Application of The Method of Orthogonal Collocation On Finite Elements

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THE UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA
APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF ORTHOGONAL COLLOCATION ON FINITE.

ELEMENTS TO ENGINEERING .PROBLEMS
by
' { p.
'
Dileep Kumar
A,THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH
TNr PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE
OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
TN
.
'
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, .
(
'
'l
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
EDMONTON, ALBERTA
Spring, 1979
'
THE UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA

,\
FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES ANQy RESEARCH

f*
The undersigned c e r t i f y t h a t they have read, and recommend

to th e ~ F a c u l ty o f Graduate Studies and Research, f o r acceptance, a
thesis. e n t i t l e d
A p p l i c a t i o n o f the Method o f Orthogonal C o l l o c a t io n

...
. . . L . .......................
on F i n i t e Elements to Engineering Problems.
Dileep Kumar
su bm itted by ....................
;.......................................
in p a r t ia l
f u l f i l m e n t o f the requirements f o r the degree o f

v
Master o f Science.
(Supervisor)
Date
. n
n .
7 7
Abst r a c t
The method o f orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n on f i n i t e elements
(OCFE) was applied to two engineering problems.
One of. the problems
considered is t h a t o f the flo w o f a Newtonian f l u i d . i n an i n t e r n a l l y

finned%ube.
C y l i n d r i c a l coordinates were employed and Legendre
s h i f t e d orthogonal polynomials were used as the t r i a l
fu n c t i o n s .
An
a l t e r n a t i n g d i r e c t i o n i m p l i c i t (ADI) method was used to' solve the

r e s u l t i n g set o f equations.
Be tt er accuracy was achieved by increasing
the number o f c o l l o c a t i o n p o in ts per element rath|er than increa sing the

number o f elements f o r a given number o f i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n p o in t s .
i
Although, in general, f o r a given' t o t a l
number o f c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s , the
OCFE was found s u p er io r tq the f f n i t e d i f f e r e n c e method in terms o f

/
accuracy, the computational time requirement was much higher f o r the
method o f orthogonal col lq5-tion on f i n i t e elements.
The second problem considered deals w it h the si m ul a ti o n o f
two-dimensional m i s c ib l e displacement o f o i l by a solven t i n p o r o u s
media.
-A d i r e c t method o f s o l u t i o n was used.
Solution o f the
c o n t i n u i t y equadjon provided e x c e l l e n t mass conservation.

However,
*
r e a l i s t i c c o nc ent rat ion p r o f i l e s could o n ly be obtained from the
.c o n ve ct io n d i f f u s i o n equation f o r a very high value o f the d i f f u s i o n
coefficient.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
V
The .author wishes to acknowledge the help and guidance,
*
'
rece ived'fro m. D r . J. H. Masliyah throughout the cour.se of t h i s s t u d y .
The author is, indebted to hi f r i e n d , Rajeev
f o r valuable suggestions and useful c r i t i c i s m s .
The author
.0
D. -Deshmukh,
Wishes to thank Mrs. Audrey M^yes f o r c a r e f u l l y

.
-1
typing the thesis and meeting the deadline.
F i n a l l y , the f i n a n c i a l assistance provided by the U n i v e r s i t y

t
'
o f Al ber ta is g r a t e f u l l , y acknowledged.
'
Table of Contents
Chapter
Page
I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . ............ f T . .........................................
**
2 >
Li te r a tu r e Rev.iew ..........................1..........
Method of Weighted Residuals and Orthogonal

C ol lo c at io n on F i n i t e Elements................................
3.1 General T r e a tm e n t
: . . . . ...........
(a) Subdomain Method........................................ ...................... .7

(b) Least Squares Method.......................................................... 8
(c) .Galerkin M eth od- ............................. '.................................8
8
(d) Method o f Moments..................
(e) C o ll o c a t io n Method...............................................................9
3.2 Choice o f T r i a l F u n c t i o n s ..................
3.3 The: Method o f Orthogonal C o l l o c a t i o n ........................ .-...10

3.4 OVthogonal .Co lloca tion f o r Two-Dimensional
Problems
...............................................
13
3.5 Orthogonal C o ll o c a t io n on F i n i t e Elements

. (OCFE) . . . . . . . ^ ........ . . . . . . . ...............................................17
. 3 .5 .1 ' Approximation E r r o r s
~4T
..............
A p p li c a ti o n o f OCFE to Finned T u b e s .
18
................. .............. 19
4.1 Statement o f the Problem...........................
- ........... -19
4.2 OCFE Formulation o f the Problem.............................. . . . . . . 2 1

4."3 Solut ion o f the Equations
..............
25
4.3.1 Constant, r s o l u t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - --25

4.3 .2 Constant.O s o l u t i o n . ..........................
4.4 -Computational Scheme
\* -
4.5 C a lc u la t io n o f Average V
l o
..
c i t y
-26
........................28
............. 32
4.6 Other Techniques..............
35
4.6.1 Least Square~-Madching Tech niqu e..............................35

4.6 .2 F i n i t e - D i f f e r e n c e Method,.F.D.
36
4. 6 .3 Soliman and Feingold Approach.................... . . . . . . . 3 6

4.7 Discussion o f Results.
................. 38
Table o f Contents - continued

Chapter'
5
'
,Page
A p p li c a t i o n o f OCFE to. Porous M e d i a ......................................... 46

5.1 Governing Equations ..........
I . . . . . . ................... 46
, 5.2 Numbering Scheme ...................
. 1 .....................50
5.3 OCFE Formulation o f the. Governing Equations

5.3.1 C o n t in u it y
..50
Equation . . . . . . ,J. ... . . .......
50
5.3.2 Coîvection-Di ffusôn Equation
. . ......................... 58
5.3.2.1 Runge-Kutta Method-, R.K.
. . * . ......................... 59
5.3.-2.2 Total I m p l i c i t Method
. ................................ 60
5.4 Determination o f Source. Term ..................
......6 1
5.5 Computational Scheme .....................................

5.6 Results and Discussion
................... -..............
61
*
5.6.1 V e l o c i t y Results .................................
<
62
5.6.1.1 Con fig u ra ti on One . . . ........

5 .6 .1 .2 Con fig u ra tio n Two
5.6 .2 Concentration Results
6
.62
...64
..........................
69
...........,...................................70
Conclusions and Recommendations . . ; ..................................... . . . 7 6

6.1 Conclusions
....................................................
j ....7 6
6.1.1 Finned Tube Problem ................

6 .1 .2
Porous Media P r o b le m .....................................
6.2 Recommendations
B i b lio gr a p h y
76
;76
........ > .............................................. J .76
. ..
77
Appendices
A
Computer Program to Generate Matrices, A, Band w. . . . . . 7 9
B
Tabulation o f M a tr i c e s , A, B and w
So lut ion o f a One-Dimensional P r o b l e m ..................................... 97
F i n i t e Difference Formulation o f the Finned

Tube P r o b l e m
.....................
108
Pressure and V e l o c i t y Results from C o n t in u it y

Equation ................
110
E
F
.................................... . . '8 4
Concentration Results from Convection D i f f u s i o n

Equation .......................................................
.-148
Hand c a l c u l a t i o n f o r Concentration Results............................170
Physical Data f o r Porous Media Problem ................................
vn
C,
'
L i s t o f Tables
Table
1
'
Summary o f co m putations-for the Orthogonal C ol lo ca ti o n

on F i n i t e Element Method................................. t ...............
33
Summary o f Computations f o r the F i n i t e Diffe renc e Method.
Summary o f Results f o r
Comparison o f Evaluated and I n j e c te d Q.......................................... ^...65
C o l l o c a t io n Point number o f the P oi nt located a t the . .

Centre o f Each Element f o r N=3 and 5. .......................
6
\
the OCFE and FD
&
Page
....37
...............
...39
66
'
Comparison o f the Pressures a t the Centre o f Each

Element f o r N=3 and 5 . ' ......................
67-
\
C . l \ Comparison o f the A n a ly t ic a l and Numerical Results f o r
\
a One-Dimensional Problem................................................................ 104
\
\
E.l
C on f ig u r a ti o n One: Pressure and V e l o c i t y Results f o r
100 cp and N=2. . . , ....................... . . ..................................112
E.2
C o n f ig u r a tio n One: Pressure and V e l o c i t y Results f o r

4'
u = 10,000 cp and N=2........................t .......... .............................. 113
'E.3
C on fig u ra ti on One: Pressure and V e l o c i t y Results f o r

y = 100 cp \ a n d N=3..............
E.4
j
E.5
C o n f ig u r a tio n One: Pressure and V e l o c i t y Results f o r

y = 10,000 cp add N=3. ' .
116 ;
\
Con fi g u ra ti on One: Pressurexand V e l o c i t y Results f o r

y '= 100 cp and N=4. \ .................................................................. 118
\
E.6
iE. 7
, E.8
.114
'
'
Con fig u ra ti on One: Pressure and^V eloc ity Results f o r

y = 10,000 cp and N=4. . . . \ . ................................
xyj\
Configuration'One: Pressure and V e l o c i t y Results f o r
y = 100 cp and N=5...............................
124
C o n f ig u r a ti on One: Pressure and V e l o c i t y Results f o r

y = 10,000 cp and N=5............ -................................
'.......... .127
121
E.9 C on f ig u r a ti o n Two: Pressure and V e l o c i t y R e s u l t s r f o r

y = 100 cp and N=2.............................. .. r . ............................ . . . . 1 3 0
E.10 C on f ig u r a ti o n Two: Pressure and V e l o c i t y Results f o r
y = 10,000 > cp and N=2. .......................................................
*..
'
V lll
.131..
\
L i s t o f Tables - continued.
Tabl e
Page
E .ll
Co n f i ^ u r a t i o n Two: Pressure and V e l o c i t y Results f o r

\ t = 100
,132
cp and N=3. ................................. ............
k
E.12 Conf igu ra tio n Two: Pressure and V e l o c i t y Results f o r
v = .10,000 cp
and N=3. . . ..........................
134
V
E.13 Con fig u ra tio n Two: Pressure and V e l o c i t y Results f o r
u = , 100 cp
and N=4. .....................................................................136
E.14
E.15
Confi guration Two : Pressure and Veloci ty Results f o r

u = 10,000 cp and N=4.
j
E.16
F. l
Confi g u ra ti on Two : Pressure and Veloci t y Results f o r

u = 100 cp and N=5...........
139 .
/
........ 142
Con fi gu ra tio n Two: Pressure and V e l o c i t y Resul.'ts f o r

v = 10,000 cp and N=5.......................
145
Con fi g u ra ti on One: Concentration Results f o r

Kp = .0001075 cm2/s
and N=3.......................................
150
F.2
Con fig u ra tio n One: Concentration Results f o r

Kp = .01075 cm2/s
and N=3.................................... "......................152
F.3
Con fi g u ra ti on One: Concentration Results f o r

. Kq = .0001075 cm2/s
and N=5.......................................................154
F.4
C on fig u ra ti on One: Concentration Results f o r

Kd = .01075 cm2/s
and N=5.............................................. , ...........157
F.5
C on fig u ra ti on Two: Concentration Resdlts f o r

Kd = .0001075 cm2/s
and N=3...............................
160
F.6
.
C on fig u ra tio n Two:- Concentration Results f o r

Kit-= .01075 cm2/s - and N=3.................................................. . . . . . 1 6 2
I ,
o
F.7=- C on fi g u ra tio n Two: Concentration Results f o r
.164
Kp = .0001075 cm2/s
and N=5.. ......................................
F.8
Con fig u ra ti on Two: Concentration R^sul ts f o r

Kp = .01075 cm2/ s
and N-5....................
'.. . . . 1 6 7
'
L i s t o f Figures
Figure.
'
Flow Geometry o f a Fanned Tube
Page
1........._............. '.20
F i n i t e Elements and Col l o c a t i o n ' P o i nts
Col lo c a t io n Points near the Fin Tip .............. f.
Flow c h a r t f o r the Computational Scheme
l o ^ ^ P ^ o f the Points f o r F i n i t e !Difference
V a r i a t i o n o f Centre' and Average. V e l o c i t i e s

f o r L=0.5 w it h number of C ol lo c at io n Points
' f o r GOC .................; ................................
.................. 23
for
..41
V a r ia t io n o f Centre v e l o c i t y wit h number o f

C o ll o c a t io n P o i n t s . f o r OCFE . . . . j ...................................... 44
8
<*
9
...................... ..22
. V a r i a t i o n o f Average V e l o c i t y w it h number of
C o ll o c a t io n Points f o r OCFE
............. ..............................49
Geometry o f the Porous Medium
.10'
Numering of unknowns f o r N=2
11
Numbering o f unknowns f o r N=3
...45
...........................................
51
.....................
52
12
Numbering o f unknowns f o r N=4 ....................................................... 53
13
Numbering o f unknowns f o r N=5
14
Flow Chart f o r The Computational Scheme f o r Porous

Medium Problem ................
63
Con fig u ra tio n One:

D ir e c t i o n of the Resultant
V e l o c i t y f o r N=3
68
15
16
17
18'
.....................
....54
Line of Symmetry f o r Con fig ur ati on Tw o

C on fig u ra ti on Two: D i r e c t i o n o f the Re
V e l o c i t y f o r N=3
: . . . . ............. 69
ant
71
Contour f o r Concentration P r o f i I e A f t e r .50Time Steps

f o r K0. 1 .075 'm2/ s .. . ..
....................
C.l
Location o f - C o l l o c a t i o n Points
C.2
Block Diagonal Ma tri x ......................
.75
------ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
....100
L i s t o f Figures - continued
Figure
'
Page
\
C.3
Block Diagonal Matrix -as a Band Structured

M a trix
. . . . . . . ........ . \ ......... . - . ................................. 102
G.l
C ol lo c at io n Points f o r F i r s t and Second De ri va ti ve s

f o r N=3..... ...................................................... ' .............................. 171
0
G.2
C ol lo c at io n Points f o r F i r s t and- Second De ri va ti ve s

f o r N=5
: ........................... ! ..................... i .............. 174
Nomenclature
A
F i r s t d e r i v a t i v e re p re se n ta tio n in the orthogonal

c o l l o c a t i o n mathod
^
Ap
'
Dimensioriless c ro s s - s e c t io n a l flo w area (Ap/R2)

t
Second d e r i v a t i v e re p re s e n ta tio n i n the orthogonal

c o l l o c a t i o n method.
-
Concentration o f the s olv en t in the o i l - s o l v e n t mixture
Cp
Dimensioniess wetted perimeter (Cp/R)
C.
in
S o u r c e co nc entration
dV
o
f
f.'Re '
Di f f e r e n t i a l . -vol ume, cm3

'
Fanning f r a c t i o n f a c t o r
.
'
, Product o f Fanning f r i c t i o n f a c t o r and Reynolds number'

Axk
'
V
= Z - , a dimensioniess q u a n t i t y
" Ay? .
Xj
'
ta
Dimensioniess v a r i a b l e
C o ll o c a t io n p o in t a t f i n t i p
*
Kg
Dispersion C o e f f i c i e n t , cm2/ s
(Kg= <j>Kg.p).
Kgj
'Total Dispersion C o e f f i c i e n t , cm2/ s
Kp
P e rm e a b i li ty , darcy
k 1, k 2 , k 3 and.k4 k-values o f the f o u r t h order Runge-Kutta method

L1
Dimensional len g th , cm
Fin len g th , dimensioniess (Chapter 4)
i '
*.
Length o f the fo r m a tio n, cm (Chapter 5)

p
Fin t i p element
"
Number.of i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n po ints i n one d i r e c t i o n

per element
NE
Number o f elements
'
'
NR, NX' and Ne
Total number o f c o l l o c a t i o n points ( i n c l u d i n g

boundary c o l l o c a t i o n points f o r GOC in r , x and e d ire c tio n s , respectively
NEe, NER, NEX and NEY Number o f elements in e, r , x and y d i r e c t i o n s

respectively
NPe, NPR,-NPX and NPY Number o f c o l l o c a t i o n po ints per. element'in0 , r , x and y d i r e c t i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y (=N+2)
P, p ' ,
- . Pressure, psi
P-
Orthogonal p o ly n o m ia l, Legendre s h i f t e d polynomial
k
P- -'-
Pressure a t c o l l o c a t i o n pov t ( x . , y . ) i n the k

element
1
q, q(x( , y ' } '
th
Source term, cm-3/cm3f o r m a t i o n ^ S c v
Source term, cm3/s

>
v Calculated-Q using a quadrature approach

R .' .
Tube iradius, cm
r'
Radial coordinate
Dimensioniess r a d i a l
Va lue .of r a t c o l l o c a t i o n - p o i n t
Re
coordinate
. .
Reynolds, number
s>
'
(e ..r.)
i ' j
- .
,
*S
Time, s
At
u x ,Uy
Thickness o f the for m a ti o n, cm
u.
( r : /R)
Increment i n t , s
"
' .
Darcy Jveloc i t y , cm/s

Component o f the Darcy v e l o c i t y i n x and y d ir e ct io n s ',
cm/s
k,
k
u x! . or Ux* .. ( x i y i )
1 >J
^-component o f the v e l o c i t y o f c o l l o c a t i o n
poin-t/(x^.j'y.) in the k^th element"
- .
xi i i
w, ,w.
Weighting f a c t o r , weighting f a c t o r i n the i*"*1 row
W'
Width o f the form atio n, cm
W'
k i
W (o ,r\
Dimensional v e l o c i t y ,u cm/s
Dimensioniess v e l o c i t y
vl-
' i
Wc
Centre v e l o c i t y , dimensioniess
<W>
Average v e l o c i t y , dimensioniess
a-f-t c
r noll ll o
nc
r aa ttiino n
n+t /ft
in the
"t"h P k?,
Velocity a
n nm*
poin
( e . . ,Tr* . )i in
element, dimensioniess
. ^
1 .J
WF
A weighting f a c t o r
x1 .
Axial direction,.-cm
w
<
a x ia l d i r e c t i o n dimensioniess
ax ,
kt
th
'/
'*
v
element size in x - d i r e c t i o n
Transverse d i r e c t i o n dimensioniess
x
Ay?
j.
element size in y d i r e c t i o n
" /^constant
Greek Symbols
a
Semi angle o f f i n separation
Angular coordinate
Po ro s it y
k ,i
u,p . . ,
1. i J |
V iscosity, v is c o s ity at c o llocation point ( x . , y . )

kt^h element, cp
' '
I
I t e r a t i o n parameter
Solution domainDimensioniess v a r i a b l e
Subscri p.ts
i , j , k , and n
indi ce s
Oil
'
S olvent\
Fin
x,y
In x and y d i r e c t i o n s
Vector
Superscri pts
Vector
Matrix
Denotes a dimensioniess q u a n t i t y
k,
Denotes k t ^
s+
t,t+At
element
Denotes i n i t i a l value, value a f t e r one h a l f i t e r a t i o n

and value a f t e r one comple/te i t e r a t i o n , r e s p e c t i v e l y
Denotes value a f t e r t and t+At time l e v e l s r e s p e c t i v e l y
xv
Chapter 1 &
INTRODUCTION
There has been a growing i n t e r e s t in the a p p l i c a t i o n o f the
method o f
hogonal c o l l o c a t i o n on f i n i t e elements (OCFE) to a wide
v a r i e t y o f chemical engineering problems.
The OCFE. method combines the
fe atu re s of the orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n method w it h those o f the f i n i t e

element method.
The main advantage o f the orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n
method i s i t s rapid convergence.

can change
Moreover,
In the f i n i t e element method, one
shape or size o f the elements to f i t
i r r e g u l a r boundaries.
a d d i ti o n a l elements can be inser ted in the regions o f steep

r
g r a d i e n ts .
The OCFE method has been shown-to be very powerful in
o b t a in i n g so lu t io n s to one-dimensional problems.
However, not enough
work has been done to demonstrate the s u i t a b i l i t y , o f thje method to

i
.
!
multidimensional problems.
The purpose o f the present work is to study the s u i t a b i l i t y
4.
o f the r e c e n t l y developed OCFE method to two-dimensional problems.
In
order to gain confidence in the method, i t was f i r s t applied to a simple

one-difnensional problem.
The program l i s t i n g f o r the one-dimensional
'
problem is given in .Appendix C.

The a p p l i c a b i 1i t y o f the OCFE method to f l u i d flow in finned
tubes i s discussed in Chapter 4.
one o f the boundaries.
The.problem has a steep gradi en t a t
The reason f o r the choice o f t h i s flow prbblem
is t h a t the numerical techniques which were used t o , s o l v e ' t h e problem

could no handle the steep g ra di e n t unless a la r g e number o f g r id points
were used.
The Resulting a lg e b r a ic equations were solved using the
ADI technique.
1
+ The A p p l i c a b i l i t y o f the OCFE method to porous media is
discussed in Chapter 5.
The problem deals w it h the, unsteady sta te
m i s c ib l e displacement o f o i l
by s o lv e n t i n an o i l r e s e r v o i r .
Unlike
the finned tube problem, a d i r e c t method o f s o lu t io n was used. .T he'

d i r e c t method solved a l l the equations simultaneously using the LU
decomposition technique w it h i t e r a t i v e refinement.
The d i r e c t method
was employed I because the ADI technique was found to be f a i r l y expensive

f o r the-tinner) tube problem.
The two d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s f o r the
production w e l \ were considered.
In one o f the schemes, the geometry
represented a quart er o f a f i v e spot.
The second scheme which has no
p r a c t i c a l importance was used mainly to check the numerical r e s u l t s . , '
1 /
CHAPTER 2
.
. LITERATURE REVIEW'
The method o f weighted re s id u a ls
(Subdomain, C o l l o c a t i o n , Galerkin e t c . ) .
u n i f i e d by Crandall
eric ipassesseveral
These
methods
methods weref i r s t
(1956) as the method o f w e i g h t e d T ^ s i d u a l s (MWR).
A comprehensive review o f the l i t e r a t u r e on MWR is a v a i l a b l e in Finjayson

(1972, 1974).
The method o f weighted r e s id u a ls was
".'V
applied to a ,idc
v a r i e t y o f engineering problems by Clymer and Braun (1973), r inl_ayson

and Scriven (1966) and VichneVe tsky (1969).
i
'
}
A p p l i c a t i o n o f the Galerkin
<
method to r e s e r v o i r enginee n c was considered by Cavendish e t a l . (1969)

''Gplham and Varga
(1 9 71 )-and McMichael and Thomas (1973).
Cavendish
et a l . des cr ibed 'a . new technique based oh the Galerkin method which used
both high and low order piecewise polynomial approximations to solve
boundary value problems in r e s e r v o i r engineering.
Culham and Vargaîn
a d d i t i o n to the Galerkin method,applied non-Galerkin cubic s p li n e i n t e r

p o la ti o n to solve n o n - li n e a r p a ra b o lic equations.
McMichael' and Thomas
i n v e s t ig a te d the
f e a s i b i l i t y o f using the Galerkin method on three phase
multidimensional
compressible floW.
They observed t h a t f o r a given time
step the Galerkin method required much more computer time than the
^ f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e model.
However/, the Galerkin method was capable o f
handling a l a r g e r time step.
A c o l l o c a t i o n method was f i r s t applied by S l a t e r (1934) to

solve d i f f e r e n t i a l equations.
Frazer e t a l . (1937) used t h i s
method w it h various t r i a l func/tijbns.
Lanczos (1938) used the roots to
Tchebychev polynomials as col/locarfon p o i n t s .
Sparrow and Haji-Sheikh
/
/
/
.
*
'
(1968) su c c e s s fu lly applied a l e a s t square c o l l o c a t i o n method to steady

s t a t e ' h e a t conduction in a r b i t r a r y bodies./ The f i r s t known a p p l i c a t i o n
o f a boundary c o l l o c a t i o n method is due to Sparrow and L o e f f l e r (1959).
The method o f orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n was f i r s t applied by
Lanczos (1938, 1956).
I t has since been applied by Cleanshaw and
Norton (1963)\ Norton (1964), and Wright (1964) to solve o r d in a r y

d i f f e r e n t i a l equations.
."v
Villa ds en and Stewart (1967) applied the o r t h o -
gonal c o l l o c a t i o n method to
boundary value problems.
The method o f
^ or tho go nal c o l l o c a t i o n has been shown to be very e f f e c t i v e f o r c e r t a i n

n o n - l i n e a r chemical engineering problems and has been h ig h l y advocated
by Finlayson (1971), Young and Finlayson ( 1 9 7 3 ) . ,
Sincovec (1977) described the development o f a generalized
c o l l o c a t i o n method f o r the s o lu t io n o f coupled n o n - l i n e a r par abo lic
p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l equations.
wit h Gaussian
He showed t h a t the c o l l o c a t i o n method
c o l l o c a t i o n points was more e f f e c t i v e than the conventional
f i n it e difference/solution.
He also showed t h a t f o r problems w it h a smooth
s o l u t i o n , one would o b ta in more accuracy per u n i t time by increasing

the order o f the c o l l o c a t i o n method.
"
The method o f orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n on f i n i t e elements

(OCFE)- which is, the s u b je ct of. t h i s the si s i s a r a t h e r new technique.
The area i s not well explored and not much work has been done on t h i s
method.
Douglas and Dupont (1973) studied t h e o r e t i c a l l y a f i n i t e
element c o l l o c a t i o n method f o r parabolic equations.
Bla dier (1973)
'u s e d OCFE to solve a d ie swell problem u n s u c c e s s f u ll y .
Anderman (1974)
used t h i s method to solve a two dimensional f l u i d flo w around a sphere

a t a very low Reynolds number.
He found t h a t the computational time
requirement was very l a r g e .
Carey and Finlayson (1975) used the OCFE
method to solve a one dimensional e ff e c t iv e n e s s f a c t o r problem

c a t a l y s t p e l l e t and they h ig h l y recommended the use o f OCFE-.
Chang
and Finlayson (1977) applied the OCFE method to a two dimensional

problem and used the a l t e r n a t i n g d i r e c t i o n i m p l i c i t (ADI) method to
solve the r e s u l t i n g a lg e b r a ic equations.
CHAPTER 3
THE METHODS OF WEIGHTED RESIDUALS AND ORTHOGONAL COLLOCATION ON
FINITE ELEMENTS
3.1
General Treatment:
The method o f weighted re sid ua ls (MWR) i s a -ganeral method o f
o b t a in i n g s o lu t io n s to d i f f e r e n t i a l equations.
The s o l u t i o n to be
determined is expanded in a set o f s p e ci f ie d t r i a l

constants o f the t r i a l
fu n c tio n s .'
fun ct io n s are obtained using MWR.
The
The f i r s t
approximation gives a s o l u t i o n w i t h i n 20%. However, more accurate

s o l u t i o n s can b'e obtained using higher approximations.
For i l l u s t r a t i v e purposes, a boundary value problem is
.
5
considered Finlayson (1972).
fe
(
v2T = Txx + Tyy
=0
, -T = Tq
i n V( x y)- '
(3-1)
on the boundary o f
Assuming^ t r i a l
V ^
^(3 .2 )
f u n c ti o n o f t-ljse form
n
T = T + 7 C.T.
0 i=i
1 1
'(3 .3 )
where fu n c ti o n s T^ s a t i s f y the boundary co nditio ns (T^=0 on the

boundary).
residual
S u b s ti tu te
Equatioriy (3 .3) in Equation (3.1 ) to form the
(The residual i s zero everywhere in V when the t r i a l
fu n c tio n js
the exact s o l u t i o n ) .
.
0r
R = V2 (T
N
+
I
C.T.)
o î 1 l v
N
R = v 2T +T C. v 2T.
0
i -1 1
(3.4)
In the method o f weighted r e s i d u a l s ,

way t h a t the residual
are chosen in such.a
is forced to be.zero in-an average sense.
Equating the weighted i n t e g r a l s o f the residual to zero y i e l d s
(WFj , R) = O
WFj R dV
where (WF . , R) =
,
and
j = 1 ,2
' (.3 - 5)
-
(o 6)
WF i s a weighting f a c t o r . When WF and R are orthogonal then
WF R dV = 0
From'Equations ( 3 . 4 ) and (3.5 ) one obta ins,
I
'
i =l
C (WF., v2Tf ) = - (WF

3
V2T )
(3.7)
Equation (3.7) can be w r i t t e n as
j ,
'
(3.8)
where G^ = (WF^, v2T \ )

H.
J
= - (WF . ,V2T )
J o
Here T and T. are known.

o
t
Therefore G.. and H. can be evaluated i f WF.

Ji
J
J
i s known. The methods of choosing WF. are described below. Once G.. and
. J
Ji
H. are known;
can be evaluated using Equation ( 3 . 8 ) .
can then be
s u b s t i t u t e d in Equation (3.3) to o b ta in the approximate s o l u t i o n .
There are various ways o f choosing the weighting fu n c ti o n s WF.
Each choice provides a d i f f e r e n t method o f weighted r e s i d u a l s .
Some o f
the impo rta nt methods are considered below.

a) Subdomain method:
D iv i d in g the domain -V i n t o n^ smaller subdomli
V . and d e f i n i n g
J
wf
1 X 'in V.
. =<
J
J
O X not in' V .
J
'
One observes t h a t the residual R, o f the d i f f e r e n t i a l equation

when i n t e g r a t e d ' o v e r the subdomain, Vj , i s zero as given by Equation ( 3 . 5 ) .
As the number o f subdomains increase^the d i f f e r e n t i a l equation is
s a t i s f i e d in more and more subdomains and the residual approaches zero
everywhere in the l i m i t as nr
d
b) Least squares method:
f u n c ti o n i s
dR
In the l e a s t squares method th e .w e ig h ti ng
Equating the residual
to zero one o b ta in s ,
f :
or
3C.
1
R dv = 0
R2 dV = 0
f o r i = 1 , 2 . .. n
Hence the i n t e g r a l
is minimized wit h respect to
Equation (3.10) provides the C.. c o e f f i c i e n t s .
(3 .9 )
]g)
S o lu t io h o f
The algebra involved
using t h i s method is us u al ly r a t h e r tedious.

c) Galerkin- Method:
fn the Galerkin method, the weighting f u n c ti o n s
are also the t r i a l
fu n c t i o n s , i . e . , WF.. = T . .
The t r i a l
fu n c ti o n s
must be p a r t o f a complete set o f fu n c ti o n s so th a t the t r i a l

a
s o l u t i o n is capable o f representing the exact s o lu t io n provided

enough terms are used. The Galerkin method forces the residu al to be
t
zero by making i t orthogonal to each member o f a complete se t o f
fu n c t i o n s .
d) Method o f .Moments:
In t h i s method the weighting f u n c t i o n s f o r
the one dimensional case are 1 , x , x 2 , x 3 , . . .Therefore successively

(
h ig h e r moments o f the re s id u a ls are fo rce d to be zero.
I t is
e vident th a t f o r the f i r s t approximation t h i s method is

i d e n t i c a l to the subdomain method,
e) C o ll o c a t io n Method:
In the c o l l o c a t i o n method the weighting
fu n c ti o n s are' the displaced Dirac d e lt a fu n c t i o n

P
WF
6(x - x . )
which has the pr operty t h a t

(3.12)
WF. R dV = R|
J
V
Thus the residual i s . z e r o a t the N c o l l o c a t i o n po in ts
approaches zero everywhere i n the l i m i t as N
and i t
I t has been shown t h a t in the c o l l o c a t i o n method the s o lu t io n

depends upon the choice o f the c o l l o c a t i o n po in ts a t which the residual
i s set to zero, Finlayson (1972).
In order to reduce such dependence
one can apply the l e a s t squares ,col l o c a t i o n method.

re sid ua l
In t h i s method the
is evaluated at more points than there are c o e f f i c i e n t s and the
over-determined set o f a l g e b r a ic equations are solved by a l e a s t

squares method.
..
The orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n method which is a special case o f

the c o l l o c a t i o n method ts discussed in Section 3.3.
2\ 2
Choice o f T r i a l Functions':
.
One o f the most im portant consid era tions i n using MWR is tfife
choice o f the t r i a l
functions.
Such a choice i s very important f o r low
order approximations but f o r higher order approximations i t is not as

critic a l
since the rat e o f convergence becomes the prime c r i t e r i o n ,
Finlayson (1972).
with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
The t r i a l
fu n c ti o n s must be complete so t h a t they represent
the exact s o l u t i o n i f enough terms are used.
Fu rth e r the t r i a l fu n c ti o n
should be as simple as po ssible and should not co mplicate the analysis

unnecessarily.
For a problem w it h a boundary c o n d i t i o n o f the type
y ( x , z ) = F(x,z) one may choose

N
y ( x , z ) = F(x,z) + I
a y . ( x ,z )
i =l
where i t is sp ec ifi ed t h a t y. = 0 on the boundary.

s a t i s f i e s the boundary c o n d i t i o n .
Thus the choice
One may s t a r t w i t h a general
polynomial and can ob tai n a reasonable t r i a l f u n c t i o n a f t e r ' ' a p p l y i n g

/
boundary co nditions and symmetry c o n d i ti o n s .

were found to be e x c e l l e n t t r i a l
Orthogonal polynomials
fun cti o n s (Finlayson 1972) and can be
constructed to s a t i s f y some o f the boundary c o n d i t i o n s .
This approach
i s usual ,y used i n the orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n method.

3.3
Method o f Orthogonal C o l l o c a t i o n :
The method o f orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n has been well covered by
''v
'.T
Finlayson (1972).
However, a b r i e f d e s c r ip t i o n i s presented in t h i s
s e c ti o n in order to f a c i l i t a t e the understanding- o f the method which was

e>
ap plied to the two dimensional problems discussec) i n t h i s t h e s i s .
The advantage o f the method o f orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n is the
ra p id convergence to the s o l u t i o n as the number o f c o l l o c a t i o n points is
increased. Ferguson
and Finlayson (1972) showed t h a t f o r an o rd in a ry
d i f f e r e n t i a l equation the e r r o r was pro po rti o n al to ( j j j - ) ^ ' ^

the number of i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s .
the e r r o r decreases by a f a c t o r o f 100.
difference calculation of
0 ( ax2),
where N is
As N changes from 5 to 6
In
the f i n i t e
a change o f N ( = | ) from 5 to
tAX
with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
decreases the e r r o r by only a f a c t o r o f 1.4.

In t.,e orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n me t h o ^ t h e - c o l l o c a t i o n po ints
are taken as the roots to.
orthogonal polynomials.
Stewart (1967) c.iose U \ e t r i a l
V i ll c d s e n and
fu n c ti o n s to be the sets o f orthogonal
polynomial which i l s c s a t i s f i e d the boundary cotTditions and the roots to

the polynomials gave he c o l l o c a t i o n p o in t s .
t
'
A b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n o f the o r t h o g o n a l^ c o ll o c a ti o n method i s
presented below.
Let a f u n c t i o n t be approximated by a t r i a ' l f u n c t i o n ,
NX-2
t ( x ) = b1 + b 9 x + x (1- x ) I
a.P. , (x)
i
z .
i =1
i - i
where the polynomials,
'
(3.13)
, are defined by
3.13a
WF'(x) Pn(x) Pm(x) dx = 0

0
and m f n
Thus the successive polynomials are orthogonal to a l l polynomials o f
order less than m with:some weighting f u n c t i o n WF(x) > 0.
NX is the
t o t a l number o f c o l l o c a t i o n po ints ( i n c l u d i n g boundary p o i n t s ) .

both even and odd powers o f x are included in the
Since
il f u n c t i o n s , i t is '
c l e a r t h a t the orthogonal polynomials have no special symmetry p r o

p e r t i e s . Equation ( 3 . T3) can be s u b s t i t u t e d in the d i f f e r e n t i a l equation
whose s o l u t i o n i s required and the r e s id u a ls are set to zero a t the given
c o l l o c a t i o n po in ts in the i n t e r v a l
(0,1).
o f Equation (3.13) can be evaluated.
Consequently the c o e f f i c i e n t s
The c o l l o c a t i o n po in ts are the roots
to the polynomial Pp ( x )- F in la y so n 1s approach is not to solve f o r the
with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
constants but f o r t a t the c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t .
Equation
( 3 . 1 3 ) can be
w r i t t e n as,
t (x) =
"
NX
I
1=1

d x 1" 1
-
I -
^
(3.14)
T a k i n g . f i r s t and second d e r i v a t i v e s a t the c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s , one

.*
obtains
'
i
NX
t ( x . ) = I d . ( x . ) 1~
i =1
.
..
NX
' ,
ar*,'1
NX
X ; > Z1
dx2
wfiere NX=N+2.
d -n
( x j ) 1' 2 d,
J
NX
f l x1" i : x , d t = b l
= ^ d .
'
= -j"
:= c d .
j
T-r
.
yields,
"
( 3 .! c
^
(3.19)
.
.
_ .
= d d
dx2 v
where
(3.1*7)
N- is the t o t a l number o f i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n p o in t s .
and
'
( ' - I X i - Z X x ^ 1' 3 dt
W r iti n g the above equations in the m a tri x notation
dt
dx
(3.15)
. _
x . di - . J ,
J
1=1
'NX .
d2t
'
'
'
2
'
(3.20)
,
0 = x ^
j i
.(3.-21).
-j
Cji - ( i -1) xj 2
(3.22)
*
' ^
Dj i = ( i - l ) ( l - 2 ) x ] - 3 :
"
'
" ;
"
n . 23)
13
From equation (3.1 8 ' .

d
= !f
11
.3-24;
S u b s t i t u t i n g d i n Equations(3.19) and (3.20) y i e l d s
S ' . c
r 1 t l
At
where A = C C
=! D Q_1 t = B t
dx 2
( 3 . 25 )
where S = 0 q _1
As the c o l l o c a t i o n points x . are known, matrices Q, C and d can be

J
evaluated and hence A and B can be determined. A general computer
program
A.
to c a l c u l a t e matrices
Q>, C,
d, A and B i s
The matrices are tabulated in Appendix B f o r
provided in Appendix
3 NX l 10.
Tabulation
o f matrices A and B i s also given in Finlayson (1972) f o r NX = 3 and 4.

