Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................
Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................
1.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................
2.0 Objectives........................................................................................................................
3.0 Theory..............................................................................................................................
4.0 Diagram and Description of Apparatus...........................................................................
5.0 Experimental Procedure..................................................................................................
6.0 Results and Discussions..................................................................................................
7.0 Sample Calculations........................................................................................................
8.0
Conclusions and Recommendations..............................................................................
9.0 References.......................................................................................................................
10. Appendices.......................................................................................................................
0
1
2
3
3
4
6
7
9
11
14
15
15
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The knowledge of physical and chemical properties of certain materials is important
because very often process engineering deal with the transformation and distribution these
materials in bulk. One such property is diffusivity. Mass transfer by diffusion takes place
when there is a concentration gradient of the diffusing components.
The SOLTEQ Gaseous Diffusion Coefficient Apparatus (model: BP 10) has been
designed for students experiment on the technique of determining diffusivity of the vapour of
a volatile liquid based on the Winkelmanns method. In this method, the volatile liquid is
allowed to evaporate in a vertical glass tube to the top of tube in which the vapour-free gas is
through. The volatile liquid is diffuse to vapour-free stream due to the concentration. The
vapour-free gas is allowed into the test tube, but does not diffuse into the volatile liquid. A
water bath is provided for maintaining a steady temperature so that there is no eddy current in
the vertical tube and mass transfer executed from the surface by molecular diffusion alone.
The rate of evaporation can also be referred as the rate of fall of the liquid surface. With the
knowledge of the concentration gradient, the diffusivity of the vapour of the volatile liquid
can be calculated.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
3.0 THEORY
When a concentration gradient exists within a fluid consisting of two or more
components, there is a tendency for each constituent to flow in such a direction as to
reduce the concentration gradient. This is called mass transfer. Mass transfer takes
place in either a gas phase or a liquid phase or in both simultaneously.
When a liquid is allowed to evaporate in a narrow vertical tube and a steady
temperature is maintained, mass transfer takes place from the surface by molecular
diffusion alone. This is the technique developed by Winkelmann to determine the
diffusivity of the vapor of a volatile liquid. By monitoring the evaporation rate, which
is the rate of fall of liquid surface, and with the knowledge of concentration gradient,
one may then calculate the diffusivity.
The rate of mass transfer is given by:
N'A
CA
L
= D(
)(
CT
C BM
(1)
Where,
diffusivity (m2/s)
CA
CT
CBM
where,
M
L
M
dL
dt
= D(
CA
L
)(
)(
CA
CT
C BM
(3)
Integrating and putting L =
LO
L2 -
LO2
at t = 0
2 MD
L
=(
CT
C BM
)t
(4)
LO
LO
can be measured
LO
)(L -
LO
+2
LO
)=(
2 MD
L
)(
CA
CT
C BM
)t
or
t
( LLO )
C BM
L
C A CT ) O
L
= ( 2 MD
)(
C BM
C A CT ) (L -
(5)
t
(LLO )
against (L -
L
s = ( 2 MD
(6)
Diffusivity D can be calculated from equation 6:
D=
L C
2 M C A CT s
BM
Where:
CT
=(
1
Kmol Vol
)(
T ||
Ta
)(
LO
) then:
C BM
C A CT )
LO
L
) + ( MD
C B 1 = CT
CB2
C BM
CA
=(
P aPv
Pa
C B 1 C B 2
C
ln ( B 1 )
CB2
=(
Pv
Pa
CT
CT
The water bath with clean (preferably filtered) water was filled approximately to 20
the outside of the tube if the solution is trapped and does not flow down.
The tube was turned upside-down and shaked. The tube was emptied.
Steps 2 to 3 with acetone was repeated.
The tube was ready for student experiment.
D) Operating Procedure
level cannot be observed by using telescope, increased the tank water level.
The flexible tubing from the air pump line to one end of the capillary tube was
connected. The air pump was switched on.
The air pump was switched off to perform a reading on telescope. The flexible
tubing was disconnected and
provided was closed. The level of acetone was observed and recorded.
Steps 4 to 6 at 10 minutes intervals were repeated.
