_____________________________________________________________________

What Is An Adi
Polytope?
written by Adi Cox 1st April 2015
_____________________________________________________________________

There is a video on youtube that accompanies this paper:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCAB1HPbC-Y

Introduction
____________

To find out what an Adi polytope is we need to understand what a

measure and a simplex is. This is because an Adi polytope is a
measure with some right simplexes taken away from it.

There is an Adi polytope in every dimension that is 2 or above. This

is because there are no right simplexes in less than 2 dimensional
space. It does get confusing because the 2nd dimensional Adi
Polytope is a one dimensional line.

An explination of the notation used:

xyz

xyz xyz xyz

000 <--> {001, 010, 100}

point 000 is connected to points 001, 010 and 100.

where xyz are the axis in space.

What Is A Measure?
__________________

There is a measure in every dimension. We can use binary to find

measures in any dimension:

0th dimension measure is the point:

1st dimension measure is the line:

0 <--> 1

2nd dimension measure is the square:

00 <--> {10, 01}

01 <--> {11, 00}
10 <--> {00, 11}
11 <--> {01, 10}

3rd dimension measure is the cube:

000 <--> {100, 010, 001}

001 <--> {101, 011, 000}
010 <--> {110, 000, 011}
011 <--> {111, 001, 010}
100 <--> {000, 110, 101}
101 <--> {001, 111, 100}
110 <--> {010, 100, 111}
111 <--> {011, 101, 110}

4th dimension measure is the tesseract:

0000 <--> {1000, 0100, 0010, 0001}

0001 <--> {1001, 0101, 0011, 0000}
0010 <--> {1010, 0110, 0000, 0011}
0011 <--> {1011, 0111, 0001, 0010}
0100 <--> {1000, 0000, 0110, 0101}
0101 <--> {1101, 0001, 0111, 0100}
0110 <--> {1110, 0010, 0100, 0111}
0111 <--> {1111, 0011, 0101, 0110}

1000 <--> {0000, 1100, 1010, 1001}

1001 <--> {0001, 1101, 1011, 1000}
1010 <--> {0010, 1110, 1000, 1011}
1011 <--> {0011, 1111, 1001, 1010}
1100 <--> {0100, 1000, 1110, 1101}
1101 <--> {0101, 1001, 1111, 1100}
1110 <--> {0110, 1010, 1100, 1111}
1111 <--> {0111, 1011, 1101, 1110}

What Is A Simplex?
__________________

A simplex has all points connected. In n dimensions the simplex in

that dimension has n+1 points. Using binary we can look at the
regular simplex and the right simplex:

0th dimension simplex is the point:

1st dimension simplex is the line:

0 <--> 1

2nd dimension simplex is:

00 <--> {01, 10}

01 <--> {10, 00}
10 <--> {00, 01}

Above is a right simplex because there is a right angle at point 00.

3rd dimension simplex is:

000 <--> {001, 010, 100}

001 <--> {000, 010, 100}
010 <--> {000, 001, 100}
100 <--> {000, 001, 010}

Above is a right simplex because there is a right angle at point 000.

100 <--> {010, 001, 111}

010 <--> {100, 001, 111}
001 <--> {010, 001, 111}
111 <--> {100, 010, 001}

Above is a regular simplex because all side lengths are equal

4th dimension simplex is:

0000 <--> {0001, 0010, 0100, 1000}

0001 <--> {0000, 0010, 0100, 1000}
0010 <--> {0000, 0001, 0100, 1000}
0100 <--> {0000, 0001, 0010, 1000}
1000 <--> {0000, 0010, 0100, 0001}

Above is a right simplex because there is a right angle at point 000.

1000 <--> {0100, 0010, 0001, 1111}

0100 <--> {1000, 0010, 0001, 1111}
0010 <--> {1000, 0100, 0001, 1111}
0001 <--> {1000, 0010, 0001, 1111}
1111 <--> {1000, 0100, 0010, 0001}

Above is a regular simplex because all side lengths are equal

So what is an Adi Polytope?