. The d e r i v a t i v e s in
is to be found
d i f f e r e n t i a l equation whose s o l u t i o n
can be replaced by Equations
(3.25) and (3 .2 6 ) .
The
r e s u l t i n g set o f a lg eb ra ic equations can be solved s ub jec t to the

p r e v a i l i n g boundary c o n d i ti o n s .
For a d i f f e r e n t i a l equation o f the
type
d 2t , d t ,
,
n "
' dx2
dx X t ~ 0
. (3.27)
ne obtains
NX
y b. .
i=i
J1
t. +
1
NX
y a . .t. + x . t .
f=i
j 11
j j
(3.28)
f o r each i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t j .
3.4
Orthogonal C o ll o c a t io n f o r Two-Dimensional Problems:

For two-dimensional problems a t r j a l
f u n c ti o n analogous to
'
Fquat'on
(3.13) is given by, Finlayson (1 974).

NX- 2
T ( x, y) = < b-j+b^x ,+ x ( l - x )
I ' akP
k- 1
^ _ i
(x)
NY-2
c1+c2y + y d - y )
Of
NX
T(x,y) =
[ d
x,k
k=l
(3.29)
NY
k-1
'1
y
i = l
(3.30)
y *
where
x,k
(3.31)
(3.32)
For any p a r t i c u l a r p o i n t ( i , j ) one can w r i t e

NX
k- 1
k=r
D e fin in g
m atr ix
T by T.
NY
-1
y d
=1
y.
y
(3.33)
. = T ( x . , y . ) E q u a t i o n . (3.33) becomes
"1 J
"J
(3.34)
Tu
Q -
where Qx and Qy are Q in x and y d i r e c t i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y i*and t h e i r values

are given by Equation (3.21) or in the ma tri x form by
T -
QX dX
^ /y ]
(3.35)
or
T =
Q d d1 Q 1
x x y vy x
(3.36)
15
The f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e wit h respect to x is given by
(3.37)
= C d d ' Q '
x x y- y
9x
Q
x
- C
C Q _1
x x
or
'=
9X
3T.
or
(3.38)
V A
^
k
3x
i,k
k,j
(3.39)
The f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e w it h respect to y i s given by

T = Q d d
x x y
Q
y
9T _ / sT x
9y
\ 9y
(3.40)
(3.41)
where
= Q'd d Q
y x x
and
3y
a a '
y x vx
= C Q _1 t '
y y
(3.42)
(3.43)
or
9T' = A 1
ay
y
(3.44)
As the same c o l l o c a t i o n p o in ts are being used in both x and y d i r e c t i o n s ,

the s u b s cr ip ts x and y from A, B, C, d and 0 can be dropped.
Let I = T
( 3 .4 5 )
f
16
hence
Z. . = T. .
i .J
J
Equation
( 3 . 2 ) gives
3Z.
1 >J
= '
sy
fe
. .
i,k
Interchanging i and j in
.k,j
(3.46)
E q u at io n (3.46) y i e l d s
3Z.
Aj , k Zk , i
cy
'(3.47)
or
i* ? *
.lc h , k
(3-48)
S i m il a r r e l a t i o n s hold f o r the second d e r i v a t i v e s .

..*>V
Thus f o r affi$wo dimensional problem o f the type
-ifl
,x:
= f (x>y)
(3 .4 9 )
ay2
one obtains
NX
NY
J B.
T . +
y B.T.
n =1 in
n,j
^
J,n
=
i ,n
f(x .,y .)
i
/, r n\
(3.50)
f o r any i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t ( i , j )
17
/
3.5
'
The Method o f Qrthogonal C ol lo c at io n on F i n i t e Elements (OCFE)

The main d i f f e r e n c e between the method o f weighted r e si d u a ls
(MWR) and t\ie t r a d i t i o n a l

tria l
functions.
f i n i t e element method is in the choice o f the
Normally MWR uses t r i a l
fu n ct io n s defined over the

I
e n t i r e domain whereas in the t r a d i t i o n a l f i n i t e element method t r i a l
or shape fu n c ti o n s are defined over each element.
The advantage o f the
f i n i t e element method i s t h a t the elements can be changed in shape or

size to f i t the physical boundaries.
The method o f orthogonal
c o l l o c a t i o n on f i n i t e elements is an, attempt to combine the fe atu re s o f

both the orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n method and the f i n i t e element method.
The main fe a tu r e of'OCFE i s t h a t the domain o f i n t e r e s t is
divided i n t o subdomains and th a t the t r i a l
f u n c ti o n is ap plied over the
domain in a piecewise fashion element by element. Using such

d i s c r e t i z a t i o n OCFE should then be able to handle s o lu t io n s which have
steep gradients
(0,T) i t become.,
between ( 0 , 1 ) .
s the t r i a l
fun cti o n s are orthogonal
in the region
,-cessary to have the independent v a r i a b l e ( s ) to l i e

For a given element, the value o f the r e s id u a ls give an
i n d i c a t i o n as to whether more elements need to be added in a given

region.
The t o t a l number o f i t e r a t i o n s can be reduced by using a
'
s o lu t io n obtained w ith a lesse r number o f c o l l o c a t i o n po ints as the
'
in itia l
guess f o r a higher number o f c o l l o c a t i o n p o in ts .
Irrespective
o f the nature o f the s o l u t i o n , (symmetric o r unsymmetric), ^ g e n e r a l

polynomial approximation should be used in OCFE.
A given d i f f e r e n t i a l
I
equation i s s a t i s f i e d a t each i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t . At the^
element int e r b o u n d a r ie s, c o n t i n u i t y o f the f i r s t de i v a t i v e i s sought.
For a one-dimensional problem, one obtains a block diagonal m a t r i x .
dimensional problems can be solved as one-dimentional problems using
Two-
18
the a l t e r n a t i n g d i r e c t i o n i m p l i c i t method (ADI).

.
/
Appendix C i l l u s t r a t e s the s o lu t io n o f a simple one
dimensional problem using OCFE.
included.
The computer program is also
A s i m i l a r approach was used to solve 'the two-dimensional f i n
problem discussed in ChaptePM.
3.5.1 .
Approximation Errors:
Douglas and Dupont (1973) showed t h a t , f o r par abo lic

d iffe re n tia l
equations the d i s c r e t i z a t i o n e r r o r was p r o po r tio n al
to h14
(h=l/NE) f o r N=2 , when the c o l l o c a t i o n points were the Gaussian

quadrature p o in ts .
However, when the c o l l o c a t i o n po in ts were u n if o r m ly
d i s t r i b u t e d in each element, the e r r o r was p r o p o r ti o n a l to h2 . ^ Thus

changing the c o l l o c a t i o n po ints to Gaussian quadrature points reduces
the e r r o r d r a m a t ic a l ly .
More g e ne r a lly , Deboor and Swartz (1973)
showed- th a t f o r a d i f f e r e n t i a l
equation o f the type D2y = f ( y ) , the
e r r o r f o r the OCFE could, be given by the f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n .

r.
i 1 nN+ 2
error a ( ^ )
Douglas ( 1973) showed th a t f o r 1 i.riear . problems ,when the
tria l
polynomials
were
degree (N+l ) , convergence proceeded as
Axn+^ g l o b a l l y and Ax^n a t the c o l l o c a t i o n p o in ts .
CHAPTER 4
APPLICATION OF THE-METHOD OF ORTHOGONAL COLLOCATION

ON FINITE ELEMENTS TO FINNED TUBES
me method o f orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n was applied to a

d i f f i c u l t f l u i d flo w problem.
o f an incompressible
The selected physical j>roblem is t h a t
Newtonian f l u i d flow i n the i n t e r n a l l y finned
js
tube shown in Figure 1.

partia-l d i f f e r e n t i a l
The governing equation i s an e l l i p t i c type o f
equation.
This problem was chosen mainly
because t r a d i t i o n a l f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e techniques did not provide an

adequate s o lu t io n unless a large number o f g r i d po in ts were
used and other techniques which are u s u a l l y used to solve these type
o f equations f a i l e d to produce a s a t i s f a c t o r y s o l u t i o n .
4.1
Statement o f the Problem:

The momentum equation governing the f l u i d fl o w is given by.
'
1
r'
<L_
ar ]
a r ',
I . _L
r ,
gq2
' p
dP
dx1
'
(a ,
Intro d u cin g the dimensionless q u a n t i t i e s ,

0
r =
r'
-w
and W = - -
The fl o w equation becomes
i!i + l
|K -+ J_
3r2
3r
The a p pr op ria te boundary c o n di ti o n s are
(Figure 1)
19
wi, permtes,o 0f
copv,g, ow ns,
(4. 2'
M 2
pro e . W . O . pem is ,o .
20
= o
e
o
<=>
L
r = 1
lb)
1-
(c)
r - 1
FIGURE I.
Flow Geometry of a Finned Tube
21
W= 0
at
r =1
W= 0
at
and 0
= u'
<_ a
and 1-L < r <
(4.3a)
1
(4.3b)
au
= 0
at
at
^ =
01
= 0- and 0
0
0
at
=a
and 0
r =0
< r < 1
(4.3c)
< r < 1-L
(4.3d)
and a l l e
( 4 . 3e)
Due to the complexity o f the boundary co n di tio n s and the presence o f a

suddeii v e l o c i t y v a r i a t i o n at the f i n t i p , i t is u n l i k e l y th a t a closed
form a n a l y t i c a l
4.2
s o lu t io n e x is t s .
OCFE Formulation o f the Problem:

For every k ^ element (Figure 2) two new v a ri a b le s are defined
such t h a t
.
g
1
i
r -r
'i
A
- ' (4.4)
where
A0k =
6 k+l
9k
'
'
v4-5'
and
Ar = r +l - r t
Thus in any
k t^
element both the v a r ia b l e s g and
(4.6)
v
vary from zero to
one.
OCFE is applied a t each i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n point, o f each
element ( k i ) .
Equation
4.2 can be w r i t t e n as:
22
-f
r'c/,
3. A
.----- --4, 2 J 4, 3
-------- -U - AX
kt'-th
element
1
3, 2 1 3, 3
A
A
J
2 ,2
1. 1
1, 2
4, 4
3, 4
ro
CO
4 .1
2. 4
1, 3
1. 4
!
J
r = 0
r = 1
6
5
4
3
=1
k + 1, C
k, C-1.
("
kJ
K) z + 1
k -1 , e
\
V
FIGURE 2.
Finlte ElemenCd and collocation Points
23
c
II
<2>
(a)
NEC = NER = 5
NP0 = NPR = 5
L = 0.3
'(b)
NE0 = #JER - 2
NP0 = NPR = 5
L = 0.3
FIGURE 3
Collocation Points Near the Fin Tip
where
(4.8)
and
NPe-1
2,
-h r
, NPR-1
(4.9)
k
, NER
For a given element k i , NP0 and NPR are the t o t a l number o f c o l l o c a t i o n

points ( i n c l u d i n g boundary p o in ts ) in
and r d i r e c t i o n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
NEo and NER are the number o f elements in
and r d i r e c t i o n s sr ^ s p e c t i v e l y .
Figure 2 shows the elements on which Equation (4.7) i s a p p l i e d .

E s s e n t i a l l y Equation (4.7) is applied to each element o f the' fl o w f i e l d .
On the element int erboundaries
f i r s t derivative
is
assumed.
continuity
For the element boundaries t h a t co incide
w it h the tube boundaries, the physical

Equation (4.3) are applied.
o f the fu n c ti o n ai>d' i t s
boundary co n di tio n s
The a lg e b ra ic Equations
as given by
( 4 .7 ) together
w it h the boundary co n di tio n s are solved using the ADI method, Peaceman
and Rachford (1955).
25
4.3 S o l u t i o n - o f the Equations:
Jr +v Ar i
L'
A r
!
NPR
l,
f r +v Ar 1 NPR
,
V B.
Wk H
1
I A.
W.
j,n i , n \ J |
Ar^
!
j,n
i,n
N P e
+
A\e?
0
n=l
n= I
SL 1 Aro}
SL
Bi1,n
n Vn Ji = (r"+v^
'
J
1 & solve the system o f equations using ADI, Equation
(4J0)
(4.10) is
written
in two d i f f e r e n t forms.
4.3.1 Constant r s o l u t i o n :
For constant r , Equation (4.10) can be w r i t t e n as.
M
i,j
,s+h __J_
a02
'k
Ny9 B
wk,A,s.+Js = ^ wk, ,s
n=1
Tn n >3
T'J
,
r , t
i NPR
r +v - Ar Ik2 NPR
SL ^J - 4SL
yr b .
wk F 5 + V v j AM
y ,
wk. ,s
n b j >n i ,n
j n=l J ' n 1-n---------- -------I
+ ( r +',j A r )2
'
(4J1)
where w i s an i t e r a t i o n parameter and (s+ 4 ) denotes the v e l o c i t i e s at

the end o f a constant r sweep.
At the element int e rb o u n da ri e s, the f o l l o w i n g c o n di ti o n s are imposed
( i ) C o n t i n u i t y o f the f u n c ti o n :
wnp S+'"=
Wk+1,,S+is
N r 0 , j 1 , J
f o r k = l , ......... NE0-1
(4.12)
26
( i i ) C o n t in u it y o f the f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e :
NPa
1
y
a
'
*A
1
NP0 ,n'
'k n=l
_L
.
A6 k+1
n, j
NPe
'-
A
W*<+"'
i , n wn , j
f o r k .= 1 ,
..
NEe-1
(4.13)
In a d d i t i o n the f o l lo w i n g boundary c o ndi tio ns are imposed (Figure 3);

B.C. 1 :
1
A6 1
'
>
'
"
NP0
y A.
n=l
1 n
&
/'
-i
,i
,
\
W . ,S '2= 0 f o r Jt-1, . . .NER a t 0 - 0
n,j
(4.14)
f-
I.C. 2:
1
Nv 9 a
' A0 m; J ,
NEo n=l
..N E e .i i . s + J j
NP.0 ,n ^ n , j
n ,
_0
f o r f and j
-_9
2
/'
, vs. ( j f
i \
f o r <
. . . . _^.
J= 2 , a . . . NPR-l
' (b) WNP0 j S+1* =
f 0 r f' = V
(4.15a) '
j * 3f - - - - NP.R- l
f o r >,. =
.t :.
ri1
t + 1,
j .= 2 ,
NER
NPR-l
(4.156)
Equation ( 4 . IT) together wit h Equations ^ 1.2) to (4.15) were solved l i n e

4
by l i n e a t constant r ( i . e f o r j = 2 , . . . . NPR-l and =1,...,NER)
>4.3.2
Constant e s o l u t i o n :
F d r constant 9; Equation (4.10)can be w r i t t e n as
27
Hk-t.s+.l
i,j
. '
1
l.r +vÂr I
-J- L \
NPR,
V a
wk,,s+1 =
L n=l J n 150 -
Ari M
i
NP6
J,
"P B
wk . . s +l
nLh j,n
i,n
Ar&
k,,s+b
Bi , n n j 5 i +
( V ^
^ t )r
>>
where (s+ 1 )! denotes . the v e l o c i t i e s - a t .end o f a constant e sweep.

At the'element int erboundaries the f o l lo w i n g ^ h o n d it io n s are imposed:
i
Conti n u t t y o f , the-, fu n c ti o n :
Wi ,NPR+1= Wi j
S+1
for
^=1-
-NER-1
...f -
( A . 17)
i i . C o n t i n u i t y o f the f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e :
JL
Ar .

NPR
y
k . ' S+1
i
NPR
k , + l , s+1 = 0
W.K, S 1
-iy A,
W.
NPR,n i , n
- Ar,,,-,
l,n
i>n
+1 n=l
A mdd
n=l
for
=1 ,
NER-1
(4.18)
In a d d i t i o n , the f o l lo w i n g boundary co n d i ti o n s are a p pl ie d ,

B.C. 1 :
1
NPR
4 r .l
_i
nil
A.
wk - ! >s+1 = o
I . n i 9n
x
a t . r = 0 f o r k = 1....NEO
(4.19)
l.C. 2:
,k,NER,s+1
Wii ,NPR
npr
=
Equation
(4.16)
at r =
f o r k = 1, NEe
_ (r4.20)'
together w it h Equations (4.17) to (4.2Q) w#rj, solved
l i n e by l i n e a t constant
[i.e .
f o r i = 2 , . . . N P e = l , and k.= l , . . . N E e ] ,
28
4.4
Computational Scheme:
I t has alrea dy been stated t h a t the ' A l t e r n a t i n g D i r e c t i o n
I m p l i c i t ADI method was used to solve the r e s u l t i n g a lg eb ra ic equations.

The system o f equations described i n Section 4.3.1 was solvpd l i n e by
1ine a t constant r ( i . e . f o r j=2 , ...NPR=1 and =1,...NER). Since the
I
r i g h t hand side o f the Equation (4.11) is known, the system o f equations
i n Section 4.3.1 can be solved as a one-dimensional problem by the method
described in Appendix C.
To s t a r t the i t e r a t i v e procedure an i n i t i a l
s o l u t i o n was assumed f o r the e n t i r e domain.
Due to the nature o f the
boundary co n d i ti o n along e=a, two d i f f e r e n t matrices were obtained.

Therefor^ f o r p a r t 1, one needs to i n v e r t only two matrices reqardless
o f the number o f i t e r a t i o n s .
As discussed in'Appendix C, both the l e f t

%
hand side matrices were block diagonal and were converted to a band
s t r u c t u r e p r i o r to e nte rin g the subroutine GELB.
decomposition e q u a lly e f f e c t i v e l y .
One may use LU
A f t e r one h a l f i t e r a t i o n the
s o l u t i o n is known f o r j = 2, ...NPR-l but not f o r J=1 and NPR.The s o l u t i o n

a t these points'may be obtained by smoothing, Chang and Finlayson (197.7).
However in t h i s work, old values were used a t these po ints f o r the
second h a l f o f the i t e r a t i o n scheme and no smoothing was performed.
The second h a l f o f the i t e r a t i o n scheme ( f o r the system'of equations
described in Section 4 . 3 . 2 ) i s s i m i l a r to the f i r s t h a l f except t h a t
on ly one matrix i s i n v e r te d regardless o f the number, of
iterations.
The computational scheme i s shown in Figure 4.
A f t e r the
completion o f the second h a l f o f the i t e r a t i o n scheme, the v e l o c i t i e s

a t the po ints marked w it h s o l i d c i r c l e s in Figure 5 are s t i l l
not known.
The s o lu t io n a t these po ints was obtained using a f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e
29
START
READ (x
WRITE
DATA
SWEEP IN
0 DIRECTION.
(CONSTANT r )
SOLVE BLOCK
DIAGONAL
MATRIX
I---SWEEP IN
r DIRECTION
(CONSTANT 0)
SOLVE BLOCK
DIAGONAL
MATRIX
USE F.D. TO
EVALUATE
CORNOR POINTS
CALCULATE
AVE. VELOCITY
^CONVERGENCE
YES
FIGURE 4.
Flow Chart for the Computational Scheme for Finned Tube
6 =
r=0
r=l
POINTS WHERE FINITE DIFFERENCE

METHOD WAS APPLIED
I
FIGURE 5.
Location of the Points for Finite Difference Method
technique.
The f i n i t e d if f e r e n c e development o f Equation (4.7 )
is
given in Appendix D.
Once the s o l u t i o n a t a l l
was repeated t i l l
the po in ts was known, the procedure
convergence was achieved.
Convergence was
assumed to have been reached when the average v e l o c i t y did not change
by more than 10
-4
in 50 i t e r a t i o n s .
A quadrature approach was used to
c a lc u l a t e the average flow v e l o c i t y .

The r a te o f convergence was found to be s. very strong
f u n c ti o n o f the i t e r a t i o n f a c t o r w.
The i t e r a t i v e procedure becomes
unstable when w is large and the r a te o f convergence i s very slow when

w
is small.
The optimal or, near optimal value o f w was found by
t r i a l and e r r o r .
In general, the a p pr o p ria te value o f w increased with

i
<
'
the number o f i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n po ints and wit h the number o f

elements.
Tabl 1 shows th a t w va ried from 2 ( f o r NEg = NER = 5,
NPe = NPR = 3) to 1150 ( f o r NEe = NER = 2, NPe, NPR =
).
The
optimal value o f w was also a f u n c t i o n o f the number o f f i n s and the

fin
1 ength.
As the i t e r a t i o n parameter i s the r e c r i p r o c a l o f a time

^
i n t e r v a l when solving
s i m i l a r .problems wit h the time d e r i v a t i v e o f
W incl ud ed, a large u> means t h a t the time step is small and the
number o f the time i n t e r v a l s to reach "steady s ta te " is l a r g e .
1
Table
shows t h a t as w i s increased the number o f i t e r a t i o n s to convergence

o
also increased.
The CPU time per 100 i t e r a t i o n s i s 'shown in Table 1.
The computational time was found to increase f a i r l y r a p i d l y w it h the

number o f c o l l o c a t i o n p o in ts .
For example, f o r two elements in the
e and r d i r e c t i o n s , the CPU time per 100 i t e r a t i o n s was 1.7 and 22.4
32
seconds f o r NPe= NPR = 5 and NPe = NPR = 10, r e s p e c t iv e l y .
For t h i s
' $
ty p e - o f problem, the ADI method becomes f a i r l y expensive in terms o f
CPU demand f o r cases using a large number o f c o l l o c a t i o n p o in t s .
'
4.5 Calc ula ti o n o f t he Average V e l o c i t y :

The average v e l o c i t y in finned tubes is obtained using the
f o l lo w i n g expression:
/
j j =0
>
/ W r dr de
r = 0 _____ _
/
e= 0
r =0
ja
a 0
(4.21
r d r de
or
W> =
| y r dr
(4.22)
do
Equation (22) was evaluated using a quadrature approach.
The f o l l o w i n g
ormula was used to evaluate the average v e l o c i t y

NEe
< W
k=l
NP0
I wi
i= l
. NER
I
=1
NPP
\ k "
y (w. Wk T
j =]
J
r.
-J
(4.23)
The l i s t i n g o f the weig hting f a c t o r w is given in Appendix. B.

was performed f i r s t in the r - d i r e c t i o n .
Integration
The r e s u l t i n g \ v a l u d s were
*
int e g r a te d again in th e - d i r e c t i o n to complete the in t e g r a ti o n , over
\
x
interboundaries do not a f f e c t the average v e l o c i t y as the q u a d r a t u r e \ a t
these points
is zero.
33
Table 1
Summary o f C o mp u t a t i o n s f o r t h e
O r t h o g o n a l C o l l o c a t i o n on F i n i t e El e me n t s Met hod
NF
NEe
NER
NPe
NPf
CPU
(seconds)
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
5
6
7
8
40
70
120
185
1.7
2.2
6.3
10
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
5
6
7
8
40
70
no.
170
1.72.2
6.3
10
0.7
0.7
"D.7
0.7
0.7
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
5
6
7
8
10
40
80
120
180
385
1.7'
2.2
6.3
10
22.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
8
8
8
8
2
2
2
2
5
6
7
.8
200
500
780
1150
0.3
0.3
3
3
5
5
3
5
2
250
1 .7
6.1
0.5
0.5
3
3
5
5
3
5
2
300
1.7
6. 1
3
3
. 5
5
3
5
2
300
1.7
6.1
0.7
0.7
1.7
2.2
6.3
10
T o t a l No.
of
Iterations
250
"250
750
1100
250
300
600
500
300
500
800
750
1600
250
600
'
1000
100
1000
.,
100
250
100
' 200
Reproduced with pernrission of the copyright owner. Fodder reproduction prohibited without p e n s io n .
34
One q u a n t i t y which i s q u it e useful in' the study o f f l u i d flow

in finned tubes i s the product o f . f r i c t i o n f a c t o r and Reynolds number
(f.Re).
I t is given by the f o l l o w i n g expression, Nandakumar and

"v
Mas1i ya h (1 9 75).
8
A2
f - Re =
( 4 - 24>
>
where <W> is the average v e l o c i t y , Ap is the c ro s s - s e c t io n a l area, and

Cp is' the wetted perimeter.
Here Re i s based on-the e q u iv a le n t
diameter D .
e
The repre se nta tiv e flo w area and the wetted perimeter are
given by, r e s p e c t iv e l y ,-
AjI
ttR2 ^
= |
R2
C'
t"
= (2 ttR)(-) + L' = ccR+L

L TT
(4 .2 5 )
and
where
'
(4.26;
Ap = Ap/R2
(4.27)
Cp = Cp/R
(4.28)
and
L = L'/R
(4.29)
Using Equations (4.25) to (4.28) Equation (4.24) becomes
f-Re = <w>'( H 7 R )a
(4'30)
In a case when there is no f i n ^ p r e s e n t (L=0), Equation (4.30) becomes

f.Re = ~
Equation (4131) is used to check the numerical r e s u l t s presented

in the Section 4.7
(4.31)
35
4.6
Oth e r Techniques
4.6.1
Least Square Matching Technique
The general s o lu t io n o f the Poisson equation re presen ting the

momentum equation is well known and i s given by
W = bo +
+ I (c^r
k
+ tW
-k
n r '+ ^ ( akr_k + bkr k ) cos 0k
k
1
+ d^r ) sin ek
- j
'
U t i l i z i n g the boundary co ndi ti on s (4.3c) and the fac't t h a t the s o lu t io n

must be f i n i t e a t r= 0 . a more s p e c i f i c s o lu t io n i s ,
r2
W = ~~A> +
4
M
k
I 3 kr C0S 6k
k= 0
The c o e f f i c i e n t s a^ can be determined by choosing N(=M+1)

points along the flow duct boundaries.
provides one a lg e b ra ic equation.
Each boundary c o l l o c a t i o n po int
The r e s u l t i n g N simultaneous
equations can be solved f o r the N c o e f f i c i e n t s .
However, by
. considering more boundary c o l l o c a t i o n po ints ( f t - y N) than c o e f f i c i e n t s ,

the over-determined set o f a lg e b ra ic equations can be reduced to a set
" o f (M+l) equations by a lease square approach with a weig hting f a c t o r
of unity.
>
Although t h i s method was found to c/' very successful in the

s o l u t i o n o f fl o w in a r b i t r a r i l y shaped ducts, Ratkowsky and Epstein
(1968) and o th e r complicated fl o w s , Bowen and MasTiyah (1973), the
method f a i l e d to give any meaningful flo w f i e l d f o r f i n lengths g re ate r
than 0.2 .
The number.of c o e f f i c i e n t s va ried between 5 and 20.
conclusions were also reached by Soliman and Feingold (1977))
S i m il a r
4 .6 .2 F i n i te D ifference Method, F.D.

'M a s i i y a h (1 975) has used a F.D. method to solve Equation (4 .2 ) .'
The momentum equation was di s c r e ti ze'd1 using a t h r e e - p o i n t ce n tra l
d if fe r e n c e module.
The d e r i v a t i v e s a t the flow boundaries were
approximated by Newton forward and backward t h r e e - p o i n t formulae.
successive ov er-r e la xa ti o n 'm e th o d was used with a r e la x a t i o n f a c t o r o f

1.7.
Solutions f o r grids, o f (11x11), (2^x21) and (41x41)
were
obtained.
Convergence f o r the (11x11) g r id was f a s t and the r a te of
convergence was found to decrease r a p i d l y as the number of the grid
points was increased.
For a g r id o f (41x41), the rate o f convergence
was so slow f o r the case o f a f i n len g th , L = 0.4 and number o f f i n s

NF =
th a t i t was not possible to a sc e r ta in whether convergence had
occurred a f t e r a t o t a l o f 7000 i t e r a t i o n s .
Table 2 shows the time requirements and the t o t a l
o f i t e r a t i o n s needed to achieve convergence.
number
In general, convergence
was assumed to have been reached when the average v e l o c i t y did n o t

change by more than
4.6 .3
10
-5
i n - 50 i t e r a t i o n s .
Soliman and Feingold Approach.
Due to the f a i l u r e o f the l e a s t square matching approach, ,

and to overcome the mixed-type boundary c o n d i t i o n s , the flow domain
was divided i n t o two regions separated by a c i r c u l a r arc o f
radius (1 - L ), Soliman and Feingold ( 1 9 7 7 ) . General t r i a l
fu n c ti o n s f o r
each region were evaluated.
These fu n ct io n s s a t i s f i e d the re sp ect ive
region boundary c o n d i t i o n s .
Using the c o n t i n u i t y o f v e l o c i t y and i t s
d e r i v a t i v e a t the boundary o f the two regions a t e q u i - d i s t a n t c o l l o

ca ti o n p o in t s , the constants contained in the t r i a l
flow fu n ct io n s were
Table 2
Summary of Comoutations f o r the F i n i t e Difference Method
CPU time in seconds

per 1 0 0 i t e r a t i o n s
1 1 x 11
2 1 x 21
41x41
2.0
1000
3^00
7000
0.46
2.0
800
2400
2500
0.12
0.46
2.0
700
3400 .
2600
0.12
0.46
2.0
800
2500
1 1 x 11
2 1 x 21
0.3
0.12
0.46
0.5
0.12
0.7
0.4
NF
N/C
Total number o f i t e r a t i o n s
to convergence
41x41
(7000)
no convergence,
GJ
evaluated.
The number o f inter-bo un dary c o l l o c a t i o n po ints varied
between 10 and 20.
Soliman and Feingold found th a t the average
v e l o c i t y o f the flo w was w i t h i n 1% f o r 10 and 20 c o e f f i c i e n t s .
The
r e s u l t s using 20 c o e f f i c i e n t s are given in Table 3.
4.7
Discussion of Results
\/~'y
t
In order to compare the r e s u l t s for. the f l u i d - f l o w in .ani n t e r n a l l y finned tube, the ce ntra l v e l o c i t y and the average v e l o c i t y
w ill
be used f o r comparison.
In order
to gain confidence i n - t h e
numerical r e s u l t s , a l i m i t i n g case is considered.

i s zero the exact value o f f . R e . i s 16.
When the f i n length
0CFE also- gives a value o f 16.
This shows th a t the numerical r e s u l t s are in p e r fe c t agreement w i t h the

exact s o l u t i o n f o r the l i m i t i n g case considered.
As the purpose o f t h i s work is not to study the fl o w in
finned tubess but r a th e r to study the general a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f 0CFE to
obtain s o lu t io n s to t h i s type o f problem, only a few flow cases are . :
considered?and these cases
are p r i m a r i l y d ic t a te d by the a v a i l a b i l i t y
o f r e s u l t s from o th e r workers.
The flow cases considered are
f o r TTF = 3*8 w it h f i n lengths o f 0 .3 , 0.4, 0.5 and 0.7.

number o f f i n s .
NF is the
H. Kan (1978) has presented

to the presence o f a d i s c o n t i n u i t y along
some'
0
r e s u l t s f o r G0C.
Due
= (presence o f the f i n ) ,
global orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n i s o f l i m i t e d a p p l i c a t i o n .
I t i s not
po ssi b le to a r b i t r a r i l y s e l e c t a f i n l e n g th , since the t i p o f the f i n

must l i e on a c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t .
When
middle c o l l o c a t i o n p o in t is always a t
NR i s an odd number, the

r = 0.5. I t i s f o r
this
reason t h a t the r e s u l t s f o r G0C are only given f o r one f i n len g th ,
39
CO
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
CO
o
o
cn
o
<U
.O
s
co:
o
CO
o
o
CM
CO
CO
II
TO
o
o
CO
o
CO
o
o
namely L = 0.5.
Cases f o r NR=N6=5,7 and 9 were attempted using the.
global orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n method.

For
orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n o n ^ f i n i t e element,
two c o n f i g u r a t i o n s were attempted.

(a) NER = NEe = 5, NPR = NPe = 3 and 5 with Ar and A0 being equal f o r
%
each element.
Use of
an odd number o f c o l l o c a t i o n po in ts
ensured t h a t the f i n t i p l i e s on a c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t ( See Fi gu re 1 3a).

(b) NER = NEe = 2 with NPR = NP.e
= 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 and 10.
He re Ar was not
equal f o r the two elements and th e re fo re Ar-j was .selected

t h a t the f i n t i p f a l l s on a c o l l o c a t i o n p o in t.
1
The summary o f
results
is
so
(See Figure 3b).

'
given in Table 3.
For
comparison, the f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e s o l u t i o n f o r the f i n e mesh (41x41)

w ill
be considered as the " t r u e " s o l u t i o n .
Indeed, a close examination
o f Table 3, col.umns 9 and 1 0 ,i n d i c a t e s th a t both the centre v e l o c i t y

Wc and the average v e l o c i t y , <W> f o r the (21x21) g r i d and the (41x41)
g r i d are in f a i r agreement (maximum
The r e s u l t s f o r global orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n f o r a f t p

length o f 0.5 l i e much lower than the " t r u e " s o l u t i o n .
o f W and
C
W are shown in Figure
and 0.7029, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
lues
The f l u i d problem c , ioyed here

t
is a r a t h e r severe t e s t o f the GOC method.

o f ,r a t the' 4 th , 5th, and
For NR = 9, t h e ^ i l u e s
th c o l l o c a t i o n points are , 0.2971 , 0.5000

This means t h a t the f i r s t c o l l o c a t i o n p o in t
away from the f i n t i p , where the v e l o c i t y is not zero and the symmetry
t
c o n d i ti o n i s a p p li e d , i s a t a distance o f 0.2029 away fr o m 't h e f i n t i p .

o
'
41
21 x 21 I D
GOC
0 .0 3 0
0,09
0 .0 2 5
0.08
< W > 0.020
0.07
L = 0 .5
NF
0.015
0.06
0.010
0.05
0.07
0.14
0.06
0.13
< w>
- 0.5
0.05
0.04
4
0.11
11
12
N R or N d
FIGURE 6.
Variation of Centre and Average Velocities for L 0.5

with Number of Collocation Points for GOC
i/V
'
In other words, the g-ap'between the 4th and the 5th c o l l o c a t i o n po ints
'2
is f a i r l y large and t h e r e f o r e the v e l o c i t y r e s o l u t i o n i s f a i r l y poor

near the f i n t i p .
As the f i n t i p p o s i t i o n i s very c r i t i c a l
determining the v e l o c i t y f i e l d ,
in
i t is not s u r p r i s i n g t h a t the r e s u l t s
as given by the GOC are poor, although a t o t a l o f 49 i n t e r i o r

c o l l o c a t i o n points are used.
The r e s u l t s f o r the QCFE f o r the case o f NPe = NPR = 3 and
5 with.. NEn = NER = 5 are given in columns
and 7 o f Tatfle 3.
As the I
t o t a l number o f c o l l o c a t i o n points is increased from 3 to 5, the

agreement with the " t r u e " s o lu t io n improved.
about 7% ( f o r the case of-W , L = 0 .7 ) .
The maximum d if f e r e n c e is
For NPR = 5, the c o l l o c a t i o n
poin ts are 0, 0.1127, 0 .5 , 0.8873 and 1.0.

*
With Ar
0 .2 , t h i s means
t h a t the i n t e r v a l "between the second c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t and the. t h i r d

c o l l o c a t i o n p o in t ( j f') i s 0.2 (0.5 -0 .11 27)=0.07746.
A fin ite
d i f f e r e n c e method wit h a 14x14 g r i d would produce a uniform Ar s i m i l a r

to t h a t near the f i n t i p f o r the case o f NEe = NER = 5 and NPe = NPR = 5.
Comparison o f column
results of
7 w it h columns
0CFE do not f a l l
and 9 o f Table 3 shows th a t
the
between those given by the f i n i t e
d i f f e r e n c e method f o r the (11x11)'

0CFE r e s u l t s f a l l
and the (21x21) g r i d s .
below those f o r the (11x11) g r i d .
In f a c t the
This in d ic a te s
t h a t the OCFE having uniform element size w it h NEe = NER = 5 and

NPe = NPR = 5 (a t o t a l o f 25x9 c o l l o c a t i o n p o in t s ) is not s u i t a b l e f o r
t h i s type o f a problem.
Further numerical experimentation was conducted wit h two
elements o f unequal size in r - d i r e c t i o n and two elements o f equal
')
..
size in e - d i r e c t i o n , i . e . , NEe = NER = 2. The number o f c o l l o c a t i o n
p oints was
va rie d , v i z , NPe = NPR = 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 and 10. *~As the number

t.
o.f c o l l o c a t i o n points was increased, the values o f Wc and <W>

approached those given by the f i n i t e d if fe r e n c e method w it h a (41x41)
grid.
Figures 7 and
show the v a r i a t i o n o f the centre v e l o c i t y and
the average v e l o c i t y with the number of c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The values o f W and <W>
c
NPe = NPR =
f o r the NF = 3 and L = 0.3 f o r the case o f
( t o t a l o f 144 i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n p o in t s ) are close to
those given by a g r id o f about
2 1 x 21
using the f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e method.
S i m i l a r l y , using W and <W> as basis f o r comparison, f o r NF = 3 and

L = 0.5 and 0.7 , the NPe = NPR =
a g r i d o'f about (15x15).
a NPe = NPR =
be
case was found to be e q u iv a le n t to
For the case o f a more number o f f i n s , NF =
( t o t a l o f 64 i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n p o in ts ) was found to
e q u i v a le n t to the f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e scheme o f ( l . l x l l )
NPe = NPR =
was found to be e q u iv a le n t
g r i d and a
to a t l e a s t a (21x21)
grid.
The r e s u l t s o f Soliman and Feingold are shown in Figures ,7

and
th e ir
f o r comparison.
For the., case o f L = 0.7 (NF=3) and L = 0.4 (NF- 8 )
r e s u l t s are in good agreement with

s
those f o r NPe = NPR = 81
However, as the f i n length is--decreased, Soliman and Feingold r e s u l t s

.become eq ui va le n t to those o f lower order g r id p o in t s .
Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
0. 210
L = 0.-3
0.205
- NEC = N E R = 5
NP0 = NPR = 5
- NEC = N E R = 2
- ooliman and Feingold
- Finite Difference, FD
0.1 9 5
21 x 21 fD
41 x 41 gD
0 .1 55
FD
vv.
NF = 3
0 .1 4 5
0 .1 4 0
0.1 35
21 x 21 FD
0.1 30
w.
0.1 25
L = 0.4
NF = 8
0.120
21 x 21 FD
41 x 41 F D f
0.0 80
vv
0.0 70
L 0.7
NF = 3
X
0 .0 6 0
NPR or NP0FIGURE 7.
*
Variation of Centre Velocity with Number

of Collocation Points for OCFE .
45
NPO = NPR = 5
Soliman and Feingold
Finite Difference, FD
10
0 .9 9
0.98
41 x 41 FD
71 x 21 FD
<W>X
0 .9 7
0.9 6
L = 0.3
NF - 3
0 .9 5
0 .9 4
0.68
41 x 41 FD
10
0 .6 6
<W>X
0 .6 7
0 .6 5
0 64
T1 x 11 FD
L = 0.5
NF = 3
0.6 3
0.6 2
10
0.4 5
0 .4 4
21 x 21 FD
<W>X
0 .4 3
0 .4 2
L = 0.4
NF = 8
'
0.4 0
0.4 5
< W > X 10
41 x 41 F D
21 x 21 FD
0 .4 3
0 .4 2
L *= 0.7
NF = 3
0 .4 0
NP0 or NPR
FIGURE 8.
Variation of Average Velocity with Number

of Collocation Pointo for 0CFE
CHAPTER 5
APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF ORTHOGONAL COLLOCATION ON FINITE ELEMENTS
TO_POROUS MEDIA
$
This chapterihd&nonstrates the a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f the method o f
orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n on f i n i t e
ements (OCFE) to a flow problem in

1
The equations si mulating m i s c ib l e displacement in
porous media.
porous media were solved usiiig OCFE.
Unlike the finned tube problem,
a d in e c t method o f s o l u t i o n was used to solve the r e s u l t i n g a lg eb ra ic

t
equations.
The physical process considered
here i s t h a t o f a homogenous
porous medium having a very viscous and p r a c t i c a l l y immobile o i l .
solvent o f low- v i s c o s i t y is in j e c te d i n t o the r e s e r v o i r through an

i n j e c t i o n well
in order to reduce the v i s c o s i t y o f the o i l .
The o i l
is assumed to be h ig h l y m is c ib le
w i t h ' t h e solve nt and
mixture v i s c o s i t y is taken to be
a strong f u n c ti o n o f the solvent
con cen tra tio n.
the o i l - s o l v e n t
As so lve n t i n j e c t i o n proceeds, a mixture o f o iT and
s( Ive nt is produced through the production w e l l .

