Ans A2 Practicals

1.
(a)
(i)
Geiger-Muller tube must be labelled (1)

Level and 1 cm away [between g and e of arrangement] (1)
Counter, ratemeter or scaler must be labelled
[Or G-M tube (1), Close (1) and Interface + computer
(or datalogger) (1)]
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(b)
Well-away from other sources/sample and NOT in several places (1)

Record for at least 3 minutes (1)b
Suitable time interval (5 s 20 s)

for
2 minutes (1)
Correct arrangement into y = mx + c [need not relate to (1)

y = mx + c]
Corrected count rate & lnA to 3 s.f. (1) (1)

Graph
Scale at least graph paper in each direction, avoiding awkward scales
such as 3s (1)
1
Axes: labelled with units, must have ln(A/min ) (1)

Plots: accurate to square (1)
Line: straight thin & best fit (1)
(c)
Large triangle [base 8 cm] (1)

Correct calculation of 2 s.f. [ignore unit] (1)
69 73 s with unit and 2 s.f. [No ecf] (1)
If A v t plotted
3 12 lives read off correctly (69 73 s), with unit (1) (1)
1
[ 2 2 lives only (1)
Hence calculated [ignore unit] to 2 s.f. (1)
[16]
Qurum Private School
Sample results
(a)
(i)
L ayer
c o n ta in in g
d e c a y in g
p ro ta c tin iu m
G e ig e r - M u lle r tu b e ..........(1 )
( C lo s e to P a ) ..........(1 )
C o u n te r
R a te m e te r.....( 1 )
o r s c a le r
(ii)
Keep G-M tube well away from all radioactive sources (or Pa sample)
and record count for 5 minutes to determine the average count rate.
Subtract this from subsequent count rates.
(iii)
Record readings from ratemeter every 15 s for about 5 mins

Or
Diagram interface to integrate for 3 s and find count rate
for a duration of 5 minutes.
(iv)
A = A0e
lt
lnA = lt + lnA0
y = mx + c
(b)
Corrected count
1
rate / min
ln(A/min )
500
6.21
420
6.04
340
5.83
273
5.61
235
5.46
189
5.24
156
5.05
l n ( A / m i n 1)
6 .2
6 .0
5 .8
5 .6
5 .4
5 .2
5 .0
0
(c)
20
l = gradient =
40
60
80
100
120
t/s
6.22 5.00
126 0 s1
3 1
= 9.68 10 s
t1
0.69
9
.
68
10 3 s
=
= 71 s
2.
(a)
(i&ii) Units shown in table or on graph axes (1)

Temperatures taken every 0.5 mins or more frequently (1)
At least one attempt at better than 1 C in each run (1)
Overall fall in temperature greater for 250 ml beaker (1)
6 good points for 1 (1)
6 good points for 2 (1)
[Good 0.5 C of examiners curve]
(b)
Sensible scales [Allow 2 cm = 60 s] (1)

Axes and curves labelled (1)
Plots [check the plot furthest from each curve] (1)
At least one best fit smooth curve (1)
(c)
Good tangent at common temperature with at least 2 points either

side of tangent. (1)
2
DxDy 64 cm or max possible (1)

Correct reading of sides of triangle (1)
Hence correct calculation to 2/3 significant figures (1)
(d)
(i)
Use more than 2 beakers (1)

Of different diameter (1)
Which are lagged/insulated (1)
Use same volume of water in each beaker (1)
Measure temperature as a function of time (1)
Measure diameter of beakers to find area OR describe suitable (1)
technique for finding diameter
Same starting temperature (1)
(ii)
Plot against t for each beaker (1)

