Chapter 26

Probability
In this chapter, only rules with illustrative examples have

been given. For basics please consult "Magical Book on
Quicker Maths."
Theorem: Probability of an event (E) is denoted by P(E)

and is defined as P(E)
no. of desired events
n(S)
total no. of events (ie no. of sample space)
^ 6
2
=3
(vii) E (a no. greater than 6) = { } , i.e. there is no number greater than 6 in the sample space
Rule 1
n(E)
.-. P ( E ) = ^ = 0
Probability of an impossible event = 0
(viii) E (a no. less than or equal to 6)
= {l,2,3,4,5,6},n(E) = 6
Illustrative Example
Ex.:
A dice is thrown. What is the probability that the

number shown on the dice is (i) an even no; (ii) an
odd no.; (iii) a no. divisible by 2; (iv) a no. divisible by
3; (v) a no. less than 4; (vi) a no. less than or equal to
4; (vii) a no. greater than 6; (viii) a no. less than or
equal to 6.
Soln: In all the above cases, S = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 } , n(S) = 6.
(0 E(anevenno.;={2,4,6},n(E) = 3
P(E) =
n(S)
n(E) _ 3 _ 1
'
" 6~2
(iii) E (a no. divisible by 2) = {2,4,6}, n(E) = 3
(
Probability of a certain event = 1.

Note: 0 < P(E) < 1
Exercise
1.
In a simultaneous throw of two dice find the probability

of getting a total of 8.
a)
(ii) E ( a n o d d n o . ) = { l , 3 , 5 } , n ( E ) = 3
P(E) = = 1
6
>' 336
l
1
c)
' 6
A coin is successively tossed two times. Find the probability of getting

2) at least one head.
l)exatly one head
14
12
1 2
4'7
>2'3
2'4
In a box carrying one dozen of oranges, one third have
become bad. I f 3 oranges are taken out from the box at
random, what is the probability that at least one orange
out of the three oranges picked up is good?
2
a)
C )
P(E) =
3 V
6 ~2
(iv) E (ano. divisible by 3) = { 3 , 6 } , n(E) = 2

2-1
.-. P(E) =
6 ~3
(v) E (a no. less than 4 ) = { 1 , 2 , 3 } , n(E) = 3

3
(vi) E (a no. less than or equal to 4)

= {1,2,3,4} n(E) = 4
d) Data inadequate
54
1
a)
55
b)
55
45
c)
' 55
3
d )
5?
(SBI Bank PO Exam 1999)

Out of 15 students studying in a class, 7 are from
Maharashtra, 5 are from Karnataka and 3 are from Goa.
Four students are to be selected at random. What are
the chances that at least one is from Karnataka?
P R A C T I C E B O O K ON Q U I C K E R MATHS
664
12
TI
a )
5.
11
b
10
T5
C)
d )
15
(BSRB Guwahati PO1999)

The probability that a teacher will give one surprise test
1
during any class meeting in a week is . I f a student is
absent twice, what is the probability that he will miss at
least one test.
4
a)
6.
l5~
Ts
91
16
Ys
b)
c)
i2T
d )
14. The odds in favour of an event are 3:5. The probability

of occurrence of the event is
1
a)
c)l
d) None of these
2
In a simultaneous throw of two coins, the probability of
getting at least one head is
.
c)
4
b) 77
9
1
c)" ' 5
5
8
3
d)
15. The odds against the occurrence of an event are 5:4.
The probability of its occurrence is
.
4
>?
4"
16. In a lottery there are 20 prizes and 15 blanks. What is the
probability of getting prize?
a
(BSRB Mumbai PO Exam 1999)

In a throw of a coin, the probabi; y of getting a head is
1
b)
a)
To
d )
>7
>7
17. An urn contains 9 red, 7 white and 4 black balls. A ball is

drawn at random. What is the probability that the ball
drawn is not red?
3 )
a>2
8.
>y
1
I
a )
3
c)
>8
7
Three unbiased coins are tossed. What is the probability of getting at most 2 heads?
3 )
1
a)-
3
b)-
7
0 -
1
d)-
10. A fair coin is tossed 100 times. The probability of getting head an odd number of times is
.
1
3
c)~
d)
a)
3
:
- 4
11. A bag contains 6 black balls and 8 white balls. One ball
is drawn at random. What is the probability that the ball
drawn is white?
TT
2 l
2
C )
TT
11
d
>20
18. What is the probability that a number selected from the

numbers 1,2,3,4,5,..., 16 is a prime number?
1
Three unbiased coins are tossed, what is the probability

of getting exactly two heads?
1
9.
3
> i
a)
16
b )
"c) I
>l6
19. Ticket numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is

drawn at random. What is the probability that the ticket
drawn bears a number which is a multiple of 3?
3
a)
20
b )
10
2
c)5
T
"*
1
d)
20. Ticket numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is

drawn at random. What is the probability that the ticket
drawn bears a number which is a multiple of 3 or 7?
a)
1
b)~
L5
c)
b )
4
a)y
3
b)-
4
O-
16
b)
' 13
c)
' 26
1. b;
1
d)-
12. A bag contains 8 red and 5 white balls. 2 balls are drawn
at random. What is the probability that both are white?
a)
Answers
d)
39
13. A bag contains 5 blue and 4 black balls. Three balls are
drawn at random. What is the probability that 2 are blue
and 1 is black?
Hint: In a simultaneous throw of two dice

Sample space = 6 x 6 = 36
Favourable cases are (2,6) (3,5) (4,4) (5,3) (6,2)
5
So, the required probability =
2. a;
Hint: In tossing a coin 2 times the sample space is 4 ie

(H,H),(H,T),(T,H),(T,T)
1) I f A, denotes exactly one head
then, A, = { ( H , T ) ( T , H ) } S o , P ( A , ) = 2) I f A denotes at least one head
I
a
>7
>6
d) None of these
then A = {(H, T), (T, H), (H, H)}
.\) =
665
Probability
3.c;
Hint: n ( S ) = C =
, 2
^
^
3x2
= 2x11x10 = 220
10. c; Hint: w(s) = 2
1 0 0
n(E) = no. of favourable ways
No. of selection of 3 oranges out of the total 12
, 0 0
C +
1
, 0 0
C +...+
3
oranges = C =2 11 x 10 = 220
, 2
, 0 0
=2
9 9
, 0 0
- = 2
1
9 9
|v C + C + C + ... = 2 " - |
n
No. of selection of 3 bad oranges out of the total 4
bad oranges = C = 4
4
.-. n(E) = no. of desired selection of oranges