___________________________

An Adi Polytope is an n dimensional measure with 2^(n-1) right

simplexes taken away from it.

E.g. The 2nd dimension is a trivial example:

Start with a square and taking away two right angle triangles we get
just the straight line where the hypotinuse of both right angle

triangles meet. So in the second dimension the Adi Polytope is just

a straight line.

2nd dimension Adi Polytope is:

2nd dimension measure minus 2nd dimension right simplexes 1 and 2

2nd dimension measure:

00 <--> {10, 01}

01 <--> {11, 00}
10 <--> {00, 11}
11 <--> {01, 10}

2nd dimension right simplex 1:

00 <--> {01, 10}

01 <--> {10, 00}
10 <--> {00, 01}

2nd dimension right simplex 2:

11 <--> {01, 10}

01 <--> {10, 11}
10 <--> {11, 01}

So when we take away both of these right simplexes we are left with
nothing, everything is cancelled out in the second dimension, but we
get a 1 dimensional line. This line is from the points 01 <--> 10
and this is the first Adi polytope.

3rd dimension Adi Polytope is:

3rd dimension measure minus 3rd dimension simplexes 1,2,3 and 4

3rd dimension measure:

000 <--> {100, 010, 001}

001 <--> {101, 011, 000}
010 <--> {110, 000, 011}
011 <--> {111, 001, 010}
100 <--> {000, 110, 101}
101 <--> {001, 111, 100}

110 <--> {010, 100, 111}

111 <--> {011, 101, 110}

3rd dimension right simplex 1 is:

000 <--> {001, 010, 100}

001 <--> {000, 010, 100}
010 <--> {000, 001, 100}
100 <--> {000, 001, 010}

3rd dimension right simplex 2 is:

100 <--> {010, 110, 111}

010 <--> {100, 110, 111}
011 <--> {100, 010, 111}
111 <--> {100, 010, 110}

3rd dimension right simplex 3 is:

100 <--> {001, 101, 111}

001 <--> {100, 101, 111}
101 <--> {100, 001, 111}
111 <--> {100, 001, 101}

3rd dimension right simplex 4 is:

010 <--> {001, 011, 111}

001 <--> {010, 011, 111}
011 <--> {010, 001, 111}
111 <--> {010, 001, 011}

So when we take away these four 3 dimensional right simplexes from

the 3 dimensional measure we get a regular simplex. In the language
of the 3rd dimension. We take away four right tetrahedrons from a
cube and we are left with a regular tetrahedron as the Adi Polytope
of the 3rd dimension.

Regular 3rd dimension simplex = Regular Tetrahedron = Adi 3 Polytope

100 <--> {010, 001, 111}

010 <--> {100, 001, 111}
001 <--> {100, 010, 111}
111 <--> {100, 010, 001}

If we do the same as above in 4th and 5th dimensional space we get the
following Adi Polytopes respectively:

The Quartic Polynomial, The Quintic Polynomial And Its Unsolvability

_____________________________________________________________________
Written By Adi Cox
11th May 2015
It is intriguing to learn that the quintic polynomial is not always
solvable by radicals. So I have looked into the structure of
polynomials to see what I can find:
_____________________________________________________________________
Quartic Polynomial
_____________________________________________________________________
Ax^4 + Bx^3 + Cx^2 + Dx^1 + Ex^0 = 0
A
B
C
D
E

=
=
=
=
=

1
a+b+c+d
ab+ac+ad+bc+bd+cd
abc+abd+acd+bcd
abcd

where {-a,-b,-c,-d} are the four solutions to the quartic polynomial.