Measure gradient at same temperature for all beakers used
gradient
Plot gradient against area OR calculate area (1)
(iii)
gradient
Graph should be a straight line through origin OR area
= constant (1)
[Must have more than 2 beakers]
10
[24]
Sample results
(a)
(i&ii)
Time t / mins
Temperature 1 of
the water in
the 250 ml
beaker / C
Temperature 2
of
the water
in the
100 ml
beaker/C
0.0
82.0
88.0
0.5
77.0
85.0
1.0
74.5
82.5
1.5
72.0
80.5
2.0
69.5
78.5
2.5
67.8
76.5
3.0
65.5
74.5
3.5
64.0
73.0
4.0
62.5
71.0
4.5
60.8
69.5
5.0
59.5
68.5
Note: When the experiment was being trialled the 100 ml beaker was used
first.
(b)
C
88
84
80
76
72
100 m l beaker
(B )
68
64
60
56
(c)
250 m l beaker
(A )
m in s
72 C chosen because at least 3 points either side of this on both curves
79.1 56
Gradient = 4.95 = 4.67 C/min
(d)
(i)
Use more than 2 beakers

Of different diameter
Which are lagged/insulated
Use same volume of water in each beaker
Measure temperature as a function of time
Measure diameter of beakers to find area
Same starting temperature
(ii)
Plot against t for each beaker

Measure gradient at same temperatures for all beakers used
gradient
Plot gradient against area / calculate area
(iii)
3.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
gradient
Graph should be a straight line through origin / area
area constant [Must have more than 2 beakers]
Table with units (1)

Temperature to better than 1 C (1)
Readings every 0.5 minutes or less up to 5 minutes (1)
Cooling curve established (1)
8 points 0.5 C from your best curve (1)
Data must occupy more than page in both directions

Scale [Allow scale of 1 cm 30 s] (1)
Axes labelled + unit (1)
Plots (1)
Line (1)
xy 64 cm or as large as possible (1)

Correct calculation 2 significant figures (1)
[Tangent at the correct point and sides read correctly]
[Ignore sign and unit]
Correct calculation [allow J/min] [allow e.c.f. from gradient] (1)
2/3 significant figures + unit from calculation (1)
(b)
(i)
C o lla r
O u te r c u p
A ir g a p
In n e r c u p
Correct arrangement with collar (1)
Collar and air gap labelled (1)
(ii)
(iii)
Same volume of water (1)

Same place on bench (1)
Same starting temperature (1)
Stir water (1)
Extend the time range/same temperature range (1)
Compare temperature falls after 5 minutes/compare times to
reach same temperature (1)
Max 3
Correctly labelled and double cup curve above single cup curve (1)
Concave curves (1)
Single curve always steeper than double curve (1)
/ C
80
60
t/m in
0
(iv)
Take gradient of the curves at the same temperature (1) (1)

[OR Time for same temperature fall measured / temperature fall for the
same time measured (1)]
EITHER
Gradient of the double cup should be half (or less) than the single cup (1)
OR For same starting temperature [stated or seen] the time for a given
will be twice as big for the double cup (1)
3
[24]
Sample results
(a)
(i)
/C
t/min
80.0
0.0
77.7
0.5
75.7
1.0
74.0
1.5
72.0
2.0
70.5
2.5
69.3
3.0
67.8
3.5
66.5
4.0
65.2
4.5
64.0
5.0
(ii)
Graph
8 0 .0
7 8 .0
7 6 .0
7 4 .0
7 2 .0
7 0 .0
6 8 .0
6 6 .0
6 4 .0
6 2 .0
0
m in
10
(iii)
62.0 77.9
t = 5.48 0
1
= 2.90C min
Q
t = mC t
= 100 4.2 2.9
1
= 1220 J min
= 20.3 W
(b)
(i)
C o lla r
O u te r c u p
A ir g a p
In n e r c u p
(ii)
Same volume of water

Same place on bench
Same starting temperature
Stir water
Extend the time range/same temperature range
Compare temperature falls after 5 minutes/compare times to reach same
temperature
(iii)
/ C
80
60
0
11
(iv)
4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Take gradient of the curves at the same temperature

[OR Time for same temperature fall measured / temperature fall for the
same time measured]
EITHER
Gradient of the double cup should be half (or less) than the single cup
OR For same starting temperature [stated or seen] the time for a given
will be twice as big for the double cup
All temperatures recorded with units (1)

