Paper Presentation on

To be presented by

J.Ramesh M.Jagadeesh
Reg No:07E81A1228 Reg No: 07E81A1211
(III B.Tech CSIT) (III B.TECH CSIT),
Ph:9985831505 Ph: 9966849122
E-mail:j.ramesh1228@gmail.com E_mail:jagadeeshjohnny11@gm
ail.com

ALFA College of Engineering &

Technology
ALLAGADDA, Kurnool (DT),
Andhra Pradesh.

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 ABSTRACT

Artificial intelligence is combination of a computer science,

psychology, philosophy, which deals with different fields from machine
vision to expert system. This paper gives disciplined description about
AI techniques, which explores knowledge and further informs the
history and process of development of AI including “HOLY GRAIL”
Turing’s test.

It enlightens various theories on artificial neural

networking, a mimic of human brain including parallel computation and
extends its emphasis on Expert systems, Common sense and Fuzzy
logic, which are the advanced developments of knowledge-based
systems. Here, report exemplifies various applications in fields such as
Chess, Robotics, Defense and Revolution in hearing care ( Adapto).

Furthermore we tried to focus on various researches which

are being carried out in different laboratories around the world. This
also debates on the existence of AI for future generations. Finally, we
have specified the consequences of AI with humanity and ended with
an interesting conclusion.

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 operations as well as daily
activities having the near future
with AI impacting human lives.
WHAT IS ‘AI’?
AI is a combination of
computer science, physiology,

ARTIFICIAL philosophy. AI is the study of the

computations that make the
INTELLIGENCE
machine possible to perceive
reason and act. AI helps in
INTRODUCTION
designing smart machines that
can “think”.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
In order to classify
is the area of computer science
machines as thinking it is
focusing on creating machines
necessary to define as it
that can engage on behaviors
embodies all off the knowledge
that human considers
and feats, both conscious and
intelligent. The dream of
unconscious, which is acquired
creating intelligent machine has
through study and experience,
intrigued humans since ancient
highly refined sight and sound
times and came into reality with
perception, thought,
the advent of computers and 50
imagination; the ability to
years of research. These smart
converse, read, drive a car,
machines can mimic human
memorize and recall facts,
thought, understand speech,
express and fell emotions and
beat the best human chess
much more just like
player and countless other feats
remembering a face not seen
never before possible, equal or
for thirty or more years, or to
exceed human abilities, and
build and send rockets to the
became an important part of
moon. It is those capabilities
most business and Government
that set homosapiens apart from

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other forms of living things. to both a person and an
Hence, researches in the fields intelligent machine. This test
to satisfy the conditions and has become the ‘HOLY GRAIL’ of
requirements have aided the AI community.
scientists in building intelligent
machines which is one of the
most challenging approaches
facing experts in building
systems that mimic the behavior
of human brain, made up of
billions of neurons and arguably
the most complex matter is in
the universe.
HISTORY OF AI
Evidence of artificial HISTORIC MOMENTS OF
intelligence folklore can be ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
traced back to ancient Egypt,
but with the development of the NEWELL
electronic computer in 1941, the and SIMON developed the logic
technology finally became theory, considered by many to
available to create machine be the first AI program
intelligence with the invention of representing each problem as a
an electronic means of tree model. In 1956 John
processing data, which made AI McCarthy regarded as the father
possible. It is found that one of of AI organized a conference
the most certified tests for named “The Dartmouth summer
intelligent behavior is the ability research project on artificial
to communicate effectively. intelligence”, which brought
Indeed this was the purpose of together the founders in AI and
the test consisting of a person served to lay the ground work
asking questions via keyboard for the future of AI research.

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From the researches made for theories with two approaches;
the development of AI it is found bottom-up and top-down.
that neural networks in AI act as Bottom-up theorists believe the
a mimic to that of the best way to achieve AI is to
networking in human brain. build electronic replicas of the
human brains complex network
of resources, while the top-down
approaches attempts to mimic
the brains behavior with
computer programs.