" vV >
5.1
governing Equations:
|
The two dimensional incompressible m i s c ib l e displacement i n '
a porous media can be described by the f o l l o w i n g equations, S e t t a r i

et a l . ( l V
'
- \
. u = q
(5.1 )
and
V .U
Kd t
C) -
.(u C) = 4, | y + q C.n
(5.2)
where <p is the p o r o s i ty o f the porous medium, u_ is the Darcy
46
47
v e l o c i t y and K_T is the t o t a l d isp er si on c o e f f i c e n t .

DT
C. is the source
m
co nc en tra ti o n and C is the conc ent rat ion o f the s o lv e n t in the o i l so lve n t m ixture,
q i s the amount o f f l u i d i n j e c t e d or produced in
cubic centimeters per cubic ce ntimeter o f the formation per second.

T(he v i s c o s i t y o f the . o i l - s o l v e n t' m i x tu r e is assumed to be a
fu n c t i o n o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n and is given bys S e t t a r i e t al'. (1976).
\
':' s
(5.3 )
[(i-c\^1/e + C pQ1/e] e
where u and w ' a r e the v i s c o s i t i e s o f the o i l and the solve nt,
Mo
^
V
r e s p e c t i v e l y and e is a m i\ in g parameter.
\
- V
The two-dimensional\form of'Eq ua tions (5. 1) and (5.2) can be
w r . i t t e n \ r e s p e c t i v e l y , as
\
3
ax/.
u.. - A u
=q
x
ay
y
(5.4)
and
ax'
D ax'
ay'
ay'
= + ^ x
where Kd
Kdt
Cin
(5;5)
Using Darcy's law the components o f the f l u i d v e l o c i t y i n E q u a t i o n (5.4)

can be replaced by
>
and
* -
It-
v
u = _
y
u
IE
ay
'
1
. .
( 5 -6)
(5 .7 ) '
48
where
is the p e r m e a b il i ty o f the porous medium.
The
d isp er si on c o e f f i c i e n t Kn is taken as a constant in both d i r e c t i o n s and

i s assumed to be independent o f the f l u i d v e l o c i t y .
M u l t i p l y i n g equation (5.4) by C and using e la ti o n (5.5)
y i elds
3 r iy 3C i
3x'
-D sx
3
r i/
3y'
D.
3C -|
3y .
3C
ux 3x 1
3C _
y 3y'
f ^ + q ( x ' , y ) (C ,C)
di
1 nj
/
where C. is the source con ce n tra ti o n .

in
(5.8)
Thi s co n ce n tra ti o n is
equal to the i n p u t conc ent rat ion f o r an i n j e c t i o n well and to C(x, y)

f o r a production w e l l .
Consequently the l a s t term i n Equation (5.8)
disappears f o r a l l production w e l l s .
The boundary co n d iti o n s considered are f o r H f ^ i s o l a t e d system.
The geometry o f the porous medium is shown in Figure 9. The porous medium
is assumed to be a r e c ta n gl e .
Equations (5.4) and ( 5 .8 ) were solved
using the f o l l o w i n g boundary c o n d i t i o n s ,
|^ = 0
fo r (x,y) e
dA
(5.9a)
3C
3n
fo r (x,y) E
dA
(5.9b)
ux = Uy = 0
fo r (x,y) e
dA
(5.9c)
C(x,y,0) = 0
fo r (x,y) e
dA
(5.9d)
d r.i
v)
u {
'
0 '
where dA
is the boundary o f A and n i s the outward normal to
dA.
49
COLLOCATION
POINT NUMBER
10
14
18
22
COLLOCATION
POINT NUMBER
35
Ft)R -n =2
N=>2
N=3
N=4
N=5
FOR
FOR
F OR
FO R
FR
'^ 2 9 . '
*52 0
* i
.v6.
y=0.5
COLLOCATION
POINT NUMBER
r COLLOCATION
P OINT NUMBER
6
8
10
I 12
FOR
FOR
FOR
FOR
N2
N=*3
N=4
N=5
31
59
95
139
F OR
FOR
FOR
FOR
N=2
Ng3
N=4
N=5
1 ^
x*=0. 5
CONFIGURATION ONE
REFERENCE WELL
PRODUCTION WELL
INJECTION WELL
CONFIGURATION TWO
FIGURE 9*
Geometry of the Porous Medium
R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
50
5.2
For computational purposes a quarter o f a f i v e - s p o t was
considered.
Only two elements of equal size were used in each d i r e c t i o n .
The number of i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n points was varied from
to 5.
Five i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n points correspond to a t o t a l o f 160 unknowns.

The numbering scheme f o r N=2,3,4 and 5 i s shown in Figures 10 to 13,
respectively.
The c o r n e r , p o i n t s o f the blocks were not assigned any
number,since they did not appear in OCFE f o rm u la t io n o f the equations.

As shown in Figures 10 to 13, the i n j e c t i o n well can always be
i d e n t i f i e d as being the f i r s t i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t in the increasing
d i r e c t i o n o f both x and y .
well were considered.
Two different-' l o c a t i o n s o f the production
In one scheme
the production well was located
d i a g o n a l l y opposite to the i n j e c t i o n w e l l .
s!n the oth er scheme, the

v
production well was such t h a t the i n j e c t i o n and the production we ll s were
symmetric to the l i n e x = 0 . 5 .
represent a f i v e - s p o t ) .
(I n t h i s s i t u a t i o n the geometry does not
At any time, only one production and one
i n j e c t i o n well were considered, however, the computer program can

handle any number o f production and i n j e c t i o n w e l l s .
5.3
OCFE Formulation o f the Governing Equations:

5.3.1 C o n t in u it y Equation:
Considering
Equation (5.4) and using Darcy's law, one obtains

(5.10)
For a porous medium o f constant p e r m e a b i l i t y , Equation (5.10)

becomes
3.
K x 14.696764
P
(5.11)
51
a
n
y-1
26
20
24
23
x -0
x -1
REFERENCE WELL
PRODUCTION WELL
* O
FIGURE 10.
INJECTION
well
Numbering of Unknowns for N**2
52
j *
y-i
14
22
30
54
63
20
y
10
43
60
41 .
y- 0
49
x*>0
0:
$
REFERENCE WELL
PRODUCTION WELL
INJECTION WELL
2 ;
.'
_
.FIGURE IT.
Numbering of Unknowns for N3
53
y-i
8-<
_____ - 2 9
.4 0
1---11 Lo_ 70
o:
wj
81
in i. A
112
17
28
39
10
is_ 69
80
91
1 n?
111
16
27
38
19
i3
68
79
on
i oi"
110
15
26
37
18
37 67
78
89
100
109
14
25
36
17
66
77
88
90
13
24
35
16 36 65
76
87
98
108
12
23
34
15_ 3J5_ 64
75
86
97
107
11
22
33
44 34 63
1L
85
96
106
32 ,
43
31
+2
t.
'f a p .
1 rU P ...
y=0
10/f
V :m
JL _
FIGURE 12.
20
jr .
33
62
73
84
95 6.
--------------i -
61
72
83
REFERENCE WELL
PRODUCTION WELL
INJECTION WELL
9i
.Numbering of Unknowns' for N4
105
54
111
y0
12 3
60 - 73
.4 6
94
44
5 7-
p. 36
109
122
48 159
108.;
121
47 158
107
110
157
119
118
117
156
115
153
70
.11
ULQ2
26
101
100
113
x-0
reference well
production well
in j e c t io n
WELL
C
l
FIGURE 13.
155
-4C 152
24
60
'Numbering of'Unknowns for N5
The constant 14.696764 is f o r dimensional consistency

Let x 1 and
xL
(5.12)
y ' = yW
(5.13)
Here L and W are the length and the width o f the formation
4
und^r c o n si d e ra ti on and x and y are the dimension!ess co ordinates.

|
S u b s t i t u t i n g the dimensionless q u a n t i t i e s in Equation (5.10)
and rearranging,one obtains
I
l i e . _ ik.
3x2
3x
M +Z 2
9x -
where Z = L/W
r alp _ i p
LP 9 y 2
9y
IE.] =
9L k V
9yJ
Kp* 1 4 . 696764
'
(5
14v
(5.15)
Ir> Equation (5.14) only x, y and Z are dimensionl ess.

Two new va ria b le s
x-x,
and
are defined such t h a t
^ = axT
k
( 5 - 16a)
and
V
y ~y i
(5.16b)
Ay
where Axfc = x ^ - x ^
and
Ay = y t +r y
Applying the method o f orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n on f i n i t e

elements to Equation ( 5 . 1 ) , and using the new independent-variables g and
v as defined by Equation ( 5 . 1 6 ) , one obta ins,
a * 5 6
ft
v
NPX
Ax r ' I
k
n=l
!.
Pk , f '
i.n n ,j
AX
NPY
k,
p
T b .i n p*t
Ay 2 l.
J .n
i ,n
fc n=l
V -
NPX
I
n=l
Ay 2
N"X
k,
Ai . n p n , j
I AX.
L k
NPY
k,
y a t. r p
L _ . J.n
" i ,n
n=l
p k , ,.i
" 4
f NPY
I A.
n=l J . n
jk.
P?
i.n
q ( x i , y j ) L2 p 2
(5.17)
K * 14.696764
P
where
l
2 ,.
. . , NPX-1
2 ,.
.. , NPY-1
. . ,NEX
. . ,NEY
(5.18)
NEX and NEY are th_jwjmber o f elements in x and y d i r e c t i o n s ,

(
respectively.. NPX and NPY are the t o t a l number o f c o l l o c a t i o n points
( i n c l u d in g boundary p o in ts ) in any element k., in the x and y d i r e c t i o n s ,
respectively.
M u l t i p l y i n g Equation (5.17) by
*
/ yields,
NPX
NPX
k
y b ..
p
n=l 1 n 'n.J
A.
i .n
n=l
' NPY
+ F2
Ax k
And l e t t i n g Z = F,
k, I j NPX
y
y
A
n , j f] ^
i,n
NPY
' '
p *.
r n,j.
NPY
"J,
pm
T.n
= q ( x i|/ , y j ) L 2 p 2 A x k2
K * 14.696764
P ,
where ] , j ,
k, and vary according to Equation ( 5 .1 8 ) .
f o l l o w i n g boundary co n d iti o n s apply:
(5.19)
The
-J/
NPX . '
v
I
A,
P = 0
n=l
] n . n J
For =1, . . .NEY
NPX
I
ncY.-,v
A.idy
PNEX<V=
NPX ,n n , j
and 3 = 2 ,. .. .NPY-1
0
(5.20)
'
and
NPY
y
p k,
n=l
^
,For k =l , . . . .NEX
NPY
J ,
'
AN P Y ,n PM E V =
j =
,....NPX-l
(5.-21)
At the element int erboundaries the f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e i s assumed to be

continuous leading to
/ NnX
k fc
1
V
-A
D
1 _
J , ANPX,n Pn , j " Ax, ,
Axk* n=l m ,1 " ,,,J
" k +1
1
NPX
r
n='
f o r -1 , ( . . .NE Y
C
3 = 2 , . . . .NPY-1
k+1 p
=
Al , n Pn , j
A
(5.22A)
and k=l
and
1
- '
Si
'
\.
NPY
kc
1
V Amdv
P.
= - 5n =l -NPY n 1. "
Ay+1
.
NPY
nk
-k x+l
A,
PK + I
] n . 1,n
.
(5.22B)
f o r k = l , . . .NEX
i = 2 , . . .NPX-1
and
-1
A simultaneous s o l u t i o n o f the system o f equations as described by

r
Equations (5.19) to '(5.22) was obtained by a d i r e c t method using the LU
decomposition technique.
58
5.3 .2. C on ve cti on -D if fus io n Equation
Assuming a constant d is p e rs io n c o e f f i c i e n t , Equation (5.8)
1
can be w r r i t e n as
K
KD
32C + K 92C
D
U ^
- u , = * % +
y ay
v at
x ax'
q ( x 1 , y ' ) (C. -C)

in
'
(5.23)
In tr o d u c in g the dimensionless q u a n t i t i e s as given by equations (5.12)

and ( 5 . 1 3 ) ,
iC =
3C +
at
L2^ ax7
W2^
aC _ ^ a _ ^ a _ a ( x ^ l ( C _c j
ay2
L<j> ax
W
in
(5.24.)
['
Applying the method o f orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n on f i n i t e elements to
<r
Equation (5.24) and using the new independent v a r ia b l e s 9 and.v as given

by Equation ( 5 .1 6 ) , one obtains
dC^ f
Kn
NP)d
,
- ,J = T-2 - - - 2 - I \ B .
C
L2 fAx 2
\ i ,n n, j
dt
<ux y ( x i >y/) ' N P X

X
1
J
y
L 0 Axk
i,n
Kn
W-<j>Ay2
.
n,j
NPY
I
B.
n^ ^ j , n
u^ H ^ - . y J
y - 1 J
WtfAy^ .
q ( x i , y )
Let
vkd
. L 2 <j)Axk
KP
W W
,
Ck,
i,n
NnY
' y ^
^
j,-n
i ,n
'
{ c in - Ci J
= p
1
_ P '
"2
} - .
ux ( X i * y j )
uy k , ( x i , y . )
-fc y
J
and
P3
!
= P.
q(x.,y.)
(5.26)
S u b s t i t u t i n g Equation (5.26) in t o Equation ( 5 .2 5 ) , one obtains

a
dCi i
NPX
k?
NPY
k 'j
h 3 = p,
y b. c
. + p2 y b.
c
dt
1
i ,n
n,j
2
j,n
i ,n
Npx
' - p,
d
.
a. c
i ,n n , j
NPY
, :
C ,V
j ,n i ,n
y A.
- p,
4
- Pc (C. - c k , i )
in
iJ .
< '
/ *
*%: > 4 V '
4'
.V1 V'
k and z a r e ' g i ^ r t by4 -.û&tion (5;. 18').
(5.27)
where i , j ,
The boundary co nditio ns and the element interboundary conditi'

I
f o r Equation (5.27) are s i m i l a r to Equations (5.20) to (5.22) and can
be obtained by re p la c in g P by C.
In a d d i t i o n the c o nc ent rat ion was

Js>
!
assumed to be zero on the e n t i r e domain a t t=0.
Equation (5.27)
together w it h the appropriate boundary c o n d i t i o n s , describes the

con cent ration f i e l d .
I
Two d i f f e r e n t methods ,} namely a 4th order Runge-Kutta method
and a f u l l y i m p l i c i t method were used to solve Equation ( 5 . 2 7 ) .
b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n o f b#th the ri?ethodS;)is given below.

5 ,3 .2 .1 .
Runge- Kutta Method
The k-values o f the f o u r t h order Runge-Kutta method are

defined by
>
ki = h f
9 J
k2
k3
k
^1
= h f < 4 . 3 + sr-> .
.
k9
= h f (ck ;5 ) ,
k = h f ( c b * + k3 )
(5.28)
60
where . f (C) is the r i g h t hand side o f the Equation (5.27) evaluated a t
. p o i n t . (x.j ,yy) in the element k.
The fu n c t i o n value at a new time level
.Ct + A t , k , = ct . M
(t + A t) is given by
+ ^ (^+ 2 ^+ 2 ^+ ^)
As Equation (5.27) is
(5.29)
s a t i s f i e d only a t the i n t e r i o r
c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s , i t is not possible to evaluate

boundary and the element int er boundaries.
evaluated.
, a t th e ,p h ys ic al
Consequently k cannot be
To avoid t h i s s i t u a t i o n , the co nc ent rat ion C was assumed to
remain constant a t the boundary points during the time i n t e r v a l At.

1
In other words,
k^ and k^ were' i n i t i a l l y assumed to be zero a t
these boundary p o in ts .
Using Equations (5.28) and (5.29) the -c o nc e n tra tio n a t time
(t+ At ) was evaluated f o r a l l
i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n p o in ts .
The
appropriate c o n d i ti o n s ,a s given by Equations (5.20) to ( 5 . 2 2 ) 5were

then applied a t the physical boundary and the element inte rbo un dar ies at
th e ( t+ A t) l e v e l .
This res u lt ed in three equations wit h thr.ee unknowns.
Simultaneous s o l u t i o n o f these equations gave the co nc entration a t the

new time
1 evel
^
5.3.2.2
Total I m p l i c i t Method
*2
The t o t a l
i m p l i c i t form o f Equation (5.27) is given by

c
Ct + A t , k , _
i_J
Ct , k , s >
NPX
----- 1_J = p
At
p
3
'
y
1
NPY
B
Ct + A t , k , + p
i ,n n , j
.
2
NPX
NpX
j- A _
Ct+At,k,- _ p
A,
c j f kl - P
l
1 ,n n , j
4
n=l
1,n n,J
b.
j ,n
Bt +AT , k , t
i ,n _
NPY
NPY
A _ . Ct + A t , k v2. _ p ^
_ Ct + A t , k , t j
I
A
j,n
i ,n
5V in
i ,j
1
n=l
'
(5.30)
where i , j , ' k and ?. are given by Equation--(5 .18),

provided the appr op riat e equations f o r a l l
points.
Equation (5.30)
the i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n
Equations. (5.20) to (5.22) with P replaced by C provided the
equations f o r the boundary points (both the physical and the element
in t e r b o u n d / ry p o i n t s ) .
Thus the set o f Equations (5.20) to ( 5 . 2 2 ) - and '
(5.30) define the system completely.
The simultaneous s o l u t i o n o f .the
above nientioned set o f equations was obtained by a d i r e c t method'and the.

s o l u t i o n gave the c o n ce n tra tio n f i e l d at the new time level i t+.'.t.
5/4
Determination o f Source Term

The source term, q, used
in
Equations (5.19) and (5.27) is

<
the amount i n j e c t e d or produced in cubic centimeters per u n i t volume o f v,

^
/
the formation surroui$fa'J|?:the well under c o n s id e r a ti o n per second.
It
/
was converted-to a more
useful
q u a n t i t y Q which is the to t a l amount./
i n j e c t e d or produced in cubic centimeters per second.
Q was evaluated
by i n t e g r a t i n g j q dV over the element under co n s id e r a ti o n using a

quadrature approach.
Q = q wf
The f o l l o w i n g formula was used to obtain Q from q:

(5.3/)
/ .
( Ay! AX X/(WL) (S)
where S is the thickness o f the formation.

l i s t e d i n Appendix B.
The weigh ting factors y are
W.2 ~J.S th e 'w ei g h tin g f a c t o r f o r the second
c o l l o c a t i o n p o in t where the i n j e c t i o n well i s l oc a te d .

5.5
Computational Scheme
For a given i n i t i a l co nc entration p r o f i l e , E q u a t i 01/ (5.3)

was used to evaluate the v i s c o s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n in the form atio n.
pressure was then evaluated using Equation (5.19)-.
The
Equations (5.6 ) and
(5.7) were then used to evaluate the o i l - s o l vent m i x t u r e / v e l o c i t y a t

the c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s , using the v i s c o s i t y and the v e / o c i t y f i e l d at
the o ld time l e v e l , the conc ent rat ion at the new time leve l was
\
evaluated by solving Equation (5 .2 7 ) .
Once the c o n ce n tra tio n p r o f i l e
was known, the whole cycle was repeated f o r a subsequent time i n t e r v a l .

The flow ch a rt f o r
Figure 14.
the computation scheme i s shown i n .
Sections one and two r e f e r to the s o l u t i o n scheme f o r
'
Equations (5.19) and ( 5 .2 7 ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

\ ;
\
5.6
Results and Discussion

\ as stated .earlier, two d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s were used f o r ' '
the' production w e l l .
In one
scheme
the production and the i n j e c t i o n
we ll s are 'symmetric about the l i n e x = 0.5.
r e f e r r e d to as 'C o n f ig u ra ti o n One1.
-
This s i t u a t i o n w i l l
For the o th e r scheme
be
the
production and thd i n j e c t i o n we ll s are d ia g o n a l l y o p pos ite .

s i t u a t i o n w^l l be r e fe r r e d to as Con fig u ra ti on Two1.
both the .c o n fi g u ra t io n s .
This
Figure 9 shows
Fngures 10 to 13 show the. l o c a t io n s o f the
\
production and the i n j e c t i o n we ll s f o r 11=2,3,4 and 5, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
\
Two d i f f e r e n t i n i t i a l v i s c o s i t i e s o f the o i l were used
.
'
(100 and 10,000 cp).
In itia lly ,
the o i l v i s c o s i t y was assumed to be
con stant f o r the e n t i r e formation and pure solve nt was used f o r

injection.
A l i s t of a ll
the physical data used in t h i s problem is
' provided in Appendix H.

'
'
- \
'
5.6.1
Veloci ty Resul ts
'
Due to the nature o f the boundary c o n a t i o n s , the c o n t i n u i t y
equation has an i n f i n i t e number o f s o l u t i o n s .
To o b ta in a unique
s o l u t i o n , the pressure a t one c o l l o c a t i o n poqnt was s p e c i f i e d .
The
SECTION ONE
S ECT ION T W O
START
VELOCITIES
FROM
SECTION ONE
READ &
WRITE
DATA
SPECIFY
INITIAL
CONCENTRATION
GO 7.N ONE DIRECTION
DETERMINE
VISCOSITY
FROM
CONCENTRATION
TOTAL
IMPLICIT
METHOD
GENERATE LHS
MATRIX
ELEMENTS
USING OCFE
RUNGE KUTTA
METHOD
GENERATE LHS
MATRIX
ELEMENTS
CALCULATE
RHS VECTOR
CALCULATE
RHS VECTOR
SOLVE SYSTEM
OF EQUATIONS
(USE ITERATIVE
REFINEMENT )
SOLVE SYSTEM
OF EQUATIONS
(USE ITERATIVE
REFINEMENT)
USE PRESSURES
TO EVALUATE
VELOCITIES
CONCENTRATION
AT
(t+At) LEVEL
CALCULATE Q
AT THE CENTRE
LINE, x=0. 5
(ONLY ONCE) i
TO SECTION ONE
^ TO SECTION
^
STOP
FIGURE 14.
CONCENTRATION
AT
(t+At) LEVEL
no
STOP
Flow Chart for the Computational Scheme for Porous

- Media Problem
V :
64'
,
A,'\
pressure-at a l l
0 î)r
c o l l o c a t i o n po in ts was evaluated wit h respect to
t h i s reference ptî^S-Ure.
The c o l l o c a t i o n po in ts where the pressure was
s p e c if ie d are showd/ife -Figures 10 to 13 f o r N=2,3,4 and 5, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The. reference p r e s s j ^ | | t > l l o c a t i o n p o i n t was assumed to have a pressure
of
p si.
4
5 . 6 .1 .1
Con figu ration One
In t h i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n the production and the i n j e c t i o n we ll s

are symmetric about the l i n e x = 0.5.
Tables E.l to E . 8 r e f e r to t h i s
t
configuration.
These tables show the pressure and the v e l o c i t i e s
along the x and y - d i r e c t i o n s a t the co Tlo catio n po in ts f o r N=2,3,4 and 5.

It
can be
and the dimensions o f the

Pformation are kept co nstant, a change in the i n i t i a l v i s c o s i t y o f
the o i l
shown
t h a t when q, k
in the formation changes the pressure g ra d ie n t between any two'
points p r o p o r t i o n a l l y .
Therefore, the v e l o c i t y a t any c o l l o c a t i o n
p o in t is independent o f the v i s c o s i t y o f the o i l although the pressure

a t a c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t is a fu n c tio n o f v i s c o s i t y .
Such an observation
can be made in Tables E.l to E. 8 where two d i f f e r e n t v i s c o s i t i e s were

used.* Therefore in the next sections, no reference to the v i s c o s i t y
w ill
be made w h i l e dealing w it h the v e l o c i t i e s .

Due to symmetry there is no flow i n the y - d i r e c t i o n along
the l i n e x = 0.5 and the pressure a t the c o l l o c a t i o n points along t h i s

l i n e should be the same.
Tables E.l to E . 8 i n d i c a t e th a t the pressure
a t the c o l l o c a t i o n po ints along the l i n e x = 0.5 are constant and
Tables E.l to E.2 provide v e l o c i t i e s f o r N=2 and f o r two d i f f e r e n t sets

o f v i s c o s i t i e s o f the o i l - s o l v e n t m i x tu r e , namely, ( 1 0 0 and 1 0 , 0 0 0 cp).
The v e l o c i t y a t any p a r t i c u l a r c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t in both the tables is
ide n tica l.
S i m i l a r conclusions apply to Tables E.3 ad E.4 ( f o r N=3),
Tables E.5 and E . 6 ( f o r N=4) and Table E.7 and E. 8 ( f o r N=5).
65
th e r e fo r e the flo w is in the x - d i r e c t i c
only.
To check the v a l i d i t y
o f the numerical r e s u l t s presented in Tables E.l to E. 8 , the v e l o c i t i e s

in the x - d i r e c t i on along the l i n e x \ 0 . 5 were int e g r a te d to obtain the
t o t a l amount o f f l u i d crossing the l i n e . A'^tra<irature approach was
V /
u t i l i z e d f o r the i n t e g r a t i o n .
The f o l lo w i n g formula was used to obtain
the t o t a l fl o w rate along the l i n e x = 0.5.
NEY
Qc = WS
I
i= l
ay
NPY-1
I
j =2
Iff
U
w.
xNPX, j
3
(5.32)
where w is the weighting f a c t o r obtained from Appendix B and S is the

thickness o f the formation.
Since the f l u i d and the formation are incompressible and there
i s no flo w in y - d i r e c t i o i r , . the value o f
should i-e equal to the t o t a l
Equatitfh (5.3 1) .
obtained from Equation (5.32)
so lve n t i n j e c t i o n r a te Q defined by
Table 4 shows the value o f
o f i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n p o in t s .
agreement w it h the value o f Q.
f o r the various numbers
The value o f
is in e x c e l l e n t
The v e l o c i t i e s obtained f o r t h i s
1
- 5 - 7
i n j e c t i o n rate are o f the order o f 10
to 10
cm/sec.
These
v e l o c i t i e s compare fa v o u r a b l y - w i th those presented by S e t t a r i e t al

(1976) f o r the same i n j e c t i o n ,rate (10~^ to 10"^ f t / d a y ) .
Table 4
Comparison o f Evaluated and I n j e c te d Q.
'
I n j e c t i o n r a te Q = .3277 cm3/sec
Evaluated
Using Quadrature Approach

Conf igu ra ti on 1
c
cm3/sec
N = 2
N = 3
N = 4
N = 5
.327690
.327698
.327702
.3277
Reproduced with permission of tire copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission
66
It
was
noted
in Chapter 4 t h a t , f o r odd number o f
c o l l o c a t i o n p o in ts , the middle c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t i s always a t 0.5.

Therefore f o r elements o f equal size and f o r two d i f f e r e n t sets o f an
odd number o f c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s , there e x is t s a t l e a s t
collocation
po ints (at the centre o f each o f the 4 elements) which are i d e n t i c a l l y

located .
Table 5 gives the corresponding c o l l o c a t i o n po in ts located
a t the centre o f each o f the 4 elements f o r N=3 and 5.

-
Table 5
C o l l o c a t io n Point Number o f the Point Located a t the Centre o f Each

Element f o r N=3 and 5.
N = 3
Col 1ocati on
poi nt
Number
N = 5
v18
40
22
46
51
115
55
121
Comparison o f the r e s u l t s a t these po ints Teads to some i n t e r e s t i n g

co nclusions.
Table
presents the comparison o f the pressures f o r
N=3 and 5 at the 4 c o l l o c a t i o n po in ts located a t the centre o f each

element.
The r e s u lt s are i n e x c e l l e n t agreement.
The s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e
i n the values could be a t t r i b u t e d to the f a c t t h a t the i n j e c t i o n ,

production and reference w e ll s are not e x a c tl y a t the same p o s it io n s
f o r the two cases.
67
Table 6
Comparison o f the Pressures a t the Centre o f Each Element f o r N=3 and 5.
C o l l o c a t io n Point
Number
Vi scosi ty 100 cp
Pressure psi
V i s c o s i t y 10,000 cp
Pressure psi
N= 3
18
1.20366
21~. 36594
N= 5
40
1.19999
20.99703
1
1
N = 3
22
.999463
.46286
N = 5
46
.99466
.46466
N = 3P
51
.63496
-35.50453
115
.63863
-35.13795
55
.84399
-14.60141
.84396
-14.6055
N= 5
N = 3
N = 5
'
121
Figure 15 shows the d i r e c t i o n s (no t magnitudes) o f the r e s u l t a n t

v e l o c i t i e s a t the c o l l o c a t i o n p o in ts f o r N=3.
taken from Table E.3.
These v e l o c i t i e s were
As expected, the general d i r e c t i o n o f the
v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e i s towards the production 'w e ll .-
<V
y-i
o
x -0
FIGURE 15.
.Configuration One: Direction of the Reaultant

Velocities for N3
. 68
69
5 . 6 .1. 2
Conf igu ra tio n Two
In t h i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n the production
wells are d ia g o n a l l y opposite.
and
the i n j e c t i o n
The diagonal ' j o i n i n g o f the two well-s.
becomes the symmetry l i n e (Figure 16).
'
FIGURE i6
,
Tabulation o f the pressures and the v e l o c i t i e s at' the

c o l l o c a t i o n po in ts f o r various N are given in Tables E.9 to E . l 6 .
two c o l l o c a t i o n po in ts which are sym me tricall y loca
the l i n e o f symmetry should have the same pressure,
' v
-
Any
' h respect to
an examination
**
Of Tables E.9 to E.16 indicates' t h a t the-pressure a t corresponding

p o i n t s ' i s the same.
,
Moreover, any two symmetrically located c o l l o c a t i o n

,
points 'a 1 so exchange v e l o c i t y components, i c e . the x - v e l o c i t y component

. a t one c o l l o c a t i o n p o i j i t becomes the y - v e l o c i t y component a t the
corresponding symmetric c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t and vice versa.
Furthermore
any col-location p o i n t on any o f the two diagonals has i d e n t i c a l v e l o c i t y

^components.
This- means t h a t the d ir e ct io n * o f the v e l o c i t y i s p a r a l l e l
to the l i n e o f symmetry.
This flow pa ttern i s expected f o r t h i s type
o f c o n f i g u r a t i o n when the m o b i l i t y r a t i o ( ^ p/ u )
is constant throughout
"the f o r m a t i o n . ' Figure 17 shows the d i r e c t i o n s (not magnitudes) o f

r e s u l t a n t v e l o c i t i e s a t the c o l l o c a t i o n po in ts f o r N=3.
These
v e l o c i t i e s were taken from Table E . l l .

5.6.2
Concentrat i on Results
The orthogonal col lo c a t io n on f i n i t e element fo rm u la tio n o f

the. c o n v e c t i o n - d i f f u s i o n equation is given by Equation (5.2.7). i^Two
d i f f e r e n t dispersion c o e f f i c i e n t s were used ( Kp=0.0001075 and 0.01075'
cm2/s
In itia l
).
Pure solven t was in j e c te d through the i n j e & t i o n w e l l .
concentration o f the solven t was assumed to be zero f o r the
e n t i r e formation.
The set o f
f i r s t order d i f f e r e n t i a l equations obtained
from Equation (5.27) together wit h the.boundary c o n d i ti o n s were solved
^
using two d i f f e r e n t methods o f s o l u t i o n , namely the Runge-Kutta method
.and the Total
I m p l i c i t method.
U n r e a l i s t i c concentration* p r o f i l e s .
v
were obtained from both the- methods o f s o l u t i o n .
The tables o f
Appendix F+present the co nc entration profiB^S obtained from both the

methods o f s o l u t i o n .
'
.*
Tables F.l t~ F.4 r e f e r to 'C o n f ig u r a ti o n One'. Tables F.l and F.2 '
present concer.u a t i o n p r o f i l e s f o r N=3 and K q = 0.0001075 and 0.01075
cm^/s r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Tables F.3- and F.4 p re s e n t' c o n c e n tr a ti o n p r o f i l e s
f o r N=Sand K q = .000T075 and :01075 cm2/s, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Tables ^.5
^ t o - F . 8 r e f e r to C on fi g u ra ti on Two1. Tables F,5 a.nd'F- 6 show the . conc ent rat ion p r o f i l e s f o r N=3 and Kp = .0001075 and 0.01&75 cm^/s,
r e s p e c t i v e l y . Tables F.,7 and F . 8 provide the x o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e ^
f o r N*5 and Kq = 0.'0001075 and 0.01075 cm^js, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
/
i f .
V
A
1
S '
s*
4.
S '
t.
s '
:y
*
.
'
;=
FIGURE 17.
.- -,-4-
Configuration Two: Direction of the Resultant

Vel&cities for N 3
A f t e r the completion o f the f i r s t i t e r a t i o n , negative values

o f conc ent rat ion a t several, c o l l o c a t i o n po ints were obtained.
Such
negative values o f solvent conc ent rat ion are p h y s i c a l l y u n r e a l i s t i c .

*
However, these negative concentrations do s a t i s f y the convection d i f f u s i o n equation as is shown f o r two d i f f e r e n t cases (N=3 and 5) in
4
Appendix G. Also an increase in the number o f i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n
points from 3. tjo 5 does not improve the co nc ent rat ion p r o f i l e .
The fo u r t h order Runge-Kutta method o f i n t e g r a t i o n was f i r s t
used to solve Equation ^ 5 . 2 7 ) .
I t was suspected t h a t the negative
9
values o f concen tratio n were due to the method o f s o l u t i o n since the
|
Runge-Kutta method is a, single- step exp! i ci t method.
A Total
Im p licit
method was then used to solve a l l the equations simultaneously.

However, no r
be obtained and indeed the two
methods gave approximêlly t l ^ T ^ m e values o f co nc entration a t the

c o l l o c a t i o n p o in ts .
(See Tables F . l to F . 8 ).
To increase the e f f e c t o f the d i f f u s i o n terms, a large value

V
'
o f Kg'Vas also usecU-(Kg = 0.01075: cm2 / s ) .
'
J
Tables F . f to F.4. f o r
'C o n f ig u r a ti o n One' and Tables F . 6 to F . 8 f o r 'C o n f ig u r a ti o n Two'

t
present1 r e s u l t s 'for" Kg = 0.01075 cm2 /se c .
However, such an increase in
Kp d i d j j p t give a r e a l i s t i c co nc ent rat ion p r o f i l e .