= 220-4 = 216
4. b;
n(s)
220
i<
n(s)
'
Note: The given case can be generalised as "If a unbiased

coin is tossed
times, then the chance that the
head will present itself an odd number of times is
55
Hint: Total possible ways of selecting 4 students out

of 15 students =
15x14x13x12 ,
<- =
- = 1365
1x2x3x4
4
it
2 '
11. a; Hint: Total no. of balls = (6 + 8) = 14
No. of white balls = 8
The no. of ways of selecting 4 students in which no

student belongs to Karnataka =
1 0
.-. P(drawing a white ball) =
.-. number of ways of selecting at least one student

fromKarnataka=
Probability =
5. b;
C -
, 5
1 0
C , =115 5.
1155
77
11
1365
91
13
14 ~ 7
12. d; Hint:
n(S) = Number of ways of drawing 2 balls out of 13
=
, 3
C =
13x12
= 78
n(E) = No. of ways of drawing 2 balls out of 5
Hint: The probability of absenting of the student in

= 'C =
2 1
the class " ~ " r
6 3
5x4
= 10
n(E) _ 10 _ 5
.-. the probability of missing his test
6. a;
'
5*3 ~ 15 "
Hint: Here S = {H, T} and E = {H}

n{E)_\
n(s)
Hint:
S== {HH, HT, TT, TH} and E = {HH, HT, TH}
Hint:S
... He)8. d;
n{E)
n(s)~4
Hint: S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT,

TTTJand
E = Event of getting exactly two heads
= {HHT, HTH, THH}
9x8x7
of 9 = C =
9
7.c;
~njs)~ 78 ~ 39
13. c; Hint: Let S be the sample space and E be the event of

drawing 3 balls out of which 2 are blue and 1 is black.
Then, n(S) = Number of ways of drawing 3 balls out
3
3x2x1
n(E) = Number of ways of drawing 2 balls out of 5 and

1 ball out of 4.
5
C + C,
2
9. c;
n{s)
Hint: n(S) = 8 [See hint of the Q. No. 8]

E = Event of getting 0, or 1 or 2 heads
= {TTT, TTH, THT, HTT, HHT, HTH, THH}
or, n(E) = 7
n(E)
( 5x4
4M)
14
+ 4 =14
^ = ^ )
^ 6 14. b; Hint: Number of cases favourable to E = 3
Total number of cases = (3 + 5) = 8
'3
.-. P(E) =
8'
P
= 84
15. b; Hint: Number of cases favourable to E = 4

Total number of cases = (5 + 4) = 9
4
P(E)= n -
P R A C T I C E B O O K O N Q U I C K E R MATHS
666
16.c;
Hint: P(getting a prize)
17. d; Hint:P(red) =
20
20
20 + 15
35
_9_
9+7+4
20
II
9*
P(not-red) =
1 20
{Sunday}, n(E)= 1
.-. P ( E ) = y
Exercise
1.
What is the probability that a leap year selected randomly will have 53 Mondays?
~ 20
7
a)-
n(E)
=^) r6 ip
19. b;
53
Hint: S = {1,2,3,... 20} and E - ;3,6,9,12,15,18}

a
n{E)
'
n(s) " 20 ~ 10
20. c; Hint: Clearly, n(S) = 20 and E = {3,6,9,12,15,18,7,

14}
Hint: A leap year has 366 days = 52 weeks + 2 days

These 2 days can be (Sunday, Monday), (Monday,
Tuesday), (Tuesday, Wednesday) ... or, (Saturday,
Sunday). Out of these total 7 outcomes, there are 2
cases favourable to the desired event ie (Sunday,
Monday) and (Monday, Tuesday)
2
.-. required probability = .
2. b;
Hint: An ordinary year has 365 days ie 52 weeks and

1 day. So the probability that this day is a Sunday is
1
7 '
Rule 3
Ex.:
.-. P(E) =
(ii) When the year is not a leap year, it has 52 complete weeks and 1 more day that can be {Sunday,
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
Saturday}, n(S) = 7
Out of these 7 cases, cases favourable for one more
Sunday is
53
1. a;
Rule 2
(i) What is the chance that a leap year selected randomly will have 53 Sundays?
(ii) What is the chance, if the year selected is a not a
leap year?
Soln: (i) A leap year has 366 days so it has 52 complete
weeks and 2 more days. The two days can be {Sunday and Monday, Monday and Tuesday, Tuesday
and Wednesday, Wednesday and Thursday, Thursday and Friday, Friday and Saturday, Saturday and
Sunday}, i.e. n(S) = 7.
Out of these 7 cases, cases favourable for more Sundays are
{Sunday and Monday, Saturday and Sunday},
i.e.n(E) = 2
48
d)
c)
Answers
" 20 ~ 5
Problems based on leap year.

A leap year has 366 days, hence it has 52 complete weeks
and 2 more days.
When the year is not a leap year, it has 52 complete weeks
and 1 more day.
1
b)
3^
n(E) _ _8_ _ 2
P(E) =
b)
c)
d) Data inadequate
7
7
What is the probability that an oridinary year has 53
Sundays?
18. c; Hint: S= {1,2,3,..., 16} andE= {2,3,5,7,11,13}
Problems based on dice

Following chart will be helpful in solving the problems
based on dice.
Chart: When two dice are thrown, we have,
S = {(1,1), ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 1 , 6 ) , (2,1), ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 6 ) , (3,1),
( 3 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 6 ) , ( 4 , 1 ) , ( 4 , 6 ) , ( 5 , 1 ) , ( 5 , 6 ) , (6,1)
(6,6)}
n(S) = 6><6 = 36
Sum of the no. n(S)
of the two dice
(!)
()
12
3
4
Events
(0
(ii)
[1,1)
{6. 6}
11
(1.2), {2, 1)
{6, 5}, {5, 6}
10
(1.3), (3,1), {2,2}
{6,4}, {4,6}, {5,5}
(1,4), {4. 1), (2,3), (6,3), {3,6}, |5, 4),