NEURAL NETWORKS AND

PARALLEL COMPUTATION
The human brain is
made up of a web of billions of
cells called neurons and
understanding its complexities
is seen as one of the last
frontiers in scientific research. It
is the aim of AI research that
prefers this bottom-up approach
the construct electronic circuits
that act as neurons do in the
NEURAL NETWORKING human brain. Although much of
INTRODUCTION the working of the brain remains
In the quest unknown, the complex networks
to create intelligent machines of neurons are what give human
the field of AI has split into intelligent characteristics. The
several different approaches average human brains weighs
based on the opinions about the about 3.3 pounds and contains
most promising methods and an estimated no 1012 neurons.

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The neurons and their inter An important back
connection capabilities provide of mathematics logic binary
about 1014 bits of potential numbers were also the basis of
storage capacity. But it self- the AI this is the basis of
neurons is not intelligent but computer simulated neural
when grouped together neurons networks also know as parallel
are able to pass electronic computing
signals together networks. The McCulloch and Pitts,
neurons firing’ passes a using Boole’s principles wrote a
paper on neural network theory.
It state that one of the level of
single neuron the release of
failure to release an impulse
was the basis by which the brain
makes true/false decisions using
the idea of feedback theory.
Their theory showed how the
Signal ‘to the next in the chain. firing of signals between
Research has shown that a connected neurons cause the
signal received by a neuron brain to make decisions.
travels through the dendrite McCulloch and Pitts theory is the
region and down the axon basis of the artificial neural
separating nerve cells is a gap network theory.
called the synapse in order for With new top-down
the signal to be transferred to methods becoming popular
the next neuron the signal must parallel computing up put on
be converted from electrical hold. Now rural network are
energy. The signal can then be making a return and same
received by the next neuron and researches believe that with
processed. new computer architectures
parallel computing and the

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bottom theory will be a during structures of atomic
factor in creating AI. These constituents and mass spectra
theories touched on some of the data from samples of the
main methods used to create compounds and later performing
intelligence. These approaches diagnosis of infectious blood
have been applied to different diseases.
systems using variety of Further researches on the
programs, which are based on knowledge based systems
knowledge. inferences the fields such as
KNOWLEDGE BASED 1. Experts systems
SYSTEMS 2. Common sense
Knowledge is 3. Fuzzy logic
defined as the body of facts and EXPERT SYSTEMS
principles accumulated by Expert systems, one
human kind or the act. of the developments of
Generally the limited usage of knowledge based systems; solve
laws and axioms were less problems that are normally
effective in solving problems of solved by human experts which
any complexity. These require a kind of intelligence
realizations eventually led to the and reasoning mechanism. To
design known as knowledge solve expert level problems,
based systems. expert systems need access to a
Knowledge based substantial domain Knowledge
systems get their power from base, which was built as
the expert knowledge that has efficiently as possible.
been coded into fact rules, The most widely
heuristics and procedures.. The used way of representing
knowledge based systems were knowledge in expert systems is
real world problem solvers, as a set of production rules. For
tackling tasks such as example, say the situation was
determining complex chemical birthday party. A system could

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call on its birthday frame and
use the information contained in
the frame to apply the situation.
The system knows that there is Expert systems have the power
usually cake and presents and range to aid to benefit and
because of the information some cases replace humans and
contained in the knowledge human experts, if used with
frame. The use of frames also discretion will benefit human
allows the system to add kind.
knowledge. Experts systems are
even applicable in forecasting COMMON SENSE
weather
Because of the large Computers have
storage capacity computers entirely deserved reputation for
ranging in 1012, expert systems lacking common sense. A
had the potential to interpret number of techniques can be
statistics in order to solve the used to enable an AI program to
problem like a detective solves represent and reason with
a mystery. For example, charts common sense knowledge. Non
like these represent the logic of – atomic logic’s can support
Expert systems. default reasoning, an important
aspect of common sense. As of
yet, no program can match the
common sense reasoning
powers. This is due, impart to
the large amount of knowledge
required for common sense.
Memory is another key aspect to
common sense.
• MEMORY
ORGANIZATION Memory