Dq (5 15) K [Need not be calculated] (1)
Some attempt at temperatures better than 1C (1)
Precautions (Max 2): (1) (1)
stirred water
took qi just before water added
recorded qf immediately after rapid fall
equilibrium between water and thermometer
Correct re-arrangement and substitution (1)

Correct calculation, 2/3 significant figures and no unit (1)
Value 0.15 to 0.30 or centre value if > 0.30 (1)
Discard 20 cm into the waste beaker (1)

3
Add further 20 cm into the hot/warm water (1)
Temperatures recorded, with units and qi < qf from previous value (1)
Correct calculation 2 significant figures and no unit (1)
Value 0.04 of previous k (1)
[Dependent mark]
Correct calculation with average as denominator (1)

Sensible comparison with 10% (1)
Sensible conclusion [Dependent mark] (1)
(i)
Description:
Keep volume of hot water constant at 100 ml (1)
Volume of added water constant at 20 ml (1)
Discard (20 ml) each time so that initial volume remains constant (1)
(Measure Dq) by measuring qi and qf (1)
for several values of qi (1)
Any two sensible precautions (eg lagging/lid/larger

volumes/check q0 (1) (1)
(Max 5)
12
(ii)
Axes labelled correctly (1)

Straight line through origin (1)
OR
if Dq against qf straight line negative intercept (1)
(iii)
k = gradient [Dependent mark] (1)
Max 8
[24]
Sample results
(a)
qo = 18.5 C
qi = 85.0 C
qf = 75.0 C
Dq = 10.0C
f 0
10.0
= 75.0 18.5
(b)
k=
= 0.177
(c)
Discard 20 cm into the wastebeaker

3
Add further 20 cm into the hot/warm water
qi = 57.5 C
qf = 51.5 C
Dq = 6.0 C
6
k = 51.5 18.5 = 0.182
(d)
0.182 0.177
100%
% difference = 1 / 2 0.182 0.177
=3.6%
Difference is less than 10% \ relationship is supported

(e)
(i)
Keep volume of hot water constant at 100 ml
Volume of added water constant at 20 ml
Discard (20 ml) each time so that initial volume remains constant
(Measure Dq) by measuring qI and q
for several values of qI
Any two sensible precautions: eg lagging/lid/larger volumes/check q0
13
(ii)
f 0
5.
(a)
(iii)
k = gradient
(i)
Straight wire, power supply, resistor and ammeter in series (1)

Flat face of probe in same plane as wire/statement that probe
is perpendicular to field line (1)
Distance r shown correctly to centre of sensor (1)
Probe alongside wire and approximately at mid-point (1)
Meter connected to probe in some way (1)
Half-metre rule perpendicular to wire (1)
(ii)
Max 4
Resistor limits current (prevents short circuit) (1)

[Not reduces current]
and so prevents damage/overheating (1)
(iii)
Between 5 A and 20 A (1)
(iv)
Several parallel wires (or long length of wire wound into a large
rectangular coil, with the probe near vertical side of coil) (1)
[NOT coils or solenoids unless clear that only one limb is used
and the other limbs are far enough away not to have an effect.]
(b)
(c)
Correct 1/r values to 2/3 sf and unit [here or on graph] (1)

[Only penalise wrong or no unit for 1/r once]
Graph:
Scale: at least half paper in each direction, avoiding awkward
scales, e.g. 3s (1)
Axes:
labelled with units (1)
Plots:
accurate to square (1)
Line:
thin, straight, best fit (1)
Large D (DxDy 100 cm ) (1)

Correct calculation of gradient to 2 sf [ignore unit] (1)
Correct calculation of I to 2/3 sf + unit (1)
3
[16]
Sample results
14
(a)
(i)
W ire
A
+
0 12 V
Pow er
s u p p ly
H a ll
sensor
H a ll
p ro b e
pow er
s u p p ly
2 .2
V
(b)
(c)
m e te r to
m e a su re
o u tp u t o f
H a ll p ro b e
(ii)
Resistor limits current (prevents short circuit)

and so prevents damage/overheating
(iii)
Between 5 A and 20 A
(iv)
Several parallel wires [or long length of wire wound into a

large rectangular coil, with the probe near vertical side of coil]
Plot B against 1/r