(3,2)
H, 5}
Hi 5), (5, 1}, (2, 4), {6,2}, {2,6}. (5,3),

{4.2}, {3,3}
{3, 5}, {4. 4}
{1,6}, {6, 1}, {2,5|, {5.2}, M, 3}, {3,4}
Probability
667
2.
When two dice are thrown, what is the probability
that
(i) sum of numbers appeared is 6 and 7?
(ii) sum of numbers appeared < 8?
(iii) sum of numbers is an odd no?
(iv) sum of numbers is a multiple of 3?
(v) numbers shown are equal?
(vi) the difference of the numbers is 2?
(vii) Sum of the numbers is at least 5.
Soln: (i) Use the above chart:
In a simultaneous throw of two dice, what is the probability of getting a doublet?
Ex.:
1
3 )
3.
For 7, reqd probability
7
&
4.
Answers
36
1. b;
P ( E ) =
P ( E
>=36
2
=
(vii) Events; either 2 or 3 or 4 or 5

n(E)=l+2 + 3+4=10
n(S) = 36
n(E)_
10 _ 5
(S)"36"18'
Exercise
In a throw of a die, the probability of getting a prime
number is
1
1
b)
c)
1
V~4
>6
Hint: Here S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} and E = {2,3,5}
3
2. a;
1
.
Hint: In a simultaneous throw of two dice

n(S) = 36
Let E = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}
6
3. b;
^ 3 T 6 -
Hint: Clearly, n(s) = 36

Let(E)= {(4,6), (5,5), (6,4), (5,6), (6,5)}
5
.-. P(E) =
4.c;
36
Hint: Clearly, n(S) = 36

Let E = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}
36
37 = 6
(vi) Events = {3,1}, {4,2}, {5,3}, {6,4}, {4,6}, {3,5},

{2,4}, {1,3}
orn(S) = 8
C )
.-. P(E) =
2
d)
~' 3
37
,.P(E)=
11 = 1
36 ~ 3
33
j _4
d) r
j
(v) Events = { l , 1}, {2,2}, {3,3}, {4,4}, {5,5}, {6,6};

n(S) = 6
b )
~ 36
26 13
.-. reqd probability = ~ ~r^
36 18
(iii) Desired sums of the numbers are 3,5,7,9 and 11;
n(S) = 2 + 4 + 6 + 4 + 2 = 18
. . .
18 1
.-. reqd probability = - %
36 2
(iv) Desired sums of the numbers are 3,6,9 and 12;
n(S) = 2 + 5 + 4 + l = 12'
In a single throw of two dice what is the probability of

not getting the same number on both the dice?
(ii) Desired sums of the numbers are 2,3,4,5,6,7 and

8;
.-. reqd probability
n(S)
n ( S ) = l + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 5 = 26
In a simultaneous throw of two dice, what is the probability of getting a total of 10 or 11 ?
n(E) _ 5
For 6, reqd probability =
b)
6~
So, P(not-E) = 1
_5
6
Rule 4
Problems based on cards
Following chart will be helpful to solve the problems based
on cards.
Chart: A pack of cards has a total of 52 cards.
Red suit (26)
Diamond (13)
Heart (13)
Black suit (26)

Spade (13)
Club (13)
The numbers in the brackets show the respective no.

of cards in that category.
Each of Diamond, Heart, Spade and Club contains
nine digit-cards 2,3,4,5,6,7, 8,9 and 10 (a total of 9
668
x 4 = 36 digit-cards) along with four Honour cards
Ace, King, Queen and Jack (a total of 4 x 4 = 16 Honour
cards).
(ii) Total no. of Queens = 4

Selection of 1 Queen card out of 4 can be done in
4
Illustrative Examples
Ex. 1: A card is drawn from a pack of cards. What is the
probability that it is
(i) a card of black suit?
(ii) a spade card?
(iii) an honours card of red suit?
(iv) an honours card of club?
(v) a card having the number less than 7?
(vi) a card having the number a multiple of 3?
(vii) a king or a queen?
(viii) a digit-card of heart?
(ix) ajack of black suit?
Soln:
For all the above cases n(S) - 52,
26,
26
or,
(OH
26
52.
52
C,
4 ways. He can select the remaining 1 card
from the remaining (52 - 4 =) 48 cards. Now, cards in

48
C, =48 ways.
n(E) = 4 x 4 8
P(E) =
32
26x51 221
(iii) Total no. of honours card = 16
To have no honours card, he has to select two card:
out of the remaining 52 - 16 = 36 cards which he car.
do in
3 6
= ^
.'. P(E) =
:52
^ = 18x35 ways
2 .
18x35
105
26x51
221
16,
(iv)P(E) =
(v C , = n )
4x48
26x51
8x15
20
26x51
221
(v)n(E)= C , x C , = 4 x 4 = 16
4
13
00
(iii)
4x2
2_
52
13

26x51
663
Ex. 3: From a pack of 52 cards, 3 cards are drawn. What is the
probability that it has
(i) all three aces?
(ii) no queen?
(iii) one ace, one king and one queen?
(iv) one ace and two jacks?
(v) two digit-cards and one honours card of black
suit?
,
5x4
(iv)
52
(vi)
(v)
52
3x4
52
4
1
4
1
(vii) P(a king) = = ; P(a queen) = ^ =
1
.-. P(a king or a queen) = 7J
(viii)
1
7J
13
1
52
26
Ex. 2: From a pack of 52 cards, 2 cards are drawn at random.
What is the probability that it has
(i) both the Aces?
(ii) exactly one queen?
(iii) no honours card?
(iv) no digit-card?
(v) One King and one Queen?
( k )
52^
Soln: For all the above cases, n(S)=
52x51
C =^
2
Soln: For all the above cases, n(S)
2
52
5 2
(i)n(E) _
52x51x50 = 26x17x50
3x2
4
C =4
3
,P(E) =
(ii)n(E)=
4 8
,P(E) =
26x51
26x17x50
3
=8x47x46
8*47x46
4324
26x17x50
5525
(iii)n(E)= C,x C,x C, =4x4x4

4
(i) Total no. of Aces = 4

nr. VC =
:. n(E)=
4
, P(E):
1
26x51
221
= f.6
5525
,.P(E) =
4x4x4
16
26x17x50
5525
(iv)n(E)= C , x C , = 4 x 6
4
Probability
669
4x6
,P(E) =
6
P(E) =
26x17x50 ~ 5525
(v)n(E) = 36P(E) =
3. a;
x C , =18x35x8
18x35x8
252
26x17x50
1105
28
n(s)
52
13
Hint: n(S) = Number of ways of drawing 2 cards out

of52
=
52x51
5 2
1 3 2 6
2x1
n(E) = Number of ways of drawing 2 cards out of 4
2
Exercise
One card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards.
What is the probability that the card drawn is a face
card?
a)
b)
13
d)
' 13
c)
52
One card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards.