i
|
|
|
-1 ------------0------------ 1
|
|
|
-i
Example: where the solutions are: {-1, i, i, 1}
we change the signs:
{a=1, b=-i, c=-i, d=-1}
A = 1
B = (1)+(-i)+(-i)+(-1)
= -2i
C = (1)(-i)+(1)(-i)+(1)(-1)+(-i)(-i)+(-i)(-1)+(-i)(-1)
= -i - i - 1 - 1 + i + i
= -2
D = (1)(-i)(-i)+(1)(-i)(-1)+(1)(-i)(-1)+(-i)(-i)(-1)
= -1 + i + i + 1
= 2i
E = (1)(-i)(-i)(-1)
= 1

And so
x^4 - 2ix^3 - 2x^2 + 2ix + 1 = 0
=> (x+1)(x-i)(x-i)(x-1)

_____________________________________________________________________
Quintic Polynomial
_____________________________________________________________________
Ax^5 + Bx^4 + Cx^3 + Dx^2 + Ex^1 + Fx^0 = 0
A
B
C
D
E
F

=
=
=
=
=
=

1
a+b+c+d+e
ab+ac+ad+ae+bc+bd+be+cd+ce+de
abc+abd+abe+acd+ace+ade+bcd+bce+bde+cde
abcd+abce+abde+acde+bcde
abcde

where {-a,-b,-c,-d,-e} are the five solutions to the quintic

polynomial.

y= 1
^
|
|
-1 --0----2--3----5----7--------11--> x
|
|
y= -1
Example: where the solutions are: {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}
we change the signs:
{a=-2, b=-3, c=-5, d=-7, e=-11}
A = 1
B = (-2)+(-3)+(-5)+(-7)+(-11)
= -28
C = (-2)(-3)+(-2)(-5)+(-2)(-7)+(-2)(-11)+(-3)(-5)+(-3)(-7)+(-3)(-11)
+(-5)(-7)+(-5)(-11)+(-7)(-11)
= 6 + 10 + 14 + 22 + 15 + 21 + 33 + 35 + 55 + 77
= 288
D = (-2)(-3)(-5)+(-2)(-3)(-7)+(-2)(-3)(-11)+(-2)(-5)(-7)
+(-2)(-5)(-11)+(-2)(-7)(-11)+(-3)(-5)(-7)+(-3)(-5)(-11)
+(-3)(-7)(-11)+(-5)(-7)(-11)
= - 30 - 42 - 66 - 70 - 110 - 154 - 105 - 165 - 231 - 385
= -1358

E = (-2)(-3)(-5)(-7)+(-2)(-3)(-5)(-11)+(-2)(-3)(-7)(-11)
+(-2)(-5)(-7)(-11)+(-3)(-5)(-7)(-11)
= 210 + 330 + 462 + 770 + 1155
= 2927
F = (-2)(-3)(-5)(-7)(-11)
= -2310
And so
x^5 - 28x^4 + 288x^3 - 1358x^2 + 2927x^1 - 2310x^0 = 0
=> (x-2)(x-3)(x-5)(x-7)(x-11)
_____________________________________________________________________
So What Happens With x^5 - x^1 + 1 = 0
The above quintic polynomial is unsolvable by radicals, so let us
see what we get when we apply the previous methods for solving
polynomials:
Ax^5 + Bx^4 + Cx^3 + Dx^2 + Ex^1 + Fx^0 = 0
A
B
C
D
E
F

=
=
=
=
=
=

1
a+b+c+d+e = 0
ab+ac+ad+ae+bc+bd+be+cd+ce+de = 0
abc+abd+abe+acd+ace+ade+bcd+bce+bde+cde = 0
abcd+abce+abde+acde+bcde = -1
abcde = 1

where {-a,-b,-c,-d,-e} are the five solutions to the quintic

polynomial.
x^5 - x^1 + 1 = 0
=> 1x^5 - 1x^1 + 1x^0 = 0
=> (1)x^5 + (0)x^4 + (0)x^3 + (0)x^2 + (-1)x^1 + (1)x^0 = 0
So the problem above is going to take some satisfying. Nothing short
of inventing a new type of number with specific properties to
satisfy this puzzle.
I'M WORKING ON IT!

