Grade:

Date: March 06, 2012

Physics 205L
Ohms Law
Name: Aya Al Sayed
Partners Name: Crystal Bablkiau
Part I. Computer-aided measurements

Section number: 4
Instructor:

A- Ohmic devices- passive resistor:

Determination of the resistance using the I-V curve:
R = 10

R = 33

I (A)
V (V)
I (A)
V (V)
0.099
1.014
0.017
0.507
0.198
1.993
0.038
1.284
0.233
-2.500
0.058
1.993
0.270
2.872
0.076
2.703
Use linear regression to determine the experimental value for each resistance along
with its root-mean-square error. Show your calculations. Compare the experimental
value to the actual value of resistance.
1) For R=10 , find the slope y intersept of the function V =aI +b
Xi

Xi^2

Yi

Y=Bx+A

ei

0.099
0.198
0.233
0.270
=0.6029

9.801*10^-3
0.039201
0.054
0.0729
=0.1759

1.014
1.993
2.500
2.872

Y=10.938X-0.0929
0.989962
2.078
2.455
2.86036

-0.024
0.085
-0.045
-0.0684

ei^2
5.76*10^-4
7.225*10^-3
2.025*10^-3
4.68*10^-3
=0.01393

=N x i 2( xi )2
=40.1759( 0.6029 )2
0.696

2=

N ei
( N 2 )

=0.04
=0.2

R=(10.9 0.2)
To check for accuracy we check if the real R is within the interval:
[10.90.2,10 .9+0.2] that is [10.7,11.1] that is untrue for given R=10
so we if R [ 10.92 ( 0.20 ) , 10.9+2 ( 0.2 ) ]=[ 10.5,11.3 ]

We found that R=10 belong neither of the intervals

so our results are not accurate
And this may be because of systematic errors such as Fluctuation of
the ohmmeter due to wind or any other external condition that affects
resistance, The inaccuracy of the used instruments, Or observational
errors in measuring. Or may be due to random errors of unknown
causes
.

2) For
Xi

R=33 , consi der the function V =aI + b

Xi^2

Yi

Y=Bx+A

ei

ei^2

Y=37.02X-0.127
0.017
0.038
0.058
0.076
=0.189
r=0.9998

2.89*10^-4
1.444*10^-3
3.364*10^-3
5.776*10^-3
=10.873*10^-3

0.507
1.284
1.993
2.703

0.50
1.28
2.02
2.68

0.007
0.004
0.027
0.023

4.9*10^-5
1.6*10^-5
7029*10^-4
5.29*10^-4
=1.2969*10^-3

=N x i 2( xi )2
3
2
=4(10.87310 ) ( 0.189 )
0.045

N e i2
=
( N 2 )
2

=0.0576
=0.2

So according to the study we get :

R=(37.02 0.24)

To check for accuracy we check if the real R is within the interval:

[37.020.24,37 .02+ 0.24] that is [36.78,37.26] that is not true for given R=33
the second interval [ R 2 ]
so for

[37.02-0.48,37.02+0.48]=[36.54,37.5] in which R=33

doesnt belong to the

interval, thus Our results are inaccurate and this may be due to systematic errors or
due random errors of unknown causes.
Resistors in series
I (A)
V (V)
0.01
0.439
0.023
0.98
0.040
1.723
0.066
2.804

Resistors in parallel
I (A)
V (V)
0.02
0.135
0.033
0.236
0.049
0.405
0.08
0.642

Using linear regression determine the experimental value for each resistance along
with its root-mean-square error. Compare these values to those that can be calculated
from the previous measurements.
Xi

Xi^2

Yi

Y=Bx+A

ei

ei^2

Y=42.33X+0.015
0.01
0.023
0.04
0.066
=0.139
r=0.9999

10^-4
5.29*10^-4
1.6*10^-3
4.356*10^-3
=65.85*10^-4

0.439
0.980
1.723
2.804

0.50
1.28
2.02
2.68

0.061
0.03
0.297
-0.124

3.721*10^-3
9*10^-4
0.088
0.0154
=0.10802

=N x i 2( xi )2
4

65.8510 ( 0.139 )2
=4
7.019103
2=

N e i2
( N 2 )

=30.779
=6

So according to the study we get :

R=(42 6)

Req (theoretical) = R1+ R2= 33+10=43 ( R1 and R2 in series)

To check for accuracy we check if the real R is within the interval: [R ]

[426,42+6 ] that is [36,48] that is true for given Req=43

so themeasurement was accurate .