What is the probability that the card drawn is either a
red card or a king?
27
1
c
>lJ
d)
1
.'. P(E) =
4.c;
2^1
b )
13
3
C )
2~6
5.b;
'
d) None of these
9
b)
13
2
c)
13
g a
C )
(5)"52"13-
Hint: There are 13 hearts and 3 more kings
\nswers
52
1
4 _ 1
-,P(F) = - - - a n d
]_ _1_
4 L3
+
4
52
Rule 5
Theorem: If a bag contains x red, y yellow and z green
balls, 3 balls are drawn randomly, then the probability of
the balls drawn contain balls of different colour is given by
6xyz
{x + y + z)(x + y + z-\)(x + y +
52 * 13
Hint: Clearly n(S) = 52. There are 26 red cards (including 2 kings) and there are 2 more kings.
Let (E) be the event of getting either a red card or a
king.
Then, n(E) = 28
11
P(a spade or a king) = P(E u F)

= P(E) + P(F) - P(E n F)
Hint: Clearly, n(S) = 52 and there are 16 face cards.

] 6 _ _4_
~ 13
52
1
P(EnF)=-
d)
~' 13
C )
13 + 3 _ 4
9_
P(neither a heart nor a king) = 4 =
13 13 '
Hint: Let E and F be the event of getting a spade and
that of getting a king respectively.
Then n F>s the event of getting a king of spade
v n(E) = 13, n(F) = 4 and n(E n F) = 1
So, P(E) =
P(E) =
A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. What

is the probability that the card drawn is a spade or a
king?
4
3
2
1
) 77
b)
13
' 13
T3
| I . a;
P(heart or a king) =
d)None of these
c)
26
13
' 13
A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. A card is drawn
at random. What is the probability that it is neither a
heart nor a king?
4
) 77
13
52
What is the probability of getting a king or a queen in a

single drawn from a pack of 52 cards?
a)
221"
n(E) _ 8 _ 2
Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards.

What is the probability that the drawn cards are both
aces?
a)
1326
Hint: Clearly, n(S) =52, there are 4 kings and 4 queens.
z-2)
C] X ^Cy X C|
or
Ex:
A bag contains 3 red, 5 yellow and 4 green balls. 3

balls are drawn randomly. What is the probability that
the balls drawn contain balls of different colours?
670
Soln: Detail Method: Totalno.ofballs = 3+ 5 + 4 = 12
n(S)
12
12x11x10
c, =
6x3x5x4 _ 3
the required answer = ~ - .
12x11x10 11
era
A bag contains 3 red, 5 yellow and 4 green balls, j

balls drawn contain exactly two green balls?
Sol: Detail Method:
Total no. of balls = 3 + 5 + 4 = 1 2
1 2
"
( S ) =
12x11x10
- ^ 2 -
2 2
2 green balls can be selected from 4 green balls r
24
a)^T
the remaining (12 - 4) = 8 balls in C , ways.
14
b ) -
13
O -
21
d ) -
Tl8
35
b )
35
136
C )
l37
.-. P(E) =
a )
r7
c)
8
d )
1.
b)
c)
17
17
d )
3. a
12
12x11x10
55
91
T\9f
a)
Theorem: If a bag contains x red, y yellow and z green

balls, 3 balls are drawn randomly, then the probability of
the balls drawn contain
(i) exactly 2 green balls is given by
15
b
9l
10
C )
91
d) Data inadequate
28
C )
?T
27
37
Yl
d)
(iii) What is the probability that balls drawn contain exactly 2 red balls?
54
a)
(ii) exactly 2 yellow balls is given by
3x4x3x8
12x11x10
20
Rule 6
(x + y + z) (x + y + z -1) (x + y + z - 2) or
3x4x(4-l)x8
(ii) What is the probability that balls drawn contain

exactly 2 yellow balls?
4.c
3z(z-\)(x + y)
55
20
a)
I7
Answers
2.b
12
A bag contains 4 red, 6 yellow and 5 green balls. 3 ba

are drawn randomly.
(i) What is the probability that balls drawn contain
exactly 2 green balls?
8
17
48
220
Exercise
T7
A bag contains 4 yellow, 5 red and 8 green balls. 3 balls

are drawn randomly. What is the probability that the
balls drawn contain balls of different colours?
a)
6x8 = 48
Quicker Method: Applying the above theorem, we

have
the required answer
163
A bag contains 6 red, 8 yellow and 4 green balls. 3 balls

3
n(E) = ' C x C,
35
d )
C ways and the rest one ball can be selected frorr

8

l.a
+ z)

3 )
4.
Ex:
'
35
3.
W*+$C
220 " 11
have
2.
o r
(x + y + z) (x + y + z -1) (x + y + z - 2) or
60 _ 3
1.
3x(x-\)(y
P(E) =
Exercise
+ y + z-2)
(iii) exactly 2 red balls is given by
C , x C , x C , = 3 x 5 x 4 = 60
5
+ z)
(x + y + z)(x + y + z-\)(x
= 220
3x2
In order to have 3 different coloured balls, the selection of one ball of each colour is to be made.
n(E)=
3y(y-\)(x
>cx:c2
2.
455
44
b)
' 455
54
d) None of the
A bag contains 5 red, 7 yellow and 6 green balls. 3 ba.:

are drawn randomly.
671
Probability
14
a) 77
68
13
)
68
15
)7TT
91
the balls drawn contain no yellow ball?