I t , was thought t h a t i-he negative values o f conc ent rat ion
*y
t o u l d be due to i n i t i a l i n s t a b i l i t y o f the. numerical' method.. It- was
'Jieped t h a t a fte . a few time step& ' a . r e a l i s t i c conc ent rat ion p r o f i l e
vi
.
*'
'
*
would be Obtained. A number o f time steps were used But no r e a l i s t i c
prof i l e could be obtained.Kealistic p r o file .
Some o t h e r schemes were t r i e d to ob tai n a
The important'schemes attempted are l i s t e d below;.
R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission
73
1.
At the end o f one complete time step a l l
of co nc entration were equated to zero.
the negative values
Such a method ensured t h a t no
negative value o f concentration was used in the determination o f the

v i s c o s i t y from Equation ( 5 . 3 ) .
A few time slzfeps were made.using t h i s
approach w it h o u t any success

2.
It
was found th a t ~.h
re g a t iv e values o f conc ent rat ion a t the
boundaries were mainly caused by the c o n t i n u i t y o f the f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e

c o n d i ti o n a t the e le m e n t- i n t e r b o u n d a ri e s .
To check the negative values
o f conc ent rat ion a t the two physical boundaries ( i . e . a t x =
d i f f e r e n t boundary c o n di ti o n s were used.
a t these two
boundaries was
assumed to be zero.
The concentration
and y =
iSuch a l t e r n a t i v e boundary .condi tio n s
are j u s t i f i e d since there is D r a c t i c a l l y no change in the co nc entration

f o r a larger period o f time a t these two physical boundaries.
This
approach,although removed the negative values o f th e .c o n c e n t r a ti o n

from the b o u n d a r i e s ^ i d not give a r e a l i s t i c concentration p r o f i l e .
The various schemes described above gave- some i n s i g h t i n t o the
method o f orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n on f i n i t e elements.. . Since only two
elements were .used)ineach d i r e c t i o n , there was only one element
interboundary per d i r e c t i o n .
When the c o n t i n u i t y o f the f i r s t

i
, 1
d e r i v a t i v e was imposed on such a n e l e m e n t interboundary, the r e s u l t i n g
equations contained .the values o f co nc ent rat ion of the c o l l o c a t i o n
po ints situ a te d -o n the two opposite physical boundaries.
Since th e re
i s a-considerable 'difference in the .concentration chaTrge-between' a^-y

f'
'<
two end points in,one d i r e c t i o n , only two elements per d i r e c t i o n are

v
"
not s u f f i c i e n t to accommodate the lar g e c o n c e n t ra t io n g ra d ie n t in the

formation,
A b e t t e r approximation o f the physical s i t u a t i o n could be
74
achieved by using more number o f elements.
However, extremely high
computational demands prevented the use o f a l a r g e r numbe/ o f e l e m e n t s .

On f u r t h e r increa sing the d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t to
1.075 cm2 / s , the negative concentration values disappeared and a
s o l u t i o n was obtained f o r a to t a l o f 50 time steps f o r N=3.
A contour
f o r the concentration p r o f i l e a f t e r the 50 time steps i s shown in

^he co nc entration p r o f i l e was found to be i n s e n s i t i v e to
lift km o f the .production w e l l .

The co n ce n tra tio n p r o f i l e was
a'Tw%s symmetric about the l i n e x=y.
Therefore, t h i s type o f a p r o f i l e
fhdi Cates .that the e f f e c t o f th e ^c o n v e c ti d jit e r m s in the convection

d i f f u s i o n equation is E l i g i b l e
coefficient,
equation.
and f o r g ^ ^ ^ f ^ value o f the d i f f u s i o n
the copv ect ion -d iff .us io n equ$|i$bh degenerates to .a d i f f u s i o n

'
V
Concentration - contour valup * 10
FIGUR 18.
Contour for Concentration profile After 50 Time

Steps for Kp 1.075 cm^/s
C H A P T E R 6.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
.1
Conclu s i o n :
6.1.1-
Finned Tube Problem

I
The r e s u l t s in d i c a t e t h a t the OCFE-method,on the 'basis o f
'
e q u iv a le n t number o f i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n points is s u p er io r to the

f i n i t e - d i f f e r e n c e method.
However, the f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e approach is
simple to apply an,d the advantage gained by using the OCFE method,is
l o s t in the r e l a t i v e l y gre ater programming complexity o f the method.
<
and. i t s higher computational cost.
6. 1 .2
Porous Media Problem
Solution o f the c o n t i n u i t y equation provided e x c e l l e n t mass

co n s e rv a ti o n . c However, r e a l i s t i c concentration p r o f i l e s from the
convection-diffusion
equation could be ge./ntra&ki o n ly f o r a very high
value o f the d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t .
6.2
Recommendation:
'
In any fu t u r e work on tne c o n v e c t i o n - d i f f u s i o n equation,

more'el ements in each d i r e c t i o n ifcyayld ^te-'used.
l \ is recommended t h a t in any fu t u r e si m ula tio n o f porous

media problems using the OCFE. method, a b e t t e r a lg o r ith m should be >
developed to minimize the extraneous zeros introduced in the m a tr i x .

Such an alg o ri th m would permit the use o f a la r g e r number o f elements
and c o l l o c a t i o n points a t a le s s e r computational cost.
76
'V
Bibliogra ph y
1.
Anderman, R.A., Master's Thesis',' Uni versi ty of Washington, S e a t t l e ,

Washington, 1974.
2.
B l a d i e r , C., Master's Thesis, U n i v e r s i t y o f Washington, S e a t t l e ,

Washington, 1973.
3.
Bowen, B., and Masliyah, J . , Can* J. Chem. Eng., 5J_, 8-15 (1973).
4.
Carey, G.F., and Finlayson, B.A., Chem. Eng. S c i . , 30, 587 (1975).
$
Cavendish, J .C ., P r i c e , H.S., and Vavrga, R.S., Soc. Pet. Eng. J . ,
246, 204-219, June 1969.
5.
7.
9.
Chang, P.W., Master's Thesis, U n i v e r s i t y o f Washington, S e a t t l e ,

Washington, 1975.
Chang, P.W., and Finlayson, B.A., in Advances in Computer Methodsf o r P a r t i a l D i f f e r e n t i a l Equations - I I , R. Vichnevetsky
( E d i t o r ) , 79-86, IMA'CS (AICA) ( 1977).
Cleanshaw, C.W., and Norton, H. J ., Comp. J .,
6 ^,
88-92 (1963).
Clymer, A.B. , and Braun, K.N., in AIAA Simulations" f o r A,'4$#ace

F l i g h t Conf., 244-260, AIAA,. New York, (1963).
->? ' I
.
10.
11.
Cr an d a ll, S.H., "Engineering A n a l y s i s " , McGraw H i l l Book Company,

New. York (1 956).
..Culham, W,E., and Varga , -R. S.., Sbc . Pet. Eng. J
374- 388, Nov.1971.
12.
Deboar, C., and Swartz, B.; SIAM J. Num. A n a l. , ([0, 582-606 (1973).
13.
' Douglas, J. J r . , in The Mathematical Foundation o f the F i n i t e

7
Element w ith A p p li c a ti o n s to P a r t i a l D i f f e r e n t i a l Equations,
A. K. Aziz ( E d i t o r ) , 475-490, Academic Press, New York (1972).
1 4 ^ ---Douglas, J . J r . , and Dupont T-., Math. Comp., 27_,, 17-28 (1973).

15.
16.
17.
18.
Finlayson, B.A., Chem.- Eng. S c i : ,
6 _,
1081-1091 (1971 ).
' Finlay so n, B.A., "The Method.of Weighted-Residuals and V a r i a t i o n a l

P r i n c i p l e s " , Academic Press, New York (1972).
Finlayson, B . A . , in "Mathematical Foundations, Aerodynamics and
'.
L u b r i c a t i o n " , R.H. Gallagher, J.T. Oden, C...Taylor, and
0 . 'C. Zienkiewicz
( E d i t o r s ) , Chapter 1, Wiley, New York (1974).
f
Finlayson, B.A., and Scriven, L . E . , App. Mech. Rev., 1_9, 735-748 (1966).
77
78
19.
Ferguson, N.B., and Finlayson, B.A:, AIChT J . , T8 _, 1053-1 059 (1 972 ).
20.
Frazer, R.A., Jones, W.P., and Skan, S.W., Reprinted in Great

B r i t a i n A i r M i n i s t r y Aero. Res. Comm. Tech. Rep., 1_, 517-549
(1937).
21.
Kan, H., In te r n a l Report, U n i v e r s it y o f A l b e r t a , Edmonton, A l b e r t a ,

(1 978).
'/'
22.
Lanczos, C., J. Math. Phys., 1_7, *123-199 (1 938).
23.
Lanczos, C., "Applied Analysis"', Pre ntice H a l l , Englewood C l i f f s ,

New Jersey, (1955).
-
24.
McMichael, C .L ., and Thomas ^

June, 1973.
25.
Masliyah, J . H . , Unpublished Work, 1975.
26.
Nandakumar, K . , and Masliyah, J.H ., Chem. Eng. J . , Hf, 113-1 30 (1975)
27.
Norton, H .J ., Comp. J . , 7, 76-85 (1964).
28.
Peaceman, D.W., and Rachford, H.H., J. Soc. Indust.-App. Math, 3,

28-41 (1955).
29.
Ratkowsky, D.A., and Epstein, N., Can. J. Chem. Eng., 46, 22-26
(1968).
'
30.
S e t t a r i , A. , P ri ce , H.S., and Dupont, T . , Paper presented a t the

Fourth Symposium o f Numerical Simulation o f Reservoir
Performance o f the Society o f Petroleum Engineers o f AIME,
Los Angeles, C a l i f o r n i a , February, 197-6.
31.
Sincovec, R.F., Soc. Pet. Eng. J.,I7_> 345-352, October, 1 977.
32.
S l a t e r , J .C .,
33.
Sparrow, E.M.,
and Haji-Sheikh, A., J. Heat Tran sfe r, Trans.
S.er. C 90, 103-108 (1968).
.W., Soc. Pet. Engl J . , 1_3, 125-138
Phy. Rev., 45. 794-801 (4 934).

ASME,
34.- Sparrow), E.M.,
and L o e f f l e r , A-.L. , J r l ,AIChE J.
, 5_, 325-330 (1959) .' .
35.
Sol iman, H.M.,
Jind Feingold, A ., Chem. ng. JT,
14_, 119-128 ( 1 9 7 7 ) . .
36.
Vichnevetsky, R., IEEE Trans. Comp., C 1_8, 499-512 (1969,).
37.
V i ll a d s e n , J . V . , and Stewart, W.E., Chem. Eng. S c i . , 22, 1483-1501,

(1967.).
;
38.
Wright, K., Comp. J.-5)
39.
Young, L.C., and Finlayson, B.A., Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamentals,

. 12, No. 4 , 412-422 (1973).
.
. .
, 358-365 (1964).
APPENDIX A
Computer Program to Generate Matrices A, B and w.
79
80
The accompanying computer program generates matrices' f o r

the orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n method f o r a general polynomial approximation
s a t i s f y i n g Equation ( 3 . 13a).The f i r s t and the second' d e r i v a t i v e
approximations are represented by A and B matrices, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
program can be used f o r up to 18 i n t e r i o r c o l l o c a t i o n p o in ts .
The t
With
minor m o d if ic a ti o n s i t can be used f o r any number o f c o l l o c a t i o n p o in t s .

Appendix B contains the t a b u la t io n o f the matrices up to 10 i n t e r i o r
c o l l o c a t i o n point
le pr e cis io n a r i t h m e t i c was used to insure a
high accuracy.
,v
MATRICES FOR THE METHOD OF ORTHOGONAL COLLOCATION
(GENERAL POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATION)
n n n n n n n
81
'
THE PROGRAM USES SUBROUTINE' MINV WHICH IS AVAILABLE

I N THE SSP LIBRARY.
INPUT DATA REQUIRED
1. TOTAL NUMBER OF INTERIOR COLLOCATION POINTS.

2 . COLLOCATION ABSCISSAS.
N: THE NUMBER OF INTERIOR COLLOCATION POINTS

X : COLLOCATION ABSCISSAS
I MPLI CI T REAL * 8 (A - H, 0 - Z ) r INTEGER(I - N)
DIMENSION Q (20, 2 0 ) , P( 2 0 , 2 0 ) , X ( 2 0 ) , W(1, 2 0 ) , L (20) , H ( 2 0 ) , QI (
20 . 2 0 ) , C ( 20 , 2 0 ) , F ( 1 , 2 0 ) , V (50) , A(2Q, 2 0 ) , B(20, 2 0 ) . D(20,
o n n
20)
<
READ THE NUMBER OF INTERIOR COLLOCATION]POINTS
n o n
READ ( 5 , 1
WRITE ( 6 .
,N2
N
'WRITE ( 6 ,
00) B
17 0)
2
260)
'
READ THE COLLOCATION ABSCISSAS
10
\
20
30
00
READ ( 5 , 1 30) (X ( I f , I = 1. N2)

DO 20 I = . 1 . N2
\
DO 20 J = 1, N2
IF ( I ( 0) LT. 1 . E - 00) GO TO 10 .
0 ( J , - ) = X (J) * * ( I " 1)
C ( J . X) = ( I - D * ((X (3) ) * * ( 1 - 2 ) )
d m . I)
= ( I ~ 1) * (X - 2) * ( M M ) ) * *
GO TOI 20
Q( J, I ) * 0 . DO
0 ( 1 , 1) = 1 . DO
C ( J , I ) = O.DO
0 ( J , 2}
1 .DO
>
0 (o , i ) - O.DO
D M , 3) = 2 . DO
CONTINUE
WRITS ( 6 , 2 1 0 )
DO 30 I J = 1, N2
WRITE ( 6 , 1 20 ) ( Q ( I J , K ) , K = 1, N2)
CONTINUE
DO 40 I = 1 , N2
DO 00 J = 1, N2
K = I N2 * (J - 1)
V(K) = Q ( I , J)
CONTINUE
n n n
82
SUBROUTINE'HINV CALCULATES HATRII INVERSE.
. CALL -HINV ( V, N2, DT,. L, H)

DO 50 I = 1, N2
DO 50 J = 1, 12. .
K = I
N2. * ( J^- 1)
- c i ( I . JJ =' V{K)
50' CONTIN 0 E
WPITE (6, 220)
DO 60 I J = 1, H2
WPITE ( 6 , 1 20 ) (QI ( U , K), K 1, N2)
60 CONTTNUE
Z I = O.DO
DO 70 I J = 1, 82 .
Z I = Z I 1 . DO
X
f ( 1 , I J ) = 1.D0 / Z I
70 CONTINUE
WKITE (6, 230)
WPITE ( 6 , 1 5 0 ) ( F ( 1 , I I ) , l l = 1, N2)
WRITE (6, 2 U0)
DO 80 I J = 1, N2
WRITE ( 6 , 1 20 ) (C ( I J , t ) , K = 1, N2)
BO CONTINUE
WRITE (6, 250)
DO 90 I J = 1, N2
WHITE ( 6 , 1 2 0 ) ( D ( I J , K ) , K = 1, 82)
90 CONTINUE
CALL
KB?L(C, 01, A, N2, N2, N2]'
CALL
M(L?L(D, QI, B, N2, N2, N2)
CAEL
fl PL1 ( F , QI, W, 1, M2, .82)
WPITE ( 6, 1 80 )
WRITE (6, 150) (W(1,
J)
1 . H^)
WRITE (6, 190);
DO 100 I J . = ,1, N2
WPITE ( 6 , 1 6 0) (A ( I J , K) , K = 1, 82)
100 CONTINUE . .
WRITE ( 6 , 2 0 0 )
DO 110 I J = 1) 2
WRITE ( 6 , 1 6 0 ) (B ( I J , K ) , K = 1, 82)
110 CONTINUE
,
STOP
120 FORMAT
130 FORMAT
1 90 FORMAT
15 , FORMAT
1 6 g I forhat
1 71 (format
i a<r1FORMAT
190 format
200 FOR MAT
210 FORMAT
220 FORMAT
2 3 0 FORMAT
2 90 FORMAT
2 50 FORMAT
26<F FORMAT
2ND
/
l.
*
i
r
(8F15.6)
(D12.10)
(12)
&
(FI 0 -.6)
Q
(3F15-6)
( / / , 'ORTHOGONAL COLLOCATION METHOD', / / )
( / / . VECTOR H, / )
( / / , 'MATRIX A*, / )
( / / , 'MATRIX B ' , / )
( Q MATRIX*, / )
( / / , INVERSE OF Q.. M.ATRIX*
j
, // )!
^
( / / , 'VECTOR F,',- /
( / / , 'MATRIX C ' , / )
( / / , 'MATRIX D',> / ) { / / , 'NUMBER OF I I . EfilOR COLLOOCATION POINTS =
12, /
83
c
C
-N
S UBRO UTIN E M HPL (A , B, C, L,
M , N)
I M P L I C I T F.EAL * 8 (A
-U. 0 - Z) , I N T E G E B (I - N)
D IM E N S IO N A (20, 20), B(20, 20), C.(20, 20)
DO 2 0 J = 1, N
DO 20 I
C(I, J)
DO 10 K
C(I* J)
*
=
=
=
10 C O N T IN U E
20 C O N T I N U B
BETUBH
END
1,1
O.DO
1, B
C (I, J).
/
A(I,
K)* B (K, J)
-
'
C
C
SU BROUTINE H P L M ( A . B, C, L,
H , N) .
I M P L I C I T B E A L * 8 (A - H, 0 - Z) , I N T E G E B (I - N)
D IM E N S IO N A (1, 20), B(20, 20), C(1, 20)
DO 20 J = 1, N
C(1, J) = O.DO
DC 10. K = 1,
C (1. J) = C (1, J )
10 CONTINUE'
'
20 C O N T I N U E
. BETUBH
A(1, K)
* B(K ,
J ) -T
APPENDIX B
Tabulation o f Matrices'- A, B and w.'
\
>
84
'
85
V -
ROI NTS=
. 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
.
1-
NUMBER
OF
INT-ERIOR
COLLOCATION
O
O
O
O
O
O
Ph
0
H
U
<
Cm
0
0
0
0
0
0
i f
0
0
0
0
0
0
t- m
t
if 0
zr zr
0
0
0
0
0
0
O
O
O
O
O
O
U
w
fc
O
O
Q
O
O
O
O
O
O
r- r- rAC VC'VC
VC VC VC
VC vC VC
.VC VO VC
r- VC r
O O O
0
0
0
0
0
0
O
O
O
O
O
O
M
W
O
O
0
0
0
0
0
0
#
00 00 00
1 1 1
H
H
X
0
0
0
0
0
0
-a;
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
CQ
m
X
H
H
<
E
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0

if a- if
X
H
H
S 3C
NUMBER OF I N T E R I O R
VECTOR v
-
COLLOCATION
POI NTS
(W EI G HT I NG .FACTOR)
0,000000
0.500000
0.50'ft000
0.0 0 0 0 0 0
<1
MATRIX A
-7.000000
-2.732051
0> 7 37 0 51
8^ 196152
11732051
-1:732051
2.196152
-2.196152
1.732051
-1.732051
24.000000
16.392305
-4.392305
-37. 176915
- 2 4 . 0 0 0 0 00
25.176915
12.000000
12.000000
25.176915
24.000000
37. 176915
MATRIX
1.000000
1.000000
-0.7320512.732051
7.000000
-8.196152
12.000000
12.000000
-4 . 392305
16.392305
24.000000
CO
cn
NUMBER-OF I N T E R I O R
COLLOCATION
POI NT S
VECTOR w (W EI G HT I NG FACTOR)
0 .0 000 00
0 . 2 1 1 1 *1 Q
0.444444
&
0.277778
6.000000
MATRIX A
-.
-
13. 0 0 0 0 0 0
' ; - 5 . 323790
1. 5 0 00 0 0
-0.676210
1
MATRIX
000 000
-2.666667
2.065591
1. 8 7 8 3 6 1
- 1. 2 9 0 9 9 4
-2.06S591
2.666667
3 . 22 7 4 86
- 3 . 872983
-1 4 . 788306
58.66j?667
26.666667
21.333333
26.666667
58.666667
-44.603500
-13.333333
16.666667
-73.333333
122.063167
0.000000
1.000000
0 . 6 76 2 1 0
- 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 0
5.323790
1 3 . 0 0 0 0,00'
84.000000
* 53. 237900
-
i 4. 7883 C
3. 8729 E
3.227486
1.29099
-1.8783 6
6 . 0 0 0 000
6 . 762100
24.000000
-122.063167
-73.333333
1 6 . 66666)7
-13.3333 3
-44.60350
2 .4 .0 0 0 0 0 0
6.762100
- 6 . 00.0000
53.237900
84.000000
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Or-
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c o lT) r n
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O r - m CN CO
* * ^ 9 9 *
? ? rsj CO t
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m r- m
t- ro
I <-
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<T'
fN o
co m v> in r-.
r - <n o ro vo
r- cj t- (n cn
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<n
o> co o
1- fN VO CO O ^
m r - <Tt ^
rj- O
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r- (N r- so VO
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c o fN c n r -
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i-
in o vo c n m in <n a a
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in in r - c n r o
(N vo ov co m
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vc in
oon a in
cna
COr- CM CN
vOa co tf~ CT> CNCO
11
NUMBER
OF
INTERIOR
COLLOCATION
es
o
EH
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v o v<3
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c o ctv a
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o r o c n o Crv o
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rvl
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POINTS
VO "
r>~ oo
co a
CTV o
r- a
VO 00
40. 000000
II
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ij-
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1 1
APPENDIX C
S o lu ti o n of
3 ne-Dimensional
Problem
/*
T bc-
method o f orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n on f i n i t e elements was
used to solve a simple one-dimensional> problem.
The same approach was
a ppli ed to solve the tw o- dimen sional^fin problem.

considered is
+ t
y(0 ) =
12
The problem .
+ '
'
(C.l.)
.
- y ( D" = l
'
The a n a l y t i c a l s o l u t i o n to the d i f f e r e n t i a l
y =
+ x + 1.,
equation is
The approach which is due to Carey and Finlayson
(1 975) was applied here.
The domain 0
x <_ 1 was divided i n t o NE
elements as shown below (, igure C . l ) .
FIGURE C.l
Location of The Collocation Points
For the Figure C . l , NE=6 .
A new v a r i a b l e u is defined such
'that
X-x
u = ----- ;
x + r x
where =1, . . . , NE
(C.2)
Thus u va ries from zero to one in each element .
In te rio r
c o l l o c a t i o n points in each element a r e ' t h e roots to P (u) = 0 where P

nv
n
3
i s a s h i f t e d Legendre polynomial in the i n t e r v a l 0 <_ u 1.

the ^polynomial are given in Finlayson (1972).
Roots to
..
In tro d u ci n g the v a r ia b l e u and applying OCFE to Equation ( C . l )
a t each i n t e r i o r . col lo c a t io n .po ints , y i e l ds,

T
NPX
( i b
J ,
Bj , i
-/-V ,
NPX:
' i l ,
where v: = 1 ,
cc.3>
NE
j = 2 , . . . . N+l
and INPX = N+2
N.isX^he t o t a l number o f i n t e r i o r col 1cjjdation p o in t s .
At the common p o in t between t h e d e l e m e n t s c o n t i n u i t y . of- the
f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e is a p pl ie d , i . e .
' '
AX.
E
An+ 2 i -b
'
i =1
n
Axt
+1
N?X n
JL+l
I -A 1
i Y
i =1 - 1 , 1 1
(C 4)
The two boundary c o n d i ti o n s become
y] = 1 and
(c-5)
So l u t i on o f the Equations:
Equation (C.3) together w it h Equations (C.4) and (C.5) can be
w r i t t e n as
*
? x = F
(C.61-
M a tr ix f has a block diagonal s tr u c tu r e as shown in Figure

C.2.
x-
!
Blocks were stored in a three dimensional a r r a y S ( j , i , )
where
j = 1 ........N+2
i = 1 ........N+2
= 1 ........ NE
'
I / '
.100
IZ Z Z Z Z I
ELEMENTS IN THE MATRIX DUE TO B.C.I
ELEMENTS IN THE MATRIX DUE TO

CONTINUITY OF THE FIRST DERIVATIVE
ELEMENTS IN THE MATRIX DUE TO B.C.2
Clear areas in the blocks represent matrix element's due to

the interior collocation(points. The size of each'block is
(N+2) * (N+2)
FIGURE C ,2.
Block Diagonal Matrix
101
>
The scheme is due to Carey and Finlayson and was ap plied to
L-
t h i s problem:
BC1:
S(1 ,1 ,1 ) = 1
S(1 ,1 ,1 ) = 0
i'd )
BC2:
i=2 .... .N+2
i = 1
N+l
. S( N +2 ,i , NE ) = 0
S(N+2, N+2, NE) = 1
F[(N+1) NE+1] = 3
C o n t in u it y o f the . F i r s t D er iv a tiv e :
?. = 1
NE-1
S(N+2, i ,n) =
A( N+2>1)
1 = 1
A(N+2, i ) - A
2.
S(1, i , 0
&
NE
S(N+2, N+2, -1)
=
_
------- N+1
A(1 ,1)
i = N+2
.i = 1
X ; .]
A(1 , i )
AXt
F [ ( N + 1 ) U - 1 ) +1] = 0
i - 2 . . . . : , N+2
I n t e r i o r C o ll o c a t io n P o i n t s :
-
1 ....... NE
j-=
2 ....... N+l
S (j,i,0
=B( j , i ) + Ax ^ A (j , i )
F{(N+1)(-1) + j ]
a x
i = 1 --------- - N+2 ^
.[12x 2 +4x 3 +1 ] ^
M atr ix T,which has a block diagonal structure,was converted

to a band s t r u c t u r e by i n t r o d u c i n g zeros
a t the appr op riat e places as
shown in Figure C.3.
FIGURE C. 3.
Block Diagonal Matrix as a Band Structured Matrix
103
Function index in the accompanying comp,ter piogram

introduces zeroes at thp a p pro pr iat e places.
Subroutine GELB from the
SSP l i b r a r y was used to solve the r e s u l t i n g m a tr ix .

*
Results:
Table C.l shows the a n a l y t i c a l s o l u t i o n and the s o l u t i o n
obtained using OCFE.
w it h the a n a l y t i c a l
The numerical s o l u t i o n is in very good agreement

solution:
In order to f a c i l i t a t e tihe psomparison
over the i n t e r v a l o f ( 0 , 1 ) , r e s u l t s f o r c?hl y odd number o f c o l l o c a t i o n

p o in ts are presented.
Various values o f NE and NPX were t r i e d .
In a l l
the cases considered, e x c e l l e n t agreement wit h the a n a l y t i c s o lu t io n

was observed.
104
' Table C.l

Comparison of the A n a ly t ic a l and Numerical Results
For a One-Dimensional Problem.
A n a ly t ic a l
S.No ;
.1
.1001.
Solution Using 0CFE NE=5

NPX-3
NPX=5
NPX-7
.99999
.99999
..99999
.101.16
1.10005
1.099151
*3
.1.2016
1 .1995^4
1 .20172
1 .201 52
.3
1.3081
1 .305964
1.30827
1.30804
.4
1 .4256
. 1.423069
1.42581
1.42554
.5
1 .5625
1.56041
1 .56272
1,562441
1.7296
1 .72754
1.72983
1.72954
.7
1.9401
1.93879
1 .94029
1.94006
.8
2.2096
2.20851
2.20976
2.20958
. 9-
2.5561
2.55586
2.55618
2.55609
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
1Solution
* -
9
10
IT
1.0
'
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission
1.05
c=
c
c
c
c
c
c=
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=e
c
r HE
SOLUTION OF A ONE- 01 PENSION A L PROBLEM

USING THE METHOD 0'r
O R T H O G O N A L COLL OCA TIO N ON F I NIT E ELEME NTS
C
C
C
C
=C
T HE PROGRAM SOLVES A ONE D I M E N S I O N A L PROBLEM USING TPE O C F E . T H E

PROGRAM U SE S S U B R O U T I N E GEL B WHICH IS A VA I L A B L E .'!! T H E ESP
(SCIENTIFIC S U B R O U T I N E PACKAGE) LIBRARY.
NE: , T O T A L NUM.EEP. OF ELEMENTS
N : ' NU.MBEP OF INTER IOR C OLL O C A T I O N
U : C O L L OCA TIO N POINTS
POINTS.
'
K 1 , K 2 , K 3 & K l* ARE THE INDICES USED TO INT R ' D U C F EEROS AT T HE

A P P R O P R I A T E FLACES TO CONVERT BLOCK D I A G O N A L MATRIX T ( S T O R E D AS
A T HR EE D I M E N S I O N A L MATRIX S ) TO A B AN D STRUCTURE. MATRIX S IS
FINALLY C O N V E R T E D TO
VECTOR M PF.IO? T O E.N TER IN G 5UEP.0UTI N E GELB
IN 'THE L I N E 105.
A & B ARE THE MAT R I C E S TAKEN
FORM:
THE
F ROM A P P E N D I X
V APIA E LE FORM AT USED TO IP E A D T HE ELEMENTS
COMMON / AREA / K1, K2, K3, KU

DIMENSION ,S (8, P, 8), F (GO , 1),
&, FORM (8| ,- M (500) , 0 (10), X (SO)
PEAL M
READ (8,120) FORM
DATA M / 500 * 0. /
R E A D THE
2.
NUMBER
READ ( 19, 10)

N2 = N 2
N1 = N + 1
OF INTERIOR
A{0,
8)
COLLOCATION
D (30,
OF A & B.
30) , 5(3,
G) , D X (9)
POIN TS
c
c
READ INPUT
RE AD
(19,150) (B (I) , I = i N2)
1, N 2 ) , I = 1, w?)
READ
( 9 , FORM) ((A (I,
J) , J
1 = 1 , N2)
READ
(9,FORM) ({B(I,
J)', J = 1, N
READ (5,180) NE
H1NE = NE - 1
ANE = 1. / NE
X(1) = 0
DO 10 L = 1 , NE
X (L + 1) = X (L) + ANE
DX (L) = ^ (L + 1) - X (L)
l-.
10 CONTINUE.
* X (NE +
= 1.0
C
C
C
GENERATE
ELEMENTS OF MATRIX S AND VECTOR
S(1, 1, 1) = 1 . 0
DO 20-1 = 2, N2
S (1 . I r 1)
20 CONTIV 05
* ( 1,
1)
= 0.0
= 1
DO UO L = 1, MINE
L1 = L + -T
DO 30 T = 1, N1
S(N2, I, L) = A (N 2, I)
30 CONTIN OS
S {N 2 , N2, L) = A (N 2 , N2) - DX (L) * A(1, 1) / (DX (L + >. ))
,UO CONTINUE
DO 60
L = 2, NE
M1L =
L- 1
S(1, 1,
L) = S(N2, N2, H1L)
DO 50 I = 2, N2
S{1, I, L) = - DX(M1L) * A (1, I) / DX(L)
50 CONTINUE
F((N1
* MIL) + 1, 1) = 0
60 CONTI NUE
S ( H 2 N 2 , NE) = 1.0
DO 70 I = 1, HI
S(N2, I, NE) = 0.0
7 (N1 * NE 1, 1) = 3.
TO C O NTI NUE
DO 100 L = 1, NE
DO 90 J = 2, N1
DO 80 I = 1, N 2
S(J, I,*L) = B(J, I) + DX (L) * A (J , I)
80 CONTIN UE
M1L = L - 1
XC = X (L) + DX (L) * U (J)
* F ((N 1) * (MIL) + J, 1) =DX (L)
* DX(L) * (12 * (XC) ** 2
0) ** 3. + 1.)
v
90 CONTINUE
100 CONTINUE
K1 = 3
* N2 *(N2 1) / 2
!C2 = {N2 - 1) *(2 * N2 - 1)
K3 = 2
* N2 -1
KU = K2 * (NE - 2)
n o n
"
C O N V E R T S TO
, DO 110
J = 1,N2
DO 110
I = 1,N2
DO 110
L = 1,NE
K = I N D E X (J, I, L, N2, NE)
M(K) = S(J, I, L)
H O C O NT INU E
NU = NE * N2 - NE + 1
C AL L G E L B (F, K, NU, 1, N1,
o n o
.*
WRITE
SOLUT ION
WRITE
STOP
(6,130)
(F(JK,
N1, 1.E
-7,
ISB)
1), JK = 1, NU)
C
120
FORMAT
130 FOPMAT
1U0 FORMAT
150 FORMAT
160 FORMAT
(8 AU)
(F15.6)
(12)
(F12.10)
(12)
'tj
(XC
107
an
o o n n
FUNCTION INDEX(J, I, L, N, NE)

COMMON / AREA / K1, K2, K 3 r KU
THE F UNCTION I ND EX I NTRODUCES ZEROS AT THE A P P R O P R I A T E

PLACES TO CONVERT A FLOCK DIAGO NAL S T R U C T U R E TO A B A N D 'STRUCTURE.
IF (L
IF (L
INDEX
GO TO
10 INDEX
GO TO
INDEX
\61
. EQ.
.EQ.
= K1
30
= (J
30
= 1 +
1) GO TO 10
NE) GO TO CO
+ (L - 2) * K2 +
(J - 1) * K3 + I - J +
1
<
- 1) *
(J - 2) / 2 +
(J - 1)
(J - 1)
* N + J * N - J *
* N + I
( J + 1 ) / 2 + K ' * K H - N +
30\ CONTIN UE
^RETURN
APPENDIX D
F i n i t e - D i f f e r e n c e Formulation o f the Finned Tube Problem
r.
108
The f i n i t e - d i f f e r e n c e f o r m u la t io n of the f i n problem is
presented. ; The f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e method' was used'to o b ta in the s o lu t io n

a t the corner points of the blocks (Figure 5).
-
The flo w equation is g i v e n by

32W + 1_ SW +
a r 2 . r * ar
r 7
92W =
ae2
Usinq a three-points central
(D.l)
differeVice' f o r m u la t i o n , Equation
( D . l ) becomes.
W. . +
i,J+l
W.
i,J -l
2 W.
.
i-,j
W.
l-.j +l
T , J -1
2Ar
/ i
w . . , . + W. , - - 2W.
i + l ,J
j j - 1 J
i
A0 ^
rt
i
- W. .
.
..1
-1
. (D.2)
Rearranging the above, e q u a t io n , one obtains

1
W,
Z(Z + ~ )
2
+ W. ,
i+l,J
where Z =
.A
. + W.
i-l,J
W.
+ 1(1 W.' . ,
i ,J +1
' . 2 ' i , j-T
. + r 2
A02
(D.3)
Equation (D.3) was used to evaluate the v e l o c i t y a t the corner

points ( F u l l c i r c l e s in Figure 5) o.f each b l o c k /
APPENDIX E
Pressure and V e l o c i t y Results
from C o n t i n u i t y Equatioon
r
110
. value of 10--99 in the v e l o c i t y columns indicates that the

ve l o c i t y at that col location point was not evaluated
T AB LE E . 1
C O N f I G U B A T I 0 N ONE: P R E S S U R E AJifl VELOC ITY R E SU LTS
VI S C O S I T Y = 1 0 0 CP AND N=2
IN I T I A L VI S C O S I T Y OF THE OIL=
N U MB EE Of I N T E R I O R C O L L O C A T I O N
COLLOCATION
POINT
1
2
?
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
76
W
O
23
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
RE SSO RE
(PSI)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
c
0
0
0
0
u
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.
543 4 1 1 7 4 6
215405415
0 71 16Pn41
0 051 1 j 53 1
534 7410 43
4 9 56 670 05
196111658
111316193
06203.4594
000000000
996 4 3 9 8 2 8
090 427370
081496671
009025892
9 8 48 547 18
9 683S4632
94 7 419 607
946 189996
92 0 293 179
920299179
5 2 02 991 79
'
920299179
750170988
7591 016 87
83157 246 6
8557 436 40
a/2213 /26
893 17875 1
894408362
305857315
344 9 313 53
64448 670 0
72 9 2 8 2 1 6 5
77 8 5 5 3 7 6 5
840598358
844 1 5 8 5 3 0
297 186613
625 192943
7 6 94 303 17
835487827-
FOR
\LoO.OOO CP
POINTS PEE E L E M E N T 3
VELOCITY IN
'x D I R ECT ION
CM/S
VELO CIT Y IN
Y DIRECT ION
CM/S
- 0 . OOOOO QOO O
10.990000000
0.000000000
10.990000000
- 0.000000000
10.9900 000 00
-O . O OOO OOO OU
10. 990 000 000
10.990000000
- 0.000000000
0.000002090
0.000001686
0.00 0000857
0.000002462
10 .99 0000000
0.000001344
0.000 900 409
0.000 000 951
0. 02' 30229
0.000000175
1 0 . 5 00000
0.0
10.990000000
0.4500000000
0. 000004015
0.000000388
0.C O O 002035
0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 7
10. 990000-0-00
- 0.000000448
0. 000001.070--.'
0 .'C0COO0319
0.000000602
VjO. 0000 000 60
10.990000000
0 . 000000000
0.0 000 033 35
f 0.99 000 000 0
0.000002041
10.99000 000 0
0.000001145
10 .99 000 000 0
0.000000647.
10. 990 000 000
10.990000000
0.000000000
0100000 4015
-0,000000388
0.00 0002035
-0.000000647
10.9 90000000
-0.000000448
0 . O U O O O I 070
-0.000000319
C . 000000602
-0.000000060
10.990000000
- 0 . 000000000
10.990000000
0.000000000
0.00 000 209 0
-0. 00000 1686
0.00 000 085 7
-0 . 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 2
10.990000000
-0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4 4
0. 0 000 004 09
-0.00 000 093 1
0.00 000 022 9
-0.000000175
10. 990 000 000
0.0
- 0 . 0000Q000C
10.99 000 000 0
- 0.000000000
10.9900 000 00
- 0.000000000
10. 990 000 000
0.0
10 .99 0000000
TABLE
E.2
C O N F I G U R A T I O N ONE: P R E S S U R E A N D
V I SC O SI T Y =1 0 ,0 0 0 CP
VELOCITY
A N D N=2
RESDLTS
FOR
I N I T I A L VISCOSITY OF THE OIL= 10000.000 CP