1) For the resistors , consider the function V =aI +b

Xi

Xi^2

Yi

Y=Bx+A

ei

ei^2

Y=8.548X-0.03446
0.02
0.033
0.049

4*10^-4
1.089*10^-3
2.401*10^-3

0.135
0.236
0.405

0.135
0.247
0.384

0
0.011
-0.021

0
1.21*10^-4
4.41*10^-4

0.08
=0.182
r=0.9979

6.4*10^-3
=10.29*10^-3

0.642

0.649

0.007

0.49*10^-4
=6.11*10^-4

=N x i ( xi )

=4(10.29103) ( 0.182 )2
8.036*10^-3
2=

N e i2
( N 2 )

=0.152
=0.4

So according to the study we get:

R=(8.5 0.4)

Since R1 and R2 are in parallel, then

1
1
1
R 1 R 2 33 10
=
+
, So , Req ( theoratical ) =
=
=7.67
Req R 1 R 2
R 1+ R 2 33+10
To check for accuracy we check if the real R is within the interval:
[8.50.4,8 .5+0.4 ] that is [8.1,8.9] that is untrue for given Req=7.67
r the secondinterval of [ R 2 ] =[ 7.7,9.3 ] we found that Req belongs it
so we fo
so we can say that the measurement was accurate .

B- Non-ohmic devices- the Light Bulb:

I-V curve of a light bulb

From the I-V curve of the bulb for a ramp waveform at 0.1 Hz, calculate the resistance
of the filament when the voltage is 0.5V, 1.5V, 2.5V. What pattern do you observe? How
can you explain the change in resistance?
1) For f = 0.1 Hz
V(V)
0.5
1.5
2.5
We observe that

I(mA)
R()
71.3
7.012
102.5
14.63
130.4
19.17
as the voltage increases, the resistance of the lamp increases. This is

because the lamps resistance is affected by the temperature of the filament that it
increases with the rise in temperature. As the temperature increases the resistivity of the
filament increases (
increases since ( R=

1+ (T T 0 )
) and as the resistivity increases the resistance
=0
l
A

).

For f = 50Hz:
V(V)
0.5
1.5
2.5

I(mA)
30.30
89
151.1

R()
16.5
16.8
16.5

Draw the I-V curve of the bulb for the saw tooth waveform at two different frequencies
0.1 Hz

50Hz
200

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

150
100
50
0
0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

What is the resistance of the light bulb filament at 50 Hz?

Does it changes when frequency is decreased to 0.1 Hz?
1) For the f =50 Hz , consider the function V =aI + b
Xi

Xi^2

Yi

Y=Bx+A

ei

ei^2

Y=16.52X+0.0127
0.03
0.089
0.151

9*10^-4
0.0079
0.0228

0.5
1.5
2.5

0.5
1.48
2.5

=0.27
=0.0316
r=0.9998
2

=N x i ( xi )

0
-0.02
0

0
4*10^-4
0
=4*10^-4

=3(0.0316) ( 0.27 )2
0.0219
2=

N e i2
( N 2 )

=0.0547
=0.23

So according to the study we get:

R=(16.52 0.23)

But what is noticeable about this study at f=50Hz, we notice that r=0.9998 that is about 1
which mean that the two variables V and I are linearly related which means that R is
constant. So at 50 Hz R is constant at a value R= (16.52 0.23)
However, at f = 0.1 Hz, the value of R is quite variable with its values changing greatly to
become 7, 15, and 19 at different voltages that is different from that at 50 Hz.
Explain each of these two I-V curves and deduce why do such curves depend on
frequency for a light bulb?
The main effect responsible for the change in resistance and shape of curve is the
temperature and the heating of the light bulb. At a frequency of 50 Hz, the period was

1 1
= =0.02 s
f 50

, which is quite small and provide not enough time for the heating of

the filament of the bulb, thats why the bulb didnt heat up and its resistivity and
resistance in this small period didnt change. However, at 0.1 Hz, the period was
1 1
=
=10 s ,
f 0.1

which is large enough and can provide time for the heating of the

filament of the bulb causing a change and variation in resistance and resistivity.
II. Small resistance measurement (metal rods):
Copper rod diameter: 0.94 0.005 cm
Aluminum rod diameter: 0.92 0.005 cm

Copper rod length: 61.8 0.05 cm

Aluminum rod length: 62.6 0.05

Copper: Rod number ( 6 )

