bimetallic Strip

Two metals with different expansion temperatures that are fused together.
When heated or cooled, one strip pulls on the other and curls.

Bus Bar

A grounded metal bar in a breaker box to which all neutral and grounding wires
are connected.

Chassis

The frame of a machine, such as a car or clothes washer.

Chassis Ground

A wire that runs from the motor to the machine's frame.

Circuit

A controlled path for electricity. A circuit includes a source, path, load, and
control.

Circuit Breaker

A safety device that detects too much current in a circuit. A circuit breaker often
contains a bimetallic strip that bends and trips a switch that opens a circuit.

Combination Circuit

A route for the flow of electricity that has elements of both series and parallel
circuits.

Conductor

A material or element that allows free movement of electrons and therefore

allows easy flow of electricity. Most conductors are metals.

Contact

A connection between two conductors that allows electricity to flow.

Control

A component in a circuit that controls the flow of electricity.

Current

The flow of electricity. Current is measured in amps.

Electrical Box

The system that serves as the source for household or building electricity. The
electrical box is where the main electrical service comes in and is distributed
throughout the building.

Electricity

A form of energy created by the movement of electrons.

Electron

A negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom. Electrons are
involved in bonding and electrical conductivity.

Filament

A thin wire that becomes hot and bright when electricity passes through it. Used
in most light bulbs.

Fuse

A safety device that detects too much current in a circuit. A fuse often has a
component that melts and opens the circuit.

Grounded

Safely connected to a neutral body, like the earth, which can absorb a stray
electrical charge.

Grounded
Conductor

Another name for the neutral wire in an electrical circuit.

Grounding Circuit

A system that diverts stray current to a neutral source via the neutral (white)
wire.

Grounding
Conductor

The extra wire in an electrical system that provides a low-resistance path to

ground for stray current. The grounding conductor is usually bare copper or
covered with green insulation.

Hot Wire

An electrically charged, conductive wire that provides power to the load. The
hot wire is usually covered with black insulation.

Insulator

A material such as rubber or glass that does not readily conduct electricity.

Kirchhoff Law

Two laws that describe the flow of current in an electrical circuit. Put simply,
they imply that what goes in must come out.

Load

The component in a circuit that converts electricity into light, heat, or

mechanical motion. Examples of loads are a light bulb, appliance, or machine.

Neutral Wire

The wire that conducts the power back to the source and completes the circuit.
The neutral wire is usually covered with white insulation.

Overcurrent Device

A component like a breaker or a fuse that protects circuits from too much
current flow.

Parallel Circuit

A route for the flow of electricity that has multiple paths.

Path

A conductor that directs electricity in a circuit. The path is often copper wire.

Protective Device

A component like a fuse, breaker, or grounding circuit that prevents damage to

an electrical system.

Resistance

The opposition to current flow. Resistance is measured in ohms.

Schematic Drawing

A graphical representation of an electrical system.

Series Circuit

A route for the flow of electricity that has only one path.

Source

The device that provides electrical power to a circuit. The source is the origin of
electricity, such as a power plant.

Valence Shell

The outermost orbit of electrons in an atom.

Voltage

A measure of electrical pressure or potential. Voltage is measured in volts.

Voltage Drop

A drop in voltage along a conductor through which electricity is flowing. Occurs

after electricity passes through a load.

Wiring Diagram

A detailed plan for an electrical system.

Motor Induction Type An alternating current motor, either single phase or

polyphase, comprising independent primary and secondary windings, in which the
secondary receives power from the primary by electromagnetic induction.
Motor Synchronous Type An alternating current motor which operates at the
speed of rotation of the magnetic flux.
Eddy Current Localized currents induced in an iron core by alternating magnetic
flux. These currents translate into losses (heat) and their minimization is an
important factor in lamination design.