Soln: Detail Method: Total no. of balls = 3 + 5 + 4 = 12
15
d) 68
C
C )
,2-

77
a)
76
b)
c)
77
2
d)
76
= 7 balls in C
7
54
55
b )
27
a) 777
91
20
b)'
91
20
20
91
1.
54
c) - r j j d) Data inadequate
19
b
12
c)
>9l
Answers
l.(i)a
(ii)c (iii) a
I (i) a
(ii) a (iii) c
91
2.(i)d
24
33
12
a) 777
b)
c) 77 d) Data inadequate
yi
91
65
(ii) What is the probability that the balls drawn contain
no red ball?
12
a) 77
65
d) None of these
(ii)a

are drawn randomly.
(i) What is the probability that the balls drawn contain
no yellow ball?
Ts
Rule 7
(x + y + z)(x + y + z - l ) ( x + y + z - 2 )
or
x+y+
33
Ti
24
Yi
b)
55
(*)
{ z)
3 )
204
c)
143
408
b )
55
c ) T272
77
d )
55
d)' 208

no red ball?
u) no red ball is given by

(y + z)(y + z - l ) ( y + z - 2 )
(x + y + z)(x + y + z - l)(x + y + z - 2)
55
or
( )
x+y+:
2~n
a)
(x+y)
y-2)
(x + y + z) (x + y + z -\)(x + y + z - 2)
Or
(r y+ ),
+
55
b
2 ^
143
C)
4^8"
143
d )
406~
(iii) What is the probability that the balls drawn contain

no green balls?
iii) no green ball is given by

(x + y)(x + y-\)(x
d) None of these
5~
are drawn randomly.
no yellow ball?
a)
z-2)
24
c)' 91

no green balls?
(iii)c
Theorem: A bag containsx red,yyellow andzgreen balls.

I balls are drawn randomly. The probability of the balls
Jrawn contain
(i) no yellow ball is given by
_55_
_55_
_55_
408
272
204
208
are drawn randomly.
a )
jc
33
b)' -91
12
(x + z)(x + z-l)(x
= 35
3x2
(iii) What is the probability that balls drawn contain

exactly 2 red balls?
a)
Exercise
d) None of these
c)' 91
91
c =
220 " 44 '

have
7 x 6 x 5 _ 35 _ 7
the required answer =
,,
- rrr - .
12x11x10 220 44
d )
54
27
.-. P(E) =

a)
ways.
35 _ 7
55
C )
7x6x5
n(E)
406
408
408
480
are drawn randomly.
a )
= 220
3 balls can be selected from 3(red) + 4(green)
(iii) What is the probability that balls drawn contain

exactly 2 red balls?
55
12x11x10
A bag contains 3 red, 5 yellow and 4 green balls. 3

3.
b )
C )
d )
672
no yellow ball?
4x3x2 _ 1
= P(girls are together)
8! "
'
8 x 7 x 6 ~ 14
.-. P(A11 girls are not together) = 1 - P
4!5!
24
25
44
Yi
Ts
9l
b)
c)
d)
no red ball?
a
8
a )
6T
44
b )
^T
24
c )
, 1
13
(All girls are together) = 1 - = .
have
45
Y\
91
d)
5!4!
the required answer = 1 - 8!

no green balls?
44
a)
9l
24
b)
~9l
5!4!
|8
c)
2.(i)a
(ii)c
(iii)b
6!4!
) ~m
9!
5!4!
b)
~' 9!
5!4!
c)
~' 10!
6!4!
> IT
(x + l)!y!
5!5!
b
)^T
5!5!
c
)Tri
(y + l)!x!
1
a)-
(x + y)!
\x + l)!y!"
(x + y)!
20
b ) -
19
0 -
6
a)
(x + y)!
C .x!y!
y
(x + y )
2.
126
Ex:
There are 4 boys and 4 girls. They sit in a row randomly. What is the chance that all the girls do not sit
together?
Soln: Detail Method:
Total no. of arrangements = n(S) = P - 8!
S
Consider all the 4 girls as one, we have 4 boys + 1 girl
"*
> 126
126
d)None of these
6^
65
b )
67
1
c
76
Ti
t7
d)
(ii) What is the chance that all the boys sit together"
76
J_
d) Data inadequate
77
77
(iii) What is the chance that all the girls do not sit together?
a )
67
b)
C )
65
= 5 persons. Which can be arranged in P = 5! ways.
76
3 )
But the 4 girls can also be arranged in P = 4! ways

4
2
d ) -
121
c)
1
a )
ToT
37
25
d) Data inadequate
b)T7
c)
42
' 42
There are 6 boys and 5 girls. They sit in a row random!)
(i) What is the chance that all the girls sit together?
d )
(v) What is the chance that the no two girls sit together"
(y + l)!x!
(v) no two girls sit together (x >y) is given by
6!4!
(iv) What is the chance that all the boys do not sit together?
(iii) all the girls do not sit together is given by
x+\
(x + y)! _
(iv) all the boys do not sit together is given by
d) None of these
(ii) What is the chance that all the boys sit together
Theorem: There are 'x' boys and 'y' girls. If they sit in a
row randomly, then the chance that
(ii) all the boys sit together is given by
There are 5 boys and 4 girls. They sit in a row randomly

Rule 8
(i) all the girls sit together is given by
14 '
Exercise
1.
(ii)b (iii)a
(ii)b (iii)d
14
8!
65
Answers
l.(i)a
3.(i) a
among themselves.
So, in 4! x 5! ways can the persons be arranged so
that girls are together
/>
67
b )
66
C )
77
d )
77
1
a )
7T
65
b)
66
c)
66
76
d )
7T
Probability
673
(v) What is the chance that the no two girls sit together?
.-. Required probability, P(E) =
21
3
19
1
a)
b)
c)
d)
22
'22
' 22
' 22
There are 5 boys and 5 girls. They sit in a row randomly,
1
a) 7 7
41
b) -
3
c) -
3
b)
41
42
1
d )
C)
41
39
31
d) None of these
a) 742
7
b)'
c)
42
42
a)
3_
b)
35
11
c)
42
d) Data inadequate
42
Answers
1. (i)a
2. (i) a
3. (i) a
(ii)b (iii)b
(ii)b (iii) a
(ii)d (iii) a
(iv)c
(iv)d
(iv)b
(v)a
(v)d
(4 + 3 + 5)(4 + 3 + 5 - l )
12 + 6 + 20
19
12x11
66
Rule 9
cr
+ycr+zcr
given by
(x +
(x + y + zfx + y + z- l\x + y +
Case I: If r = 2; then the formula for required probability is

x(x-l)+y(y-\)+z{z-\)
given by
(x + y + z\x + y + z - 1 )
Ex:
A box contains 4 black balls, 3 red balls and 5 green

balls. 2 balls are drawn from the box at random. What
is the probability that both the balls are of the same
colour?
Total no. of balls = 4 + 3 + 5 = 1 2
,2
12x11
n ( S ) = ' C = - ^ = 66
Ex.:
A box contains 5 green, 4 yellow and 3 white marbles.