Adi 5 Space Polytope

The following sixteen 5 space right simplexes are taken from the 5 space
measure to get an Adi 5 Space Polytope.

5RS00000 {<00000>, 00001, 00010, 00100, 01000, 10000}

5RS00011 {<00011>, 00001, 00010, 00111, 01011, 10011}

5RS00101 {<00101>, 00001, 00100, 00111, 01101, 10101}

5RS00110 {<00110>, 00010, 00100, 00111, 01110, 10110}
5RS01001 {<01001>, 00001, 01000, 01011, 01101, 11001}
5RS01010 {<01010>, 00010, 01000, 01011, 01110, 11010}
5RS01100 {<01100>, 00100, 01000, 01101, 01110, 11100}
5RS01111 {<01111>, 00111, 01011, 01101, 01110, 11111}
5RS10001 {<10001>, 00001, 10000, 10011, 10101, 11001}
5RS10010 {<10010>, 00010, 10000, 10011, 10110, 11010}
5RS10100 {<10100>, 00100, 10000, 10101, 10110, 11100}
5RS10111 {<10111>, 00111, 10011, 10101, 10110, 11111}
5RS11000 {<11000>, 01000, 10000, 11001, 11010, 11100}
5RS11011 {<11011>, 01011, 10011, 11001, 11010, 11111}
5RS11101 {<11101>, 01101, 10101, 11001, 11100, 11111}
5RS11110 {<11110>, 01110, 10110, 11010, 11100, 11111}

_________________________________________________________________
The following HTML file finds the above information
_________________________________________________________________

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC " - //W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd
">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>A for loop</title>

</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">

document.write("<h3>Adi 5 Polytope:<h3>")

u=0;
v=2

for (x5 = u; x5 < v; x5++)

{
for (x4 = u; x4 < v; x4++)
{
for (x3 = u; x3 < v; x3++)
{
for (x2 = u; x2 < v; x2++)
{
for (x1 = u; x1 < v; x1++)
{
z=x5+x4+x3+x2+x1;
y=16*x5+8*x4+4*x3+2*x2+1*x1;

if(x5==0){a5=x5+1}else{a5=0}
if(x4==0){a4=x4+1}else{a4=0}

if(x3==0){a3=x3+1}else{a3=0}
if(x2==0){a2=x2+1}else{a2=0}
if(x1==0){a1=x1+1}else{a1=0}

if(z == 0 || z == 2 || z == 4)
{
document.write(x5,x4,x3,x2,x1,
" { ",

a5,x4,x3,x2,x1," , ",
x5,a4,x3,x2,x1," , ",
x5,x4,a3,x2,x1," , ",
x5,x4,x3,a2,x1," , ",
x5,x4,x3,x2,a1," ",
" } <br />");
}

}
}
}
}
}
</script>

</body>
</html>
_________________________________________________________________
The output of the above HTML file is:
_________________________________________________________________
Adi 5 Polytope:
00000 { 10000 , 01000 , 00100 , 00010 , 00001 }
00011 { 10011 , 01011 , 00111 , 00001 , 00010 }
00101 { 10101 , 01101 , 00001 , 00111 , 00100 }
00110 { 10110 , 01110 , 00010 , 00100 , 00111 }
01001 { 11001 , 00001 , 01101 , 01011 , 01000 }
01010 { 11010 , 00010 , 01110 , 01000 , 01011 }
01100 { 11100 , 00100 , 01000 , 01110 , 01101 }
01111 { 11111 , 00111 , 01011 , 01101 , 01110 }
10001 { 00001 , 11001 , 10101 , 10011 , 10000 }
10010 { 00010 , 11010 , 10110 , 10000 , 10011 }
10100 { 00100 , 11100 , 10000 , 10110 , 10101 }
10111 { 00111 , 11111 , 10011 , 10101 , 10110 }
11000 { 01000 , 10000 , 11100 , 11010 , 11001 }
11011 { 01011 , 10011 , 11111 , 11001 , 11010 }
11101 { 01101 , 10101 , 11001 , 11111 , 11100 }
11110 { 01110 , 10110 , 11010 , 11100 , 11111 }