ADF Automatic Direction Finder An aircraft radio navigation which senses and
indicates the direction to a Low/Medium Frequency non-directional radio beacon
(NDB) ground transmitter.
DME Distance Measuring Equipment. Ground and aircraft equipment which
provide distance information and primary serve operational needs of en-route or
terminal area navigation.
EAT Estimated Approach Time
EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System , in which multi-function CRT displays
replace traditional instruments for providing flight, navigation and aircraft system
information, forming a so-called " glass cockpit ".
ETA Estimated Time of Arrival

GPS Global Positioning System . A navigation system based on the transmission

of signals from satellites provided and maintained by the United States of America
and available to civil aviation users.
HDG Heading. The direction in which an aircraft's nose points in flight in the
horizontal plane, expressed in compass degrees (eg. 000 or 360 is North, 090 is
East)
HSI Horizontal Situation Indicator. A cockpit navigation display, usually part of a
flight-director system, which combines navigation and heading.
IFR Instrument Flight Rule . prescribed for the operation of aircraft in instrument
meteorological condition.
ILS Instrument Landing System . consists of the localizer, the glideslope and
marker radio beacons (outer, middle, inner). It provides horizontal and vertical
guidance for the approach.
INS Inertial Navigation System. It uses gyroscopes and other electronic tracking
systems to detect acceleration and deceleration, and computes an aircraft's position
in latitude and longitude. Its accuracy, however, declines on long flights. Also called
IRS, or Inertial Reference System.
KNOT (kt) Standard Unit of speed in aviation and marine transportation,
equivalent to one nautical mile per hour. One knot is equal to 1.1515 mph., and one
nautical mile equals to 6,080 feet or 1.1515 miles. One knot is equal to one nautical
mile per one hour.
LORAN C Long Range Navigation is a Long-Range low frequency Radio
Navigation. Its range is about 1,200 nm by day to 2,300 nm. by night.
MAGNETIC COURSE Horizontal direction, measured in degrees clockwise from
the magnetic north.
MACH NUMBER Ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound. Mach 1 is the speed
of sound at sea level. Its values is approximately 760 mph.
NDB Non-Directional Beacon A medium frequency navigational aid which
transmits non-directional signals , superimposed with a Morse code identifier and
received by an aircraft's ADF.
RMI Radio Magnetic Indicator A navigation aid which combines DI ,VOR and /or
ADF display and will indicate bearings to stations, together with aircraft heading.
RNAV Area Navigation A system of radio navigation which permits direct pointto-point off-airways navigation by means of an on-board computer creating
phantom VOR/DME transmitters termed waypoints.

TACAN TACtical Air Navigation Combines VOR and DME and used by military
aircraft only.System which uses UHF frequencies , providing information about the
bearing and distance from the ground station we have tuned into.
TCAS Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System Radar based airborne
collision avoidance system operating independently of ground-based equipment.
TCAS-I generates traffic advisories only. TCAS-II provides advisories and collision
avoidance instructions in the vertical plane.
TRANSPONDER Airborne receiver / transmitter which receives the interrogation
signal from the ground and automatically replies according to mode and code
selected. Mode A and B wre used for identification, using a four digit number
allocated by air traffic control. Mode C gives automatic altitude readout from an
encoding altimeter.
VFR Visual Flight Rules Rules applicable to flights in visual meteorological
conditions.
VHF Very High Frequency Radio frequency in the 30-300 Mhz band, used for
most civil air to ground communication.
VOR Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range A radio navigation aid
operating in the 108-118 Mhz band. A VOR groun station transmits a two- phase
directional signal through 360 degrees. The aircraft's VOR receiver enables a pilot to
identify his radial or bearing From/To the ground station . VOR is the most commonly
used radio navigation aid in private flying.
VORTAC A special VOR which combines VOR and DME for civil and military used .
System provides information about the bearing and distance from the ground
station we have tuned into.
NOTE
1. Lead -acid batteries are usually charged by regulated DC voltage sources.
This allows maximum accumulation of charge in the early part of recharging.
2. Constant-current battery chargers are usually provided for NiCad batteries
because the NiCad cell voltage has a negative temperature coefficient. With a
constant voltage charging source, a NiCad battery having a shorted cell
might overheat due to excessive overcharge and undergo a thermal runaway,
destroying the battery and creating a possible safety hazard to the aircraft.
3. THERMAL RUNAWAY: Thermal runaway can result in a chemical fire and/or
explosion of the NiCad battery under recharge by a constant-voltage source,
and is due to cyclical, ever-increasing temperature and charging current. One
or more shorted cells or an existing high temperature and low charge can
produce the cyclical sequence of events: (1) excessive current, (2) increased
temperature, (3) decreased cell(s) resistance, (4) further increased current,
and (5) further increased temperature. This will not become a self-sustaining

thermal-chemical action if the constant-voltage charging source is removed

before the battery temperature is in excess of 160 F. Pulsed-current battery
chargers are sometimes provided for NiCad batteries.