NU M B E R OF INTERI OR C O L LO CAT ION POINTS PER ELEHZ NT=
COLLOCATION
POINT
1
2
3
9
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
19
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
29
25
26
27
28
29
3G
31
32
33
39
35
36
37
38
39
90
PRES SUR E
(PSI)
55.391 179562
22. 590 59 1979
8. 116809139
1.511053071
59 -97 9 1 0 9 2 9 9
5 0- 56 6 7 0 0 5 3 2
20., 61 1 165769
12. 131619278
7.. 2 03959352
1-000000000
0-. 6 4 3S S28 02
10 -09 2736982
9.19 966 708 7
1 . 502589223
-0.519528197
- 2- 16 1 5 3 6 7 5 1
-9.. 2 5 80 393 30
-9.381000358
-6.970082099
-6.970082099
-6.970082099
-6. 970 0820 S9
-23.982901169
-23. 089831275.
-15.892753911
- 13.925635991
-1 1.778 627 937
-9.682129858
- 9 - 5 5 9 163829
6o.91426c9cl
-69.506869720
-39.551329956
-26.071783966
-21- 193623539
- 19. 990 169 188
- 1 9 . 5 891 969 90
-69.281338750
-36.980705661
-2 2.0 56 968321
-15.951217259
VELO CIT Y IN
I DIRECTION
C M/ S
-0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0. 0 0 000 000 0
0.0
-0.000000000
10.9 900 000 00
0.0 000 020 90
0. 00 0 0 0 0 8 5 7
1 0 . 99 000 000 0
0. 00 0 0 0 0 9 0 9
0. 00 0 0 0 0 2 2 9
10. 990 000 000
10. 990 000 000
0.000009015
0 . 0 000 020 35
10. 990 000 000
0.000001070
0. 00 0 0 0 0 6 0 2
10. 990 000 000
0 . 0 000 033 35
0.000002091
0.000001 195
0 . 0 000 006 97
10.990000000
0 . 0 00 009 015
0.000002035
10 .99 0000000
0.000001070
0. 00 0 0 0 0 6 0 2
1 0 . 99 000 000 0
i0. 990000000
0.0 000 020 90
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 7
1.0. 99000 000 0
0 . 0 000 009 09
0. 00000.0229
10.99 000 000 0
0.0
-0.000000000
-0.000000000
-0.000000000
V E LOC ITY IN
Y DIR ECT ION
CM/S
10.9 90000000
10. 990'000000
10.9 90000000
10.99 000 000 0
0.000000000
0 . 000 001 686
0. 000 0 0 2 9 6 2
0.00000 1399
0.0 000 009 51
0 .0 00 0 0 0 1 7 5
0. 000 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.000000000
0.000000388
0.000000697
0.000000998
0. 000000319^
0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 S)
-o.ooooooooo
10.990000000
10.99000 000 0
10.99000 000 0
1 0. 990000000
-0.000000000
-0.000000388
-0.000000697
-0.000000998
-0.000000319
-0.000000060
0.0
- 0 . OOOOO uou O
-0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1686
-0.000002962
-0.000001399
- 0 . 00 000 095 1
-0.000000175
0.0
10.99000 000 0
10.990000000
10. 99000 000 0 i
10.990000000
114
TABLE
E.3
C O N F I G U R A T I O N ONE: PR ES SU RE AND V E L OC I TY
\
V I S C O S I T Y = 10 0 C P AN D N=3
I N I T I A L V I SCO SIT Y OF THE OIL=

N U M B E R OF I N T E R I O R C O L LOC ATI ON
.OCATION
POINT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
24
25
.26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
PRESSURE
(PSI)
1.82 8773953
1.395770126
1- 156293266
1.. 09389 730 8
1. 026 436607
1. 00 1 309 415
1. 826174900
1.78 3944216
1.3 815 020 60
1.1 521 746 07
1.1 214 331 60
1-090 773736
1 . 02 468 937 0
1. 000 000000
0. 9 9 8 7 1 0 3 3 5
1.345640597'
1.334006465
1.203668649
.0 83631182
.060035134
03 9920776
0. 9 9 463 470 6
0. 9 7 719 329 8
0 . 9 76 306 574
0. 99 5 9 0 8 8 3 7
0. 99 5 1 3 1 5 7 6
0. 98 1 7 2 6 4 0 7
A nrnhA
M
rtnC
W
J -Jj
\l 1
C. 9 5 3 6 5 9 5 5 0
0.94 8 9 1 6 3 8 4
0-93 8 0 1 4 9 7 6
0.93 3 7 2 9 1 2 6
0.93 3 5 1 1 2 6 4
0.9 19316895
0.919316689
0.9 19316243
0.9 19315898
0.9 19315274
FOB
100.000 CP
POINTS PER E L EM ENT 3
V E LO CIT Y IN
I D IR E C T I O N
CM/S
-0.000000000
0. 000000000
-0.000000000
-0.000000000
0 . 00 000 000 0
-0.000000000
10 .99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.000003598
0.00 0 0 0 1 1 7 4
0.00 0 0 0 0 3 5 3
10 . 9 900 000 00
0.00 0 0 0 0 2 6 7
0.00 0000151
0. 0 000 001 13
10 . 9 900 000 00
1 0 . 99 000 000 0
0.000005789
0. 000 0 0 2 8 2 0
0.00 0 0 0 1 3 0 7
10. 990 000 000
0.000000960
'0.000000583
0.000000445
10 . 9 900 000 00
10 .99 0 0 0 0 0 6 7
0.00 0 0 0 3 1 7 9
0.000002717
a
RESULTS
r\rsr\r\/\ + ~
i~
>
suvvvv rju
10.9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.0 00 0 0 1 2 7 6
0. 000 0 0 0 8 0 5
0.00 0000621
10 . 9 900 000 00
.0. 000 003 576
0. 000 0 0 2 7 2 6
0.000001739
0.00 0001291
0. 0 0 000 081 6
VELOCITY IB
Y DIRECT ION
CM/S
"
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.99000 000 0
- 0 .ooooooooo
0.000 003 373
0. 00 0 0 0 4 8 1 0
0.000 001 360
0.0 000 014 74
0. 000001 199
0 . 0 00 000 533
0. 0 0 000 011 2
0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
o.oo o o o o o o o
0.000000946
0.000 001 860
0.000 001 115
0.00 0 0 0 0 9 5 5
0.00 0 0 0 0 7 9 7
0 . 0 00 000 377
0. 0 0 000 007 7
-0.000000000
c . O OO OOO OOO
0.000000067
0. 0 0 000 025 4
A A
A
A
A
A
A
A
O
tO
V
U
U
U
U
^/ 1
0. 0 0 000 022 4
0. 0 0 000 018 9
0. 0 000 000 92
0.0 000 000 19
-0.000000000
1.0. 990000000
10 .99 0000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
1C.990000000
115
/
\
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
6 1
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
b 9
70
71
72
0.919314863
0 842724974
0.843502213
0 - 8 56 90 96 S
0.879231393
0.. 884 S72592
0 . 8 8 9 7 1 5 3 94
0.900615535
0 . 9C4900598
0 . 9 0 5 1 18409
0.492993197
0.504627306
0.634964686
0 . 7 5 5 0 0 1 169
0.778596830
0.798710760
' .0. 843995013
0.861434767
0.862321354
0. 0 12458879
0.. 0 5 4 6 8 9 5 3 7
0.457131234
0 . 6 8 6 4 5 7 6 02
0 . 7 17 1 9 8 5 9 8
0.747857567
0.813939173
0.838624250
0.839913476 '
0.009859799
0.442863164
0.682338930
0.744733978
0.812191825
0.837314422
0.000000629
10.990000000
0.000003179
0.000002717
0.000001736
10.990000000
0. OiOOOOl 276
0 . OoO 000 905
0.000000621
10. 99t)000000
10.990000000
0.000005789
0.000002820
0.000001307
10.990000000
0.000000960
0.000000583
0.000000445
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000003598
0.000001174
0.000000353
10.990000000
0.000000267
0.000000151
0.000000113
10.990000000
' o>. OOOOOOOOO
-0.000000000
0.0
0 . ooooooooo
0.0
0. o o o o o o o o o
10.990000000
- 0 . ooooooooo
-0.000000067
-0.000000254
-0.000000271
-0.000000224
-0.000000189
-0.000000092
-0.000000019
0.0
0 . OOOOOOOOO
-0.000000946
-0.000001860
-0.000001115
-0.000000955
-0.000000797
-0.000000377
-0.000000077
0.0
0 . OOOOOOOOO
-0.000003373
-0.000004810
-0.000001359
-0.000001474
-0.000001199
-0.000000533
-0.000000112
0.0
10-990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
116
TABLE
E.4
C O N F I G U R A T I O N ONE: P R E S S U R E A N D
V I S C O S I T Y 3 10,000 CP
INITIA L
NUMBER
VI S C O S I T Y OF T HE OIL=
OF
. LOCATI ON1
POINT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27'
28
")O
30
3 1
32
33
34
35
36
.37
38
'
INTERIOR
COLLOCATI ON
PRESSURE
(PSI)
83.876459984
40- 576 1 15792
16. . 6 2 8 5 2 5 2 9 1
10.389012177
3., 6 43 2 2 5 3 7 8
1- 1 3 0 9 8 7 975
S3..6 1 6 5 5 1 8 2 5
79.393 465553
39-149308027
16-216656916
13- 142 553 144
1.0-076651862
3.468488009
1 . ooooooooo
0.871080016
3 5 . 563 108 6 2 5
34.399697140
2 1 . 3 6 5 9 4 8 4 12
9.362279245
.7 . 002706139 '
4.991306181
0-462861981
-1.281119206
-1 .369777914
0.589908505
0.512183752
- 0 - 829 30660'!
-3.060786558
- 3 . 6 3 4 9 1 S3 91
- 4 . 1 0 9 2 1 3 2 82
-5.195273790
-5.627809161
-5.6495S22C9
-7.069292227
-7.069290645
-7.069287217
-7.069284562
-7.069279766
VELOCITY
AN D N=3
RESDLTS
FOR
10000.000 CP
POI NTS
PER
VELOCITY I N
X DIRECTION
ELEMENT3
VELOCITY I N
Y DIRECTION
CM/S
CM/S
-0.000000000
- 0 . ooooooooo
0 . ooooooooo
- 0 . ooooooooo
- 0 . ooooooooo
- 0 . ooooooooo
10.990000000
0.000003598
0.000001174
0.000000353
10.590000000
0.000000267
0 - O O O O O O I 51
0.000000113
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000005789
0.,000002820
0.000001307
10.990000000
0.000000960
0.000000583
0.000000445
1 C . 9 9 C O C O 0(t
10.990000000
0.000003179
f\
AA/IA/1'IKl
>I f
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 . 7 3 6
10.990000000
0.000001276
0.000000805
0.000000621
10.990000000
0.000003576
0.000002726
0.000001739
0.000001291
0.000000816
10.990000000
1C.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000003373
0.000004810
0.000001359
0.000001474
0.000001199
0.000000533
0.00000011'
0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000946
02000001860
0.000001115
0.000000955
0.000000797
0.000000377
0.000000077
- 0. ooooooooo
0.0
0.000000067
0. 00000 025 4
0.000000271
0. 0000002Z40.000000<&9
0.000000092
0.000000019
0.0
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
CONTINUED
39
no
4 1
42
43
49
95
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
-7.069276602
- 14. 7284,931 19
-14.650768197
- 13. 3 1 0 2 7 2 6 6 3
-1 1.077787808
-10.503652388
- 10.0293556S7
-8.939285451
- 8 . 5 10744027
- 8 . 488960588
- 4 9 . 7 0 1 6 9 3 1 15
- 4 8 . 538 2 8 1 4 5 2
-35.504529371
-23.500852634
-21.141276550
- 1 9 . 129873300
-14.601415134
-12.857421228
-12.768761461
-97.755136192 .
-93.532069728
-53.287888666
-30.355229219
-27.281121972
-24.215217190
-17.607032114
- 15. 138511095
-15.009587734
-98.015044150
-54.714696407
- 3 0 . 7 6 7 C97506
- 2- 4 . 5 2 7 5 7 7 3 7 3
-17.781768628
- 1 5 - 2694958S4
0.000000629
10.990000000
0.000003179
0.000002717
0.. 0 0 0 0 0 1 736
10.990000000
0.000001276
0.000000805
0.000000621
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000005789
0.000002820
0.000001307
10.990000000
0.000000960
0.000000583
0.000000445
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000003598
0.000001174
0.000000353
10.990000000
0.000000267
0.000000151
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 13.
10.990000000
0.0
0.0
-o.ooooooooo
, 0. 0000 00 0. 00
0.000000000
-0.000000000
10.990000000
- 0 . ooooooooo
-0.000000067
- 0 . C00000254
-0.000000271
-0.000000224
-0.000000189
-0.000000092
-0.000000019
0.0
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
-0.000000946
-0.000001860
-0.000001115
-0.000000955
. -0.000000797
-0.000000377
-0.000000077
0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
-0.000003373
- C . 000004810
-0.000001359
- 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1474
- 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1199
-0.000000533
-0.000000112
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
118
TABLE
CONFIGURATION
E. 5
ONE: P R E S S U R E A N D V E L O C I T Y
V I S C O S I T Y = 1 0 r C P k HD N=4
I N I T I A L VIS COS ITY OF THE OIL=

NUHBEfi OF I N T E R I O R C O L L OCA TIO N
-LOCATION
POINT
1
2
3
4
I5
I6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
19
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
VELOCITY IN
I DIRECT ION
,
CM/S
2 .0 52 6 2 2 3 0 2
1.5 762 276 14
1- 257984014
1. 151082134
1. 104371 1 44
1. 049 439716
1- 01 1 1 55078
1 - 000 483S46
2.051661239
2. 008 7 0 9 0 5 2
1.5 636 S72 36
1 .2 55522323
1 . 149 1507 17
1 . 122302072
1. 103206766
1 .0 48643602
1 . 010 604e57
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
-0.000000000
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.0 000 000 00
0. OOOOOOOOO
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
10.990000000
0. 000 005675
0.0 000 016 65
0 .0 00000347
0 . 00 000 026 6
10.990000 000
0.000000164
0.000000112
0.0 000 000 78
0.0 000 000 68
10.9 900 000 00
10.990000000
0. COOO 08 513
0 . 0 000 035 05
0 . C0C00 1496
0.0 000 009 85
10.990000 000
n 000000741
0.00 000 050 7
0.000000353
0.000000311
10. 990000000' '
1 0. 990000000'0.0 000 033 42
0.0 000 033 63
0.0 000 022 04
0. 000001484
10.990000000
-0. 000001228
0 .0 00000867
ooooooooo
0.999 522883
1. 5)54434892
1.54287000$
1.394 136275
1.2 048 143 70
1. 114159180
1 .0 95 2 8 5 5 4 7
1.078 635169
1.031894936
0 . S98 990386
0 . 9 897 776 27
0 . 9 893 623 56
1.. 167761337
1. 166332990
1. 137555013
1.070708111
1.026284472
1. 0 16831511
1 .0 08160147
0. 982947021
FOR
100.000 CP
POINTS PER ELEMENT^
P R ESS URE
(PSI)
1.
RESULTS
16
V E L OC ITY .IN
Y DIRECTION
CM/S
10.990000000
1 0.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
1 0.990000000
1 0. 990000000
1 0.990000000
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0 . 0 00 005 539
0.00 000 786 5
0.00000 2013
0.000002104
0.000 001 471
0. 0 0 000 129 7
0.000000787
0. 00 0 0 0 0 3 3 7
0 . 00 000 006 7
0.0
0.0 000 000 00
0. 00000 1529
0.0 000 032 60
0.00000 2071
0 . 00 000 140 9
0. 000 0 0 1 2 4 7
/>
U< UVUUU 1 IU3
0. 0 00000678
0.0 000 002 92
0.0 000 000 59
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0 . OOOOO OOO O
0 . 000 000 202
0 . 00 000 082 6
0. 000 0 0 0 9 6 3
0.000 000 696
0. 000 0 0 0 6 4 3
0.000000581
0 . 0 00 000 374
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120
C O H T IH D E D
99
100
101
102
103
10 4
105 '
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
0 . 7 15810620
0.735405926
0.789969090
0.828007835
0.838612692
0. 839 C89809
-0.214009610
0.262385077
0.5 80 628677
0 . 687 5 3 0 55 8
.0.734241548
0-789172976
0.827457614
0 . 8 3 8 128745
10.990000000
0.000000164
0.000000112
0.000000078
0.000000068
10.990000000
0.0
o. ooooooooo
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<5
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-0.000001471
- 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1297
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-0.000000067
0.0
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
1C.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
TABLE
E.6
C O N F I G U R A T I O N O NE: P R E S S U R E A N D
V I S C O S I T Y = 10, 00 0 C P
VELOCITY
A N D N=4
RESULTS
FOR
I N IT IAL VISCO SIT Y OF THE O IL= 10000.000 CP

N U M B E R OF INTERIOR C O L L O C A T I O N POINTS PER ELEMENT*
.LOCATION
POINT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
T4
15
1C
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
29
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
PR E S S U R E
(PSI)
106.262230183
58.622761447
26.798401447
1 6. 108213384
1 1. 43 7 1 1 43 64
5.943971577
2. 1 15507831
1-048394643
1 0 6 . 166 1 2 3 8 6 5
101.870905227
57.369723610
26.. 5 5 2 2 3 2 2 5 7
15.915071659
13.280207193
1 1 3 2 0 6 7 6 5 5 2
5.864360170
2.060485724
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0.952288325
56.443489234
55.287000559
40.413627464
2 1 . 4 8 1 4369S8
12.415918000
10.528554669
8 . 8 6 3 5 1 6 841
4 - 189 4 9 3 6 4 4
0.899038611
-0.022237327
-0.063764382
17.776133684
1 7 . 6 33 2 9 S 0 3 9
14.755501308
8.070811137
3 . 6 2 8 4 4 7 1 S7
2.683151075
1.816014659
-0.705297857
VELOCITY IN
I D I R ECT ION
CM/S
*,
0.000000000
0 . ooooooooo
0.000000000
0.000000000
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0.000005675
0.000001665
0.000000347
0.000000266
10. 990 00 0 0 0 0
0.000000164
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12
0.000000078
0.000000068
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000008513
0.000003905
0.000001496
0.000000985
10.990000000
n.0 0000 0 7 4 1
0.000000507
0.000000353
0.000000311
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000003342
0,. 00 0 0 0 3 3 6 3
0.000002204
0.000001484
1C. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.000001228
0.000000867
16
VELOCITY IN
Y EI RECTIOB
, CM/S
10.990000000
10.990000000
1 0. 990000.000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
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0.000005539
0 .0 0 0 0 0 7865
0.000002013
0.000002104
0.000001471
0.000001297
0.000000787
0.000000337
0.000000067
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0.000001529
0.000003260
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0.000001409
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0.000000678
0.000000292
0.000000059
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0.000000202
0.000000826
0.000000963
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 06/96
0 . 0 0 0 0 ( L O 4 3
0 . 0 0 0 ( f o 0 581
0.000000374
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99
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102
103
104
10 5 '
106
107
108
10 9
1 10
1 1.1
112
- 2 7 . 9 18938009
-26.959907368-20.003090986
t 16. 1 9 9 2 1 6 5 9 0
- 1 5...1 38730-8 16
-15.091019191
- 1 2 0 . 90( 1960999
- 7 2 . 7 6 1992263
- ' 90 -9 37 132263
-30.i 2 9 6 9 99 19 9
-25.575895179
- 2 0 . C8 27 023 93
-16.25.9238697
- 15. 1 8 7 1 2 5 9 5 9
10.990000000
- 0 . 00 00 0 1971
0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 1 ^ = = * < - 0 . 00 0 0 0 1297
0.00000011?
- 0 . COOOO 0 7 8 7
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-0.000000337
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10 -990000000
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0 .. o o o o o o o o o
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. 10.-990000000
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10.990000000
0.000000000
10.990000000
0.0
10 .9900000^0
124
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TABLE
E.7
C O N F I G C B A T I O N .ONE: P B E S S O R E A N D V E L O C I T Y
V I S C O S 1 T Y = 1 0 0 C P AND N=5
INITIAL"' VISCO SIT Y OF THE OIL=

N O H B E B OF INTIB IOB CO LLO C A T I O N
LLOCATION
POINT
PB E S S 0 E E
(PSI)
RESULTS
FOB
100.000 CP
POINTS PEB E LEHENT= 25
VELOC ITY IN
X D I R E C T I O N
CH/S
VELOCITY IN
Y DI RECTION
CB/S
V
2
3
i*
5
6
7
,8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
"
2. 2 3 460 712 8
1.(737433350
1.3 76337514
1-216296492
1.1 368 500 47
1 .1 10997583
1 . 0 673 415 90
1. 026412695,
1. 005394978
1 . 0 00 220 212
2. 234 165861
2.19 0 9 9 4 8 6 2
1. 7256-76028
1.37 4494719
1. 215(313063
1.. 136410532
1. 124 150 168
1. 1 10398,502
1.066915711
1. 026 116075
1.005 159837
1 . OOOOOOOOO
0.999778539
1.726776296
1 .715 459344
1.560 109 222
1. 331611033
1. 189845828
1. 123187673
1 . 109674172
1.097 194 358
1.0 5723.04 70
1.019 322 084
0. 9 997 638 64
0.99 4 9 4 3 0 1 7
0. 9 947 377 82
1.326 227 252
1. 324835028
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0.000 000 262
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0. 00000 1501
0.000 000 124
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0. 0 000 000 49
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C O H T IH U E D
39
40
n1
42
43.
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
.
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
'
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
65
86
87
88
89
90
91
32
93 '
94
95
96
97
98-
1.292556261
1. 199988026
1. 1 1 4 2 9 9 0 5 0
1.070058200
1.060406743
1.051507648
1.022612394
0.994660298
0.980066789
0.976455723
0.976301766
1.096821423
1.096040164
1.092352697
1.048646139
1.013319300
0.993 121893
0.988671966
0 a 98 4 4 8 5 4 1 6 ..
0.970635880
0.956958608
0.949735906
0.947941227
0 . 9 47 66492.8,
0.951092704
0.951268170
0.951620697
0.945670817
0.938572534
Oj. 9 3 4 5 6 0 8 2 5
0.933622680
0.932766954
0.929935330
0.927118607
0.925625095
0.925253672
'
0.925237764
0-919314279
0.919314096 ^
0.919313838
0.919313490
0 . 9 19313277
0.919313086
U . 919312565
0.919311957
0.919311559
0.919311548
0.887535858
0.887360300
0 . 8 8 7 C0 7 4 0 7
0.892956771
0.900054357
0.904065639
0.905003683
0.905859127
0.908689709
0.911505210
0.912997921
0.913369357
0.913385344
0-000004206
0.000002731
0.000001663
0.. 0 0 0 0 0 1 24 4
10.990000000
0.000001062
0.000000815
0.000000586
0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 9
0.000000441
10.990000000
10-990000000
0.000004532
'
0.000003593
0.000002736
0.000001960
0.000001515
10.990000000
0.000001339
0.000001048
0.000000766
0.000000618
0.000000581
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000003202
0.000003382
0.000002756
0.000002009
0.000001591
10J990000000
0.000001403
0.000001108
0.000000814
0.000000658
0.000000619
10.990000000
0.000003623
0.000003374
0.000002745
0.000002013
0.000001591
0.000001407
0.000001110
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 816 _
0.000000660'
0.000000621
10.990000000
0.000003202
0.000003382
0.000002756
0.000002009
0.000001591
10.990000000
0.000001403
0.000001108
0.000000814
0.000000658
0.000000619
10.990000000
0.000001358
0. 0 0 0 0 0 17'69
0.000001317
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1047
0.000000965
0.000000895
0 . 000000653
0.000000377
0.000000162
0 . <5 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2
0.0 .
0.000000000
0.000000157
0.000000517
0.000000663
0.000000595
0.000000479
0.000000451
0.000000423
0.000000317
0.000000186
0.000000080
0.000000016
0.0
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
-0.000000031
0.000000041
0.000000143
0.000000111
0.000000102
0.000000092,
0.000000086
0.000000065
0.000000038
0.000000017
0.000000003
0.0
10.990000300
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10. / 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000000000
0.000000031
-0.000000041
-0.000000143
-0.000000111
-0.000000102
-0.000000092
-0.000000086
--0.000000065
-0.000000038
-0.000000017
-0.000000003
0.0
126
C O N T IN U E !;
99
0.741606887
10 .990000000
iO.OOOOOOOOO
100
0.742588053
0.000004532
-0.000000157
101
0.756275154
' 0.000003593
-0.000000517
102
0.789981189
0.000002736
-0.000000663
103
0.825307313
0. 00000196 0
-0.000000595
104
0 845504271
0.000001515
-0.000000479
105
0.849954089
10.990000000
-0.000000451
106
0.854140350
0.000001339
-0.000000423
107
O.s 6 6 7 S8 8 7 9 7
0.000001048
-0.000000317
1 08
0.. 881 6 6 4 7 4 3 .
0.000000766
-0.000000186
109
0.888886499
0.000000618
-0.000000080
110
0.89061
82
0.000000581
-0.000000016
11 1
0.89075/450
10.990000000
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
112
0 . 5 12400976
10.990000000
0.000000000
113
0.513793108
0.000003895
-0.000000294
1 14
0.546071503
0.000004206
'
-0.000001358
0.638639194
11 5
0.000002731
-0.000001769
116
0.. 7 24 3 2 7 4 03
0.000001663
-0.000001317
117
0.768567732
0j 000001244
-0.000001047
118
0 . 778 2 1 9 0 5 3
10.990000000
-0.000000965
119
0.787117828
0.000001062
-0.000000895
120
0 . 8 16011833
0.000000815
-0.000000653
21
0.843962176
0.000000586
-0.000000377
22
1
0.858554142
0.000000469
-0.000000162
123
0.862164920
0.000000441
-0.000000032
124
0.862318942
10.990000000
>
0.000000000
125
0.111851979
1 C . 990000000
0.000000000
126
0.123168839
0.000012065
-0.000002214
127
0.278518585
0.000005339
-0.000004887
128
0 . 5 0 6 8 1 6 2 C8
0.000001817
-0.000003230
129
0.648780591
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 9
-0.000002081
130
0.715438145
.
0.000000624
- 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1474
131
0.728951484
10.990000000
- 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1357
132
0.741430946
0.000000567
- 0 . 0 0 00 0 1251
133
0.781393369
0 . C0 0 0 0 0 4 7 2
-0.000000894
134
0-8 19299371
0.000000297
-0.000000507
13 5
0.838854326
0.000000236
-0.000000216
136
0.843673269
0.000000222
. -0.000000043
137
0.843878438
10.990000000
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
13 8
-0.395537344
10.990000000
0.000000000
13 9
- 0 . 332 3 6 6 4 3 8
0.000008310
-0-000008218
140
j,
0 . 1 129 5 2 0 1 9
0.000002306
-0.000011613
14 1
1 0.464132755
0.000000389
-0.000002910
14 2
0.623613570
0.00000026C
- 0 . 0 0 0 OC 2 9 8 4
14 3
0.702215471
0 . 00000009W
-0.000001210
144
0.714475660
10. 990000, 000
-0.000001501
145
0.728226996
0.000000124
-0.000001373
146
0.771708184
0.000000089
-0.000000966
147
0.812505230
0.000000062
-0.000000544
148
0.833456586
0.000000049"
-0.000000231
149
0.838610392
0. 000000046-0.000000046
150
0.838830961
10.990000000
o.poooooooo
151
-0.395978617
-0.000000000
10.990000000
152
0 . 101 1 9 4 7 8 3
0. 0
10.990000000
153
0.462290047
- 0 . ooooooooo
10.990000000
154
0.622330226
0.0
^ 0.990000000
155
0.701776040
0.0
10.990000000
156
0.727628001
0.0
10.990000000
157
0.771282381
0.0
10.990000000
158
0.812208681
0.0
10.990000000
159
0.833221384
0.000000000
10.990000000
160
0.838389694
0.000000000
10.990000000
127
-TABLE
E. 8
C O N F I G U R A T I O N ONE: P R E S S U E E AND
V I SC O S I T Y = 1 0 , 0 0 0 CP
VELOCITY
AND N= 5
RESULTS
FOR
I N I T I A L VISCOSITY OP THE OIL= 10000.000 CP

NUMBER OF INTERIOR COLLOCATION POINTS PEF. ELEMENT3 2$
COLLOCATION
POINT
1
2
3
i*
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
.1 8
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
PRESSURE
(PSI)
124.458881045
74.741527306
38.631989630
22-627962278
14.683383180
12.. 0 9 0 1 8 2 4 5 6
7-7 32727116
3.640092418
1.538850295
1.022078701
124. 4 14753663
120.097658914
73.565799546
38.447714599
22.499623668
14.639435781
1 3 . 4T3418714
12.03827864
7.690142419
3. 6 10432935
1.515324419
1 .ooooooooo
0.977951365
7 3 . 6 7 5 8 0 6 6 C8
7 2.544116541
5 7 . 0 0 9 1 28 0 c4
34.179353655
19.982904717
13.317150316
11.965817958
10'. 7 17 865 1 85
6.721603201
2.930995060
0.975512972
0. 4 9 3 6 4 2 4 7 6
0.473130705
33.620891512
33.481674196
VELOCITY IN
X DIRECTION
VELOCITY I S
Y DIRECTION
'
c a /s
c a /s
0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0. ooooooooo
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10 . 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
'10 . 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
-Q.OOOOOOOOO
-0.000000000
0 . ooooooooo
-0.000000000
0 . ooooooooo
10.990000000
0.000008310
0.000002306
0 . 0 0 00003839
0 . 000000262
. 0. 00000, 0097
10.990000000
0.000000124
0.000000099
0.000000062
0.000000049
0.000000046
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000012065
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000008218
C .000011613
' 0 . 9 0 0 0 02910
0.000002984
0.000001210
0.000001501
0.000001373
0.000000966
0.000000544
0-000000231
0.000000046
0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000002214
n_ nnnnnt i Ki
0.000001817
0.000001019
0.000000624
10.990000000
0.000000567
0.000000422
0.000000297
0.000000236
0.000000222
10.990000000
10.990000000
,0.000003695
r> nnnnrwiom
0.000003230
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 2031
0.000001474
C . 0 0 0 0 0 1357
0-000001251
0 . 0 0 00 0 0 8 9 4
0.000000507
0 . 0C000 C 216
0.000000043
0 . OOOOOOOOO
-0.000000000
0.000000294
rsr
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o o o ^ - ^ ^ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o *- * * - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o p o o o o O O O O O O O O O O O O
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
o o o o o o o o o o o o c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n o o cfo o o o o o o o o o
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o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
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TT s s t ^ s f s r : y i n i n i n i n i n i n i n i n i n i n i o n > i o i o v o \ o v o i o r ' . r * r ^ r " r * . rsr' r - r - r ^coaoa) aooococccococo<na>o>cncna' <n<nos
sTTS
s
rn s ^
30.253820110.
2 0. 9- 97036414
12. 028 2 CO 200
0.00000U206
0. 00 00 02731
0. 00 00 01663
0.000001358
0. 00000 1769
0. 00000 1317
CO
oo
COM TIH OE D
99
TOO
10 1
102
103
109
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
11 3
1 19
115
116
117
118
11 9
120
121
122
12 3
129
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
139
135
136
137
138
139
190
191
192
193
199
195
196
i 97
198
199
150
151
152
153
159
155
156
157
158
159
160
-29.821210896
"-29. 7 9 3 0 8 9 3 5 1
-23.319360899
-20.003739370
-16.971093216
- 19.951383127
- 19.006398969
-13.587759972
- T 2.. 2 0 2 8 1 1 1 9 7
' - 10.835230999
- 10. 1 13C28107
-9.933579953
-9.925991961
-97.761818029
-97.622600009
-99.399793091
-3 5 . 137955102
-26.569112900
-2 2.1 45072683
-2 1 . 179939616
-20.290051823
-17.900615807
-19.605598662
-13.196335900
-12.785265251
- 12. 769867553
-87.816733996
-86.685092715
- 7 1 . 1 5 0 0 5 1 3 19
-96.320272989
- 3 9 . 123 8 17 1 2 8
-27.958058037
-2 6 . 106729903
-29.858768903
-20.862995563
-17.071868926
- 15. 1 16361526
-19.639976269
- 1 9 . 6 13 S 6 3 S 6 7
-138.555682998
-139.238586982
-87.706729669
-52.588635223
-36.690537721
-28.780399915
-27.559326979
-2 6 . 179183890
-21.831035193
- 17. 7 5 1 3 0 5 627
-15.656159269
- 15. 1 90788099
- 15. 1 18735699
-133.599809785
-88.882953093
-52.772910920
-36.768876989
-28.829292960
-26.239088328
-21.873620976
-17.780965697
- 15.679689660
-1 5 . 162863030
o'
10.990000000
0.000009532
0.000003593
0.000002736
0.000001960
0.000001515
10.990000000
0.000001339
0.000001098
0.000000766
0.000000618
0.000000581
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000003895
0.000009206
0.000002731
0.000001663
0.000001299
10.990000000
0.000001062
0.000000815
0.000000586
0.000000969
0.000000991
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000012065
0.000005339
0.000001817
0.000001019
0.000000629
10.990000000
- 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 7
0. 00000.0922
0.000000297
0.000000236
0.000000222
10.990000000
10.990000000
0. 0 0 0 0 0 8 3 1 0
0.000002306
0.000000389
0.000000262
0.000000097
10.990000000
0.000000129
0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 9
u 0 0 0 Cyj 0 C 6 2
0.000000099
0.000000096
10.990000000
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-0.000000157
-0.000000517
-0.000000663
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-0.000000186
-0.000000080
-0.000000016
0 . OOOOOOOOO
-0.000000000
-0.000000299
-0.000001358
-0.000001769
-0.000001317
-0.000001097
-0.000000965
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-0 .0 0 0 0 0 0653
-0.000000377
- 0 . OOpOOO162
-0.000000032
0.0
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-0.000002219
-0.. 0 0 0 0 0 9 8 8 7
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-0.000002081
-0.000001979
-0.000001357
-0.000001251
-0 .0 0 0 0 0 0899
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- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 821*8
-0.000011613
-0.000002910
-0.000002989
-0.000001210
-0.000001501
- o . 000001373
-0.000000966
r\
~~\Jm v
yj
, 2** *
-0.000000231
-0.000000096
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
130
TABLE
^CONFIGURATION
E.9
TWO: P R E S S U R E AND V E L O C I T Y
V I S C O S I T Y = 100 CP AND N=2
RESULTS
FOE
INIT IA L V I SC O SI T Y OF THE OIL=

100.000 C P
NUMBER OF I N T E RI O R C O L L O C A T I O N POINTS PER E L E M E N T -
LOCATION
POINT
1
,2
'3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20'
21
22
23
24
25
76
27
29
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
PRES SUE E
(PSI)
1 .6 9 9 2 5 3 2 1 6
1 .32 0 99 7 05 3
1. 124978045
1 - 0C 8670703
1 . 6 99 2 53 2 16
1 .6 5 5 0 6 8 6 4 7
1 .30 2 93 2 90 6
1. 191017014
1 - 1 1 46 1 49 8 7
1 . OOOOOOOOO
0.991329297
1 .3 2 0997053
1 . 3 02 932906
1 . 136812167
1 . 0 6 45 5 55 3 9
1 . O OOO O OO O O
0 -8 8 5 3 8 5 0 1 3
0.875021955
1. 1910170 14
1.064555539
0 .9 3 5444461
0.808982986
1 . 1 2 49 7 86 4 5
1 . 1 1 46 1 49 8 7
1.000000000
n .Q 15 M n m t -i
0 .8 6 3 1 8 7 8 3 3
0 .6 9 7 0 6 7 0 9 4
0.679002947
1-0 08 6 70 7 03
1.000000000
0.885385013
0-808982986
0.697067094
0.344931353
0 - 3 00 7 4 6 7 8 4
0.991329297
0.875021955
0-679002947
0.300746784
VELOCITY IN
X DI RECTION
CM/S
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000000
-0.000000000
- 0.000000000
l|o. 990000000
0 .000001915
0.000000796
10.990000000
0 .000000469
0.000000404
10.990000000
1 0.990000000
0.000003065
0.000001716
10.990000000
0.000001388
0.000001553
1 0.990000000
0.000001991
0. 000001 593
0 .000001593
0.000001991
1 0.990000000
0 .000001553
0.000001388
1C.990000000
0 .000001716
0 .0 0 0003065
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000000404
0 .0 0 0000469
1 0.990000000
0.000000796
0 .0 0 0001915
10.990000000
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0.000000000
0.0
0.0
VEL OC I TY IN
Y DIRECTION
CM/S
.
'
10. 99 0 00 0 00 0
10. 99 0 00 0 00 0
1 0.9 9 00 0 00 0 0
10. 99 0 00 0 00 0
- 0 . OO O O O O O O O
' 0.000001915
0.000003065
0.00000 1991
0.000001553
0.000000404
0.000000000
-0.000000000
0.000000796
0.000001716
0.000001593
0.000001383
0.000000469
-0.000000000
1 0 . 99 0000000
1 0 . 9 9 0 C 00 0 00
1 6.9 9 00 0 00 0 0
1 0 . 99 0000000
- 0 . O O OO O OO O O
0.000000469
-0.00000 1388
0 . O O O u o 1593
0.000001716
0 . 0 00 0 0 0 7 9 6
0.0
0 . O OO O O O O O O
0 . 0 00 0 0 0 4 0 4
0.000001553
0.000001991
0.000003065
0.000001915
0.0
1 0 . 99 0 00 0 00 0
10. 99 0 00 0 00 0
1 0. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 . 99 0 00 0 00 0
131
TABLE
E.10
Q O N E I G U R A T I C N T WO: P R E S S U R E A N D
V I S C O S I T Y = 10,000 CP
V E L O C I T Y 'R E S U L T S
A N D N=2
POIi
I N I T I A L V ISCOSITY OF THE OIL= 10000.000 CP