Number Dictionary
18-4-15
by Adi Cox
_____________________________________________________________________
Forward
Numbers are my friends. if I was a number I would want to be happy
and lucky. The prime number 367 is both lucky and happy but being a
prime number means that it is deficient and it is stifled in base 7.
_____________________________________________________________________
A
Algebraic number
Any number that is the root of a non-zero polynomial with rational
coefficients is an algebraic number.
Amicable
The smallest pair of amicable numbers is (220, 284); for the proper
divisors of 220 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55 and 110, of
which the sum is 284; and the proper divisors of 284 are 1, 2, 4, 71
and 142, of which the sum is 220.
{(220, 284), (1184, 1210), (2620, 2924), (5020, 5564), (6232, 6368),
...}
C
Composite
A natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called
a composite number.
D
Decagonal
The n-th decagonal number is given by the formula d = 4n^2 - 3n. So
the 5th decagonal number is: 4[5]^2-3[5] = 85
{0, 1, 10, 27, 52, 85, 126, 175, 232, 297, 370, ...}
Dodecagonal
The dodecagonal number for n is given by the formula 5n^2 - 4n where
n > 0. So the 3rd dodecagonal is 5[3]^2-4[3] = 45-12 = 33
{1, 12, 33, 64, 105, 156, 217, 288, 369, ...}
E
Even
An even number is an integer of the form n = 2k, where k is an
integer.
{2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, ...}
F
Factorial
The nth factorial is the product of all n digits: 0!=1, 1!=1,
2!=2x1=2, 3!=3x2x1=6, 4!=4x3x2x1=24, 5!=5x4x3x2x1=120, ...

{1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, ...}

Figurate
A member of the subset of the sets above containing only triangular
numbers, square numbers, pentagonal numbers, hexagonal numbers,
heptagonal numbers, octagonal numbers, nonagonal numbers, decagonal
numbers, dodecagonal numbers, pyramidal numbers, and their analogs
in other dimensions.
Fraction
See rational number.
Friendly
The smallest friendly number is 6, forming for example the friendly
pair 6 and 28 with abundancy s(6) / 6 = (1+2+3+6) / 6 = 2, the same
as s(28) / 28 = (1+2+4+7+14+28) / 28 = 2.
H
Happy
A happy number goes to one when the digits of the numbers are
squared and added together:
2^2+3^2=13 --> 1^2+3^2=10 --> 1^2+0^2=1
{1, 7, 10, 13, 19, 23, 28, ...}
Harshad
The number 18 is a Harshad number in base 10, because the sum of the
digits 1 and 8 is 9 (1+8=9), and 18 is divisible by 9.
7864 is a Harshad number in base 2: 7864=1111010111000. The sum of
the digits equal 8 and 7864/8=983.
Heptagonal
The n-th heptagonal number is given by the formula (5n^2-3n)/2. So
the 7th heptagonal number is: (5[7]^2-3[7])/2 = (5x49-21)/2 = 112
{1, 7, 18, 34, 55, 81, 112, 148, 189, 235, 286, 342, 403, ...}
Hexagonal
The formula for the nth hexagonal number is: 2n^2-n. So the 5th
hexagonal number is: 2[5]^2-[5] = 2x25-5 = 45
{1, 6, 15, 28, 45, 66, 91, 120, 153, 190, 231, ...}
I
Integer
An integer is a whole number which also includes negative numbers.
{... -10,-9,-8,-7,-6,-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, ...}
N
Natural
A natural number is a non negative integer:
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20, ...}
Nonagonal
The nonagonal number for n is given by the formula: (n(7n-5))/2 So
the 6th nonogonal number is: ([6](7[6]-5))/2 = (6x37)/2 = 111
{1, 9, 24, 46, 75, 111, 154, 204, 261, 325, 396, 474, ...}
O