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is central to common sense ones are often called as case –
behavior. Memory is also the based reasoning (CBR). A CBR
basis for learning. A system system draws its power from a
that cannot learn cannot, in large case library, rather than
practice, posse common from a set of basic principles.
sense. Psychology and AI seek A general CBR system must be
to address these issues. It is able to learn a proper set of
difficult to know which script is indices from experience. The
retrieve. It is hard to modify a idea is to starts solving
script. More recent work problems with a heuristic
reduces script individual search engine.
‘scenes’, which can be made FUZZY LOGIC
shade across multiple Fuzzy logic acts as
structures. an alternative for representing
some kinds of uncertain
knowledge. It is possible to
define a reasoning system
based on techniques for
combining distributions. Such
reasoning’s have been applied
in control systems as Simplified
control of Robots
(a) Software design for industrial
projects
(b)Prediction for early
recognition of earth quakes.
(c)
• CASE – BASED APPLICATIONS
REASONING Computer The study of issue of AI for
systems that solve new quit some time now made to
problems by analogy with old know all the terms and facts

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related to it. But what is really
needed to know is what can be
done to get human hand on
some AI today. AI with its
learning capabilities can
accomplish these tasks. The
advanced applications of AI  CHESS AI based
are game playing programs
combine intelligence with
 ROBOTICS entertainment. On game
The applications of with strong AI ties is chess.
automatic machines to World chess champion
perform tasks are playing programs can seen
traditionally done by ahead twenty plus moves in
humans. Many are now advance for each move they
capable of simple decision make. In three minutes,
making without the Deep thought considers 126
intervention of operator million moves, while human
using AI techniques. Some chess master on average
of the latest and advanced considers less than 2
robots that can be seen are: moves.
Frog bout Robot, Jumping  AI IN DEFENSE The
Robot military put AI based hardware
to the test of war during desert
storm. AI based technologies
in missile systems, heads up
displays and other
advancements.
 AI REACHING THE EAR
According to press reports on
October 20th 2001 in New

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 Zealand, Oticon had launched Current Researches on Coco at
the first AI hearing aid that Present:
works like a human ear.  Brain infra structure for coco
Adpoto ™ is a hearing aid that  A mobile coco for social
understands peoples, interaction
containing a host of cutting  Medial axis representation for
edge software including voice the analysis of human
activation. It may sound quite shaping image.
simple. It not only recognizes Some other famous
but priorities human speech Robots are COG, KISMAT,
signals over others sounds in and MACACO.
the environment.

 MEDICAL VISION GROUP:

ADVANCE RESEARCHES Its goal is to develop new
Many famous research institutes algorithms for medical images
around the world are analysis and visualization of
undertaking the important medical imaginary as well as
advanced researches related to to build vision based system
AI. Some of those researches for surgical navigation and
are: surgical planning. In this
project “Image Guided
 ROBOTICS Coco is a System”, “Medical Image
small ape like robot, to explore Analysis” and “Visualization”
humanoid intelligence. It are the main three categories.
requires large amount of parallel
computation in order to support  PROJECT ARIES: Today’s
rich real time and multi – model parallel machines suffer from
sensory input and complex unvarying degrees from poor
behavioral output. programmability, inadequate
network performance and

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 limited scalability. The Aries REFERENCES:
research group is exploring
novel processor, network and
software constructs to 1. Artificial Intelligence: A
overcome these limitations. Modern Approach----
Stuart Russell and Peter
 CONCLUSION Nerving.
In the coming decades 2. Artificial Intelligence
one should not expect that and Neural Networks:
human race will become extinct Steps towards Principle
and be replaced by AI. One can Integration -----Vasant
expect that classical AI will go Hanover & Leonard
on producing more and more 3. Introduction to knowledge
sophisticated applications in systems
restricted domains. But any time -----Mark stefik
one can expect common sense 4. www.google.com
will continue to be disappointed
may even in the past. At
vulnerable points these will
continue to be exposed as
“blind automata”. In conclusion,
we won’t see full AI in human
lives, but should live to get a
good feel for whether are not it
is possible and how it could be
achieved by our descendants. At
last it can be aid, “AI is
possible…but it won’t happen”.

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