N U M B E R OF INTER I OR C O L L O C A T I O N POINTS PER E LE M E N T *
COLLOCATION
POINT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38 '
39
40
PRESSURE
(PSI)
70.925321552
3 3 . C99 7 0 5 3 0 3
13.457804492
1.867070269
70.925321552
66.. 5 0 6 8 6 4 7 2 0
3 1. 293 2S0627
: 20.101701372
12.461498682
1.000000000
0. 132929731
3 3 . C9 97 0 5 3 0 3
3 1.. 2 9 3 2 9 0 6 2 7
14.681216660
7.455553897
1 . ooooooooo
-10.461498682
- 11.497804492
20.. 1 0 1 7 0 1 3 7 2
7 . 4 5 5 5 5 3 897
- 5.. 4 5 5 5 5 3 8 9 7
, - 1 8 - 101. 701372
13. 497804492
12.461498682
1.000000000
- 5.. 4 5 5 5 5 3 8 9 7
- 12.681216660
-29.293290627
-31-099705303
1.8 67 07026S
1 . OOOOOOOOO
-10.461498682
- 18. 101701372
-29.293290627
-64.506864720
-68.925321552
0.132929731
- 1 1 . 497 8 0 4 4 9 2
- 3 1 . C99 7 0 5 3 0 3
-68.925321552
VELOC I TY IN
X DIRECTION
CB/S
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.0
10.990000000
0.000001915
0.000000796
1 0. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.000000469
0.000000404
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000003065
0.000001716
10.990000000
0.000001388
0.000001553
10.990000000
0.000001991
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 593. i
0.000001593'
0.000001991
1 0 . 9900 00 . 0 00
0.000001553
0.000001386
10 . 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.000001716
0-000003065
10.990000000
1 0 . 99000C000
0.000000404
0 . 00000046S
10.990000000
0.000000796
0.000001915
1 0. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.0
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.0
V E L OC I TY IN
Y DIRECTIOB
CM/S
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000001915
0.000003065
0.000001991
0.000001553
0. 000000404
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
-0.000000000
0.000.00 0796
0 . OOOCO1 7 1 6
0.. 0 0 0 0 0 1593
0.000001388
0.000000469
0.0
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000469
0.000001388
0.000001593
0.000001716
0.000000796
0.000000000
0.0
0.000000404
0 . 00 00 01 . 5 53
0.000001991
0.000003065
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1915
0.0
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
132
TABLE
CONFIGURATION
E . 11
T WO: P R E S S U R E A N D V E L O C I T Y
V 1 S C O S I T Y = 1 0 0 C P A N D N=3
INITIAL
V I S C O S I T Y OF T H E O I L =
N U MB E R O F I N T E R I O ^ j j f r O L L O C A T I O N
) LLOC A T I O N
POINI
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2 1
22
23
2.4
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
PRESSURE
(PSI)
1.988869925
1.533457832
1.. 2 5 1 1 8 2 9 5 5
1. 160393302
1.050134430
1.002598610
1-. 9 8 8 8 6 9 9 5 3
1 . 94532S422
1.520076363
1.247282129
1.202126004
1. 1 5 7 0 5 1 9 0 1
1 . 0 4 7 5 0 0 6 C8
1.000000000
0 . 9 9 7 400451
1 . 53345E380
1.520076882
1.359682893
1. 1 8 3 0 2 4 1 2 1
1. 1 4 0 7 28 0 13
1. 1 0 1 9 1 3 5 9 1
1.000006148
0 .9 5 2 508463
0.949874364
1. 251 1 8 4 7 0 9
1.247283846
1.. 1 8 3 0 2 5 2 3 6
1.069654732
1.034352484
1.000008603
0.898101992
0.842962680
0.839621215
1.202128214
1. 140729552
1.034352859
0.965665180
0.859288295
RESULTS
FO R
1 0 0 . 0 0 0 CP
P O I N T S PER E L E M E N T *
VELOCITY I N
X DIRECTION
CB/S
VELOCITY I H
Y DIRECTION
CM/ S
-0.000000000
o.ooooooooo
o.ooooooooo
0.000000000
0. ooooooooo
-o.ooooooooa
10.990000000
0.000003486
0.000001097
0.000000334
10.990000000
0.000000286
0.000000228
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 5
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000005256
0.000002443
0.000001215
1 0. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.000001052
0.000000960
0.000000979
lO.yyuuouooo
10.990000000
0.000001980
0.000001920
0.000001547
10.990000000
0.000001465
0.-000001602
0.000001820
10.990000000
0.000002102
0.000001771
0.000001515
0.000001515
0.000001771
'
1C.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000003486
0.000005256
0.000001980
0.000002102
0.000001820
0.000000979
0.000000225
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000001097
0.000002443
0.000001920
0.000001771
0.000001602
0.000000960
0.000000228
0.000000000
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000334
0.000001215
0.000001547
0.000001515
0.0 90001465
0 . 0 0 000 1 0 5 2
0 . 0 : 0 0 0 0 2 ' S I6
0. c..ooooooo
1" .990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
COST I NOE D
39
90
91
92
93
99
95
96
97
98
99
50
51
52
53
59
55
56
57
58
59
6.0
61
62
63
69
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
0.797889U09
1.160396099
1.157C59605
1.101915593
1 0 0 0 0 0 9 3 6 5
0.965665556
0.930323350
0.816992827
0 . 7 5 2 7 3 9 1 10
0-798833237
1 0 50 1 9 0 2 6 9
1.097506295
1.000010081
0.898103999
0 . 8 55 2 8 S 8 3 9
0.816993992
0.690335622
0.979991778
0.966560287
1.002609929
1.000010338
0. 952519151
0.892965389
0 . 7 9 7 8 9 1 6 19
0.752735827
0.979992297
0.059689989
0.011198970
0 . 9 9*7 9 11 2 6 5
0.999880198
0.839623961
0.798839991
0.966560835
0 . 0 1 1 198999
0.000002102
10.990000000
0.000001820 .
0.000001602
0.000001965
10.990000000
0.000001597
0.000001920
Q. 0 0 0 0 f f l 9 8 0
10.990000000
10. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.000000979
0.000000960
0.000001052
10.990000000
0.000001215
0.000002993
0.000005256
10.990000000
10.990000000
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 5 r'"*
0. 000000228
0.000000286
10.990000000 .
0.000000339
.
0.000001097
0.000003986
10.990000000
-0.000000000
0.000000000
-0.000000000
-0.000000000
0.000000000
-0 . 000000000
10.990000000
-0.000000000
0.000000286
0.000001052
0.000001965
0.000001515
0.000001597
0.000001215
0.000000339
0.0
0.000000000
0.000000220
0.000000960
0.000001602
0.000001771
0.000001920
0.000002993
0.000001097
0.0
0.000000000
0.000000225
0.000000979
0.000001820
0.000002:102
0.000001980
0.000005256
0.000003986
-0.000000000
10. 99 00 00 000
10.990000000
10. 99000000. 0
10.990000000
10.990000000
10. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
134
/
TABLE
E.12
C O N F I G U R A T I O N TWO: PR'ESSURE A N D
V I S C O S I T Y = 1 0 . 0 0 0 CP
VELOCITY
A N D N=3
RESULTS
FO R
I NITI A L V I S C O S I T Y OF THE OIL= 10000.000 CP

N U M B ER OF I NT FRIOR C O L L O C A T I O N POINTS PER E L E M E N T 3
LOCATION
POINT
1
2.
3
i*
5
6
7
8 j
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18 >
19
20
2*1
22.
23
2^
25
26
27'
28
29
3 0
3 1
32
33
34
35
36
PRESSURE
(PSI)
99.886057167
54.344886312
2 6 . 1 17 4 9 3 9 7 5
17.038611645
6.013007688
1.259907488
99.886057195
95. 532006103
53.005738325
25.727409062
21.211837451
1 6 . 7 C4 4 6 8 3 13
5.749611750
1. o o o o o o o o o
0.740091572
5 4 . 344 86860
53.006738844
36.967372803
19.301573170
1 5 . C71994059
1 1. 190 5 6 7 7 6 3
1.000006148
- 3 . 749 6 0 2 6 7 9
- 4 . 0 12 9 9 8 8 9 5
26.117495729
25.727410779
19.301574284
7.963578179
4.434374003
1.000008603
-9.190572179
14.704453732
1 5. 038 5 9 7 1 2 8
2 1. 211 8 3 9 6 6 2
1 5 . 0 7 1 99 5 5 98
4.434374379
V E L O C I T Y IN
X DIRECTION
CM/S
- 0 . O OOOOOOOO
0. 00.0000000
- 0 . ooooooooo
-o.ooooooooo
0.000000000
0.0
10.990000000
0.000003486
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 C9 7
0.000000334
10.990000000
0.000000286
0.000000228
0.000000225
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000005256
,0.000002443
:
0.000001215
10.990000000
0.000001052
0.000000960
0.000000979
/in onnnnnnnn
10.990000000
0.000001980
0.000001920
0.000001547
10.990000000
0.000001465
0.000001602
0.000001320
10.990000000
0 . 0 Q 0 0 0 2 102
0.000001771
0.000001515
VELOCITY IN
Y DIRECTION
CM/ S
10.990000000
10.990000000
. 10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000003486
0.000005256
0.000001980
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 2102
0.000001820
0.000000979
0.000000225
0.000000000
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000001097
0.000002443
0.000001920
0.000001771
0.000001602
0.000000960
0.000000228
ftm\J
A
\J
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000334
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1215
0.000001547
0.000001515
0.000001465
C . 000001052
.0 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 6
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990 000000
135
C O H T IH O E D
37
'
38
39
40
4 1
42
43
44
45 .
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
6 1.
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
6 9
70
7 1
72
-2.434356339
0. 00000,1515
-13-071977751
0.000001771
- 19. 2 11822039
0.000002102
1 7 . 0 3 8 6 1 4 3 9 1 VC-7 10. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.704471017
0.000001820
1 1 . 190 5 8 9 7 6 4
0.000001602
1.000009365
0.000001465
- 2 . 434355964 -10.990000000
-5.968560097
0.000001547
-17.301556221
0.000001920
-23-727392823
0.000001980
* - 2 4 . 1 17 4 7 7 7 8 3
10.990000000
6. 0 13013522
1C.990000000
5.749617437 .
0.000000979
1 . 0 0 0 0 10081
0.000000960
-9.190570178
0.000001052
-13.071976212
.
10.990000000
-171301555107
0.000001215
-34.967354289
0.000002443
-51-006720184
. 0.000005256
-52-344868194
10.990000000
1.. 2 5 9 9 1 8 3 0 3
10.990000000
1-000010338
0.000000225
-3.-749596992
0.000000228
-14.704451028
0. 0 00000286'
- 19. 2 1 1 8 1 9 8 2 9
10.990000000
- 2 3 . 7 2 7 3.91 1 0 6
0.000000334
-51.006719665
0 . 0 0 00Q1097
-93.531987192
0. 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 8 6
-97.886038271
10.990000000
0 . 7 40 1 0 2 3 8 6
-0.000000000
-4.012993061
0.000000000
- 15. 038594381
-0.000000000
- 2 4. 1 1 7 4 7 6 0 2 9
0.0
-52.344667646
0.000000000
-97-886038243
0.0
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000000000
0.000000286
0.000001052
0.000001465
0.000001515
0. 00000 1547
0.000001215
0.000000334
#-0.000000000
4- 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 228
0.000000960
0 . OOOOQ 1 6 0 2
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1771
0.000001920
0.000002443
0.000001097
-0.000000000
0.000000000
0.000000225
0.000000979
0.000001820
0.000002102
0.000001980
0.000005256
0.000003486
0.0
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
136
TABLE
CONFIGURATION
E. 13
TWO: P R E S S U R E A N D V E L O C I T Y
V I S C O S I T Y = 1 0 0 C P A N D N=4
I N I T I A L 'VISCOSITY OF THE OIL=

N U M B E R O F INTERIOR C O L L O C A T I O N
O C A T I O N
01 NT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1S
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
3 0
31
32
33 '
34
35
3 6
37
38
PRESSURE
(PS I)
2.. 2 1 3 5 3 2 4 9 3
1-726977279
1-378588361
1.240539404
1 . 1 7 6 3 0 1 182
1-09022267e
1.,021792722
1.000961063 .
2.213532493
2. 170096360
1-7 14862171
1.376363900
1 . 2 3 8 f c 5 S3 97
1 .20 3 495726
1.175085353
1 . 089 1 8 9 3 3 2
1.020827231
1 .000000000
0.999038937
1.726977279
1.7 14862171
1.554513969
1. 3 3 0 8 3 7 2 5 8
1.204798417
1.1759792011.149383240
1.06725935?
1 .000000000
0 . 979 17 2769
0.978207278
1.378588361
1.376363900
1.330837258
1.215042441
1. 1 2 0 8 9 4 4 1 9
1 . 0 9 7 5 25165
1.074937508
1.000000000
RESULTS
FOB
CP
PER ELEENT=
100.000
POINTS
V E L OC I TY IN
X D IR E C T I O N
CB/S
0.000000000
- 0.000000000
- 0.000000000
. - 0.000000000
- 0.000000000
- 0.000000000
0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.000000000
10.990000000
0.000005608
0.000001606
0.000000314
0,000000259
10.990000000
C.000000172
0.000000146
0.000000136
0.000000136
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000003176
0.000003613
0.000001332
0.000000949
10.990000000
0.000000777
0.000000671
0.0000006450.000000648.
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000002555
0.000002684
0.0 0 0 0 0 1 8 3 0
0.000001403
.10.990000000
0 . 0C0001308
0.00000124T
16
VELOCITY IH
Y D IRECTION
CH/S
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.-9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ID .990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.590000000
0.000000000
0.000005608
0.000008175
0.000002555
0. 0000027240. C00002094
0.000001917
0.000001329
0.000000648
0.000000136
0.000000000
-0.000000000
0.000001606
C . 000003613
0.000002684
0.000002108
0.00060 I960
0,000001804
0. 00000 1292
0.000000645
0.000000136
0.0
-0.000000000
0.000000314
0, 0 0 000 1332
0.090001830
0.000001674
0.000001627
0.000001559
0.000001241
137
C O H T IK O E 0
39
40
4 1
4 2
43
44
45
46 47
4 e
4 9
50
5 1
52
53
54
55 56
57
58
59
60
6 1
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
76
79
00
81
82
83
84
85
86 .
87
88
89
90
9 1
92
93
94
95
96
97
98 '
f l 8 g P f i CT 7 4 C 6 43
^5?3S810668
0.909777322
1 . 240 5 3 9 4 C 4
1.238659397
1. 2 0 4 7 9 8 4 . 1 7
1. 120894419
1.042499703*
1 . 0 2 1 137229
1.000000000
0 . .9 2 5 0 6 2 4 9 2
0.850616760
0.. 8 2 4 9 1 4 6 0 7
0.823698818
1.203495726
1. 175979201
1-097525165
J- 0 2 1 1 3 7 2 2 9
0.978862771
0-902474835
0.824020799
0.796504274
1. 1 7 6 3 0 1 182
1 1 7 5 0 8 5 3 9 3
1.149383240
1.074937508
1.o oooooooo
0 . 9 7 8 8 6 2 7*1
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0.795201583
0.761340603
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1.090222678
t . 0 69189 332
1.067259357
1. 0000.00000
0.925062492
0.902474835
0.879105581
0 . 7 8 4 9 5 7 5 5 9
0 . 6 6 9 1 6 2 7 42
0.623636100
0.621411639
1.021792722
1.. 0 20 0 2 7 2 3 1
1.000000000
0.932740643
0.650616760
0.824020799
0.795201563
0.669162742
0.445486031
0.285137829
0.273022721
' 1.000961063
1 . ooooooooo
0.979172769
0.910810668
0.824914607
"
0.000001292
0.000001329
10.990000000
.10.990000000
0.000002724
0.000002108
0.000001674
0.000001510
10.990000000
0.000001480
0.000001559
0.000001804
0.000001917
10.990000000
0.000002094
0.000001950
0.000001627
0.000001501
0.000001501
0.000001627
0.000001950
0.000002094
1 0 .990000000
0.000001917
0.000001804
0.000001559
0.000001480
10.990000000
0.000001510
0.000001674
0.000002108'
0.000002724
10.990000000
TO.990000000
0.000001329
0.000001292
0 . 00-^ 00 12 41
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0.000000645
0.000000671
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0.000000949
' 0 ..000 001 332
0. 0000,03613
0.000008176
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000000136
0.000000136
0.000000146
0.000000172
0.000000671
0.000000146
0.0
-0.000000000
0.000000259
0.000000949
0.000001403
0.000001510
0.000001501
0.000001480
0.000001308
0.000000777
0.000000172
0.0
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
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-0.000000000
0.000000172
0.000000777
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1308
0.000001480
0.000001501
0.000001510
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0.000000949
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0.0
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000136
0. 000000648
0.000001329
0.000001917
Reproduced with permission of .he copyright owner. Further reproduotion prohibited without permission
138
C O N T IN U E D
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
1 08
109
110
11 1
112
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0.796504274
0 . 7 61 340603
0.623636100
0.285137829
- 0 . 170096360
-0.213532493
0.999038937
0.978207278
0.909777322
0.823698818
0^759460596
0.621411639
0.273022721
-0.213532493
10.990000000
0. 000000259
0.000000314
0.000001606
0.0000560R
10.990000000
0.0
-0.000000000
o.ooooooooo
-0.000000000
-o.ooooooooo
0.0
0.0
-0.000000000
0.000002094
0.000002724
0 .000002555
0.000008176
0.000005608
-C
00000000
10.990000000
1C.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
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10.990000000
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C O N F I G U R A T I O N TWO: P R E S S U R E A H D V E L O C I T Y
V I 5 C O S I T Y = 10, 00 0 C P A N D N=4
RESULTS
FOR
I N I T I A L V I S C O S I T Y OF T H E O I L = 1 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 C P
NUMBER O F I N T E R I O R C O L L O C A T I O N P O I N T S PER E L E M E N T *
COLLOCATION
POINT
PRESSURE
(PSI)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
122.353249324
73.6S7727881
38.858836077
25.053940375
18.630118188
10.022267763
3. 179272213
1 . 0 9 6 1 0 6 3 18
122.353249324
118.009636043
72.486217099
38.636390025
24.865939747
21.349572601
1 8 . 5 0 8 5 3 9 2 80
9.518933218
3.082723051
1; ooooooooo
0.903893682
73.697727881
72.486217099
56.451396891
34.033725767
21.479841662
18.597920077
1 5 - 9 38 3 2 4 0 4 8
1 'i
1'
1
1'
1c
*
20
2 1
21
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
7.725935690
1 . OOOOOOOOO
-1.082723051
-1.. 179 2 7 2 2 1 3
38.858836077
38.636390025
34.083725767
22.504244097
13.089441872
10.752516483
8.493750800
1 . OOOOOOOOO
-5.725935690
VELOCITY I N
X DIRECTION
CM/ S
0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000000
' 0.000000000
0.000000000
- 0. ooooooooo
0.0
10.
0000000
0 . O1.10 0 0 5 6 0 8
0.000001606
0.000000314
0.000000259
10.950000000
0.000000172
0.000000146
0.000000136
0.000000136
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000008176
0.000003613
0.000001332
0.000000949
. 10.990000000
n - 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 7
0.000000671
0.000000645
0.000000648
10.990000000
10.9 5 0000000
0.000002555
0.000002684
0.000001830
0.000001403
10.990000000
0.000001308
0.000001241
0.000001292
16
VELOCITY I N
Y DIRECT ION
CM/ S
10.990000000
1C.990000000
1C.990000000
1 D. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0 . OOQjOO 5 6 0 8
0.000008176
0.000002555
0.000002724
0.000002094
0.000001917
0.000001329
0.000000648
0.000000136
0 . OOOOOOOOO
-0-000000000
0.$00001606
0 .000003613
0.005002684
0.000002108
0.000001950
n
r \f\ a
. oQ ri
0.000001292
0.000000645
0.090000136
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
-0.000000000
0.000000314
0.000001332
0.000001830
0.000001674
0.000001627
0.000001559
0.000001241
0.000000671
with permission of the oopyright owner. Further reproduotion prohibited without permission
f
140
C O H T I HOED'
, 40
1
a2
43
44
45
it 6
a7
48
4 9'
50
5 1
52
53
54
55
55
57
58
59
60
6 1
62
63
64
7 - 7 - 9 1 8 9 3 3 2 18
-8.022267763
25.053940375
24.865939747
21-479841662
13-089441872
5.2499702,85
3- 1 1 3 7 2 2 8 8 1
1 . OOOOOOOOO
-6.453750800
- 13. . 9 3 8 3 2 4 0 4 5
- 1 6 .5 0 8 539280
-16.630118188
2'1 . 3 49 5 7 2 6 C l
18.557920077
10.752516483
3. 1 1 3 7 2 2 8 8 1
-1.113722881
-8.752516483
-16.597920077
-19.3495726X1
18.630118188
18.508539280
15.938324045
.8 . 493 7 5 0 8 0 0
1 . OOOOOOOOO
- 1. 1 1 3 72 2 8 81
-3.249970285
- 1 1. 0 8 9 4 4 1 8 7 2
-19.479841662
-22.865939747
-23.053940375
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
75
80
8 1
82
83
84
85
86
67
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89
50
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92
93
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0.000001510
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0.000001501
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0.000001480
0.000001559
0. 00000 1308
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0.000000777
0.000001917
0.000000172
10.990000000
0.0
0.000002094
10.990000000
0.000001950
10.990000000
0.000001627
10.990000000
0.000001501
10.990000000
0.000001501
10. 9 9 00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000001627
1C.990000000
0.000001950
10.990000000
0.000002094
10.990000000
10. 99.0000000
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000001917
0.000000172
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 804'
0.000000777
0.000001559
0.000001308
0.000001480
0.000001480
10.990000000
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1501
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0. 00 00 01 674
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0.000001627
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-70.486217099
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-7 1.697727881
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' 0.0
1.096106318
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0.000000136
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10.990000000
0.000002094
141
C O t lT IH U E D
-f
100
10 1
102
103
04
05
06 .
i07.
108
109
110
111
112
- 2 2..- 8 6 5 9 3 9 7 4 7
-36.636390025
-70-486217099
-116.009636043
- 120. 353 249324
0.903893682
- 1 . 179272213
-8.022267763
- 16-/6 30 1 181 88
-23-053940375
-36.858836077
-71.697727881
- 120.. 3 5 3 2 4 9 3 2 4
' 'A
0.0000027-24
0.000002555
0.000008176
0.000005608
0 . O OOOO O OO O
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
. ,10.990000000
' 10. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
'' 10. 9 9 0 0 QQ00 0
0. 00 00 00 259
0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 4
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0.000005608
10.990000000
o.ooooooooo
-0.000000000
0.0
0.0
0.0
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0.0
0.0
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1*2
TABLE
C O N F I G O R ATI ON
E . 15
TW O: P R E S S U R E A N D V E L O C I T Y
V I S C O S I T Y = 1 0 0 C P A N D N=5
I N I T I A L V I S C O S I T Y OF THE O I L =
NUMBER OF I N T E R I O R COL LOCAT I ON
- OCATI ON
O I N T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2 1
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
.
32 '
33
34
35
36
37
38
PRESSORE
(PSI)
2-395794653
1.893573156
1.514036351
1.325556066
1.223481067
1.185775722
1.. 1 19 491 1 11
1. 0 5 0 1 2 2 8 0 7
1 . 0 10663730
1.000440693
2.395794659
.
2.. 352 40 29 1 1
1.. 8 8 2 0 2 0 9 5 6
1.512347532
1. 3 2 4 3 4 E9t 1
1.223057498
1.. 2 0 4 8 5 4 7 4 7
1.-185160689
1 . 1 13 58 8 9 0 1
1.. ' 049 6 7 2 2 0 5
1.010223472 i.ooooooooo
0-999558146
1..893573310
1 afl')m nn(i
1.721273002
1.473274547
1.300976262
1., 2 1 0 2 0 6 0 7 0
1 . 1 90378752
1.171585111
1.107509133
1.039267538
1.000008814
0.969789833
0.. 9 89 349 338..
1. 5 1 4 0 3 7 0 7 7
1.512348252
FOR
1 0 0 . 0 0 0 CP
P O I N T S PER ELEMENT1
VELOCITY I N
X DIRECTION
CM/S
0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000000
OOOOOOOOO
$*.000000000
0.000000000
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0. ooooooooo'.
10.990000000
0.000008264
0.000002263
0.000000356
0.000000246
0.000000094
10.990000000
0.000000128
0.000000105
. 0. 000000094
000000092
C.. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 2
10.990000000
10.990000000
A .A A A A
RESULTS
1<
O O U
0.000005123
0.000001655
0.000000938
0 . 000000603
1 0. 9900*00000
0.. 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 3
0.000000502
0.000000459
0. 000000452
0.000000452
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000003351
'
25
VELOCITY I N
Y-DIRECTION
CM/ S
10.990000000
' 10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0 . 000C08264
0 . 0 0 0 0 1 1834
0.00000335 1
C . 000003566
0.000001829
0.000002122
0.000001993
0.000001547
0.000000985
0.000000453
6.000000092
0.000000000
-0.000000000
A
A A A A A O O f *>
0.000005123
0.000003699
0.000002699
0.000002132
0.000002017
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1909
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1512
0.000000976
0.000000452
0.000000092
0.0
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000356
143
C O N T IN U E D !
39
00
01
02
03
00
05
06
07
08
09
50
51
52
. 53
50
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
60
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
7 0
75
76
77
7i8
T
T
e c
8 \
85 \
86
67
89
89
90
91
92
93
9 0
95
96
97
98
/
*
\
\
1- 073 27-51.16
1- 35600&4S7^ ;
1. 2 3 2 6 5 1 5 1 0 '
1. 1 5 8 5 6 9 7 0 0
1.101111357
1.120005368
1. 0 6 5 6 6 9 1 13
It. 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 5 3
0. 960 7 5 6 9 0 9
0.950351500
0.909900908
1 ,3 2 5 557798
1.. 3 2 0 3 5 0 6 8 6
1.300977321
1.232652062
1. 1 0 5 3 0 8 1 7 2
1. 0 8 0 0 0 9 5 0 7
1. 069 3 7 6 6 3 0
1,05056712.9
1.000016300
0.930361501
0.892520005
"0.881039932
- A , . 8 8 0 5 3 7 7 87
' 1. 223 0 8 3 7 6 1
1.223060162
1.210208558
1 . 1585715C3
1,080050298
1.0267195 57
1- 0 1 0 3 2 7 3 9 2
1.000017639
0.. 9 05 0 6 6 9 5 7
0 . 8 75 6 2 7 2 66
0 . 823 0 0 6 5 8 5
0 . 8 10871028
0.810256062
1.200857717
1.190381512
1.101113003
. 1.069377639
1-010327600
0.985708205
0.930657831
0.858921785
0.809653523
0.795177506
1.185778962
1. 185163923
\
1.171589159
1.120007667
1.050568353
1.000018055
0.985708012
0.971316162
0.915585137
0.801063719
0.789626560
0.776975105
0.776551658
0.0-00003699
0.000002350
0.000001077
0...000001 205
1 0 . fegpoooooo
o. c nf oooi 101
0.000001001
0.000000962
0.000000976
0.000000985
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000003566
0.000002699
0.000002083
0.000001643
0.000001450
10.990000000
0.000001404
0.000001365
0.000001419
0.000001512
0.000001547
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000001829
0.000002132
0.000001861
0.000001586
- 0.000001505
10.990000000
0.000001489
0 . 00005) 1 531
0.000001709
0.000001909
0.000001993
. 10. 99 0000000
a . 000 00 2 122
>. a - ; i i * c o o o 0 2 0 1 7.
000001781
0-000001562
0. 00 00 01 499
0.000001499
0.000001562
0.000001781
0.000002017
0.000002122
10 . 9 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.000001993
0 . C 0 0 0 0 1 909
0.000001709
0.000001531
0.000001489
10.990000000
0.000001505
0.000001586
0.000001861
0.000002132
0.000001829 .
10.990000000
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1655
,0.000002354
0.000002083
0.000001861
0.000001781
0.000001709
0.000001419
0.000000962
0.000000459
0.000000094
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000246
0.000000938
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1477
0.000001643
0.000001586
0.000001562
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1531
0.000001365
0.000001001
0.000000502
0.000000105
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000094
0.000000608
0.000001205
0.000001450
0.000001505
0.000001499
0.000001489
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1404
0.000001101
0.000000583
0.000000128
0 . OOOOOOOOO
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
>0. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.990000000
10.990000000
0
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0.000000128
0.000000583
0.000001101
0.000001404
0.000001489
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1499
0.000001505
.0.000001450
0.000001205
. 0.0.00000608
0.000000094
0.0
144
C O N T IN U E D
99
100
101
102
103
104
: ob
1 06
107
1 08
109
1 10
111
112
1 13
1 14
115
1 16
117
11 8
119
120
12 1
122
123
12 4
125
126
127
128
129
130
13 1
132
133
134
13 5
136
137
138
139
140
14 1
1 42
143
144
145
146
14/
14 8
14 9
150
151
152
15 3
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
1. 1 19 495831
1 . 1 18993604
1. 107 513497
1.065672487
1 .0000184 11
0. 9454681)81
0.930656837
0.915585928
0.854687162
0.767382895
0.. 6 99 0576 03
0.675684997
0.. 674 477979
1.050130260
1.. 0 49679634
1.039274400
1.000018915
0 . 9 3 4 364915
0.875629585
0.858923831
0.841465522
0.767383847
0.643991971
0.526760763
0.487687932
Oi 485 9 9 9 2 0 4
1 . 0 10676686
1 .0 1 0 2 3 6 2 6 1
1.000019272
0.960763811
0.892524369
0.828449633
0. 809 6 5 6 2 8 4
0.. 7 898290 51
0.699059162
0-526761332
0.278763207
0 118015436
0.. 106463326
1.000460932
1.000019610
0.989802622
0.950358929
0.881044635
0.814874262
0.795180476
0.776977830
0.675686722
0.487688653
0- 118015584
-0-352366035
-0.395757686
0-999578385
0 - 9 8 9 362294
0 - 949 9084 02
0-880, 542507
0 . 8 14259322
0.776554352
0.674479711
0-485999931
0 . 106463481
-0.395757679
10.990000000
1 '
0.000001547
0.000001512
0-. 000001 419
0.000001365
0.000001404
.10.990000000
0.000001450
0.000001643
0.000002083
0.000002699
0.000003566
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000000985
0.000000976
0.0000009 6 2 \
0 . 000001001 ' '
0.000001101
'10. 990000000
0.000001205
0.000001477
0.000002354
0.000003699
0. 000003351 V-t
10.990000000
1 0. 990000000
0.000000452
0.000000452
(
0 . 00000045.9
0.000000502
0.000000583 :
10.990000000
0.000000608
0.000000938
0.000001655
0.000005123
0.000011834
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000000092
0.000000092
' 0.000000094
0 . 0000001C5
0.000000128
10.990000000
O'. 0 0 0000094
0.000000246
0.000000356
0.000002263
0. 000008264
1 0 . 9 9 00000 00
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.0
0.0
0-0
0-000000000
,
0.0
-0.000000000
0.000000000
0.0
0.000000000
-0.000000000
0.000000105
0.000000502
0.000001001
0.000001365
0.000001531
0.000001562
0.000001586
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1643
0.000001477
0.000000938
0.000000246
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000000
0.000000094
0.000000459
0.000000962
0.000001419
0.000001709
0.000001781
0.000001861
0.000002083
0.000002354
0.000001655
0.000000356
0.000000000
0 . ooo o o o o o o
0.000000092
Q. 000 0 0 0 4 5 2
0.000000976
0.000001512
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1909
0 . 0 00 0 0 2 0 1 7 0.000002132
0.000002699
0.000003699
0.000005123
0.000002263
0.0
3). OOOOOOOOO
0.000000092
0.000000452
0.000000985
0.000001547
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1993
0.000002122
0.000001829
0.000003566
0 . 00, 0003351
0.000011834
0.000008264
0.0
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
145
TABLE
E. 16
V'*
C O N F I G U R A T I O N TWO: P RE S S U R E A N_D VELOC I TY

V I S C O S I T Y =10* 000 CP AND N = 5
RESULTS
FOR
I N I T I A L V I SCOSITY OF THE OIL= 10000.000 CP

N U M B E R OF INTE RI O R C O L L O C A T I O N POINTS PER ELENE N T=
COLLOCATION
POINT
1
2
3
U
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
.13
1 it
15
16
17
i a
19
20
21
22
23
2 <*
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
36 '
PR E S S U R E
(PSI)
1'40. 5 7 7 6 3 3 5 2 9
90.355507669
52.901873336
33.. 5 5 3 9 1 9 6 7 8
23.396985189
19.575996330
12.. 9 9 7 6 7 9 2 2 9
6.011103695
2.. 0 6 5 7 2 5 9 9 3 .
1.099126816
, 190.577633535
136.238963802
89.200292361
. 52.232995957
33.933213516
2 3 . 309 1 3 2 3 3 0
21.983876607
19.519937329
12.897961966
5 . 9 66 0 9 5 9 4 7
2.021687948
1 . ooooooooo
0.955872144
9 0 . 355 5 0 8 0 0 9
89.200292495
7 3 . 12 55 06 044
48.325705078.
31 . 0 9 5 9 4 8 1 5 9
22.018989991
20.036275932
18. 156940570
1 1. 7 4 9 4 6 S 4 S 0
4.925540507
1.000007940
-0.021675946
-0.065713696
52.401873993
52.232996608
VELO C IT Y IN
I DIRECTION
CH/S
'
'
'
0.000000000
0.0
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000000
- 0 . ooooooooo
0 . ooooooooo
0.000000000
-0.000000000
0.0
-0.000000000
10.990000000
0. 00 00 08 264
0.000002263
0.000000356
0.000000246
0.000000094
10.990000000
0.000000128
0.000000105
0.000000094
0.000000092
0.000000092
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000011834
0.00000512 3
0.000001655
0.000000938
0.000000608
10.990000000
0.000000533
0.000000502
0.000000459
0.000000452
0.000000452
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000003351
25
VELOCITY IN
Y DIRECltlON
CM/r
'
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10 . 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
0 . 0/)0MR|.O0
O. OOOW* $ f 64
0.00001^334
0.000003351
0.000003566
0 . 00000- 1829
0.000002122
0.000001993
J 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1547
0. 000000985
0.000000452
0.000000092
0 . ooooooooo
o.ooooooooo
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 226-3
U
.U
U
U
V
/U
0.000003699
0.000002699
0.000002132
O.OO'OCw 20 17
0.000001909
0.00000 1512
0.000000976
0.000000452
0.000000092
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000356
146
CONT INUED
'
0
39
40
4 1
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
.6 0
6 1
62
63
64'
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80 '
8 1
62
03
84
85
OC
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
48.
36.
24.
16.
15.
13.
325705593
602601239
26344621 1
8553 140e9
109493505
438918766
7. 5 6 5 3 9 2 3 8 0 .
1. 000012380 '
- 2 . 925518453
9 66024568
- 4 . 011082212
33 . 553921245
33. 433215076
31. 095949569
2 4 . 263 4 4 7 0 7 2
. 15. 53 3066344
9. 4 4 3 2 3 4 0 4 4
7. 9 3 5 9 5 5 6 1 2
6. 4 55 023925
1 .0 0 0 0 1 4 6 5 9
__ c
565364805
-9. 7 4 9 4 4 3 2 6 7
- 1 0 . 897 435491
- 10. 9 4 7 6 5 3 1 8 1
23. 346467625
23. 304134758
22. C18992241
16. 855315720
9. 4 4 3 2 3 4 7 6 0
3. 870185831
2. 430975388
1. 0 0 0 0 1 5 8 6 6
-4. 4 5 4 9 9 3 2 7 3
-11.. 438889393
- i 6.. 1 5 6 9 1 2 0 4 9
- 17. 514468762
- 1 7 . 575967675
21. 483879293
20. 036278428
1 5 . 109 4 9 5 3 5 5
7. 9 3 5 9 5 6 5 2 2
2. 4 3 0 9 7 5 5 7 6
- 0 . 430943359
- 5 . 9359246 11
- 1 3. 1 0 9 4 6 3 6 8 6
- 1 8 . 0 36 2 4 6 8 84
- 1 9 . 483847552
1n c
-/*rn r\
J r\Jr\ *)r
514 500254
156943327
438920845
455025032
000016243
430943172
870153698
-7. 4 4 3 2 0 2 8 9 0
- 1 4. 8 5 5 2 8 4 0 3 0
- 2 0 . 018960629
- 2 1. 3 0 4 1 0 2 9 3 2
- 2 1 . 346455708
19.
18.
13.
6.
1.
-0.
- 1-
" -
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 3 6?' $
0 . GO 0 0 0 2 - 3
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 4>7
. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 5
<10. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 c$
0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 6 2
0. 0 0 0 000976
0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 8 5
10. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0 00 3 5 6 6
0. 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 9 9
0. 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 8 3
0. 000001643
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 5 0
10. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 4
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 6 5
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 41 9
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 1 2
0. 000001547
1 0. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 2 9
0. 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 2
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 6 1
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 8 6
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 5
10.. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 8 9
Q- 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 3 1
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 9
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 0 9
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 9 3
10. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 2
0. 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 7
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 8 1
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 6 2
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 9 9
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 9 9
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 562
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 6 1
0. 000002017
0. 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 2
1 0 . 9 9 CCGG0 0 G
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 9 3
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 0 9
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 9
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 3 1
0. 0 00 001489
10. 9 9 0 00 0 8 0 0
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 5
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 8 6
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 6 1
0. 0 00 00 21 32
0 .0 0 0 0 0 1 8 2 9
10.9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0001655
>'-o,aoja8 SM>,
o . ooo bo
0 . 00 00 0 '17$ 1
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 ( 7 9 ,
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1^ 9 '
0. 000000962
/.
\ -
0.00000 0 <459
o.ooooooo9<
0.0
0.000000000
0.0<S)0'00 024 6
0.(Mj^)00938
0.000001477
0.000001643
0.000001586
0 . 00000,1 562
0.000001531
0.000001365
0.000001001
0.000000502
0 . OOpOOO105
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000094
0.000000608
0.000001205
0.000001450
0.000001505
0.000001499
. 0.000001489
0.000001404
0. 00000 1101
0.000000583
0.000000128
0.0
10.990000000
10 . 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.990000000
10.990000000
10 .990000000
10.990000000,
1C.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10 .990000000
0.000000000
0.000000128
0.000000583
0.000001101
0.000001404
0.000001489
0.000001499
0.000001505
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 450'
0.000001205
0.000000608
0.000000094
0.000000000
-/j
'r "' W ,
- ''W m
v y $ $ m
V-
C O N T IN U E D
99
12-947683493
1 00
12.897465720
1 1. 7 4 9 4 7 3 4 3 7
10 1
102
7.565395431
103
1.000016565
*0>
- 4 . 454S92165
10 5 t
-5.935923702
1 06
-7.443202174
107
13. 533034572
108
k' - - 2 Z . 2 6 3 4 1 5 2 6 9
109
-29.095917696
1 10
-31,433182945
1 11
-31.553889019
1 12
6.. 0 11 1 1 0 3 8 6
113
5.966052666
1 14
4 . 9 2 5 5 4 6 7 14
1 15
1.000017049
116
- 5 . 565361754
117
- 1 1 . 4 3 8 8 8 7 3 13
1 18
- 13.. 1 0 9 4 6 1 8 3 5
119
- 14. 855282398
120
-22.263414408
12 1
- 3 4 . 6C2 5 6 9 1 7 2
122
-46.325673316
123
-50,232964036
124
-50.401841325
1.2 5
2.065737212
126
2.021699516
127
1.000017399
128
-2.925512246
129
-9.749439320
130
- 16. 156909292
131
- 18.. 0 2 6 2 4 4 3 7
132
-20.018958379
133
-29.095916286
13U
-46.325672801
135
- 7 1. 12 5 4 7 3 5 0 0
136
-37.200259659
137
-88.355475078
138
1 . 0 4 4 145121
139
1.000017736
1 U0
-0.021.664379
1a 1
-3.966017849
1 42
-10.897431237
143
- 1 7 . 5 1 4 465837
- 44
- 19. 4 63844865
145 .
-21.304100504
146
-31-433181384
147
-50.232963385
1 48
, - 8 7 . 200 2 5 9 5 2 5
149
- 1 3 4 . 2 3 8 4 3 C7 10
1 50
- 1 3 8.. 5 7 7 6 0 0 3 5 2
151
0.955890449
-0.065701977
15 2153 '
-4.011075471
154
-10-947648911
155
- 17.575964744
156
-21.346453271
157
- 3 1. 5 5 3 8 8 7 4 5 2
1-5 8
- 5 0 . . 401 8 4 0 6 6 8
159
'-88.355474939
160
-138.577600346
10.990000000
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 4 7
0.000001512
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 19
0.000001365
0.000001404
10.9900^0000
0.000001450
0.000001643
0.000002083
0.000002699
0.000003566
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000000985
0 . 0000 0 0 9 7 6
0.000000962
0.000001001
0.000001101
10.990000000
0.000001205
0.000001477
0.000002354
0. 0000.03^99
0 . 000 0 0 3 7 $ 1
10.990000000
10.990000000
0.000000452
0. 000000452
0.000000459
0.000000502
0.000000583
10.990000000
0.000000608
0.000000936
0.000001655
0.000005123
0.000011834
10.990000000
1C. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.000000092
0.000000092
0.000000094
0.000000105
0.000000128
10.990000000
0.000000094
0.000000246
0.000000356
0.000002263
0.000008264
10.990000000
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.0
0.0
0.0
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.0
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.00,0000000
0 . ooooooooo
0.000000105
0.000000502
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1001
0. 00000 1365
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1531
0.000001562
0 . OOOOO 1 5 8 6
, 0.000001643
0.000001477
0.000000938
0.000000246
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000094
0.000000459
0.000000962
0.000001419
0.000001709
0 . OOOOO 1 7 8 1
0 . OOOOO 1 8 6 1
O i 00000 2083
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 2354
0.000001655
0.000000356
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000092
0.000000452
0.000000976
0 . OOOOO1 5 1 2
0 . OOOOO 1 9 0 9
. 0.000002017
0.000002132
0.000002699
0.000003699
0.000005123
0.000002263
0 . OOOOOOOOO
-0.000000000
0.000000092
0.000000452
0.000000985
0.000 001547
0.000001993
0.000002122
0.000001829
C . 000003566
0.000003351
0.000011834
0.000008264
0.0
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
1 0 . 990000000
.10.990000000
10.990000000
APPENDIX F
Concentration Results from Convection D i f f u s i o n Equation
1U8
A value of 10.99 in the v e l o c i t y columns in d ic a te s th a t the'