B/mT
r/m
1
r /m1
93
0.020
50.0
74
0.025
40.0
54
0.035
28.6
38
0.050
20.0
19
0.100
10.0
92.5 1.0
Gradient = 50.0 0.0 = 1.83 mT m
2 gradient
0I
0
Gradient = 2 I =
2 1.83 10 6
4 10 7
I=
= 9.2 A
15
Graph:
100
90
B / T
80
70
60
50
40
30
G RA PH
S c a le : a t le a s t h a lf p a p e r in e a c h d ire c tio n ,
a v o id in g a m b ig u o u s s c a le s , e g . 3 s .
A x e s : la b e lle d , w ith u n its
P lo ts : a c c u ra te to s q u a re
L in e : th in , s tra ig h t, b e s t fit
20
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
10
10
20
30
40
50
r m
16
6.
(a)
(i)
Solenoid, power supply and ammeter in series (1)

Hall probe sensor shown at centre of solenoid (1)
Flat face of probe perpendicular to axis of solenoid (1)
[Details of Hall probe circuit are not required]
Length of solenoid (1)
Number of turns (1)
Sensor shown near mid-axis of magnet (1)

Correct orientation of flat face of sensor [ecf] (1)
d shown correctly from axis of magnet to centre of sensor (1)
Correct expansion [Need not be related to y = mx + c] (1)

Correct ln values to 2 or 3 decimal places (1)
Units [here OR on graph] (1)
Graph:
Scale at least paper in each direction, avoiding awkward scales,
e.g. 3s, AND axes labelled [ignore units here] (1)
Plots accurate to square (1)
Line thin, straight, best fit (1)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
Large D (DxDy 80 cm ) [Allow if a tangent drawn to a curve] (1)

Correct calculation giving n in range 2.05 to 2.11 (1)
2
[16]
Sample results
(a)
(i)
A x is o f
s o le n o id
V a ria b le
d .c . p o w e r
s u p p ly
Length of solenoid
Number of turns
17
(ii)
S ensor
d
N
S
M agnet
(b)
lnB = nlnd + lnk

y = mx + c
B/mT
d/mm
5.26
20
1.66
0.721
3.00
1.30
3.31
25
1.20
0.520
3.22
1.40
2.27
30
0.82
0.356
3.40
1.48
1.67
35
0.51
0.223
3.56
1.54
1.24
40
0.22
0.093
3.69
1.60
1.04
44
0.04
0.017
3.78
1.64
ln(b/mT)
ln(d/mm)
18
Graph:
ln (B /m T )
1 .8
1 .6
1 .4
1 .2
1 .0
0 .8
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
(c)
3 .1
3 .2
3 .3
3 .4
3 .5
3 .6
3 .7
3 .8
ln (d /m m )
1.67 0.00
Gradient = 3.80 3.00
n = 2.08
19
7.
(a)
(i)
Correct circuit with ammeter in series with R and C and

voltmeter across R and C
1, 1
[1 for each error or omission ]

87.6 W or 88 W with unit
[Allow V A ; do not allow V mA ]

(ii)
Correct substitution
Hence correct calculation [> 2 s.f. + unit]
[Do not penalise unit if already penalised in (i)]

(iii)
Replace a.c. supply with a signal generator/variable frequency

supply
Measure V and I
for different frequencies of f
Z 2=
y =
(b)
1
2
4 C
m
1
+ R
f 2
[c le a rly s h o w n ]
x + C
Z and 1/f values all correct and
> 2 s.f. with units for both
Graph
Scale -at least half paper in each direction avoiding 3s etc and axes
labelled [Ignore units ]
Plots- all accurate to 1 mm [
square]
Line -thin, straight line of best fit
(c)
1
2
Gradient (1.29 1.35) 10 from large D [DxDy > 64 cm ]
[Ignore units ]
[As an alternative to the gradient candidates may use a point on the line
and the intercept. This is allowed provided the point is not a data point]
Correct calculation of C with unit [Must be F or m F] [Ignore s.f. ]
1
[16]
20
Sample results
47
4 7 F
A
(a)
(i)
1.49 V
87.6
17
mA
Z=
(ii)
6 2
Z = (4p (47 10 ) 50 )-1 + 47
Z = 4587 + 2209 = 6796