Aluminum: Rod number ( 6 )
Current (A)
Voltage across - mV Current (A)
Voltage across - mV
2.03
1.32
2
1.06
4
2.57
4
2.08
6.05
3.87
5.99
3.10
7.98
5.1
8.03
4.15
9.98
6.37
10.02
5.17
To get the resistance, we need to apply linear regression:
1) For the copper rod , consider the function V =aI +b

Xi

Xi^2

Yi

Y=Bx+A

ei

ei^2

Y=0.6308X+0.
2.03
4
6.05

4.1209
16
36.6025

1.32
2.57
3.87

038
1.33
2.56
3.85

7.98

63.6804

5.01

5.07

0.01
-0.01
-0.02

10^-4
1*10^-4
4*10^-4

0.06

3.6*10^-3

9.98

99.6004

6.37

6.33

-0.04

=30.04
=220.0042
r=0.9998

1.6*10^-4
=4.36*10^-3

=N x i 2( xi )2
=5(220.0042)( 30.04 )

197.6194
2=

N e i2
( N 2 )

=3.677*10^-5
=

6*10^-3

Then, Copper Rod Slope (resistance) is R=(0.631 0.06)m

2) For the Aluminum rod , consider the function V =aI +b
Xi

Xi^2

Yi

Y=Bx+A

ei

ei^2

Y=0.5123X+0.
2
4
5.99

4.
16
35.88

1.06
2.08
3.10

1836
1.208
2.23
3.25

8.03

64.48

4.15

4.3

0.15

0.0225

10.02

100.4

5.17

5.31

0.015

0.0225

=30.04
r=0.9795

=220.76

0.148
0.15
0.15

0.0219
0.0225
0.0225

=0.1119

=N x i 2( xi )2
=5( 220.76 )( 30.04 )2
201.398
2=

N ei
( N 2 )

=9.847*10^-4
=0.03

So according to the study we get :

R=(0.51 0.03)m

Then, Aluminum Slope (resistance) :

R=( 0.51 0.03 ) m

Calculate the resistivities of the two metals along with their respective rms error,
compare with literature values and comment.
1)

l
A
r2
, so =R . =R .
A
l
l
diameter=0.94 0.005 cml=61.8 0.05 cm , R=0.631 0.006 m
2
0.94
2

10
m
2
A
r2
d2
=R . =R .
=R .
=0.631 103
=2.226 107 m
l
l
4
0.618 m

For copper rod :

we have R=

Then we use the propagation of error technique to get the error:

A= r 2=

d2
=6.94105 m 2
4
d
d =0.07105 m2
2

A=
A=(6.94 0.07 105 m2

AR 2 RA 2 RAl
+
+
l
l
l2

( ) ( )(

2
=

=9.83

1010=109 m

=(2.23 0.01) 107 m

The actual resistivity of copper is:

values lies in the interval of

=1.72 108 m

so we check if this

[2.23 0.01]107 m =[2.22,2.24]

7
10 mwe found t h at it doesnt belong t h is interval .so we check for the

second interval [ 2 =[ 2.23 0.02 ] 107=[2.21,2.25]107

and the

actual values doesnt belong to this interval too.so our results are not
accurate

2) For Aluminum rod:

we have R=

l
A
r2
, so =R . =R .
A
l
l

diameter=0.92 0.005 cml=62.6 0.05 cm ,

=R .

R=0.51 0.03 m

( 06.65 10 )
A
r
=R .
=0.51 103
=5.417 108 m
l
l
0.626
2

Then we use the propagation of error technique to get the error:

A= r 2=

d2
=6.6476 105 m2
4
d
d =0.07105 m2
2

A=
A=(6.65 0.07 105 m2

2
=

AR
RA
RAl
+
+
2
l
l
l

=0.3

108 m

( ) ( )(

=(5.4 0.3)108 m
The actual resistivity of Aluminum is:

=2.82 108 m

but this value

doesnt occur within 1 error deviation

([5.1x10-8 m , 5.7 x10-8 m ]) or even 2 error deviation ([4.8x10-8
m , 6 x10-8 m ]) from the calculated value. Then our results are

not accurate.
The inaccuracy for our results in both Cu and Al may be due to
systematic errors such as Fluctuation of the ohmmeter due to wind or

10

any other external condition that affects resistance, The inaccuracy of

the used instruments, Or observational errors in measuring. Or may be
due to random errors of unknown causes

11