v e l o c i t y at t h a t c o l l o c a t i o n poinc was not evaluated.
150
TABLE
C O N EIG O B A TIO N
D I5 P E P S IO N
I N I T I A L
V IS C O S IT Y
KD=
0 .
N U 3 5 EE
OF
0C0
C O LLO C A TIO N
TB E
O I L *
1 0 0 - 0 0 0
PESOLTS
S Q .C M /S
AND
TOB
N3
CP
C OLLOC A TION
P O IH TS
PEF
ELZ 3 ENT*
PPESSORE
P O IN T
C O N C EN TRA TIO N
C O E F P IC IE N T = .0 0 0 1 0 7 5
1 0 7 5 S .C H /S
IN T E B IO fi
T I M E-=SQ , 0 0 0
D T * 5 0 # 0 0 0
OP
ONE:
F .1
VE L O C IT Y
(P S I)
IH
V E L O C IT Y
D IR E C T IO N
C l/S
CH/S
IN
CONCENTRATION
PO IN T
I MP L I C I T
METHOD
1 - 8 2 8 7 7 3 9 5 3
1.
3 9 5 7 7 0 1 2 6
1-
1 5 6 2 5 3 2 6 8
B- K
SETHOD
0. ooooooooo
c. ooooooooo
- 0- ooooooooo
1C. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.0057388
0. 0087286
1 C. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0. 00201 15
0. 0000118
-0.0000016
C OLLOC A TION
D IR E C T IO N
10. 990000000
-0.0000015
1 . 0 9 3 8 9 7 3 0 8
r O. o o o o o o o o o
10. 590000000
0. 0000003
-0.0
1 . 0 2 6 4 3 6 6 C7
0. 000000000-
10. 590000000
-0.0000000
-0.0
1- 0 0 1 3 0 5 4 1 5
-o.ooooooooo.
1 C. 9 5 0 0 000 00
0. 0000000
-0.0
1 . 6 2 6 1 7 4 5 0 0
1C. 590000000
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0. 00673 94
0. 0087291
1 . 7 8 3 9 4 4 2 1 6
0. 000003598
0. 000003373
0. 0076994
0. 0076904
1 . 3 8 1 5 0 2 0 6 0
10
11
12
0. 000001174
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 10
0. 0000101
0. 0000104
1 5 2 1 7 4 6 0 7
0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 3
0 . 0 C 0001360
-0.0000014
-0.0000014
10
1 . 1 2 1 4 3 3 1 6 0
1C. 950000000
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1474
1.
0. 5002191
0. 0002186
11
1 . G 9 C 7 7 3 7 3 6 .
0. 000000267
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1199
0. 0000003
0.0
1 3
12
1 .
0 2 4'68 9 3 7 0
0. 00 0 0 0 0 1 5 1
0. 000000533
-0.0000000
0. 0
14
1 . OOOOOOOOO
C . 000000113
O. OCOOOOH2
15
0 . 9 5 8 7 1 0 3 3 5
1 0. 990000000
0. 000000000
- O. 0CQ016B
16
1 . 36 564.0^.9 7
1C. 5 5 0 C00000
0 . OOOOOOOOO
'
17
3 3 4 0 0 - 6 4 6' 5;
18
1- 20 36 6 8 6 J-'9 - q
19
1 . 0636 3 f 1-8.2''
20
1 . 0 6 0 0 3 5 1 3 4
O.OOOOOGO
0.0
13
14
O.OGO0137
-0.0000168
0. 0000141
0. 000005789
0. 0 C0 0 0 0 9 4 6
0. 0000121
0. 0000124
17
(f; OCO0 0 2 2 2 . 0
0- 000001860
0.0.0*000 00
0. 0000000
18
. C. O' -D001.3ju7
0. 00000 1 1 15
-0.0000000
-o.coooooo
19
0. 0000, 004
20
-0.0000000
olo
22
0. 0000000
0.0
23
;Vc. 7?co-o,o:oteo
0. 000000955
0. 0000003
21
1 . 0 3 5 5 2 0 7 7 6
' 0. C;: 000096C -
0. 000000797
22
o.ooooo:o
0 . 9 9 4 6 3 4 7 0 6
0. ,.C0 p-.O00 583
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T1BLE
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23
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2.234607128
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20
21
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25
26
27
28
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30
31
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36
37
38
39
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07
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51
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63
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35
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47
48
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52
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83
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90
91
92
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156
CONTINUED
97
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94
95
96
97
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
110
119
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
126
0. 0'
129
0.0
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132
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135
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139
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TABLE P . *
CCNFIGOFATIOH ONE: CONCENTP K T1ON BESOLTS JOB

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INITIAL VISCOSITY Of THE OIL-,

100.0C0 CP
K D*
0.0 10 7 500 SQ.Cfl/S
NUHbEF OP I NT EFIOP COLLOCATION POINTS PEE ELEHENT- 25
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POI3T
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Cfl/S
VELOCITY IS
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CH/S
CONCENTfiATION
IHPLICIT
HETHOD
B-K
HETHOD
0
1
2
3
ft
5
0
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
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17
18
19
20
2 t
22
23
24
2 *
26
27
28
29
30
3X
3?
33
2.234607128
1. 7 3 7 4 3 3 3 5 0
1-376337514
1.216296452
1.136850047
1.116557563
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2.190954862
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1.097194358
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0.0430028
0.0011253
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0.0000956
- 0 . 0 CO 1 1 3 6
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0.0000010
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0.0430052
0.0365935
0.0010166
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0 . 0 0 0 0862
- 0.0001022
0 . 0 0 C2 9 9 3
0.000C417
- 0.0000022
0.0001210
15
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0 . 0 0 0 1529
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17
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o.c
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0 . 0 0 0 0 0 06
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c.O
n .nnnr.nnnnn
a nhi n A i
0 - OC G 0 12 0 6 5
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C.000001817
0.000001019
0.000000624
10.990000000
0.000000567
0.000000422
0.000000297
0.DC0C0221U
. 0 . mC C 0 0 4 6 F 7
0 . 0 <- 0003230
0.00107SK
0.000001357
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1251
0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 9 4
0 . OOOOO Oc 0 7
7
. 8
0. 0000009
1 0 - s9f JJOOOOn
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0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1474
0.0367-040
0.0009224
-0.0001864
0 . 0 0 0 13 4 8
-0.0002525
- 0.0
- 0.0
- 0.0
. - 0.0
- 0.0
0.0367067
0.0329442
0.0000283
-0.0001675
ri C' .' O" 6 5

0 , 0 0 0 C064
0 - 0 0 0 C0 3 7
-0.0050043
0.0000067
0.00000,16
- 0.0000001
0.
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.0
- 0 . GOC0 0 4 9
0.0500320
0.0008577
0 . 0 0 0 J23 4
-0.0000050
0.0000034
-0.0000063
0.0000035 '
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
11
12
13
14
20
21
22
23
2-
25
26
27
28
29
30
0. 0
31
0. 0
32
0.0
33
CONTINUED
30
1r
36
37
38
39
00
01
02
03
'
40
05
06
07
48
09
50
51
52
53
50
55
56
57
56
59'
60
6 1
62 '
63
60
65
66
6-7
68
6 9J
70
71
72
73
70
75
76
77
78
60
81
82
83
80
o c.
86
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t
08
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90
ft 2
93
0.999763860
0.990903017
0.590737762
1. 3 2 6 2 2 7 2 5 2
1.. 5 20 0 3 5 0 2 0:
1. 29 2556 2 61'
*1. 1 9 5 9 8 8 0 2 6
1- 1 1 0259 050
1.. 070C582 00
1- ObO-4067 03
1.051507608
1.022612350
0-550660298
0 . 56 0066 7 89
0-576055723
0.576301766
1.056821023
1.. 086 0 0 0 1 6 0
1.082352697
1.008606139
1.013315300
0,593121853
0^566671966
0 . 96 0O65016
0.970635860
0.556950608
0.905735906
0* 50 7901 22 7
0 . 907860 9 28
0. 951052700
0. 951266170
0- 9 5 U 2 0697
0 . 80 5670 8 17
0 . 536 5 7 2 530
0 . S3 0 5 6 0 8 2 5
0.533622680
0- 53276, 6950
0 - 9 2 9 9 3 5 130
0.927118607
0.925625095
0.825253672
0.525237760
0 . 8 1531 0 27 9
0.919310096
0.919313838
. 0-9193130S0
0 . S 1 9313277
0.919313086
0-819312565
0.915311957
0.915311555
n
g 1 c 3 1 1 Suh
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*. 8 ^ 7 3 6 0 }C0 '
G. 6 8 7 0 0 7 0 0 7
0-892956771
0.900050357
0 - 9 0 - 0 6 5 6 Js
- 0- 50 50 03 6 83
0.. 9 0 5 8 5 9 1 2 7
0.000000236
0.000000222
10.890000000
10.590000000
0. 0 0 0 0 0 3 695
0.000004206
C . 000002731
0.000001663
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 244
10. 9 5 t 0 0 0 /000
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C . 000000586
0.000000469
0.000000441
10.990000000
1 C. 9 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C . 000004532
0.000003593
0.000002736
0.000001960
0.000001515
1 C. 99, 0 00 0 0 00
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003 202
C . 000003382
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C . 000001591
1C . 590000000
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c7ooooo2ojy
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C. 0 0 0 0 0 0 P i t
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C. 0 0 0 0 0 3 382
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C . 000001591
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C . 000001403
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0 . ooooooooo
-0.050000000
.. 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 0
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0.000000965
0 . 0 00000695
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0 . 0C000 0.37 7
0.000000162
0.000000032
0.0
0 . ooooooooo
0.000000157
0.000000517
0.000000663
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0.000000423
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 17
o.ooooooie6
0.000000090
0.000000016
0.0
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-0.000000031
0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1
0.000000143
0.000000111
0 . 0 GO 00 0 10 2
0.000000092
0.000000006
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0, . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8
0. 0 C0 0 0 0 0 1 7
0.000000003
0.0
10.990000000
10.950000000
10.95000000C,
10.990000000
1 C .990000000
10.990000000
1U .990000060
10.990000000
1 0.9900000C 0
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C.QUO DU OU 2 1
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0.0
, 34
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35
-0.0000001
-0.0000001
36
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- 0 . 000 1652
37
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36
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39
0.0000009
0 . 000, 001 1 .
40
41
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-0.0000008
0 . OG 0 0 0 0 6
0.0000014..; 42
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44
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0.0000003
54
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0.0000006
56
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57
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60
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65
0.0000006
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66
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67
-0.0000010
0.0000005
68
0 . 0 0 000 1 6
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70
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0 . 0000003
-0.0
92
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93
00
15
COMriMOED
94
95
96
97
96
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
106
109
110
11 1
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
12 6
1 26
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
15 1
152
153
154
155
15-6
157
158
159
160
0- 9 C e t 89709
0.000001108
0 . 9 1 150 5 2 1 0
0.000000810
0-512997921
C . 000000658
0.913365357
C . 000000619
0.913385344
10.550000000
0 . 74 1 8068 87
1 C. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0. 7 4 2 5 6 8 0 5 3
C . 000004512
0. 756275154
C . 000003593
C . 76 99 8 1 1 8 9
' C - 000002736
0 . 8 2 5 3 C7 3 1 3
C - C 0 0 0 0 1 560
0 . 8 4 5504 2 71
G . 000001515
0-849954089
10.990000000
0-854140350 .
0.000001335
0.867568797
' V ' l 01.00 0001 04 8
0 - 601664743
, . ' 0^000000766
o.eae886499
C. 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 8
0 . 6 9 0 6 8 10e2
' ' 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 1
0.690757450
1o i 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 . 5 1 2 4 3 0 9 76
1C. 590000000
0.513753108
0 . 0 5 0 0 0 3 695
0.646071503
0.000004206
0.636635194
0.000002731
0.724327403
0.000001663
0.000001244
0.766567732
0.778219053
1 0 . 9SOCOOOOO
0.767117828
C . 000001062
0 . 8.1601 1 633
0.000000815
0.843962176
0.000000566
b y' e 5 855 4 142
0 . 000000469
OL 6 6 2 1 6 4 9 2 0
0 . 000000041
Oi 8 6 2 3 1 0 9 4 2
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0 . 1 1 1851 979
1 C.590000000
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C.GO 0 0 1 2 CC5
0- 278518585
C.C00005339
0 . 5 0 6 616 2 C8
C . 0 00001817
0.646780591
C . 0 00001019
0.715438145
0 . C00' 00062u
0-778951484
1 C . 95000000C
0.741430946
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0 . 78 1 3 9 3 3 6 9
O.OOOOOOU22
0.819299371
,'C. C 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 7
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C . 000000236
0 . 8 43 6 7 3 2 6 S
C.0C0000222
0.843070430
1C . 9 90000000
-0.395537344
1C . 990000000
-0.352366436
. 0. 0000083- 10
0 . 112952019
. 0.000002106
0 . 464132755
0.000000389
0 . 6236 i3 57 w
0^000000262
0 . 7- 02215471
0.000000097
0.714475660
10.590000000
0.728226996.
0 . 0 0 0 0 C 0 124
0.771708184
0.000000089
0.612505230
0 . 00UU00O62
. U. 0 j 3 4 p t > b 06
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0.830610352
0.000000046
0.. 6 3 6 8 3 0 9 6 1
10.990000000
-0.395978617
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0 . 101194783
0.0
0.462290047
-0.000000000
0-622330226
0.0
0.701776040
0.0
0.727628001
0.0
0.771282381
0 . 0
0 . 8 1 2 2 0 8 6 81
0 . 0
0. 6 3 3 2 2 1 3 64 .
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.838385694
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- o. ooooog: ^ 5
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0.0
O.CCODOOOOO
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- 0 . 0 0 0 f"10 0 5 ? 5
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0 . ooooooooo
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0 . OOOOOOO
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0. ooooooo
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0. oocoooo
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o. o o o o o o o
-0.0020000
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0 . 0 0 2 0 0 12
0.00C0011
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- 0 . ooooooo
0. ooooooo
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o. ooooooo
0.0
0.0
0.0
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0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
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0.0
0.0
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0. ocooooo
0.0
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0.0
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0. 000000000
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0.0
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- 0 . OOOOO 3 230
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- 0 . OOOOO1357
- 0 . OOOOO1251
-0.000000894
- 0 . Q0 0 0 0 0 5 0 7
- 0 . 0 0 0 000216
- C . 000000043
-0.0000013
-0.0000011
- 0 . oocoooo
0 . o oooooo
-0.0
-0.000000000
108
109
110
111
112
113
0.0
-0.000000032
0.0
0- 0
0.0
0.t>
O.fc
0. 0020000
0.0
- 0 . oocoooo
-0.0
-0.0000000
0.0
-o.ooooooo
102
103
104
105
106
107
0. 0
0.0
-0.000000653
-0.000000377
-0.000000162
101
-0.0
o. ooooooo
0. ooooooo
"
95
96
97
96
99
100
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
- o. coooooesf.
-0.0000000
94
0.0
vO.O
o.c
134
o. ooooooo
0.0
-0.0000000
0. 0
o. ooooooo
0.0
135
136
137
13 B
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.0000005
-0.0
-0.000008218
0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
0. 0
- 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 1 6 13
. ooooooo
0. 0
-0.000002910 '
-o'.ocooooo
0. 0
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0.0
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0.0
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o. ooooooo, , .- r O . O
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- 0 . ooooooo
0.0
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0.0
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0.0
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o . o o o o o fra
0.0
^
0.000000000
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0.0
. 10 . 9 50 C0 00 0 0
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-0.0000048
10.990000000
-0.0000001
-0.0000001
1 0 . 9 9 000 OC 00
0 . OOOOOOC
0.0000000
1 C. 9<- 00 0 00 0 0
- 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1" - 0 . o o o o o o o
10.990000000'
0 . o o c oooo
0.0000000
1 C. 9 c OOOOOOO
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0.0
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0 .o c o o o o o
o.'o
I / O. 950000000
- 0 . oouoooo
0 . 0
147
146
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
160
TABLE
F . 5
CONFIGURATION TWO: CONCE NTPA TI ON EESDLTS FOB

CIPhSIOH COEFFICIENT**. 0001075 SQ-CB/S AND N3
INITIAL VISCOSITY OP THE OIL*

100.000 C-P
0-000 1D75SQ.CB/S
NUrtEEF OP INTiFJOE COLLOCATION POIHTS PEB ELE3EHT*
IIrtE=50.000 S
' .
DT*50,j00 S
h .D =
COLIOCATIQN
POINT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
1 0
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
2 5
26
/ 7
26
29 .
3C
31
32
33
PEESSURI
(PSI)
1.566869925
1.
. 533U57e32
1. 251 182 955
1.160353302
,
1. 05013*4430
1. 0025986 10
1.566669953
1.945325422
V. 520076363
1.247282129
1.202126004'
1. 157051 501
1.0475006Gb
1.OGOGGGGOO
0. 99 7UCC'4 5 1
1. 5374563-80
1 . 520076 562
1.35 SoO 2 35 3
1 . 163024 12 1
1. 140728013
1 . l0191J5yi
1 . 0 0 0 0 0 6148
0.552506463
0 . 949d7**3b4^
1.251184709'
1.. 24 7263 e46
1 . 183025236
1.065694732
1.034352464
1. 00 0 GOd 6 03
0-656101952 .
0. 6 4 2 96 26 80
0:83S621215
VELOCITY II
I DIB ECTIOB
ca/s
-c-.ooooooooo
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VELOCITY II
Y DIRECTION
CB/S
CONCENTRATION .
Ia FlicIT
B-K
BITBOD
METHOD
1C.990000000
1C.9 90 00 00 0 C
10.590000000
10.990000000
1 0. 990JPCC0.G
1C.990000000
-0.COOCOOOOO
0.000003486
C.000005256
0.000001980
0 .0 . 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 2
0,000001820
C.000000979
0.020000225
0.OOOOOOOOC
O.OOOCOOGOO
0.000001097
O.OCOOC2443
-0.000001920
0.000001771
0, 000C0 1602
0.000000960
0.000000226
n. finnnnnnnn
-0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.590000000
C.000003486
"'0.0 0 0001(97
C.000000334
10.990000000
0.000000286
C.000000228
C.000000225
1G- 990000000
1 c. 950000000
0.000005256
C.CO0002443
C.000001 2 15
1C.990000000
0*00000105 2
0.000000960
0-000000979
1C-590000000
1C.590000000
0.C0C0019CC
0.000001920
C.000001547
1C.990000000
*0-000 00146 5
0.000001602
0.000001620
10.990000000
0.0087392
0.0000125
-0 .0 0 0 0 0 2 2
0.0000005
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o.ooooooo
.0. 0087352
0.0G76954
0 .0 0 0 0 1 1 0
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0 .oocoooo
-0.0000167
0.0000125
0 .0 0 0 0 1 1 0 '
O.QiXCGOG
-0.0060000
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o.ooooooo
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0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 nnnnnr.n
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.0000003 1 Q
C.00000 12 15
0.000001547
0.00000 1r 15
'0.000001465
O.OCOOC.1052
C.,000000296
O.OOOQOOOOO
-0 J0 DO 00 2?
- C.0 u0 00 19
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0.OOOOOOO
-0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
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o.ooooooo
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0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.0087289
0.0000128
-0 . 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
-0 . 0
-0 . 0
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0.0067289
0.0076904
0.0000113
-0.0000019
0.0002182
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
0 . 0
12
0 . 0
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
0 . 0
-0.0000168
0.0000128
0, OO0O113
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0
6
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0000003
20
0 . 0
21
0 . 0
22
0 . 0
23
s\
nnnAAArt
-0 . 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
-U.UJU0019
- 0 .ooooooo
0 .ooooooo
-0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 . 0
0 . 0
0 . 0
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
25
26
27
26
29
30
31
32
33
161
CO NT I NOE D
36
35
36
37
36
39
60
61
42
63
66
65
66
67
68
69
50
51
52
53
56
55
56
57
se
59
60
61
62
63
66
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
U 20212821 6
1. 1 6 0 7 2 9 5 5 2
1- 0 3 6 3 5 2 8 5 9
0 . 9 6 5 6 6 5 1 80
0.659286295
0 - 7 5 7969609
* U 16C296049
1 . 1 5 7 0 5 6 6 C5
1. 1 C 1 9 1 5 5 S 3
1. 000009365
0 . 9 6 5665556
0.530323350
0.616952827
0 . 7 5 2 7 3 4 1 10
0.746833237
1.050140264
1.047506295
1.000010081
0 . 65810399a
0. 85 928 9 8 3 a
0.616993942
0 - 640335b22
0.475841778
0.466560287
1. C 0 2 60 9 42 4
1 . C00010338
0^ 9 5 2 5 1 4 1 51
0-842965384
0.797691619
G - 752735927
0~ 4 7 9 9 4 2 2 9 7
0 . 05u6eS489
0 . 01 1 1 4 8 9 7 G
0.557*11265
0 . 5 4 S 8 6 0 1 98
0.835623961
0.748634991
0-466560635
0 .0 1 1148999
\ j S^W' 0Q021 02
10.990000000
' ^ . o a q o o m i j
10 .5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t ; 0000015 15 j
10.9 5 00 0 00 0 0
O-'. OOOOOI 51 5 /
1C .990000000
'0.000001771/
1C.990000000
0.0000021021 1 C .9 90000000
1C. - 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-.0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.000001020
C.0000002e6
C . 000001602
C..0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 2
0.000001465
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 465
1C.990000000
O.'OGOOG 1 5 1 5
C .000001547
0. 00000 1547
C. GO0 0 0 1 9 2 0
C. 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 15
0.000001980
0.000000334
10.990000000
0.0
1C.990000000
0.000000000
0.000000979
0.00000022P
0 . C00000960
O.OC0 0 0 0 9 6 0
0.000001052
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1602
1C. 9 9 0 OOOC 0 0
O.OCOOO 177 1
C .000001215
0.000001920
0.000002443
0.000002443
C. 0( 0 00 5 25 6
C.QXOOO 1 0 5 7
1 C . 5COCOOOOO
0.0
1C .990000000
0. 0^0000000
0 . 0 0 0. 0 0 0 2 2 5
0. 020000225
0 . CC0 0 0 0 2 2 8
0.000000979
0. 0C00002e 6
o . c o o o o i e 20
1C . 5 50 0 0 0 7 0 0
0.000002102,
C .000000334
0.000001980
0.000001097
C.000005256
C. CO0 0 0 3 4 8t
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 34*66
1C.990000000
-0.000000000
C.GOCCOOOOO .
10.890000000
C.OOOOuOOOO
1 0 . 9 9 OOOOOOO
-C.OOGOOOOOO
10.990000000
-0.000000000
10.990000000
0.000000000
1 C- 9 9 0 CC 0 OO G
-0.000000000
10.990000000
0.0002188
0.0000003
-0.0000001
0. o oo o o o o
-0.0000000
0 . 0 0 0 . 00 0 0
0.0000005
0.0000004
0. o oo oo oo
- 0. o o o o o o o
0. o oo o o o o
0.0000000
- 0. o o o o o o o
o.ooooooo
-o.ooooooo
-0.0000001
-0.0000001
- 0. o oo o o o o
0. o oo oo oo
-o.ocooooo
- 0. o o o o o o o
o.ooooooo
- 0 . . 0 0 0 0 0 00
0. o o o o o o o
o.ooooooo
o. o o o o o o o
o. o o o o o o o
-o.ooooooo
o.oocoooo
o.ooooooo
- o . ooooolbo
o . ooooo(oo
- 0. o o o o o o o
-0.0000167
-o.ooooooo
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 00
- 0. o o o o o o o
0. o o o o o o o
- 0. o o o o o o o
0.0002162
0.0000003
-0.0000001
-0.0
-0.0
-0.0
-0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.0000168
- 0 . OOOOOOO
0 . QOuOOOO
0.0
0.0
0.0
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
(47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
66
69
70
71
72
162
TABLE 7 . 6
CONFIGURATION TWO: CONCENTRATION BESULTS FOB

DI SPZESIQL CCEPP1CIEHT=. 01075 SQ.CH/S AND N*3
INITIAL VISCOSITY OF THE CIL

100.000 CP
KD=
0.01075005Q.CB/S
NUMEER OF INTERIOR COLLOCATION POINTS PER ELEMENT*
TIf1E = 5 0 , 0 0 0 S
D T = 5 0, 0 0 0 S
COLLOCATI ON
POI NT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
e
9
Y
10
11
12
13
ia
15 V i '
16
; Y.
17
, t
i e
19
20
*21
22
23
2 <4
?*
26
? 7
28
29
30
31
32
33
PRESSOBE
( PSI )
1.988869925
1. 5 3 3 4 5 7 e 3 2
1. 2 5 1 1 e 2 9 5 5
1. 1 6 0 3 9 3 302
1.050134430
1.002556610
1.988869953
1 . 9*4 53 2 9 - 4 2 2
1 . 520076363'
1 . 2447262 1 2 9
1.202126004
1 . 1 5 7 051 901
1...C44 7 5 0 0 6 0 8
1 . COOOGOQOO
0 . 5 9 7 4 0 0 4 51
1 . 53345 6380
1 . 5 2 0 0 7 o 8-62
1.. 3 5 5 6 6 2 8 9 3
1- 1 8 3 0 2 4 121
1.. 1 4 0 7 2 8 0 1 3
1. 101913591
1.000006148
.0-952506463
0 . 9 4 y 9 7 4 36 4
1.251164709
1 - 2 4 7283 8 4 6
1. 1ft 30 ? c > 3 h
1 . 06969-4732
1. C3 4J 5 2 4 8 4
1. 00 000c 6 0 3
0.898101992
0. 842962680
C . 839621215
VELOCITT I N
DI RECTI ON
Ch/s
- c.ocooooooo
0.000000300
o.occoooooo
0 . OCOQOOOOO
0 . OCOOOOOOO
-o.onooooooo
1C . 990000000
C . 000003496
C . 000001097
C . 000000334
10.990000000
0 . C0 0 0 0 0 2 8 6
0.000000228
C . 000000225
10.590000000
1C. 9 9 0 C0 00 00
C .000005256
C. OC0 0 0 2 44 3
C .000001215
10.590000000
0.000001052
0 . 0COOOQ96O
0.000000979
1 C.S90000000
10.590000000
0,000001980
0-000001920
. C . 000001547
1 C. 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.000001465
0.000001602
0.000001620
10.990000000
VELOCI TY I N
Y DIRECTION
CONC EN T RA T I ON
CH/S
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
- 0 . ocooooooo
o.oooco?uet
0.000005256
0.000001960
0.000002102
0 . OCOOO18 20
0 . OC 0 00 0 5 7 9
0 . 0 CO 0 0 0 2 2 5
0.000000000
0 . oooooocoo
0. 0G0G0 1097
0.00000244?
0.000001920
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1771
o.nnono 1602
O. OOOCC09CO
0 . GOC0 0 0 2 2 8
0 . OCOOOOOOO
0 . ococoooco
0.000000334
C . 000 7 0 1 2 7 5
0.0C0001547
0.0CG00 15 15
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1465
0.000001052
C .000000286
0.000000000
IMPLICIT
BETBOD
0 . 0 0 8 6 0 12
0.0000602
-0.0000215
0.0000373
-0.0000007
0.0030002
0 . 0 0 9 60 12
0 .o cta vo
0 . 0 OC 0 5 32
-0.0000190
0 . 0 0 0 2 0 54
0.0000065
-0 . 0000007
0.0000003
- 0 . 0 0 0 C 1 44
0 . C GO06 02
0 . 0 0 0 05 32
G.0C3 0J07
-0.0000002
0.0000J14
0 ( 0000C31
-0.0000000
0. ooooooo
-0.0000301
-C.C00C2.15
-0.0000790
- 0 . OOC 0 0 0 2
0.0000001
-0.0000005
-0.0020000
0 . ooooooo
- 0 . ooooooo
o.ooooooo
COLLC
PO]
R-K
BETHOD
0.0063526
0.0000531
-0.0000343
-0.0
-0.0
-0.0
0.00635^6
0.0073677
0.0000469
- 0 . 0 0003p3 .
0.0001896
0.0
j
0.0
j
0-0
1
- 0 . 0 0 0 0 146
.-.0.0000531
0.0000469
o.oooqoo4
- u . 0000002
0.0000012
5.0
j
0.0
j
0.0
1
- o . 0 0 0 :0 0 0 1
- G. OwrlJW4-i J
-0.0000303
-0 . 0000: 0 :
0.000000 2
-0.0000006
0.0 I
0.0 i
0.0/
0.0600001
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2e
29
30
31
32
33
163
C
CONTINUED
34
35
36
3 7.
38
39
HO
4 1
42
03
uq
05
Q6
07
OB
09
50
51
52
53
50
55
56
57
se
59
60
61
62
63
60
65
1. 2 0 2 1 2 8 2 1 0
1.10072^552
1. 0 3 0 3 5 2 B 59
0-965665180
0 . 655263255
0.767866009
1. UC396009
1. 1 57050 605
- 1. 1 0 1 9 1 5 5 5 3
1.000006365
0.965665556
0. 9 2 0 3 2 3 3 5 0
0 - 6 T69S2827
0.752730110
0. 70863,3237
1^ 050 1 00260
1.007506295
1 . 0 0 0 0 10 0 61
0.898103990
0.. 8 5 9 2 6 9 0 3 0
0.616953902
0.. 6 4 0 3 3 5 6 2 2
0. 079 901778
0. 066 560287
1 . CO 2 6 0 9 0 2 0
1.000010336
0.952510151
0.602965380
0 - 7 9 7 0 5 1 6 19
0.. 7 5 2 7 3 5 8 2 7
0.079902297
0.050669089
66
0 . 0 1 1 1U o 9 7 0
67
6 e
69
70
7 1
72
0 . 59 7 0 11265
0.549680158
0 . 82S623961
0.708834951
0.. 0 6 6 5 6 0 8 3 5
0 . 01 1 1 0 6 9 9 9
'0 . 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 2
0.000001771
C . 000001515
0.00000157 5
0 . 0 0 0 001771
0 . COO 0 0 2 1 0 2
1 C. 59 0 COOOOO
C .000001820
0.000001602
G.000001965
1 0 . 99 0 COOOOO
0.000001597
~
C . 000001920
0 . CO0 0 0 1 9 8 0
,
1 C. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1C.990000000
0..000000979
0.000000960
C .000001052
1C.590000000
0.000001215
C.000002043
C . 000005256
1C.590000000
1C .990000000
C . 000000225
0.000000228
C . 000000286
1C.990000000'
C . 000000334
C.000001097
0. 0 0 0 0 0 3 Q86
1C.990000000
- C. OOOOOOCOO
0 . OOOOOOCOO
- 0 . 00,0000000
0.000000000
C . 000000000
- 0 . ooooooooo
10.990000000
1 C.950000000
10.990000000
1 0. -9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.950000000
1 C.990000000
0. o c o o o o o o o
C.000000206
0. COOOC 1 0 5 2
0.000001465
0 . GOO 00 1 5 1 5
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 Q7
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 12 15
0.000000334
0.0
0.000000000
0.000000220
0.000000560
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1602
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 177 1
C . O OC 0 G1 5 2 O
0.0000C2443
0.000001057
0.0
0.000000000
C .000000225
0.000000979
0.000001820
0.000002102
C.000001980
0.000005256 .
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 86
- 0.000000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
10.950000000
10.990000000
1 C.990000000
1 0 . 99000000Q
0 . 0 0 0 2 0 54
0.0000014
-0.0000005
0 . 00 0 1896
0.0000012
-0.0000008
- 0 .0
- 0.0
- 0 .0
- 0.0
0.0000002
-o.ooooooo
0. o o o c o o o
0.0000073
0.0000065
0.0000001
- 0. ooooooo
0.0000002
0.0000000
- 0. o o o o o o o
0. o o o o o o o
-o.ooooooo
-0.0000007
-0.0000007
0. o o o o o o o
o.ooooooo
-o.ooooooo
- o . oooo'doo
o.ooooooo
-o.ooooooo
o.ooooooo
0.0000003
0 . 0 0 0 0003
0. o o o o o o o
-o.ooooooo
0. o o o o oo o
0. ooooooo
-o.ooooooo
o.ooooooo
-o.ooooooo
- 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 44
-0.0000001
0. o o o o o o o
-o.ooooooo
o.ooooooo
-o.ooooooo
0.0
0.0
0.0
- 0-0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
- 0-0
43
0.0
0 . 0
0.0
- 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
- 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
- 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
50
59
60
61
62
63
64
^65
-0.0000146
- 0 . 000 000* 1
67
0.0000001
69
70
71
72
0.0
0.0
0.0
68
nnh'orsop'
iO^ (A
O
M S
IH
ni
o
om o o o
o o
o
^ o o o o
o o o o o o
m o o
** a t "
IN A O u
o
o o mo m
o
& rs ^ r
I II I
I I
25
H at o
w o
o o
;c.
O II
OM
MO
H U
x
ELESZNT*
CP
ru- o
100.000
INITIAL VISCOSITY OF THE OIL

