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Instructor: David van Dijk
Lesson 22 (Cellular Respiration) Reading Assignment
Chapter 8
1. Glycolysis starts with what carbohydrate?
Glycolysis, the splitting of glucose, starts with glucose.
2. Glycolysis occurs in what area of the eukaryotic cell?
It occurs in the cytosol, and the two stages of respiration take place in the
mitochondria
3. Glycolysis ends up with two three-carbon molecules called pyruvic acid.
4. If glycolysis does not need oxygen gas (O2), is it an aerobic or an anaerobic
reaction?
It is anaerobic if it does not utilize oxygen.
5. Does glycolysis have a net increase or decrease in ATP?
There is a net increase of two ATP per molecule of glucose and 2 NADH per molecule
of glucose.
6. If there is no oxygen gas (O2), what does the pyruvic acid get converted into by
yeast and by muscles?
Pyruvic acid is converted into ethanol, ethyl alcohol, or to organic acids, such as lactic acid.
7. If oxygen gas (O2) is present, what organelle does pyruvic acid enter the Krebs
cycle in?
The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondria, where pyruvic acid enters the Krebs
cycle.
8. How many carbons are in glucose?
There are a total of 6 carbons in glucose
9. How many carbons are in pyruvic acid?
There are 3 carbons in pyruvic acid.
10. How many pyruvic acids come from one glucose in glycolysis?
Each glucose yields two pyruvic acids.
11. Draw the mitochondrion (figure 86). How many phospholipid bimembranes
does it have?
(SEE FILE IN FOLDER TITLED Q11 Mitochondrion)

It has two phospholipid bilayers. There is the outer membrane and the inner
membrane. The Krebs cycle takes place in the inner membrane.
12. Draw figure 88.
(SEE FILE IN FOLDER TITLED Q12 8-8)
13. What four-carbon molecule is made in each cycle of Krebs to accept the acetyl
group from acetyl CoA?
The four-carbon compound is oxaloacetic acid.
14. How many CO2 molecules come off of each Krebs cycle?
One molecule of glucose, which generates two pyruvic acid, generates a total of 4
molecules of carbon dioxide. Each pyruvic acid generates two molecules of carbon dioxide.
Overall, each glucose yields two molecules ATP, six NADH, and two FADH2
15. What is the first six-carbon molecule of Krebs?
Citric acid is the first six-carbon molecules.
16. The electron transport chain is a chain of what?
The electron transport chain is a chain of electron carriers, which each hold the
electrons at a lower energy level than the previous and harvest the energy from the
electrons.
17. Are there five different cytochrome molecules in the electron transport chain?
What is the last one (terminal), which gives the electron to the oxygen gas (O 2)
and the proton (H+) to make water?
Yes, there are 5 different cytochrome molecules. The last one, cytochrome c, gives
the electron to O2 and H+ to make water.
18. For every two NADH molecules oxidized to NAD+, how many ADP are
phosphorylated to ATP?
Three molecules of ATP form for every one NADH molecule, so six molecules of ATP
forms from each two NAHD.
19. For every two FADH2 molecules oxidized to NAD+, how many ADP are
phosphorylated?
Each FADH2 produces two ATP, so every two FADH2 molecules produces four
molecules of ATP.
20. Define oxidative phosphorylation.
The three ETC complexes carry electrons. As each electron jumps to a lower energy
level, the proteins use active transport to transport H+ ions out of the mitochondrial matrix
into the intermembrane space. This creates a concentration gradient AND an electric
gradient, called an electrochemical gradient. This can power anything that provides protons
a path down the gradient. This is provided by an enzyme complex called ATP synthase. It

has binding sides for ATP and ADP and an inner channel, or pore. When protons move back
down the gradient, the energy is released to power the synthesis of ATP from ADP and
phosphate. This is chemiosmotic coupling, because the proton gradient is established
through the ETC, and then this potential energy is released to get ATP from ADP and
phosphate.
21. Does oxidative phosphorylation make ADP into ATP? Can you remember the
term oxidative phosphorylation until the AP exam?
Yes, and yes :)
22. Which mitochondrial membrane contains the molecules of the electron
transport chain?
The molecules of the electron transport chain lie on the inner mitochondrial
membrane.
23. How many protons (H+) are pumped from the matrix of the mitochondrion to
the intermembrane space by the electron transport chain for each two electrons
from NADH?
Each pair of electrons from NADH can pump 10 protons out of the matrix.
24. What does ATP synthase let back into the mitochondrian matrix as it puts
phosphate onto ADP?
It allows the protons back into the matrix.
25. Study figure 810. Can you see how the down gradient for protons (H+) is
from the space to the matrix? This electrochemical gradient can do work. The
work it does is to attach phosphate to what?
Yes. The work attaches a phosphate to ADP to create ATP.
26. How many total ATP are made from the breaking of one sugar molecule?
All in all, a total of 38 ATP is made from one sugar molecule.
27. Study the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP (figure 812) until you understand it
and could write an essay on it.
Okay
28. What are the two end products of the two fermentations?
The two end products are (for yeast) ethyl alcohol and (for animals) lactic acid.
29. Oxygen debt means you are in debt of what? What molecule was made
because of this debt? It is possible to get out of debt by doing what?
Oxygen debt means you are in debt of oxygen. Instead of oxidizing pyruvic acid into
acetyle CoA, it is converted to lactic acid which accumulates. By stopping and breathing, the
lactic acid is transformed back into pyruvic acid and the cycle consumes all of the
accumulated lactic acid.