Z = 82.4 W
(iii)
Replace a.c. supply with a signal generator/variable frequency

supply
Measure V and I for different frequencies of f
Z 2=
y =
(b)
1
2
4 C
1
+ R
f 2
[c le a rly s h o w n ]
x + C
Data:
2
Z /W 10
10.6
8.9
7.7
6.7
6.0
5.1
4.0
2 2
1/f /s 10 (Hz )
6.25
4.94
4.00
3.31
2.78
2.04
1.23
21
Graph:
Z 2 / 2 1 0
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
(c)
6
7
1 /f 2 /s 2 1 0 4
(10.3 2.4) 103

1.32 10 7 2 s 2
4
(
6
.
0
0
.
0
)
10
Gradient =
2
7 1
C = (4p gradient) = (4p 1.32 10 ) F

C = 44 mF
8.
(a)
Any four points from:

B is set into forced oscillations by A
and its amplitude of oscillation increases
Energy is transferred from A to B
Amplitude then reduces
Energy is transferred back to A
Process then repeats
Same natural frequency (1) (1) (1)
A is driver/A and B are coupled (1)
22
(b)
0.03 s of Supervisor from 40T (1) (1)

[0.03 from > 20T (1)]
0.05 from > 40T (1)]
TB > TA (1)
from 40TB (1)
[If no units at all 1]
Precautions (1) (1)
(c)
T measured and repeated (1)

Correct calculation of 1/r and 1/TA, 1/TB to 3 significant figures (1)
[Ignore unit]
Percentage difference found [Either value or average as denominator] (1)
5% (1) (1)
Hence sensible comment (1)
[10% acceptable experimental error]
6
[16]
Sample results
(a)
B is set into forced oscillations by A

and its amplitude of oscillation increases
Energy is transferred from A to B
Amplitude then reduces
Energy is transferred back to A
Process then repeats
Same natural frequency
(b)
20TA = 15.94, 15.87 s

TA = 0.795 s
20TB = 17.32, 17.28 s
TB = 0.865 s
Fiducial marker in centre of oscillation.
Eye level with marker
Repeats shown
23
(c)
5T = 46.66, 47.54 s
T = 9.42 s
1
1
0.106 s 1
T 9.42
1
1
1
1
T A TB 0.795 0.865
= 1.258 1.156
= 0.102 s
0.004
100% 3.8%
Percentage difference = 0.104
Acceptable experimental error therefore supported
9.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Value 2 cm of Supervisors value (2)

[ 3 cm (1)]
Repeat readings etc (1)
Approach resonance from both directions (1)
Correct calculation from sensible Dl (1)
[Range, range or 0.1 1.0 cm if only one reading]
Value 0.21 0.26 mm [unless alternative wire used] (1)
Repeat measurements or zero error [dependent mark] (1)
Correct % from range, range or precision [allow 0.005 mm]
(1)
Correct SI substitution
Correct calculation 2 s.f. + unit [dependent mark] [-1 if g = 10] (1)
3
Value: 7500 10 000 kg m [no e.c.f.] [when rounded to 2 s.f.] (1)
2 % uncertainty in d and l (1)

Added [Not a dependent mark] (1)
Calculation of % difference with 8880 as denominator (1)
Compared to % uncertainty (1)
Hence sensible conclusion (1)
OR
Adds/subtracts their % uncertainty from their value (1)
Checks whether in range (1)
Hence sensible conclusion (1)
5
[16]
24
Sample results:
(a)
l = 71.5, 72.0, 72.5 cm
l = 72.0 cm
Repeat readings shown Or eye level with wire/use of care to observe resonance
Approach resonance from both directions
0.5
100
Percentage uncertainty = 72.0
= 0.7%
(b)
d = 0.23, 0.23 mm
d = 0.23 mm
0.01
100
Percentage uncertainty = 0.23
= 4.3%
0.2 9.81
(c)
(d)
3 2
2
2
r = (0.23 10 ) 50 0.72
3
= 9110 kg m
Percentage uncertainty in density