6.0 RESULTS
Temperature = 45
Lo = 40 mm
Time, t
Reading of
Liquid level
vernier, L
Min
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
(mm)
0
600
1200
1800
2400
3000
3600
4200
4800
5400
LLo )
(mm)
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.55
0.65
0.75
0.80
0.90
40.00
40.10
40.20
40.30
40.40
40.55
40.65
40.75
40.80
41.90
t
LL o
t
LLo
(min/mm)
(ks/mm)
0.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
90.91
92.31
93.33
100.00
100.00
0.00
6000.00
6000.00
6000.00
6000.00
5454.55
5538.46
5600.00
6000.00
6000.00
t/dL versus dL
7
f(x) = 0.3x + 3.59
R = 0.24
6
5
4
t/(l-lo)(ks/mm)
3
2
1
0
1
dL(mm)
DISCUSSION
10
10
in the liquid mixture. If the temperature conducted exceeded to the boiling point of the
acetone the rate of volatility of the acetone will increase. Therefore, there is difficult to read
the scale of the vernier since the solution is volatile rapidly.
Based on the graph plotted, the trend of the graph is increase proportional. The slope of
the graph is 0.3024. The slope of the graph is positive. The value of the s is same as the value
of the slope from the graph. From the value the diffusivity can be calculated and the
m2
s
R2 value is 0.2423.
There is some error during the experiment conducted. The value of the acetone level
must take at least for 3 times and get the average to make sure it will reduce the mistake.
Hence, the experiment is successful based on the procedures and the theory is accepted.
7.0 SAMPLE CALCULATION
Calculation on determining the gas diffusion coefficient of acetone by using Winkelmanns
method. The rate of mass transfer, (equation 7.1):
N 'A =D
( CL )( CC
A
Bm
= diffusivity [m2/s]
CA
CT
C Bm
MV
KA
PT
PA
12
PB =
PB
PvA =
PA
C BM
C B 1 C B 2
= ( ln ( C B 1 ) )
C B2
CB1
= CT C A 1
CB2
= CT C A 2
Pv
= nRT
PT
PA
CT
P
RT =
n
v
=C=
1
273 K
MV
KA
CT
CA
101.3 kPa
P
RT
8.314
m . kPa
(3 18 K )
kg . mol . K
kmol
= 0.0383 m3
CA 1
PA 1
RT
CA 2
PA 2
RT
Antoines Equation:
log 10 P A
= A [
B
T ( K )+ C
13
log 10 P A 1
PA1
log 10 P A
= 285.339 kPa
= 14.3145 [
PA
2756.22
273.15 K + 45.090 ]
= 14.3145 [
2756.22
318 .15 K +45.090 ]
= 834.326 kPa
CA 1
= 1.256
CB1
285.339 kPa
PA 1
RT
101
kmol
3
m
8.314
= CT C A 1
CB1
= 0.03830.1256 = -0.0873
CA 2
PA 2
=
RT
CB2
= CT C A 2
CB2
= 0.03 830.3154
=
0.2771
kmol
3
m
834.326 kPa
m3 kPa
8.314
( 3 18.15 K )
Kg mol K
kmol
m3
C BM
m kPa
( 273 .15 K )
Kg mol K
kmol
m3
C B 1 C B 2
C
= ( ln ( B 1 ) )
C B2
14
= 0.3154
0.0873+0.2771
0.0873
=(
)
ln (
)
0.2771
kmol
m3
= - 0.1643
CA
= CA 1 + CA 2
= 0.1256 + 0.3154
= 0.441
kmol
m3
( M ) dLdt
N 'A =
kg
= density of liquid acetone ( m3 )
= 791.0
M
kg
m3
kg
= molecular weight of acetone ( kmol )
= 58.08
kg
kmol
( M ) dLdt
L
( CL )( CC
A
Bm
L
2 MD
)(
15
C Bm
C A CT
Slope, s
= 0.3024
can be obtained,
L C BM
2 M C A CT s
kg
kmol
(0.1643 3 )
3
m
m
kg
kmol
kmol
s
2( 58.08
) 0.441 3 0.0383 3 (0.3 0 2 4 3 )
mol
m
m
m
791
)(
= -2.19 10
m3
s
N A =D
CA CT
L C BM
= -2.19 102
0.441 kmol
kmol
0.0383 3
3
m
m
m
s
0.15 M
kmol
0.1643 3
m
2
= 1.5009 x 102
kmol
s .m2
[1]Munson, B., Young, D., Okiishi, T., & Huebsch, W.(2010). Fundamental of Fluid
Mechanics ( 6th ed.) .111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons.
Page 420
[2]Yunus A. Cengel & Afshin J.Ghajar.(2011). Heat and mass transfer (4th ed.). New
York : McGrawHill . Page 796-797
[3]Robert H.Perry, Don W.Green, Perrys Chemical Engineers
Handbook, McGraw
Hill,1998.
[4]Antoine equation (2013) Retrieved April,11th 2015. from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_equation
17
10.0 APPENDICES
18