3 marbles are drawn at random. What is the probability that they are not of the same colour?
(SBI Associates PO Exam 1999)
Total no. of balls = 5 + 4 + 3 = 1 2
:
12x11x10
c =
3
1x2x3
C + C + C
3
=10 + 4 + 1 = 15 ways
15 _ 205 _ 41
220 ~ 220 ~ 44 '
have,
the required answer
1--
5x4x3+4x3x2+3x2x1
12x11x10
60 + 24 + 6
12x11x10
12xllxl0~
2
4x3
^7~
3x2 5x4
7
-y_
220
i.e, 3 marbles out of 12 marbles can be drawn in 220

ways.
If all the three marbles are of the same colour, it can be
done in
90
V J-r
n(E)= C + C + C
z-2)
Now, P(A11 the 3 marbles of the same colour) + P(all

the 3 marbles are not of the same colour) = 1
.-. P(all the 3 marbles are not of the same colour)
xjx - iXx - 2)+ y(y - jjy - 2)+ z{z -\\z - 2)"
where r <x,y ,z
Note: The probability that both the balls are not of

the same colour is given by 1 - P (Probability of the
same colour)
Case II:
I f r = 3; then the formula for required probability
is given by
n(S) =
Theorem: A box contains x black balls, y red balls and z

green balls, 'r' balls are drawn from the box at random.
The probability that all the balls are of the same colour is
66
4(4 - 1 ) + 3(3 - 1 ) +- 5(5 -1)

Required answer =
d) None of these
V5
4i
V 2
19
n(S)
Quicker Method: Applying the above theorem,
(ii) What is the chance that all the boys sit together?
n(E)
= 6 + 3 + 10=19
3 _41
44~44"
Note: The probability that all the balls are not of the same
colour is given by 1 - P (Probability of the same
colour).
674
Rule 10
Exercise
1.

balls. 2 balls are drawn from the box at random. What is
the probability that both the balls are of the same colour?
1
30
31_
a)
05
c)
150
b )
74
105
Theorem: A hag contains 'x' redand 'y' black balls. If two

draws of three balls each are made, the ball being replaced
after the first draw, then the chance that the balls were red
in the first draw and black in the second draw is given b\
> To?
{x(x-\){x-2)){y(y-\)(y-2)]\ ^C
3

the probability that both the balls are of the same colour?
74_
a)
71
34_
105
105
b )
31
d)
105
C )
49
50
b)
53
C)
102
'i 5153
3~
204
b)
1365
- \ x + y-2)}
A bag a contains 5 red and 8 black balls. Two draw;

of three balls each are made, the ball being replace:
after the first draw. What is the chance that the balls
were red in the first draw and black in the second?
Total no. of balls = 5 + 8 = 13
,
11x12x13
Chance that the balls were red in first draw = 1 3

-j
and
1635
d) None of these
Chance that the balls were black in the second dm
A box contains 3 green, 5 yellow and 3 white marbles. 3

marbles are drawn at random. What is the probability
that all the three marbles of the same colour?
= i
3
[ v balls are replaced after first draw]

s
a)
5~5
b )
5?
C )
TS
5?
9_
134
43
A)
7c)
143
b )
143
135
d)
47
49
43
b)
90
c)
90
90
d)
143
the required probability =
11
90
3. d;
Hint: See Note Required probability =
4. a
7. b;
5b
6. b
Hint: Applying the given rule, we have
the required probability
*C + C + C
4
1 -
49
77J
104
TTfi
153
28
2.
43
15x4x3
90
(13x12x11)'
20160
140
2944656
20449'
A bag a contains 4 red and 7 black balls. Two draws af

three balls each are made, the ball being replaced aftr
the first draw. What is the chance that the balls were rec
in the first draw and black in the second?
a)
1 + 15 + 70
20449
Exercise
1.
2.b
<C,
(5x4x3)x(8x7x6)
Answers
la
140
Note: In the above example, the two events are indepe-dent and can occur simultaneously. So, we used mutiplication.
Quicker Method: Applying the above theorem, whave,
a box contains 4 black, 6 red and 8 green balls. 4 balls are

drawn from the box at random. What is the probability
that all the balls are of same colour?
a)
Required probability = 1 3
52
A box contains 4 green, 5 yellow and A white marbles. 3

that all the three balls are not of the same colour?
a)
= 286
102
c)
1365
51
'
A box contains 4 green, 5 yellow and 6 white marbles. 3

that all the three marbles are of the same colour?
a)
104
d)
' 153
103
153
{x
Ex.:
105

the probability that both the balls are not of the same
colour?
a)
5445
25
b)
' 5448
28
c)
" 4554
25
d)
4554
A bag a contains 5 red and 6 black balls. Two draws :three balls each are made, the ball being replaced after
the first draw. What is the chance that the balls were rtz
Probability
675

1081
b)
d)
c)
1089
' 1089
' 1089
' 1089
A bag a contains 7 red and 8 black balls. Two draws of
three balls each are made, the ball being replaced after
the first draw. What is the chance that the balls were red
a)
3.
18
a)
845
>845
8
c)
Note: From the above example we can see that how the
quicker methods for such questions have been derived.
Exercise
1.
A bag contains 4 black and 6 white balls. A ball is drawn

out of it and replaced in the bag. Then a ball is drawn
again. What is the probability that
(i) both the balls drawn were black;
d) None of these
845
Ys
a)
Answers
l.a
b )
2?
c)
d)
c)
d)
(ii) both were white;
2.b
3.c
3
a)
Rule 11
Theorem: A bag contains x black andy white balls. A ball
is drawn out of it and replaced in the bag. Then a ball is
drawn again. The probability that
x+ y
f
(ii) both the balls drawn were white is given by
6
a) 725
7
21
b)' 725
7
19
)' 25
d) Data inadequate
A bag contains 6 black and 9 white balls. A ball is drawn

out of it and replaced in the bag. Then a ball is drawn
again. What is the probability that
(i) both the balls drawn were black;
y
a )
(Hi) the first ball was white and the second black and vice
versa is given by
25
(iii) the first ball was white and the second black;
2.
(i) both the balls drawn were black is given by
25
b)
2?
c)
25
d) None of these
(ii) both were white;
xy
16
a)
25
21
>25
>25"
d )
2?
(iii) the first ball was white and the second black;
Ex:
A bag contains 5 black and 7 white balls. A ball is