= 2 4.3 + 2 0.7
= 10.0%
Percentage difference
9110 8880
100%
8880
=
= 2.6%
Much less than total % uncertainty \ wire could be made from constantan.
10.
(a)
(i)
Table with columns headed with quantities and units (1)

Reading every minute or better OR timed for every 1C fall (1)
Start 80 C and finish 70 C (1)
Concave curve established (1)
25
(ii)
Graph:
Scale [more than grid in both directions, avoiding scales of 3 etc; (1)
allow 60 s per square]
Axes [labelled, with units] (1)
Plots [accurate to division] (1)
Line [smooth curve] (1)
(iii)
Good tangent at 75C [must be a curve for this mark] (1)

2
Large D [DxDy 64 cm ] (1)

Correct calculation + unit and > 2 significant figures [ignore sign] (1)
1
Correction + unit [W or J s ] (1)

(b)
(i)
Temperature sensor (1)

Data logger (1)
Computer (1)
[1 if no arrows]
30 s (1)
(ii)
(9.3 9.4) V + unit (1)

Potential divider [not series rheostat] OR labelled [or with arrow]
variable power supply (1)
Heater (1)
Voltmeter (1)
If voltmeter in series with heater can only get first mark]
(iii)
Any two from:

Leave datalogger operating overnight OR set time for 12 24 h (1)
Sampling rate 30 min (1)
Download data to computer next morning (1)
Any two reasons: (1)(1)
variation of room temperature
evaporation of water
fluctuations in power supply
[NB heat lost from beaker is not a reason]

[24]
26
Sample results:
(a)
(i)
t/min
0.0
85.0
83.0
81.0
79.5
78.0
77.0
75.5
74.5
73.5
72.5
71.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
/C
85
80
75
70
(ii)
Graph:
t/m in
27
(iii)
82.0 70.0
t
5.5 0.0 K min1
= 2.2 K min
= 0.036 K s
P = 900 0.036 J s
= 32 W
(b)
(i)
T e m p e ra tu re
sen so r
D a ta
lo g g e r
C o m p u te r
Sampling rate of every 10 s would give 30 readings in 5 minutes

(ii)
p.d. = 9.4 V
Diagram:
Set p.d. to 9.4 V as read off from curve
(iii)
Set data logger to record for 24 h at sampling rate of every 30 min

Reasons:
variation of room temperature
evaporation of water
fluctuations in power supply
11. No mark scheme available
12. No mark scheme available
13.
You are to investigate the behaviour of a simple pendulum when its swing is interrupted.
28
(a)
A simple pendulum of length 1 = 0.500 m is provided. Take measurements to determine

its period of oscillation, T0.
10T0/s: 14.15, 14.09, av. 14.12
0 = 1.41 s
T0 = 1.42 0.03 s found from >10 oscillations, with unit and > 2 decimal places
(1)
(1 mark)
(b)
Now place the rod at an initial distance h = 0.250 m as shown in the diagram so that it
will interrupt the swing of the pendulum; when the pendulum is at rest the rod should just
touch the string.
S id e v ie w
F ro n t v ie w
Determine the period T for oscillations of small amplitude.

10T/s: 11.94, 11.88, av 11.91
T = 1.19 s
Keeping l constant at 0.500 m, determine T for four more values of h. Tabulate all your
results below, together with values of T2.
Table, with units, including correct values for T2 to > 2 decimal places (1)
Repeat readings (1)
ST > 20 (1)
5 good values (3)
( 0.02 s2 from line of best fit)
[4 gets (2), 3 gets (1)]
Range of h > 250 mm (1)
29
h/m
0.050
10T/s
13.77, 13.78
T/s
1.38
T2/s2
1.90
0.150
12.83, 12.87
1.29
1.65
0.250
11.94, 11.88
1.19
1.42
0.300
11.38, 11.41
1.14
1.30
0.350
10.85, 10.91
1.09
1.18
[Penalties: wrong h 2, wrong T (e.g. 10T, 1/T) 2]

(7 marks)
(c)
Plot a graph of T2 against h on graph paper.