'KD =
0 . COO 1075SQ.Cl/S
NOr.Eff! OP INTERIOR COLLOCATION
TIfl=50, 000 S
DT-50,000. S
H iT>
PEP
POINTS
^ \
M-J JC
O O O O O O O O
0'niNmun^jmi-ir'0(7>a3rioavD i/in3'-oo*(7'r,t o m r r r o o o
o a -trO o rjo O o o o c N O o a jr-
o r i o o o o r - / i o * ~ o o o n o o o
' DOOOOO Cn OOOOOOOOO
m o o o c o o c n r -4 o o o o o o o o
Do o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
i c o o o o o o q o o s o ' - o o o o C
C O O O O O O. Q0 0 3 - I J O O O O o o o o o o o o c> o o o o o o o o
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
T<NO<NOOOQOOiCOCTimr- 0
^moooooqoo^<N<Nooo
OOO O O O O O O O O O O O O O o o o o o o o o
D 1/1
m *- o o o o o
oo
o o.o o o
^
9 t r
tro
oo
oo
oo
oo
o
o o o
o o o
o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
H
M Q
U O
M3
3
vJ H
o< M
-m <- o o o o o
ornoooooo
fflOciOOOn
I I I
I I
1 I
o o o o o o o o o o o ^ - i j - i.g. rs n h t i c' n o
flvT. 3t t U 0' 0
o n r
ooooooooooocMaj ni Aco
r- 0
ornr
ooooooooocc-rno0 0 0
o o o o o o o o o o o o - o o o
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
0 0 0
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
O' O' O' O' O' O' OOO' O' OOOOOO
0 0 0
ooooooooooosf'mmicrj
- <J> lA O O O O
r-/*O O O
O O O O O O O
o o o o o o o
C' O' O O O O O o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o
OCJ OOOOOOC
o o o o o o o p e -
0 0 0 0 0 0
C
) o o o o o o o o
1r- O' () 10
1
O (7
>i<
rn rj r. (-4 f - w~
0 0 0
0 0 0
- o - r*
O
O O O
O O O
O O O
O O O
O O O
O
O
0 0 0 O
0 0 0
O
coo O
c oc 0 0 0 0 0 0
o o o o o o a o c o o c r o ' D O ^
OOOOOOOOOOO' D' Di n ^ ' T
oo ooooooooor s nj mc NO
O O O O O O O O O O O u. f NOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOO' OOOOO
O O O O O O O O^ C-'C O O O O O O
OOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOO
OOOOOOOO OCOOOOOOO
0 0 0
OOOO- OOCC 0 0 ^ 0 0 0
c n o o o o o c r ' c n c ' o o o o c n o o o
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O O O O O O O O C' COOO, OO O O
mo*-
cr o 0 0 0 0
I I *
OCDU1 j N ( N 3 0 , l ^ i / ' ( t o n f N ,J'

Of i Cj C' t r f f i o O" ! nj
m o o cd o u
"i
Or - r - OOOOOa * * * -
/<
7
>O O iT
l in C
T
O O O O O O O O r- ir O O O O O O
o r - ( N > - r o r o C T ' - u i f N * - o MAi-iA(NOUJO. [NhlNOrSrHCO
lAl/HAiO 'OINPOi'HA'Arini'l'Opl
^ cd 0 0 l" o
**; o 3
'c r'u ir-n n
^ n o o h r i D r ' ^ ^ o ' ^ i A i r i ' j f ' i o a * r N ? o r * f,i > o . nr N -r--*-'-in
9 n > B ' 0 ' - l A ^ ( N n O 3 l N O f s fflh

o
o .-c m a* f?
j i M ^ i A O J r ^ i T ' r i f l ' j i T ' O f N a j i A i n o c o r - r N O i n f n.r'*r*-ro r - fooô
h u i o i / i t f h ^ f - ' 0 3 r ' 3 o n ' r)O aj - O' 10 fNO in tft C N (" ffi r*l iA fN
u>mj lAnma'Ooouu'jMn j n s t/i cQCP'OOCT'CTin**r*, oao*-r~cT>
Oc
x
>- in in co m
- o cnn co - n n O co r~ 3 r- q pi ^ a ( N h o ^ ^ h o n
n i o u } n ( N - - - o i 5 o n f ,iiD u K ,i H
C
Nr
*o O O cn C
Da r................................. I ' )
r - r-*
r~r *-r-
'nr-V
* 1 I I
o
l
^ ' < N m C T i n c c p - c D ( T < o ^ < N ,in * T i n \ o r - a 3 j i o * ( N f n i r ' ^ r - a > o ' 0 ^ f N m
r r * r p - ^ ^ f- r r fN M N N N A fN P < N fN n n n r i
in vo r- cd c7>
165
CONTINUED
1. 00000881G
34
35
36
37
Ql 909785 833
0. 989345 338
1. 5 1GO37 0 7*7
1. 5123U6252*
1. 373275116
1. 356043675
1-232651510
1. 156565700
1. 1G1111357
38
'3 9
GO
a
42
43
GG
1. 12GG05368
1. 065669113
a5
G
G7
G
G5
50
51
52
53
54
6
8
1- 0000137^53
15
8
59
' 60'
61
1 22
69
70
71
72
73
1 .C14327392
1- 00001763)9
0. 945466557
0. 875627286
0. 828446585
0. 814871 028
73
'
77
78
79
80
81
62
83
.
8G .
^ 0 5
86
. 87
j
88
9
90
.91
. 92
93-
1. 223060 182
1-210208558
1.158571503
1. 0644 5 02 9-9
1 - G2671S557 ;
65
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0. 881039932
0- 8805377 87
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75
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56
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66
67
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0.960756949
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1. 32A35068G
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1. 232652062
1. 145340172
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1. 065376634
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1-000016304
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1.014327600
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1C, 990000000
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0.000031001
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1C.990000000
0. 000003 566
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C. 000002083
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0. 0000282
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79
80
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62
83
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85
86
87
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75
76
77
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70
71
72
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66
66
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59
60
61
62
63
64
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0. 000-0029
C.OOCCOC2
55
56
57
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0 . 0
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0 . 0003C05
0. 0000027 . - 0- 0009003
42
43
44
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47
48
49
50
51
52
53
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0.0000001
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34
35
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0.00000 15
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C. 000001365
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o_ nonnn?i ?? .
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
89
90
91
92
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166
COfTlHUED
94
95
96
97
98
99 *
1 0 0
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
100
10'9
110
111
112
14 3
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
12 1
122
123
124
125
126
127
123
129
130
13 1'
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
14 1
142
14.3
144
14 5
in f>
147
148 t
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159*
160
0.915585137
0.000001506
0.841463719
0.000001861
0.789826564
C.000002132
0.776975145
0.000001029
0. 776551658 f
10.390000000
1. 1 19495831
10.990000000
1. 118993604
0.000001547
1.107513497
0.000001512
1-06 5672467
0.000001419
1-000018411
0.000001365
0.945468181
0.000001404
0.930658837
10.990000000
0.515585928
0^,000001 450
0 . 8 54 6 8 716 2
0.000001643
0 . 7673828/5\
0.000002083
0. 699057/03 \
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10.990000000
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1 0. 990000000
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0.000000985
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0.000001477
0-643991971
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1-000460932
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1.000019610
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0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1562
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0.000000976 f
0 . 0 0* 000 1512
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0 . 0 0 0 0 0 2017
0 . 006=0,0 2 1 3 2
0 . 0 0 ^ 0 26 99
0 .0 l^^3 6 ^'9
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0.00000226 3
0.0
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C. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 CO
0. -9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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C. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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0.0
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0.0
0.0
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0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 .0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
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100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
/ "oTo
0.0
- 0.0
o-.o
95
96
97
96
99
ft
0.0
0.0
0.0
0* 0 - 0.0000121
- 0.0000001
0.0000000
- 0.0000000
0 . ooooooo
0.0
0.0
0 . 0
0 . 0
0 . 0
147
148
,149
150
151
152
153
154
155
15fc
157
158
153
160
167
TABLE F . 8
CONPIGUFATIOH THO: CONCENTRATION PESULTS FOB

LI 5PEF.SIGN COEPPICI ENT-. 01 075 SQ.Crt/S AND H-5
INITIAL VISCOSITY OP ?BE CIL

100.000 CP
KD =
0-. 0 1C 7500SO.C*1/S
NUMB EE OP I NT rFICB COLLOCATION POINTS PEP ELEflEHT- 25
T I M E =50,000 S
DT* 5 0r0 00 S
COLLOCATION
POINT
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
1 Q
15
1
17
18
19
20
21
FBESSDBE
(PSI)
'
2. 39 5794 653
1.69357 3156
1.51 UO36351
1.325556066
1..2234 81 067
1 . 1 6 57 7 5 7 2 2
1. 1 19491111
1. O*bl220O7
1 . 0 106637 30
.1.OOOuu 06 93
2. 39 57 5 u 6 5 9
2.352402911
1. 88202 09 5 6
1.5123U7532
,1.324346961
1.223057498
1.2o 4^54 747
1. 165160685
1. 116563901
1.049672205
* 1.01021 34 72
1
23
?4
0. 95955c146
1. ^ 3 5 733 1C
x j
i . C O i l i
26
1- 72 ix ij kiOt
1. 4732 7.347
1. 3 0097 2 62
1. 2 1 OzC 6 C 7 0
1. 15037c 7 52
1. 17 1 565 1 1 1
1.1C7509133
1.C39267536
28
29
30
31
32
33
VELOCITY IN
I DIRECTION
Cfl/S
0.OOOOOOOOO
10.^90000000
1C.c50000000
10.990000000
10.590000000
10.990000000
10.990000000
1 0 .90000000
1 0. 9500000*10
1C.990000000
1C.990000000.
-c.ooooooooo
c.ooooooooo
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0 .o c o o o o o o o
c.ooooooooo
- 0. 000 COOOOO
-c.o oooooooo
j c oooooooo
22
VELOCITY IN
I DIE 8 CTION
CH/S
1 iu>*
10.990000000
0.000008264
C.000002263
C.000000356
0.0UG0G0246
0.0000000^4
10. 99 0 COO000
C.G00000128
0.O0OCD0105
G. 000000094
0.C0000CC92
0.000000092
1C-590000000
1C.990000000
U.UUUJ 1 I0J4
C.OOO 005123
C. 0 0 Ow 0 1 o5.C.000000538
0 . 0 0 0 000606
10.550000000
0. C 00000583
0. 000000502
0.000000459
CONCENTBATION
IHFLIÎT
HET80D
0.0430041
0. 001 1344
-0.0001609
0.0000983
-0.0001152
0.0000465
-0. 0000025'
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0^.000000264
.0*.0 00 01 18 34
0 .00000 3351
0.000003566
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1829
'
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 2
0.003001593
C. 00000 1547
0.0000009e5
u.G OCGO 04 53
0.000000092
.0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- c . ooooo'ooor
u . iûu j u 2 / t j
0.000905 123
0 . 0 v0 0 0 7c tq
O.OOOonpr 9 9
0.C 00 00 2 132
C. 00000 20 3^
O.OGOOO 1 9 $ F
0.000001512
0.000000976
-0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.0000006
0.0430041
0.0305935
0 . 0 0
10 21 2
-0.0001449
0.0000894
.-0. 00013C
0.00C2963
0.0000418
-0 . 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
0.0000009
-0.0000007
0.0000006
-0.0000064
0. 00 1 1344
U.UU 1 U2 1 2
0 . u 00 G 4 6 7
-Cl 0 0 0 6 0 6 6
0.0000038
- 0 - 0 0 0 00
44
0 . OOOOOBt.
0.0000016
-0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 -o oo o o oo
COLLOCJ
POIN1
B-K
flETHOD^
0.0367055
0.0009275
-0.0001909
0 . 0 Q. 0 1301
-0.0002543
-0 . 0
-0 . 0
-0 . 0
-0 . 0
-0 . 0
0.0367055
0.0329442
0.0008329
-010001715
0.0001240
-0.0002204
0 . 0 0 G 1515
0 . 0
\0
. 0
0 . 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
5
10
11
12
11
18
19
20
.0
21
0 . 0
22
-0.0000049
4 0.00 2 7275
0.00 00329
a}.0 0 0 0 2 34
-0.OOOuO 50
0.0000035
-0.0000063
0.0000034
0 . 0
0 . 0
0
.0 .
'
13
14
15
16
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
3-2 '
33
168
COWTI HUE D
3a
35
, 35
37
38
39
ao
a 1
42
ft 3
aa
95
46
97
98
99
50
51
52
53
5u
55*
56
57
58
59
60
6 1
62
63
69
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
70
75
76
77
78
79
80
'
81
82
83
8 0i>
* oc
86
87
/
88
89
50 V
91
92
93
1 . 0 0 0 0 0 8 81U
0.9 697e9 6 33
0.565399 338
1.51003 70 77
1..S1 2 3a 8- 2 52
T>. 073275 1 16
1. 356003075
1. 23 265 15"W.
1. 15 8 56.9.7C 0
1. 1a 111 13 7
1 . 1 2 0 0 0 5368
1. 06566 5 1 13
1.00 GO 13753
G.5607569U9
0. 950351500
0. 50 59CG9U6
1.325557798
1. 32 03 50*6 6 6
1.300577821
1.232652062
1 . 1053oei72
1.CE00U9507
1.069376630
1.050567125
1.000016300
0.53036150 1
0 . 8S25200C5
0.881035932
0-880537767
1.223063761
1.223060162
1.210208558
U 158571503
1 .C 8 005 02 9 8
1.C28715 557
1.610327352
1.000017639
0 . SO 506 6 9 57
0 . 8756272 8 6
0 . 828006 565
0. 610071028
0 .81025o C 62 '
1.200857717
1.190381512
1. 10 11 13003
1.065377639
1.010327600
0.935708205
0.930057631
0 .:65 892 17 85
0.809653523
n 7 0 c1 7 7c,r.A
1. 186778962
1. 1*51 f 392 3
1.{71558159 1. 124407667
1.. 05.0568353
1.000016055
0 . 985703** 12
0.-97 1316162
0.0000004^2
0. C00000452
1C. 5.90 C00C00
1C.*50000000
C.000003351
0.000003699
0.000002350
0.000001077
C.000001205
10.590000000
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1
101
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0.000000052
C.000000092
0 . 0
-0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0. 000000356
,0.00000 16 55
0.000002350
C.000002083
0 .0 0 0 0 0 166 1
'-0 . o c o o o r e
0.0000017C5
0.0000010 15
0.00000096 2
0.000000U59
C.000000090
0.OOOOOOOOO
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- 0 . 0 0 0 16 Or
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0.0000009
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0 - ooooooo
-0 . o o o o o o o
C.000000962
0.000000976
0 . ooooooo
0.000000905
-o.ooooooo
VC.990000090
0 . ooooooo
1C.550000000
c.ooooooooo
0.0000583
C.000003566
0.000'000206
0.0000864
0.000002699
C.000000938
0 . OOOOO 38
0.000002083
0. 000.00 1077
-0.0000006
0.000001603
O.OOOCC1603
0.0000003
0 . 000O91OS0
0.OOOOO1566
- 0 . 0C000C4
1 C. 590000000
0.000001562
0 000000b
C. 000001000.
0.00000-153 1
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 1
C.000001365
- 0 .o o o o o o o
0.000001365
0. 00000101 9
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1001
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.000001512
-o.ooooooo
0.000000502
0. 0000(71 507
0.000000105
0 .o o o o o o o
1 C. 99 0 COOO 00
- 0 . C00000030
- 0 . ooooooo
1C.990000000
- 0 . ooooooooo v
-0.0001152
0.000001829
*-0. 000 10 36
Ctooooooooa
-0.000004a
C.COO 002132
0. 0000006 OP
C. 000001 861
O.OQOQO1205
0.OO0C0O6
0.000001586
0.000001455
-0. 0COCO 0>
C.C0uC0T5G5
0 .0 C0 0 0 150 5
0 . 0GC09C5
.1 C. 950000000
-0 . OOC 00 07
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1495
0.000001099
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 489
-0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0.000001404
0.CO 0001531
0 . OOOOOOO
0^00 0001709
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
- 0.0000000
, 0.000001909
0.000009583
0 . ooooooo
C.COO 001993
0.000000128
-0 .o o o o o o o
10. 950000000 '
o.ocoocco
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 ^ 0 0
0 .0 0 0 . 0 0 2 1 2 2
1 C.990000000
0.000^96 3
0.000002017
10.990000000
O^ Cr C^ OOb i
C.00000 178V.
1C.990090000
.> ^ O . O Q ( j OQC9
C.000001562
0 . 0 0 0 0006
1 C. ' 9 QO G O O O C p ^ ^
0.000001099
-0.CO0OOC7
10.990000000
C.000001099
1 C- 9900000^)0
0. 0000003
C.C00001562
1 C. 99 00 00(j OO
-a * ooooooo
C. 0000.01781
1 C. 990000000
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C. 0000020 17
1C.990000000
-o.oooocooA A AOAAAA
a nnn>A7i77
i a oaAnnnnnn
1C. G9 0 000000
c . OOOOOOOO
0.0000465
C. 00000199 3
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 29
0 . 0 0 0 0 a Vh
Q.O0OU019O9
0 .OOOOO 16
0 .00000^50?
0. 000001 70-9
| . C . 00090iSo1 '
- 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0.000 00140a
0.000001531' I
0 . o'oooooi
G. 00000.1069
O.OO0C 1u9S
-C.0000002
1C. 5 9 OOOOOOO '
0.0000014G9 ^
0. 0000003.
,0.000001505
O.O.QOCO 150 5 ' 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 . 0
0 . 0
- 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 1
-0.0001909
-0.0001715
-0.0000050
0 .0 0 0 0 0 1 1
- 0 .0000008
0.0000014
-O' 0000006
0 .0
0 . 0
0 . 0
0 . 0
0 . 0
0.
0000900
.0 0 j \ 3 c 1
O.C 0 0 1 2 0
0 ..000035
-0.0900009
0.0 0 0 0 o0 5
-0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0.0000005
0
0 . 0
0 . 0
0 . 0
0 . 0
0 . 0
- 0 . ooooooo
-0.00025 3
- 0 . 0 0 0228 a
-6.0000063
0 .OC00014
-0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0.0000018
-0.0000009
0 . 0
0 . 0
0 . 0
0 . 0
0 . 0
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.0001515
.0, 0 0 0 0 3\
- 0 - 0000006,
0.0000005
-0.0000009
-0 .^
-.0 . 0
-0 . 0
-0 . 0
-A A
-0 . 0
0
* '
34
35
36
37
36
' 39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
~ 48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65*
66
67
68
69
70
7 1
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
63
64
0 C
86
0 . 0
0 . 0
88
.0 .
0.0
0.0
- 0.0
0.0
89 &
*0 V
91
92 &
93
169
CONTINUED
M
90
9.
96
97
98
99
0 - 9 1 SSB5137
0.80 1062 7 1 9
0 . 7B982656U
0. 77697 5 145
0.776551650
1. 1 1909 5 83 1
1 . 1 18953600
1 . 107513097
1.065672487
1 . 00001841 1
0 . 94 5460181
0.930658837
0. 515585920
0 . e540a7162
0. 76 7382095
0.695057603
0- 6 7 5*684 997
C . 674477579
1.050130260
1.049679634
1.039274400
1.000010915
0,934364915
0. 675629585
0. 65.8923831
0- 64 1465522
0 - 7673038Q7
0.643951971
0. 526760763
, O'- 46 7667932
100
10 1
102
103
100
:
106
107
10 9
109
10
11 0
11 1
112
113
11 8
11
!.
f
ne
119
11
1
12 0
12 1
122
123
124
125
126
127
120
129
130
13 1
132
133
134
135
13 6
137
130
139
140
141
142
143
14f t
145
47
1n n 149
150
15 1.
1 52
153
*
15 4
155
156 '
157 '
^ 1 5 8 '
lô
160
0.000001586
0.000001861
0 . 0 0 0 00213 2
0.000001629
1C. 99 0 000 00C
1C.99U 000000
C.000001547
0.000001512
0.000001419
, C.000001365
0.000001404
1C.990000000
C.000001450
0.000001643
0.000002083
0.000002699
0.000003566
1C.990000000
I^C. 990C00000
0. 000,000985
0. 000 000 9 2.0,
0.00000 7962
C.000001001
0 .0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
10.990000000
C.000001205
0.000001477
C.000002354
_
C-000003699
51
0 . 4 6 59 99 2
1 . 0 1. 0671,6 * ?
1 . 01 023 6 2 . ^ j p j o ^ : c ; o o j SB ; 2
1 . 0 0 0 0 1 9 2 7 Z v f * ' ^ C . OO0{ * a $ 8 k
0.950763811
^ o ; OC-0 0 ^ 0- ^ 5 9
0.83*524369
C . 000000502
0.828449633
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 503
0. 809656284
1C.990000000
0*. 7 G 9 9 2 9 0 5 1
C . 000000600
0-699055162
C . 000000938
0.526761332
0.000001655
0 - 2 7 e 7 6 3 2 07
0 . QQ000 5123
0 - 110G 1 5 4 3 6
0.000011834
0. 106463326
1 C. S90COOGOO
1 . 00 046093$
10. 9 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 ^
1/000019610
. 0.-6 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 2 ^ 0 . ' 9 8 9 6 0 2 6 22
C .000000092
C . 000000094
j'O. 9 5 0 3 5 0 9 2 9
Q
AC
/ O . 801044635
^ Q . 6 1 4 8 7 4 2 6 ? -
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 126
0.795160476
10.990000000
0-776977630
C . 000000094
u . 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6
0 - >4 6 7 b 0 36 53
0.000000356
0- 115015584
C. COO 0 0 2 26 3
- 0 . 3 5 2 3 t >c 0 3 5
0.000006264
- 0 . 39 5 7 5 7 b 86
1C. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 & 0
0.. 9 9 9 5 7 0 3 05
- 0.000000000
0-90^362294
0.0
0.0
0.949900402
0. 880542507.
0. 0
0 . 8 V i 259 322.
c . OO OO OO OO O
0- 7 7 ' 5 4 3 5 2 '
0. 0
-1*
. 0 . 6 7 -.- . 9 7 1 1 *- 0 . oo'ooooooo
'
0-40599993+
C. OOOOOOOOO
.1 0 . 1 0 6 4 6 3 4 8 1
, 0.0
t
'
' -0.39575767?;
0.000000000
0.000001450
C. OOOOO 1 2 0 5
0.000000608
C.000000094
0.0
- 0 . OOOOOOOOO
0. 00000010c
0.000 000502
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 J0 0 1
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 136 5O. OCOOO 1531
D. 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 6 2
O. OCOOO 1 5 8 6
0.000001643
0.000001477
0.00000-0936
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0246
- 0.000000000
0 . ocooooooo
0.000000094
0. 0 0 0 00 04 59
0.000000962
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1419
. C .000001709
- 0 . 0 00001701
0.000001061
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 2083
0.000002354
0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 55
0 . OQ0000356
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0 . OCOOOOOOO
0.000000092
0 . COO0 0 0 4 5 2 *
0.000^00976
0. 0 0 0 0 0 1512
C. OOOOO 1 9 0 5
0.000002017
0 . 000. 00 2 T32
0.000002699
C .000003699
0.000005123
0 ..OOOOO 2 2 6 3 o.c
0 . OOOOOOOOO
0.000000092
0.000000452
0.000000985
C . OOOOO1 5 4 7
' 0.000001993
0.000002122
- 0.0000000
0 . ooooooo
- 0.0000000
o.ooooooo
- 0 . ooooooo
-0.0000025
- 0.0000022
- 0.0000001
0 . ooooooo
-o.ooooooo
0 . ooooooo
-o.ooooooo
-o.ooooooo
0.000003351
0 . 0 0 0 0 1 10 38
0.000000264
0.0
10.-9^0000000
- ' l 0. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 :
1 0 . 9 90 OOOOO 0
10.9900 000 00
1 q*. 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 '
1 C.Q40000000
1 0.90,0000000
1C .990000000
1 0. 9 90 0 0 O 0 0 0 '
1 0 . 99000000C
o.c
0
0
- 0
0
0
0
0
0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
- 0. 0
0 .0
0.0
0-0
0.0
0.0
- 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0000000
- 0 . ooooooo
0.0
-> 0.0
0.0
0.0
- 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
- 0.0
0.0
0.0
O. OOQOOOQ
-o.ootfoooo
-0.0000008
-0.0000007
v- o . o o o o o o o
0 . ooooooo
- 0 . ooooooo
0 . OOGOOCO
- 0 . OOOOOOO
- 0 . ooooooo
0 . ooooooo
- 0 . OOOOOOJf
o.ooooooo
0 . OC0QO76 0 . 0000.006
0 . ooooooo
- 0 . ooooooo
0 . OOOvu.O(j
- 0. ooooooo
0. ooooooo
C.005000C
. ooooooo
' - 0.0000064
- 0..0000001
0. 0000(300
- 0 . OOOOOOO
- 0 . OOOOOOO
- 0.0000000
0 . OOOOOOO
-o/pbooooo
0 . OOOOOOO*3'
- 0. ooooooo
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
OvO
- 0..0
0.0
0.0
0.0
J.o
0.0
- 0.0
0.0
0.0
0 . ooooooo
- 0 . OOOOOOO
0 . O'OOOOOO
,-o.odo oooc
103
104
105
106
107
106
109
0.0
0.0
0.0
o. oootfbCo
u.O
ir.O
-0 . 0
0.0
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0000009
0 . ooooooo
-c.ooooooo
0 . ooooooo
-o.ooooooo
0.13 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 . ooooooo
-o.ooooooo
- 0 . ooooooo
.
4
-o.o
0.0000000
- 0.0000000
0 . ooooooo
- 0.0000000
0.0000000
0.0000010
0.000001929
'U
.U
U
U
U
03
5
6
6
0 . 0 *
0.0
-0.0000049
-o.ooobooi
0. ooooooo
- 0 . OO'QOOOO
0 . OOOOOOO
0.0
0.0%
0.0
0.0
0.0
123
124
12.5
126
127
128
129
130
131
2132
133
134
J? 5
T36J
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
f 44
14.3
146
147
1 40
145
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
- 156
159
160
APPENDIX G
Hand "Calculations f o r Concentration P r o f i l e s
170
171
This appendix contains hand c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r .two cases f o r

the c o n v e c t i o n - d i f f u s i o n equâtioh ( f o r d e t a i l s see Secti'on 5 . 7 . 2 ) .
Two extreme cases are considered.
are checked only f o r the Total
Values o f co nc entration
I m p l i c i t method.
For N=3 the concent
r a t i o n values are taken from Table F.2, and f o r N=5, from Table F.4.
;--(For N=3)
SSiT-iT Tne c o l l o c a t i o n p o in t Number 10 is considered (see Figure
1
numbering o f unknowns).
Total Tlmpl icli t f o r m u la t io n ,
Equation (5.30) Was used f o r the
t q ^ e n t r a t i ^ ^ ^ f the solven t at the t
time'^Tevel was assumediglsero f o r the e n t i ^ ^ ^ p m i a t i o n ' .

c o l l a c a t i o n p o in t , 'Number 10 q is zero.
Also f ^ r the
Therefore Equation (5.30)
reduces to
-t+ A t, k , t
= Pi I
B.
At
n
\
' .
"
n=l
<
. - P3 l
3
NPX
n't
A.
,n
Ct + A t , k t;-+ P2
n,J
[ B.
Ct+At, k
n =l J ,n 1- n
NPY
^
Ct + A t , k , f _
i.n n,j
. .
"''v
?;W'
NP Y
n- 1
,j,n
Ct+ A t , k , ^
-1 ,n
o' '
'
1.
"
'
Th.d f o l l o w i n g c o l l o c a t i o n points are ..needed f o r t h e ' f i r s t and
the second d e r i v a t i v e s (Figure G . l , not to the s c a le ) .

'
'
' 11
. . ,
1
*3
.10-
*19
*28
*36
: m
7.
Figure G . l .
C o l l o c a t io n p o i n t s - f o r f i r s t and second
Der ivatives f o r N=3.
172
P i , Pq , P3
P
and [( are given by Equation ^.26

/
-0 10 7 5
Pi "
n P?-
p
3
i n ' 9
r 6 o W x ~ T r : 5 T ~ = 11 -944 x 10
KD
W^fAyy^"
.01075
( 60OOF5T71 x j . b j 2
nnA
l n -9'
11-944 x 10
k 1
U (x.,y.)
0 co
i n- 7
,,
nn-10
_ _x.___ - 3_- 53__x________ ]_0_____ 1 1.766 x 1 0
L 4,A
x
6000 x . l x . 5
V
4
"
_ 1.36 x 10" 6 _
" 6000"x . l x . 5
WtAy,
4.533'x 10'
Summations in Equation ( G . l ) are expanded below

G
NP X
'
^
NPX
?
Ai , n ^ n* j
Go
B2 , 3
60, 14028
+ B2 sC3c
NPY
I
Bj , n
^ 2 , 1
03
A p 'v ?.
C10
+ A2 j 3 Cjr,
+ A2 j i4 C28
A 2 , s G ( ,
,
= B4 > 1 C7 + BS
NPY
,,
i ~ ^2 , iC 3 + ^2 , 2 Go
Aj 5n cq n = AS
C8 + Bs
Co,
C7 + "A4 , 2 C8
+ B4 j , C10 + B ^ ,, Cu
'
.-y
C9
^ ^ 3
Go + G , s G i
4
-U .
where C. is the conc ent rat ion a t the i
c o l l o c a t i o n p o in t,
oS
The numerical values o f the summations

can be.evaluated' as
,i dr
> >
'
fo llo w s :'
'
.k ,
G :
npx
' [
n= l
B.
3 n
'
- -
. ' ,
'v'
- 53.2379 x - .0000209 - 73.333333 x - .0000185
'
--
+ 26.666667... x- - .000.0002+
6.7621 x - .0000005
13. 333333 x .0000001
= .0002339468
-
173
NP X
A. r C
I
n=l
1n
= -5.32379.x - .0000209 + 3.872983 x - .0000185
nJ
+ 2.065591 x - .0000002 - 1.290994 x .0000001 .

+ .67621 x - .0000005
>
= .0000387367
NPY
n=l
= 6.7621 x .0086014 - 13.333333 x .007587
1,n
+ 26.666667.x .0000523 - 73.333333 x - .0000185

f 53.23790 x .0002057
"= -.0292941012
NpY
I
A
n=l
,
( .
C. . = -.67621 x .0086014 +1.290994 x .007587
,n
-2.065591 x .0000523 - 3.872983 x - .0000185

.+ 5.32379 x .0002057
= .0050371422
S u b s t i t u t i n g . t h e values o f the summation: in Equation G.l
yields
t
f+Af
_Q
= 11.944 x 10
At
11.766
x .05)2339468 + 14.944 x 10
x - .0292941012
x l O ' 10 x ( . 0 0 0 0 3 8 * 3 6 7 4 . 5 3 3 x 1.0"9 x ,0050371422,
\ = -.3559433501 x 1 0 ' 9
C10
= -.3554433501 x 10~9 x 50000

=
- i . 7 7 .x
. "
io "5
'
;
The corresponding value in Table F.2 f o r the Total I m p l i c i t .

method i S1 -1.85 x 10"^.
C ol lo c at io n p o in t Number 27 is considered (see Figure 13

f o r numbering o f unknowns).
Equation G.l s t i l l
holds with d i f f e r e n t
values f o r NPX and NPY. The f o l l o w i n g c o l l o c a t i o n points are needed f o r the f i r s t

and the second d e r i v a t i v e s (Figure G.2, not to the sca le).
30
X f; >
29
*28
*3
*14 * 27
*40
*53
*66
*78
26
'25
*24
Figure G.2.
C ol lo ca ti o n points f o r f i r s t and second

De ri va tiv e s f o r N=5.
The values o f Pl 5 P2 , P3' and P^ are given by

\
P l = P2 = 1 1 .944 x 10" 9
1
11k ) /
\
x l V yj '
'
.000,00181 7
c nccc wl n -9
i i r a r ; 6 0566
x ,10
p3 =
P> .
4
(
W(j)Ay1
^ 0 0 Q 3 2 3 .q_ = -10 7666 x 1 0 -9
6000 x ; 1x . 5
' Summations in Equation,G.l are expanded'belpw:
175
NX
I
Bi
k
C* * = B3 ^ i C3 + B3 ) 2 C]1( + B3 s 3 C2 7 + .B3>1| C30
n=l
>
+ B3
C33 + B3
Cf,(0
+ B3
C78
Npx
k f.
'
;
^ N n ^ n 'i ^ 3 5 i c 3 + a3,2
+ A 3 , 3 C2 7 + A?,, 3 C30
n=l
+ A 3 > C3 3 + A3 G -C.j' 6 + A 3 7 C7H
N? Y
)
n=l
n C.
= Bis ! C23 + B3 j 2 C23 + B4 j 3 C26 + B3 j 3 C2 7

t
Bs
C28
+ B^ 5 g C29 / + Bu) 7 C30
NPY
^
^ i ' n
1 C 23
A 4
C 23
^4 ,3
C 26
^ 4,4
C 27
n=1
+ ^ 4 , 5 c 2 e- + a 3 , 8 c 29
+ A3 j 7 C30 '
Therefore the numerical values o f the summations can be

evaluated as f o l lo w s :
NBX
y B.
n=l
CK . = -21.024726 x - .0001575 + 59.816814 x - .0001418
1>n
nJ
-66.912395 x - .0000064 + 35.697494 x .0000009

'
-12.531160 x - .0000006 + 11.261251 x .0000006
-6.307280 x -
.0000009 -
' '--' '
= - .00.46903108
NPX
V A.n=l
1>n
-C
'
5" =
3.732156 x - . QQ01 575 - 7.6251 16 x - .0001418
n J
+1.516706 x - .0000064 + 3.412150 x .0000009'

-1.8571163x - .0000007 + 1.940842 x .0000006
-1.119622 x - . 0000009
=
.000490073
176
NPY
-y Bc k , = 7.5 x .0011397 - 14.867044 x .0010258
n=l
J n n*n
+ 30.033711 x .0000463 - 45.333333 x - .0000064
+ 30.033711 x .0000037 - 14.867044 x -.0000043
+ 7.5 x .0000067'
- - . 0047968666 =
NPY
)' A.
= - 1.875 x .0011 397 + 3.368054 x .0010258
n=l J n ''n
-4.043058 x .0000463 + 0 x - .0Q00064

+4.043057 x .0000037 - 3.368054 x - .0000043
+1.875 /
O000067 .
= 0.0011728232
'
S u b s t i t u t i n g the values o f the summations in Equation G.l y i e l d s

Ct + A t , k , e
: = 11.944 x 10~9 [ -
At
.0046903108 - .0047968666]
-6.0566 x 10 9 x .0004900773 - 10.766 x 10

r
= - .12891036
.. C2 7 '
x .0011728232
-9
10. s
= - .1289103673 x10_9x 50000
C27
= - 6.44 x 10-6
1
The corresponding value in Table F . 4 i s
-6
-6.4 x TO
APPENDIX H
Physical Data f o r Porous Media 'problem
/'
177
^
1.
I n j e c t i o n rate o f the s o lv e n t Q, 0.3277 cm3/s
2.
V i s c o s i t y o f the in j e c te d s olv en t p
3.
Po r o s it y o f the formation
4.
P e rm e ab ili ty o f the formation Kp, 0.1 darcy_
178
, 1cp
, 0.1
5.. Length o f the formation L, 6000.cm
6.
Width o f the formation W, 6000 cm
7.
Thickness o f the formation S, 30.48
8.
In itia l
9.
Dispersion C o e f f i c i e n t K^, 0.0001075 and 0.01075 cm2/s
v i s c o s i t y o f the o i l
'
crrJ
in the formation
p, 100 and 10000 cp
10.
At, 50,000 s '
11.
Pressure a t the r e f e r e n c e c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t , 1 psil.
END-FIN,
/y- -Ol ZO

Application of The Method of Orthogonal Collocation On Finite Elements

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' THIS DISSERTATION

THE UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA

APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF ORTHOGONAL COLLOCATION ON FINITE.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

THE UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES ANQy RESEARCH

The undersigned c e r t i f y t h a t they have read, and recommend

A p p l i c a t i o n o f the Method o f Orthogonal C o l l o c a t io n

on F i n i t e Elements to Engineering Problems.

f u l f i l m e n t o f the requirements f o r the degree o f

The method o f orthogonal c o l l o c a t i o n on f i n i t e elements

(OCFE) was applied to two engineering problems.

One of. the problems

considered is t h a t o f the flo w o f a Newtonian f l u i d . i n an i n t e r n a l l y

C y l i n d r i c a l coordinates were employed and Legendre

s h i f t e d orthogonal polynomials were used as the t r i a l

a l t e r n a t i n g d i r e c t i o n i m p l i c i t (ADI) method was used to' solve the

Be tt er accuracy was achieved by increasing

the number o f c o l l o c a t i o n p o in ts per element rath|er than increa sing the

Although, in general, f o r a given' t o t a l

OCFE was found s u p er io r tq the f f n i t e d i f f e r e n c e method in terms o f

-A d i r e c t method o f s o l u t i o n was used.

c o n t i n u i t y equadjon provided e x c e l l e n t mass conservation.

Wishes to thank Mrs. Audrey M^yes f o r c a r e f u l l y

typing the thesis and meeting the deadline.

F i n a l l y , the f i n a n c i a l assistance provided by the U n i v e r s i t y

Method of Weighted Residuals and Orthogonal

(a) Subdomain Method........................................ ...................... .7

(d) Method o f Moments..................

3.3 The: Method o f Orthogonal C o l l o c a t i o n ........................ .-...10

3.5 Orthogonal C o ll o c a t io n on F i n i t e Elements

4.1 Statement o f the Problem...........................

4.2 OCFE Formulation o f the Problem.............................. . . . . . . 2 1

4.3.1 Constant, r s o l u t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - --25

4.6 Other Techniques..............

4.6.1 Least Square~-Madching Tech niqu e..............................35

4. 6 .3 Soliman and Feingold Approach.................... . . . . . . . 3 6

Table o f Contents - continued

A p p li c a t i o n o f OCFE to. Porous M e d i a ......................................... 46

, 5.2 Numbering Scheme ...................

5.3 OCFE Formulation o f the. Governing Equations

Equation . . . . . . ,J. ... . . .......

5.3.2 Co^ivection-Di ffus^on Equation

5.3.2.1 Runge-Kutta Method-, R.K.

5.3.-2.2 Total I m p l i c i t Method

5.4 Determination o f Source. Term ..................

5.5 Computational Scheme .....................................

5.6.1 V e l o c i t y Results .................................

5.6.1.1 Con fig u ra ti on One . . . ........

Conclusions and Recommendations . . ; ..................................... . . . 7 6