drawn out of it and replaced in the bag. Then a ball is
drawn again. What is the probability that (i) both the
balls drawn were black; (ii) both were white; (iii) the
first ball was white and the second black; (iv) the first
ball was black and the second white?
Soln: The events are independent and capable of simultaneous occurrence. The rule of multiplication would
be applied.
The probability that
(i) both the balls were black
12 12 ~ 144
7
7
49
(ii) both the balls were white = x =
12 12 144
(iii) the first was white and the second black
5 _ 35
~ 12* 12 ~ 144
(iv) the first was black and the second white
5
7
x
12 12
35
144
25
b)
c)
25
25
d)
25
Answers
l.(i)a
(ii)d (iii)a
2.(i) a
(ii)a
(iii) a
Rule 12
Theorem: A bag contains x red and y white balls. Four
balls are drawn out one by one and not replaced. Then the
probability that they are alternatively of different colours
5_ 5 _ 25
:
X
_ 1_
a)
2x(x-\)y(y-\)
is given by
(x + y)(x + y-\)(x
+ y-2)(x
+ y-3)
Ex. 2: A bag contains 6 red and 3 white balls. Four balls are
drawn out one by one and not replaced. What is the
probability that they are alternatively of different
colours?
Soln: Detail Method: Balls can be drawn alternately in the
following order:
Red, White, Red, White OR White, Red, White, Red
676
If red ball is drawn first, the probability of drawing the
balls alternatively
6
= X X X
X X X
X X X =
5
1
6x3x5x2
l)(6 + 3 - 2 ) ( 6 + 3 - 3 )
x2 =
(x + y)(x +
x2
Ex.:
A bag contains 4 white and 6 red balls. Two draws of

one ball each are made without replacement. What is
the probability that one is red and other white?
Soln: Detail Method: Such problems can be very easily
solved with the help of the rules of permutation and
combination.
Two balls can be drawn out of 10 balls in
42
9x8x7x6
Note: Wherever we find the word AND between two events,
we use multiplication. Mark that both also means first
and second. On the other hand, i f the two events are
joined with OR, we use addition as in the above example.
10!
A bag contains 6 red and 4 white balls. Four balls are

colours?
2.
c)
"'7
d) Data inadequate
red ball are C , x C

4
o r 4 x 6 = 24.
The required probability would be

No. of cases favourable to the event
Total no. of ways in which the event can happen
24
T?
145
165
16i
colours?
45
15
d )
8
65
b)
' 65
c)
' ' 130
^130

colours?
]0
a
The total number of ways of drawing a white and a
14
a)
4!
C , or j , , or4 ways.
6 ways.
c)
a )
or 45 ways.

probability that they are alternatively o f different
colours?
b)
C , or
One red ball can be drawn out of 6 red balls in C , or
1
7
1 0
One white ball can be drawn out of 4 white balls in
b)
10x9
2!8! or
-
Exercise
>7
y-\)
6x3x(6-l)(3-l)
(6 + 3)(6 + 3
Theorem: A bag contains 'x' white and 'y' red balls. If two
draws of one ball each are made without replacement, then
the probability that one is red and the other white is given
by
9 8 7 6 9 8 7 6 84 84 42 '
have
4.b
2xy
(*)
6 3 5 2 3 6 2 5
1.
3.a
Rule 13
....(II)
9 8 7 6
Required probability = (I) + (II)
s
2.c
(I)
9 8 7 6
If white ball is drawn first the probability of drawing
the balls alternately
3
l.c
X X X
Answers
>6T
b)
63
F5
c)
63
d) None of these

have
2x6x4
10x9
15
Note: The above theorem may be put as given below.
"A bag contains x' white and 'y' red balls. If two
balls are drawn in succession at random, then the
probability that one of them is white and the other
2xy
red,isgivenby\j^r J^ ^)
y
Exercise
1.

one ball each are made without replacement. What is the
677
Probability
Similarly, i f the second basket be chosen, the probability

of
drawing
a
white
ball
=
probability that one is red and other white?

48
24
d) None of these
95
95
19
a)
b )
2.
25
a
3.
>17
C )
>3"
>9
I
8

a)
16
b)
' 33
33
b)
c)
22
d)
22
3_
14
14
7 + 12
19
14
56
56
A bag contains 9 white and 3 red balls. Two balls are

drawn in succession at random. What is the probability
that one of them is white and the other red?
a)
6_
C ~2

have,
d) Data inadequate
c)
"Ml
1 4
Since, the two events are mutually exclusive, we use

addition, therefore, the probability of drawing a white
ball from either basket is
>9
C\
X
3_
6_
J9
12
14
56
Exercise
1.
_3_
11
A basket contains 4 white and 10 black balls. There is

another basket which contains 5 white and 7 black balls.
One ball is to be drawn from either of the two baskets.
(i) What is the probability of drawing a white ball?
Answers
89
l.a
2.c
3.b
4. a; Hint: See Note.
59
M
b)
59
89
168
C )
d )
84
(ii) What is the probability of drawing a black ball?
Rule 14
Theorem: A basket contains x white and y
x
119
a) 168
blackballs.
2.
There is another basket which contains x
white and y
black balls if one ball is to be drawn from either of the two

baskets, then the probability of drawing
\2
and
59
168
C )
d)
109
168

One ball is to be drawn from either of the two baskets,
(i) a white ball is given by
89
b) 168
a)
6
b)
"'7
3_
7
C )
d) None of these

(ii) a black ball is given by ^
Ex:

another basket which contains 6 white and 8 black
balls. One ball is to be drawn from either of the two
baskets. What is the probability of drawing a white
ball?
Since there are two baskets, each equally likely to be
chosen, the probability of choosing either basket is
C,
12
4
7
C )