Graph:
Scale (1)
Axes labelled, with units
Plots (1)
Line (2)
(1)
4
30
T /s 2
2 .0
1 .9
1 .8
1 .7
1 .6
1 .5
1 .4
1 .3
1 .2
0 .0
0 .1
0 .2
0 .3
h /m
(4 marks)
31
(d)
Theory suggests that

T2
4 2 l 2 2 h
g
g
where g = gravitational field strength.

Discuss the extent to which your results support this theory.
Straight line of negative slope
(1)
Intercept (1)
Related to T0 in (a) (1)
[T02 plotted or compared to 4p2l/g]
[First (2) marks can be obtained from curve (1), so does not support theory (1) or
comparison with y =mx + c]
The graph is a straight line of negative slope and intercept of T02 = 2.01 s2.
This gives a value of T0 = 1.42 s, which agrees very closely with the 1.41 s found in (a).
(3 marks)
(e)
Determine the gradient of your graph.

Large D (1)
(DxDy > 80 cm2)
Correct calculation with sign > 2 significant figures (1)
[Ignore units]
2.01 1.18
0.35 0.00 = 2.37 (s2 m-1)
Gradient =
(2 marks)
32
(f)
Use your answer to (e) to find a value for the gravitational field strength g.
Correct formula for g (1)
Correct calculation with appropriate unit (1)
Value 6.0 10.5 m s-2 and 1 or 2 decimal places (1)
(deduced correctly from gradient)
[Ignore minus signs]
2 2
g
Gradient =
2 2
gradient
g=
2 2
2.37
=
= 8.3 m s-2 (N kg-1)
(3 marks)
[Total 20 marks]
33

Ans A2 Practicals

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1.

Geiger-Muller tube must be labelled (1)

Well-away from other sources/sample and NOT in several places (1)

Suitable time interval (5 s 20 s)

Correct arrangement into y = mx + c [need not relate to (1)

Corrected count rate & lnA to 3 s.f. (1) (1)

Axes: labelled with units, must have ln(A/min ) (1)

Large triangle [base 8 cm] (1)

Hence calculated [ignore unit] to 2 s.f. (1)

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Record readings from ratemeter every 15 s for about 5 mins

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(i&ii) Units shown in table or on graph axes (1)

Sensible scales [Allow 2 cm = 60 s] (1)

Good tangent at common temperature with at least 2 points either

DxDy 64 cm or max possible (1)

Use more than 2 beakers (1)

Plot against t for each beaker (1)

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[Must have more than 2 beakers]

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72 C chosen because at least 3 points either side of this on both curves

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Use more than 2 beakers

Plot against t for each beaker

Table with units (1)

Data must occupy more than page in both directions

xy 64 cm or as large as possible (1)

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Same volume of water (1)

Take gradient of the curves at the same temperature (1) (1)

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Same volume of water

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Take gradient of the curves at the same temperature

All temperatures recorded with units (1)

took qi just before water added

recorded qf immediately after rapid fall

equilibrium between water and thermometer

Correct re-arrangement and substitution (1)

Discard 20 cm into the waste beaker (1)

Correct calculation with average as denominator (1)

Keep volume of hot water constant at 100 ml (1)

Volume of added water constant at 20 ml (1)

(Measure Dq) by measuring qi and qf (1)

for several values of qi (1)

Any two sensible precautions (eg lagging/lid/larger

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Axes labelled correctly (1)

k = gradient [Dependent mark] (1)

Discard 20 cm into the wastebeaker

Difference is less than 10% \ relationship is supported

Keep volume of hot water constant at 100 ml

Volume of added water constant at 20 ml

(Measure Dq) by measuring qI and q

for several values of qI

Any two sensible precautions: eg lagging/lid/larger volumes/check q0

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Straight wire, power supply, resistor and ammeter in series (1)

Resistor limits current (prevents short circuit) (1)

Between 5 A and 20 A (1)