Octagonal
The octagonal number for n is given by the formula 3n2 - 2n, where
n > 0. The first few octagonal numbers are:
{1, 8, 21, 40, 65, 96, 133, 176, 225, 280, ...}
Odd
An odd number is an integer of the form n = 2k + 1 where k is an
integer.
{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, ...}
P
Pentagonal
Is given by the formula: pentagonal number p = (3n^2-n)/2 for n
greater than 1. So the fifth pentagonal number is:
(3[5]^2-[5])/2 = (75-5)/2 = 35
{1, 5, 12, 22, 35, 51, 70, 92, 117, 145, 176, 210, 247, 287, ...}
Perfect
The first perfect number is 6, because 1, 2, and 3 are its proper
positive divisors, and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.
{6, 28, 496, 8128, ...}
Polygonal
These are numbers that can be represented as dots that are arranged
in the shape of a regular polygon see: Triangular, Square,
Pentagonal, Hexagonal, Heptagonal, Octagonal, Nonagonal, Decagonal,
Dodecagonal.
Prime
A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that
has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself.
Q
Quotient
See rational number.
R
Rational
A rational number is a number that is represented as a quotient or
fraction. Where the denominator is not zero. p/q is a fraction where
p is the numerator and q is the denominator.
S
Sad
A sad number or an unhappy number is a number that is not happy. see
happy numbers.
{2,3,4,5,6,7,89,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,20, ...}
Sociable
1264460 =
1547860 =
1727636 =
1305184 =

2^2.5.17.3719, the sum of the proper divisors = 1547860

2^2.5.193.401, the sum of the proper divisors = 1727636
2^2.521.829, the sum of the proper divisors = 1305184
2^5.40787, the sum of the proper divisors = 1264460

Square
Is an integer that is a product of itself. Examples are: 1x1=1,

2x2=4, 3x3=9, 4x4=16, 5x5=25, 6x6=36, 7x7=49, 8x8=64, ...

{1,2,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81,100,121,144, ...}
Stifled
A number is stifled when the digits of that number equals the base
of that number: The number 10 is stifled in base 4:
2x4^1 + 2x4^0 = 10 so 22 in base 4 is equal to ten in base 10 as
2+2=4.
Strange
All strange numbers are prime. Every single digit prime number is
strange. A number with two or more digits is strange if, and only
if, the two numbers obtained from it, by removing either its first
or its last digit, are also strange.
{2, 3, 5, 7, 23, 37, 53, ...}
Surd
When we can not simplify a number to remove a square root (or cube
root, or nth root) then it is a surd. ie x^1/n.
T
Tetrahedral
A figurate number that represents a pyramid with a triangular base
and three sides, called a tetrahedron. The nth tetrahedral number is
the sum of the first n triangular numbers.
{1, 4, 10, 20, 35, 56, 84, 120, 165, 220, ...}
Transcendental
Any real or complex number that is not algebraic is transcendental.
Examples include e and pi.
Triangular
A triangular number is the sum of n numbers starting from zero. So
some examples are: 0, 0+1=1, 0+1+2=3, 0+1+2+3=6, 0+1+2+3+4=10, ...
{0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55, 66, 78, 91, 105, 120, 136,
153, 171, 190, 210, 231, 253, 276, 300, 325, 351, 378, 406, ...}
U
Unhappy
An unhappy number or a sad number is a number that is ot happy. see
happy numbers.
{2,3,4,5,6,7,89,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,20, ...}
W
Wierd
The smallest weird number is 70. Its proper divisors are 1, 2, 5, 7,
10, 14, and 35; these sum to 74, but no subset of these sums to 70.
{70, 836, 4030, 5830, 7192, 7912, 9272, 10430, ...}