One ball is to be drawn from either of the two baskets,
8
a)
TI
7
b )
T5
3
C
6
d )
Ts"
fc
2'
I f the first basket is chosen, the probability of draw1
ing a white ball = ~
5_
b)
"'7
a) 7
>T?
b)
c)
15
Answers
l.(i) c
3.(i)b
(ii)d
(ii)b
2.(i)c
(ii)c
15
d)
15
678
3.
Rule 15
Theorem: A and B stand in a ring with 'x' other persons. If
the arrangement of all the persons is at random, then the
probability that there are exactly 'y' persons between A
A and B stand in a ring with 7 other persons. I f the

arrangement of the 9 persons is at random, then the probability that there are exactly 2 persons between A and B
is
1
2
and B is given by I ~ ~ j J . Where y < x.
4.
Ex:

arrangement of the 12 persons is at random, then the
probability that there are exactly 3 persons between
A and B is.
(Provident Fund Exam 2002)
7
6,
b )
C )
1
3 )
5.
) l
4"
9
>8
probability that there are exactly 3 persons between A
and B is.
a
b )
IT
>*
4
d

and B is.
1
b)
a) 77
c)
14
d)
Answers
l.b
Let A stand on some point of the ring.
Then n(S) = the number of points on which B can
stand = 11
If there be exactly 3 persons between A and B, then
corresponding to any position occupied, B can take
up only two position, the 4th place and the 8th place
as counted from A.
Thus n(E) = 2
n{E)
P(E) = n(S)
11
10 + 1
11
Exercise
and B is.
a)
2.
11
1
b)
"' 5
1
c)
Rule 16
(nm)\m\
given by
10
10 persons are seated at a round table. What is the

probability that two particular persons sit together?
n(S) = no.of ways of sitting 10 persons at round table
= (10-1)!=9!
Since 2 particular persons will be always together,
then the no. of persons = 8 + 1 = 9
,", 9 persons will be seated in (9 - 1)! = 8! ways at
round table and 2 particular persons will be seated
themselves in 2! ways.
.-. The number of ways in which two persons always
sit together at round table = 8! * 2! = n(E)
n(E) _ 8!x2! _ 8!x2 _ 2
"
n(S) ~ 9! ~ 9 x 8 ! ~ 9
have,
1
d)
"Ml
1
b
>9
5.a
Theorem: If 'n' persons are seated at a around table then

the probability that'm' particular persons sit together is

and B is.
a)
4. a
Ex.:

have,
1.
2.b3.a
>9
1
d)y
(10-2)!2!
8! 2!
(10-1)!
9!
Exercise
1.
12 persons are seated at a round table. What is the probability that 4 particular persons sit together?
679
Probability
4
a)
ToT
8
b)
T6?
C )
185
q = probability of not-happening =
Y5
d)
2
1
d)None of these
a) r
b) c)
7
' 1
"'14
1
1
b
c)
>9
d)
2.b
Exercise
1.
An unbiased coin is tossed 5 times, find the chance that

exactly 3 times tail will appear.
5
a) 77
16
2.
Theorem: If an event is repeated, under similar conditions,

exactly 'n' times, then the probability that event happens
exactly V times is | " C x p xq"~ \,
r
3.
An unbiased coin is tossed 7 times, find the chance
that exactly 5 times head will appear.
Soln: Here, n = 7, r = 5
p = probability of happening =
b )
21
256
21
^ 64
15
b)
Answers
l.a
10
c)
' 64
d) None of these

exactly 4 times tail will appear.
15
a) 77
Ex.:
5
b)
" ' 32

exactly 6 times head will appear.
21
a) 7777
provided that
p = probability of happening and

q = probability of not happening ie p + q = 1.
\, 2 ,
128
3.a
Rule 17
21
Answers
l.a
7-5
r i V (V
.-. required probability = C xX ,2j
2. a
3.c
128
c)
11
64
15
d)
256

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Chapter 26

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Probability

In this chapter, only rules with illustrative examples have

Theorem: Probability of an event (E) is denoted by P(E)

total no. of events (ie no. of sample space)

A dice is thrown. What is the probability that the

Probability of a certain event = 1.

In a simultaneous throw of two dice find the probability

A coin is successively tossed two times. Find the probability of getting

(iv) E (ano. divisible by 3) = { 3 , 6 } , n(E) = 2

(v) E (a no. less than 4 ) = { 1 , 2 , 3 } , n(E) = 3

(vi) E (a no. less than or equal to 4)

(SBI Bank PO Exam 1999)

(BSRB Guwahati PO1999)

14. The odds in favour of an event are 3:5. The probability

(BSRB Mumbai PO Exam 1999)

17. An urn contains 9 red, 7 white and 4 black balls. A ball is

18. What is the probability that a number selected from the

Three unbiased coins are tossed, what is the probability

19. Ticket numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is

20. Ticket numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is

Hint: In a simultaneous throw of two dice

Hint: In tossing a coin 2 times the sample space is 4 ie

then A = {(H, T), (T, H), (H, H)}

10. c; Hint: w(s) = 2

n(E) = no. of favourable ways

No. of selection of 3 oranges out of the total 12

No. of selection of 3 bad oranges out of the total 4

.-. n(E) = no. of desired selection of oranges

Note: The given case can be generalised as "If a unbiased

Hint: Total possible ways of selecting 4 students out

The no. of ways of selecting 4 students in which no

.-. P(drawing a white ball) =

.-. number of ways of selecting at least one student

n(E) = No. of ways of drawing 2 balls out of 5

Hint: The probability of absenting of the student in

Hint: Here S = {H, T} and E = {H}

Hint: S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT,

13. c; Hint: Let S be the sample space and E be the event of

n(E) = Number of ways of drawing 2 balls out of 5 and

Hint: n(S) = 8 [See hint of the Q. No. 8]

15. b; Hint: Number of cases favourable to E = 4

Hint: P(getting a prize)

Hint: S = {1,2,3,... 20} and E - ;3,6,9,12,15,18}

20. c; Hint: Clearly, n(S) = 20 and E = {3,6,9,12,15,18,7,

Hint: A leap year has 366 days = 52 weeks + 2 days

Hint: An ordinary year has 365 days ie 52 weeks and

Problems based on leap year.

18. c; Hint: S= {1,2,3,..., 16} andE= {2,3,5,7,11,13}

Problems based on dice

{6, 5}, {5, 6}

(1.3), (3,1), {2,2}

{6,4}, {4,6}, {5,5}

(1,4), {4. 1), (2,3), (6,3), {3,6}, |5, 4),

Hi 5), (5, 1}, (2, 4), {6,2}, {2,6}. (5,3),

{1,6}, {6, 1}, {2,5|, {5.2}, M, 3}, {3,4}

In a simultaneous throw of two dice, what is the probability of getting a doublet?

For 7, reqd probability

(vii) Events; either 2 or 3 or 4 or 5

Hint: Here S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} and E = {2,3,5}

Hint: In a simultaneous throw of two dice

Hint: Clearly, n(s) = 36

Hint: Clearly, n(S) = 36

(vi) Events = {3,1}, {4,2}, {5,3}, {6,4}, {4,6}, {3,5},